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Women in the Factory; an Administrative Adventure, 1893 To

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Women in the Factory; an Administrative Adventure, 1893 To saw .nfi.TiS Miss Berta Hamilton - WOMEN IN THE FACTORY AH riffhti rtttrved. WOMEN IN THE FACTORY AN ADMINISTRATIVE ADVENTURE, 1893 TO 1921 BY ADELAIDE MARY ANDERSON D.B.E., M.A. FORMERLY HIS MAJESTY'S PRINCIPAL LADY INSPECTOR OF FACTORIES, HOME OFFICE FOREWORD BY THE RIGHT HON. THE VISCOUNT CAVE, G.C.M.G LORD OF APPEAL ; FORMERLY HIS MAJESTY'S PRINCIPAL SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE HOME DEPARTMENT Thou, O God, dost sell us all good things at the price of labour. LEONARDO DA VINCI. LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET 1922 - 4VD 663EP9 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY BILLING AND SONS, LTD., GUILDFORD AND ESHER DEDICATED TO ALL WOMEN WOKKERS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOREWORD THIS book tells the story of the Woman Inspectorate of Factories and Workshops from its beginning in 1893, when the first Women Inspectors (Miss May Abraham and Miss Mary Paterson) made their first inspection, until the year 1921, when thirty Women Inspectors saw the fruits of the work of their branch, not only in greatly developed protection for the woman worker, but also in her own increased capacity to help herself. It was a story worth the telling, for it is a chronicle of a steady and dogged campaign, of few defeats and many victories. The adversaries to be met were all the ills which threaten the "factory girl" poisoning by lead or phosphorus or arsenic or mercury, insanitary or unventilated rooms, acci- dents from unsafe machinery, phthisis, anthrax, overstrain, truck and sweating, and more besides. " " Readers who like a thrill will perhaps begin with " " the chapters on Dangerous Trades and on the War; and if their imagination serves them, they may read between the lines of those brief records stories of suffering, of endurance, and of rescue, which will set them wondering why our predecessors so long grudged to the woman worker the help which only a woman can give. vii viii FOREWORD But the whole book, with its documented record of steady grinding effort and hard-won success, is well worth reading. Dame Adelaide Anderson went through it all, and for twenty-four out of the twenty-eight years with which the volume is concerned filled the responsible position of Chief Woman Inspector with untiring devotion and conspicuous success. It was plainly " "up to her to write the history of the struggle; and all will like to read it who honour our working women for their work and value their welfare. (Signed) CAVE. RICHMOND, Marcli 30, 1922. AUTHOR'S PREFACE THE writing of the following story of what Women Inspectors did for women and girl workers under the Factory Acts and Truck Acts was undertaken in response to the wish of friends and colleagues that it should be told, while memory was fresh, by one who had seen the largest part of the conditions and immediate effects of the work a work carried on under aims and organisation that are now undergoing change. The aims and the starting-point of the past organisation are shown in the Introduction, and the outcome, down to 1921, is unfolded in the following chapters. The material available in official reports for those who wish to study the facts more closely is so full of incident that, with the best will to be brief, it has been difficult to tell the tale shortly. Keeping entirely to published official records the whole could be told over again with fresh illustrations. And yet much that was significant and enlightening can only be seen in innumerable notices in the daily and weekly press and monthly reviews of the period; a fairly full collection of these exists, but they could only be quoted occasionally in these ix x AUTHOR'S PREFACE pages. Their correspondence in general tendency with the outlook shown in Parliamentary Debates of which an account is given in Chapter VI. is noteworthy. Next to the breadth of the field of action of the Women Inspectorate, and the variety of their con- tacts with local administration and the courts, as well as with industry, the smallness of their numbers from 1893 to 1914 strikes the mind. The strength of the impulse that sustained and carried them through their years of labour may be traced to conditions summed up in words spoken to one of them by a woman toiling at a heavy task, "Is it right that I should have to do this work and only have eight shillings a week for it ?" There was a dominating impulse towards relieving the hardships and sufferings of working women that drew all the women who entered the Factory Depart- ment into a real unity of endeavour whatever their social or political outlook before entering. It is in the same spirit that they have lent me indispensable help in the completing of this little book. I wish