Week 1 - Terrestrial Volcanism Overview
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Age Progressive Volcanism in the New England Seamounts and the Opening of the Central Atlantic Ocean
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 89, NO. B12, PAGES 9980-9990, NOVEMBER 10, 1984 AGEPROGRESSIVE VOLCANISM IN THENEW ENGLAND SEAMOUNTS AND THE OPENING OF THE CENTRAL ATLANTIC OCEAN R. A. Duncan College of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis Abstract. Radiometric ages (K-Ar and •øAr- transient featur e•s that allow calculations of 39Ar methods) have been determined on dredged relative motions only. volcanic rocks from seven of the New England The possibility that plate motions may be Seamounts, a prominent northwest-southeast trend- recorded by lines of islands and seamounts in the ing volcanic lineament in the northwestern ocean basins is attractive in this regard. If, Atlantic Ocean. The •øAr-39Ar total fusion and as the Carey-Wilson-Morgan model [Carey, 1958; incren•ental heating ages show an increase in Wilson, 1963; Morgan, 19•1] proposes, sublitho- seamount construction age from southeast to spheric, thermal anomalies called hot spots are northwest that is consistent with northwestward active and fixed with respect to one another in motion of the North American plate over a New the earth's upper mantle, they would then consti- England hot spot between 103 and 82 Ma. A linear tute a reference frame for directly and precisely volcano migration rate of 4.7 cm/yr fits the measuring plate motions. Ancient longitudes as seamount age distribution. These ages fall well as latitudes would be determined from vol- Within a longer age progression from the Corner cano construction ages along the tracks left by Seamounts (70 to 75 Ma), at the eastern end of hot spots and, providing relative plate motions the New England Seamounts, to the youngest phase are also known, quantitative estimates of conver- of volcanism in the White Mountain Igneous gent plate motions can be calculated [Engebretson Province, New England (100 to 124 Ma). -
Chapter 2 Alaska’S Igneous Rocks
Chapter 2 Alaska’s Igneous Rocks Resources • Alaska Department of Natural Resources, 2010, Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Alaska Geologic Materials Center website, accessed May 27, 2010, at http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/?link=gmc_overview&menu_link=gmc. • Alaska Resource Education: Alaska Resource Education website, accessed February 22, 2011, at http://www.akresource.org/. • Barton, K.E., Howell, D.G., and Vigil, J.F., 2003, The North America tapestry of time and terrain: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series I-2781, 1 sheet. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2781/.) • Danaher, Hugh, 2006, Mineral identification project website, accessed May 27, 2010, at http://www.fremontica.com/minerals/. • Digital Library for Earth System Education, [n.d.], Find a resource—Bowens reaction series: Digital Library for Earth System Education website, accessed June 10, 2010, at http://www.dlese.org/library/query.do?q=Bowens%20reaction%20series&s=0. • Edwards, L.E., and Pojeta, J., Jr., 1997, Fossils, rocks, and time: U.S. Geological Survey website. (Available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/fossils/contents.html.) • Garden Buildings Direct, 2010, Rocks and minerals: Garden Buildings Direct website, accessed June 4, 2010, at http://www.gardenbuildingsdirect.co.uk/Article/rocks-and- minerals. • Illinois State Museum, 2003, Geology online–GeoGallery: Illinois State Museum Society database, accessed May 27, 2010 at http://geologyonline.museum.state.il.us/geogallery/. • Knecht, Elizebeth, designer, Pearson, R.W., and Hermans, Majorie, eds., 1998, Alaska in maps—A thematic atlas: Alaska Geographic Society, 100 p. Lillie, R.J., 2005, Parks and plates—The geology of our National parks, monuments, and seashores: New York, W.W. -
Volcanism in a Plate Tectonics Perspective
Appendix I Volcanism in a Plate Tectonics Perspective 1 APPENDIX I VOLCANISM IN A PLATE TECTONICS PERSPECTIVE Contributed by Tom Sisson Volcanoes and Earth’s Interior Structure (See Surrounded by Volcanoes and Magma Mash for relevant illustrations and activities.) To understand how volcanoes form, it is necessary to know something about the inner structure and dynamics of the Earth. The speed at which earthquake waves travel indicates that Earth contains a dense core composed chiefly of iron. The inner part of the core is solid metal, but the outer part is melted and can flow. Circulation (movement) of the liquid outer core probably creates Earth’s magnetic field that causes compass needles to point north and helps some animals migrate. The outer core is surrounded by hot, dense rock known as the mantle. Although the mantle is nearly everywhere completely solid, the rock is hot enough that it is soft and pliable. It flows very slowly, at speeds of inches-to-feet each year, in much the same way as solid ice flows in a glacier. Earth’s interior is hot both because of heat left over from its formation 4.56 billion years ago by meteorites crashing together (accreting due to gravity), and because of traces of natural radioactivity in rocks. As radioactive elements break down into other elements, they release heat, which warms the inside of the Earth. The outermost part of the solid Earth is the crust, which is colder and about ten percent less dense than the mantle, both because it has a different chemical composition and because of lower pressures that favor low-density minerals. -
