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International Commentary Vol ITPCM International Commentary Vol. VII no. 28, December 2011 The ITPCM International Commentary International Training Programme ISSN. 2239-7949 for Conflict Management in this issue: A SECURITY CROSS ROADS EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE LIBYA & BEYOND Dear Reader We are happy to send out this second security perspective. During the last quia - Debating European Security - in issue of ITPCM International Commen- academic year, the Scuola Superiore the framework of the Jean Monnet Pro- tary, entirely devoted to recent events Sant’Anna organised a series of lec- gramme and financed by the European in Libya, analysed from the European tures, workshops and research collo- Commission through the Education, continued Arab spring or revolution? Libyan energy fuelling Crimes against humanity & by Katerina Pishchikova, p. 5 Europe UNSC Res. 1970 by Andrea Prontera, p. 14 by Alice Riccardi, p. 24 Libyan civil war step by step Taking flight from Libya Sic transit gloria mundi. by Dario Sabbioni, p.8 by Oladapo Kayode Opasina, p. 18 And now what? by Giulio Maria Raffa, p. 28 Weapons exports to Libya The EU Defence Policy in by Simone Tholens, p. 11 Libya. Test failed about the ITPCM: by Barbara Nicoletti, p. 21 Trainings Offer 2012, pp. 33 1 ITPCM International Commentary December 2011 ISSN. 2239-7949 Audiovisual and Culture Executive At the end of the publication our read- Agency (EACEA). The purpose of the ers will find as usual a list of main ac- programme, designed by Prof. Straz- tivities and trainings on the ITPCM zari, Dr. Coticchia and Dr. Pishchiko- agenda, many dealing with similar is- va was to foster interactive fora to de- sues in a more concrete and operative bate the different facets of European way. Our website remains the main security, exploring a number of issues reference point. that range from foreign policy and in- ternational relations to the emergence Our warmest regards and best wishes of a home security industry. for what we hope to be a peaceful and recovering Christmas break and hap- It was on the occasion of one of these py New Year 2012 to all of you. colloquia, last June 2011, that we de- Andrea de Guttry cided to produce an issue focussing on the rapidly evolving situation in Libya. While discussing impacts and implications of the revolution, we agreed to take stock of political analy- sis, relevant academic research and journalism debated during the collo- quium and to re-elaborate them in the form of op-eds, briefings and articles. All contributors, invited scholars as Andrea de GUTTRY well as researchers, PhD candidates ITPCM Director and students of the Scuola, are to be equally praised for their efforts, in- valuable insights and help. Thanks to the ITPCM their effort and availability we man- International Commentary aged, maybe, to have enlightened crucial aspects and disclosed relevant knowledge that otherwise would Editor in chief: have remained confined to the strict Francesco Ceccarelli circle of the research colloquia attend- Director and Scientific Supervision: ees. Professor Andrea de Guttry Editor: The ITPCM International Commen- Michele Gonnelli tary is meant to be an open space for Contributors to this issue: knowledge sharing and dissemina- Barbara Nicoletti, Kateryna Pishchikova, tion. An opportunity to draw atten- Andrea Prontera, Oladapo Kayode tion and interest to less debated or Opasina, Giulio Maria Raffa, Alice often overlooked issues beyond the Riccardi, Dario Sabbioni, Simone mere political, social or international Tholens column. We hope, with this issue, to Graphic Design: have taken a further step towards Michele Gonnelli those achievements. 2 ITPCM International Commentary DecemberDecember 2011 2011 ISSN. 2239-7949 Security matters. Libya has almost disappeared from The NTC is ruling over this people (or horizontal dimension, as mentioned international fora, suddenly forsaken most of it). The question is whether above, while the European Security by media spotlights or embedded and to what extent this political body and Defence Policy failed the Libyan journalism. As if the Libyan question is representing and matching with test, immigration, energy, political had been resolved and then dismissed that country profile. How internal se- and humanitarian issues raised or along with Muammar Gaddafi’s curity ‘threats’ are tackled by the in- deepened by the conflict are being ad- body. The man dead, the country terim government while being wooed dressed, in one way or another. Cor- overlooked. 