gratefully to acknowledge the time and thought freely given to it by those who have long worked with me. Miss Martindale has criti- cally read through all the typed manuscript, Miss Squire the chapter on Wages and the Truck Acts. Miss Squire has also most kindly revised the Appendix I. on Special Regulations for Dangerous Trades, written in 1913, and brought the details AUTHOR'S PREFACE xi up to the present time. Miss Escreet supplied me with most helpful summaries from the mass of material in Annual Reports on child labour, heavy weights, and religious and charitable institutions. Miss Maura Brooke-Gwynne has devoted much time and skill to a literary criticism of the text. Miss Paterson and Mrs. Drury have kindly written special contributions, the former on mothers and child labour subjects of special appeal to Women Inspectors the latter on a stirring day in the life of a Factory Inspector. Finally, I wish to thank Mr. Gerald Bellhouse for some figures in the Intro- duction, and Dr. Legge for kindly reading through the chapter on Dangerous Trades, for his helpful comments, and for the tabulation of reported cases of industrial poisoning. They are in no way re- sponsible, however, for my facts or opinions. A. M. A. UNIVERSITY WOMEN'S CLUB, 2, AUDLEY SQUARE, W. April 2, 1922. CONTENTS CHAi'TKK PAGE I. INTRODUCTION: How WOMEN INSPECTORS CAME, AND WHAT THEY CAME TO Do 1 II. THE WOMEN WORKERS AND THEIR APPEAL; EX- CESSIVE HOURS, INSANITATION, AND OTHER UNCIVILISED CONDITIONS - - 22 . III. WOMEN'S WAGES AND THE TRUCK ACTS; THE PIECEWORKER AND HER PAY - 58 IV. DANGEROUS AND INJURIOUS TRADES; ACCI- DENTS AND SAFETY - - 94 V. EMPLOYMENT OF MOTHERS; CHILD LABOUR; CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS - 149 VI. THE LIFE OF THE INSPECTOR AND ITS IN- FLUENCE ON LEGISLATION; EXPERIENCES IN COURTS - 190 " * VII. THE WAR AND WOMEN SUBSTITUTES "; NEW LIGHT ON HOURS, LABOUR-SAVING, FATIGUE, FOOD, AND EFFICIENCY - 224 VIII. DEVELOPMENT OF FACTORY WELFARE AND ITS RECOGNITION BY PARLIAMENT; WORKS' COM- MITTEES AND WELFARE MANAGEMENT - 250 APPENDIX I. SPECIAL REGULATIONS FOR DANGEROUS TRADES - 287 APPENDIX II. REPORTED CASES OF INDUSTRIAL POISONING AND ANTHRAX - - 306 INDEX - 308 xiii WOMEN IN THE FACTORY CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION : HOW WOMEN INSPECTORS CAME, AND WHAT THEY CAME TO DO THIS book aims at giving some account of an enter- prise that is felt by the Women Officers who lived through it to have been a great experience and a great adventure in the service of the State and Nation an account that must be somewhat less and yet more than a chronicle. It is hoped, with the aid of outstanding facts and features recorded in many Blue-books and other documents issued during the time, to give a picture of the undertakings and experiences of these women, both at the outset and through the experi- mental development of their administration of Acts and regulations for women in industry, and to trace changes that have followed in conditions of factory life in a period of little over a quarter of a century. Personality and the idealising powers of youth (our average age at the beginning was twenty- seven years), embarking on a calling that involved conduct of legal proceedings and much other technical knowledge of an entirely novel kind for women of that day, counted for much. We had also liberal, kindly direction and encouragements 2 INTRODUCTION behind our efforts from the higher authorities responsible for sanctioning and carrying out the decision to appoint us. Yet the main impetus came from without, in the needs of the women workers who had persistently called from 1878 onwards for the personal aid and understanding of "Women Inspectors," armed with authority and powers to enquire into and enforce remedies for wrong con- ditions, or to persuade sympathetic employers to provide amenities that the law could not enforce. Much that seemed novel then has, through the publicity of our work and the spontaneous lively interest taken in Parliament and elsewhere in our published reports, become part of the natural order of things. Yet in those days the first appearance of a Woman Inspector in her proper field of work, whether inside a factory or workshop* or on the solicitors' bench in the police courts, was liable to cause a sensation of surprise, sometimes very favourable to the new-comer. " Are you the lady inspector ? Why, I expected to see a woman six feet high and a perfect virago;" or, "Girls, it is a lady this time, come and tell her everything she wants to know;" or (in Ireland), "We had a gentleman inspector here last month, and he said we must take dinner at the same hour every day: now a lady like you will know that is impossible !" In police courts it was not unknown for waiting solicitors to enter with keen interest into the merits of our cases and even try to offer professional hints in support of our amateur efforts.
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