Sulfide Formation Related to Changes in the Hydrothermal System on Loihi Seamount, Hawai’I, Following the Seismic Event in 1996
457 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 41, pp. 457-472 (2003) SULFIDE FORMATION RELATED TO CHANGES IN THE HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM ON LOIHI SEAMOUNT, HAWAI’I, FOLLOWING THE SEISMIC EVENT IN 1996 ALICÉ S. DAVIS§ AND DAVID A. CLAGUE Research and Development Division, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, California 95039-9644, U.S.A. ROBERT A. ZIERENBERG Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605, U.S.A. C. GEOFFREY WHEAT Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Fairbanks, P.O. Box 475, Moss Landing, California 95039, and Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, California 95039-9644, U.S.A. BRIAN L. COUSENS Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada ABSTRACT Hydrothermal sulfide and sulfate minerals were discovered in sediment samples collected on the Rapid Response Cruise to Loihi Seamount, following a large swarm (>4000) of earthquakes in the summer of 1996. PISCES V submersible dives, con- ducted two months after the seismic event, discovered that part of the summit had collapsed to form a new pit crater. The sudden collapse of the summit crater resulted in a cataclysmic discharge of hydrothermal fluid, ejecting magmatic gases and sulfide crystals. The presence of wurtzite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite indicate high-temperature fluids (>250°C), the first such occur- rence documented for an ocean-island volcano. The composition of the sulfide minerals is similar to that of sulfides from black smokers at mid-ocean ridges. Samples from barite-rich mounds, built after the initial cataclysmic discharge of the hydrothermal plume, resemble white smoker deposits from mid-ocean ridges. -
Lunar Volcanism Notes (Adapted From
Lunar Volcanism Notes (adapted from http://www.asi.org/adb/m/04/02/volcanic-activity.html) The volcanic rocks produced on the moon are basalts. Basalts are common products of mantle partial melting on the terrestrial planets. This is mainly due to broad similarity of their mantle compositions. For partial melting to occur on the moon, temperatures greater than 1100°C at depths of about 200 km are required. The bulk eruption styles appear to be in the form of lava flows. There is also widespread evidence of fire-fountaining forming pyroclastic deposits (typically glass beads). Sinuous Rilles These are meandering channels which commonly begin at craters. They end by fading into the mare surface, or into chains of elongated pits. Sizes range from a few tens of meters to 3km in width. Lengths range up to 300km in length. Channels are U-shaped or V-shaped, but fallen debris (from the walls, or crater ejecta) have generally modified their cross-sections. Most sinuous rilles are near the mare basin edges, although they are found in most mare deposits. Apollo 15 confirmed the theory that sinuous rilles were analogous to lava channels and collapsed lava tubes. Lunar rilles are much larger than their terrestrial equivalents. This is thought to be due to a combination of reduced gravity, high melt temperature, low viscosity, and high extrusion rates. Domes (Shield Volcanoes) Domes are defined as broad, shallow landforms. These are convex, circular to oval in shape, and occur on the mare basins. Eighty low domes (2-3 degree slopes) have been mapped (Guest & Murray, 1976). -
Conversing with Pelehonuamea: a Workshop Combining 1,000+ Years of Traditional Hawaiian Knowledge with 200 Years of Scientific Thought on Kīlauea Volcanism
Conversing with Pelehonuamea: A Workshop Combining 1,000+ Years of Traditional Hawaiian Knowledge with 200 Years of Scientific Thought on Kīlauea Volcanism Open-File Report 2017–1043 Version 1.1, June 2017 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Conversing with Pelehonuamea: A Workshop Combining 1,000+ Years of Traditional Hawaiian Knowledge with 200 Years of Scientific Thought on Kīlauea Volcanism Compiled and Edited by James P. Kauahikaua and Janet L. Babb Open-File Report 2017–1043 Version 1.1, June 2017 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior RYAN K. ZINKE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey William H. Werkheiser, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2017 First release: 2017 Revised: June 2017 (ver. 1.1) For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov/ or call 1–888–ASK–USGS (1–888–275–8747). For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod/. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Kauahikaua, J.P., and Babb, J.L., comps. and eds., Conversing with Pelehonuamea—A workshop combining 1,000+ years of traditional Hawaiian knowledge with 200 years of scientific thought on Kīlauea volcanism (ver. -