6.5 million people, half by the international institutions and porate interests, single countries ini- of whom under 24 years old, aban- the European countries, again for se- tiatives, or regional and international doned to their destiny. Apparently. curity reasons. Reasons that in part organisations other than the EU took The western world, Europe in the first overlap and in part clash with each the lead and settled the matter. place, is too occupied to tackle the fi- other under the given emergency cir- nancial crisis to draw its official atten- cumstances. While the international In this issue we make an attempt, to tion at this ‘secondary’ issue now. The community is setting the pace with a deal with at least part of these aspects mainstream media acts accordingly. view to next democratic elections, the and their impact on European and The aftermath of a revolution in a po- NTC agenda is full of challenges and international level. Internal threats litically pacified (?) country seems left incoherencies. to security, in the globalised era, can uncovered, but it is far from being un- constitute or easily be interpreted - of- attended. It is true that the energy, se- If political prisoners held by the Gad- ten instrumentally - as external ones, curity and the counter-extremism diplo- dafi regime have been released, about and vice versa. The terms become in- macies are still at work, undisturbed, 7000 new detainees are now currently terchangeable. trying to secure the smoothest and held in prisons, under the control of Given this intricate scenario, and most convenient transition possible. revolutionary brigades, with no ac- right after the conclusion of the Third Because security matters, and security cess to due process (according to the Arab Bloggers Meeting - which was is a twofold concept – hard and “soft” last UNSMIL report). Militias never held in Tunis last October - the words - whose vague borders can be pulled thought seriously to give up their from a couple of Libyan posts that we indefinitely along internal and exter- weapons, en tant que ‘guardians of quote at last, instinctively inspired by nal dimensions, vertically, within the the revolution’. Osama al-Juwali, the a sort of people history approach. These country, and horizontally, beyond the head of the military council in Zintan, words are revealing and predicting, national borders. has now been appointed to lead the more than any analysis from outside. Defense Ministry and will have to Muammar Gaddafi was killed on the bring them together under the same Last February 28, 2011: 20th of October, 2011. It was the end umbrella. “I am terrified that when all the ashes of an era, of a 42 years’ long experi- Seif al-Islam el-Qaddafi and Abdul- from the uprisings that are consuming us ment, the failure of the Great Social- lah Senussi, the last fugitive son and settle down we become blinded by the cel- ist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. the intelligence chief for Colonel Gad- ebratory mood and find ourselves having A regime that claimed to be inspired dafi, respectively, will not be handed exchanged one agenda for another whose partly by Islamic socialism and Arab over to the International Criminal nature would be like an octopus: soft but nationalism, partly by the principles Court, and to prosecutor Luis Moreno with many slippery tentacles” of direct democracy. Revolutionary Ocampo, until a formal national gov- committees – accounting for 10 to 20 ernment will be formed (in the best Last December 9, 2011: percent of Libyans – used to survey case scenario). “In the past two days Tripoli has wit- the population and repress any po- The country is a powder keg. 26500 nessed major demonstrations in Martyrs litical opposition. Since 1969, Libya sorties of the NATO operation Unified Square demanding a weapon free zone never witnessed free elections. Still, Protector could not destroy nor reach in the city. Since the liberation of Tripoli even more surprising, according to the largest known stockpile of man- many militias and armed fighters were the CIA’s World Factbook of 2011, the portable defence systems of any non- everywhere; some for safety reasons and average life expectancy of a Libyan is manpad-producing country. If once some just for the sake of milking the glo- 77.6 years. One year less than that of it was about arming Gaddafi’s Libya, rification of the victory of 17th February an EU citizen. The median age of the then the anti-Gaddafi revolution, now revolution. In other words it is about time country is 24.5 (that of Italy is 43.5). it is about securing and neutralising for them to go home to their cities and The literacy rate reaches quota 82.6 those same weapons. come back weapon-less and replace them %. Hence, here is the Libya country with the national Libyan army. Tripoli profile: young, healthy, well educated Prime minister Abdel Rahim el-Keeb is the capital to all Libyans but with no people, deprived for years of the basic is in charge now. Assisted by the UN- weapons.” rights and freedoms, with about an- SMIL and all those western powers other 50 years to live (in average) and that played a significant role on the experiencing a wave of enthusiasm, long road to Tripoli. A moderate Islam- after having succeeded in the revolu- ic government seems to be the best tion.
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