Hawaiian Volcanoes: from Source to Surface Site Waikolao, Hawaii 20 - 24 August 2012
AGU Chapman Conference on Hawaiian Volcanoes: From Source to Surface Site Waikolao, Hawaii 20 - 24 August 2012 Conveners Michael Poland, USGS – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, USA Paul Okubo, USGS – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, USA Ken Hon, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, USA Program Committee Rebecca Carey, University of California, Berkeley, USA Simon Carn, Michigan Technological University, USA Valerie Cayol, Obs. de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand Helge Gonnermann, Rice University, USA Scott Rowland, SOEST, University of Hawai'i at M noa, USA Financial Support 2 AGU Chapman Conference on Hawaiian Volcanoes: From Source to Surface Site Meeting At A Glance Sunday, 19 August 2012 1600h – 1700h Welcome Reception 1700h – 1800h Introduction and Highlights of Kilauea’s Recent Eruption Activity Monday, 20 August 2012 0830h – 0900h Welcome and Logistics 0900h – 0945h Introduction – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory: Its First 100 Years of Advancing Volcanism 0945h – 1215h Magma Origin and Ascent I 1030h – 1045h Coffee Break 1215h – 1330h Lunch on Your Own 1330h – 1430h Magma Origin and Ascent II 1430h – 1445h Coffee Break 1445h – 1600h Magma Origin and Ascent Breakout Sessions I, II, III, IV, and V 1600h – 1645h Magma Origin and Ascent III 1645h – 1900h Poster Session Tuesday, 21 August 2012 0900h – 1215h Magma Storage and Island Evolution I 1215h – 1330h Lunch on Your Own 1330h – 1445h Magma Storage and Island Evolution II 1445h – 1600h Magma Storage and Island Evolution Breakout Sessions I, II, III, IV, and V 1600h – 1645h Magma Storage -
The Science Behind Volcanoes
The Science Behind Volcanoes A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magma, volcanic ash and gases to escape from the magma chamber below the surface. Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. A mid-oceanic ridge, for example the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has examples of volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates pulling apart; the Pacific Ring of Fire has examples of volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates coming together. By contrast, volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust in the interiors of plates, e.g., in the East African Rift, the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and the Rio Grande Rift in North America. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of "Plate hypothesis" volcanism. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained as mantle plumes. These so- called "hotspots", for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs with magma from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 km deep in the Earth. Erupting volcanoes can pose many hazards, not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption. Volcanic ash can be a threat to aircraft, in particular those with jet engines where ash particles can be melted by the high operating temperature. Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere. -
Analysis of Spattering Activity at Halema'uma'u In
ANALYSIS OF SPATTERING ACTIVITY AT HALEMA‘UMA‘U IN 2015 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS May 2017 By Bianca G. Mintz Thesis Committee: Bruce F. Houghton, Chairperson Tim Orr Robert Wright Keywords: spattering, lava lake, outgassing, Kīlauea, Hawaiian, Strombolian i Acknowledgments First, I must thank the faculty and staff at the Department of Geology & Geophysics at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. From when I first entered the department as a freshman in August, 2012, to now as I complete up my masters’ degree the entire department has provided overwhelming amounts of guidance, encouragement, and inspiration. I was truly touched to see so many of my professors attend my oral defense in February, 2017. The professors in this department have created an environment for students to learn the skills for becoming successful scientists. Their encouragement and guidance molded me into the geologist I am today and for that I am very grateful. I would like to thank my advisor Bruce Houghton. When I first met Bruce I was interviewing for an undergraduate position in his lab (as a “lab rat”), and he told me that his goal was to have me love volcanoes. Bruce supported me both during my undergraduate degree and throughout my graduate degree as an advisor, mentor, leader, and role model. He continuously inspired me to push myself harder, to produce a higher level of quality results, and to accomplish my tasks efficiently. -
A Submarine Perspective of the Honolulu Volcanics, Oahu
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 151 (2006) 279–307 www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores A submarine perspective of the Honolulu Volcanics, Oahu David A. Clague a,*, Jennifer B. Paduan a, William C. McIntosh b, Brian L. Cousens c, Alice´ S. Davis a, Jennifer R. Reynolds d a Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039-9644, USA b New Mexico Geochronology Research Laboratory, N.M. Bureau of Geology, New Mexico Tech, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, 87801-4796, USA c Ottawa-Carleton Geoscience Centre, Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6 d School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, West Coast and Polar Regions Undersea Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757220, 213 O’Neill Building, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA Accepted 15 July 2005 Available online 27 December 2005 Abstract Lavas and volcaniclastic deposits were observed and collected from 4 submarine cones that are part of the Honolulu Volcanics on Oahu, Hawaii. The locations of these and a few additional, but unsampled, vents demonstrate that nearly all the vents are located on or very close to the shoreline of Oahu, with the most distal vent just 12 km offshore. The clastic samples and outcrops range from coarse breccias to cross-bedded ash deposits and show that explosive volcanism at depths between about 350 and 590 m depth played a part in forming these volcanic cones. The eruptive styles appear to be dominantly effusive to strombolian at greater depths, but apparently include violent phreatomagmatic explosive activity at the shallower sites along the submarine southwest extension of the Koko Rift. -
MAY 21 to 25, 2018
Abstracts Volume MAY 21 to 25, 2018 7th international OLOT - CATALONIA - SPAIN DL GI 743-2018 ISBN 978-84-09-01627-3 Cover Photo: ACGAX. Servei d’Imatges. Fons Ajuntament d’Olot. Autor: Eduard Masdeu Authors: Xavier Bolós and Joan Martí Abstracts Volume MAY 21 to 25, 2018 Scientific Committee Members IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER Patrick BACHÈLERY Károly NÉMETH Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand Massey University (New Zealand) and Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (France) Oriol OMS Pierre BOIVIN Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Spain) Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (France) Michael ORT Xavier BOLÓS Northern Arizona University (USA) Univesidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Mexico) Pierre-Simon ROSS Gerardo CARRASCO Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (Canada) Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Mexico) Dmitri ROUWET Shane CRONIN Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (Italy) The University of Auckland (New Zealand) Claus SIEBE Gabor KERESZTURI Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Mexico) Massey University (New Zealand) Ian SMITH Jiaqi LIU The University of Auckland (New Zealand) Chinese Academy of Sciences (China) Giovanni SOSA Didier LAPORTE Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Mexico) Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (France) Gregg VALENTINE Volker LORENZ University at Buffalo (USA) University of Wuerzburg (Germany) Benjamin VAN WYK DE VRIES José Luís MACÍAS Observatoire de Physique de Globe de Clermont- Ferrand Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Mexico) and Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (France) -
Basaltic Explosive Volcanism: Constraints from Deposits and Models B.F
ARTICLE IN PRESS Chemie der Erde 68 (2008) 117–140 www.elsevier.de/chemer INVITED REVIEW Basaltic explosive volcanism: Constraints from deposits and models B.F. HoughtonÃ, H.M. Gonnermann Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA Received 13 March 2008; accepted 10 April 2008 Abstract Basaltic pyroclastic volcanism takes place over a range of scales and styles, from weak discrete Strombolian 2 3 1 7 8 1 explosions ( 10 –10 kg sÀ ) to Plinian eruptions of moderate intensity (10 –10 kg sÀ ). Recent well-documented historical eruptions from Etna, Kı¯lauea and Stromboli typify this diversity. Etna is Europe’s largest and most voluminously productive volcano with an extraordinary level and diversity of Strombolian to subplinian activity since 1990. Kı¯lauea, the reference volcano for Hawaiian fountaining, has four recent eruptions with high fountaining (4400 m) activity in 1959, 1960, 1969 (–1974) and 1983–1986 (–2008); other summit (1971, 1974, 1982) and flank eruptions have been characterized by low fountaining activity. Stromboli is the type location for mildly explosive Strombolian eruptions, and from 1999 to 2008 these persisted at a rate of ca. 9 per hour, briefly interrupted in 2003 and 2007 by vigorous paroxysmal eruptions. Several properties of basaltic pyroclastic deposits described here, such as bed geometry, grain size, clast morphology and vesicularity, and crystal content are keys to understand the dynamics of the parent eruptions. The lack of clear correlations between eruption rate and style, as well as observed rapid fluctuations in eruptive behavior, point to the likelihood of eruption style being moderated by differences in the fluid dynamics of magma and gas ascent and the mechanism by which the erupting magma fragments.