Germany: Allied in Press Hatred JOURNALIST AS ENEMY STEREOTYPE V

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JOURNALIST AS ENEMY STEREOTYPE

Germany: Allied in press hatred JOURNALIST AS ENEMY STEREOTYPE V – ALLIED IN PRESS HATRED 2 1. Bibliography ANNEX About theauthors 5 4 3 2 1 Introduction Key findings of the study Inhalt 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. Recommendations to police,politics andmedia Conclusion Overview: Attacks onjournalists 2015to 2020 A politically diverse range of different perpetrators The difficult year 2020innumbers Negative record: Overall view2015-2020: registered 8assaults. Continuing trend: assessed politically, 31acts were assignedto theright-wing spectrum. A politically diverse range of different perpetrators: remained ahotspot with 19attacks. Geographyof violence: related demonstrations. dangerous workplace:Most the highest number sinceour records beganin2015.

Key findings of the study Sixty-nine physical attacks on journalists were recorded in 2020. This is From thebeginningof the year until mid-March2021,theECPMF

The ECPMF examined anddocumented 182cases Berlin was the geographical focus with 23 assaults. Saxony Seventy-one percent of attacks took placeat pandemic- Thirty-three casescannot beclearly . 15 14 14 12 11 6 7 3 3 2 Sourc Rechts Links Unbekannt/Andere Source: ECPMF Right Le� Unknown/ e ECPMF : other Introduction fivefold. Compared to theprevious year (2019:14attacks), thenumber hasincreasedalmost This isthehighest figurerecorded by theECPMF sincethesurvey beganin2015. average, pressrepresentatives were physically attacked onalmost every fifthday. This study documents 69physical attacks onjournalists inGermany in2020.On 1 professionals have beenconfronted with hatred infull force this year. the coronavirus pandemic–andthey portray journalists astheenemy. Many media strated unity intwo respects: They rejectthegovernment‘s policy for containing streets under thebanner of the“Querdenken ECPMF caserecording shows. In2020, very different groupings gathered onthe uation of the new category “action with reference to the pandemic“ shows in the reason for themany actsof violence arepandemic-related protests, astheeval The security situation for journalists inGermany hasonceagain worsened. The main 1 Number “Thinking out of thebox“ The difficult year 2020innumbers 2015 44 39 3 2 of Physical 2016 15 19 1 3 A�acks 2017 10 5 3 2 2015 1 ”-movement. The supporters demon 2018 -2020 22 26 1 3 2019 11 14 0 3 2020 33 31 69 5 - -

JOURNALIST AS ENEMY STEREOTYPE V – ALLIED IN PRESS HATRED 3 JOURNALIST AS ENEMY STEREOTYPE V – ALLIED IN PRESS HATRED 4 Source: ECPMF Source: 48% Rechts Right Poli�cal Political Localisation2020 ECPMF Links Le� Localiza�on 7% Unbekannt/Andere Unknown/ Most cases are politically ambiguous politically are cases Most Geographical distribution: Berlin overtakes Saxony overtakes Berlin distribution: Geographical corresponds to 84percent. attacks. Fifty-eight out of 69 assaults took place at or in the context of rallies. This As inprevious years, demonstrations continue to bethemost frequent setting for demos place at suchrallies. demic-relatedpandemic-related gatherings. Of all registered attacks, 71 percent (49 out of 69) took at attacks all of What isnew istheoverwhelming representation of “Querdenken”- andother pan percent Seventy-one 2020. which occurredat thelinksunten.indymedia demonstration inLeipzigon25 January text. Incontrast, fivecasescanbe attributed to theleft-wing spectrum,three of Thirty-one of the69casesregistered in2020have aclearly right-wing crimecon 7 cases.Inthe years 2015to 2019,attacks didtakeplaceagainand againinBerlin. nalists occurredinBerlin (23). This isfollowed by Saxony with 19andBavaria with For thefirst timesince thesurvey began,thehighest number of assaults onjour 2 2020 “horseshoe theory“) isnot considered plausibleby theauthors. purpose of anin-depthanalysis of attack patterns. The “extremism theory“(colloquially known asthe hensible inashortenedform. Accordingly, the recording of attacks inthesecategories isdonefor the auxiliary constructions to makethepubliceveryday assessment of thepolitical spectrumcompre either, thecaseisnoted as“unknown“/“other“. The categories “right-wing“ and“left-wing“ serveas the neo-Nazihooliganmilieu).If thepolitical affiliation is not clearly possible, but cannot beruled out make clearly right-wing extremist statements or canbeidentified by party or sceneaffiliation (e.g.in Rechte, etc.), theperpetrators wear symbols typical of thescene,e.g.through clothing or tattoos, offence is committed by participants of clearly right-wing demonstrations (e.g. AfD, Pegida,NPD, Die According to ECPMF criteria,acase canbeassignedto theright-wing spectrum,for example, if the other 45% left-wing andhadapandemicconnection. er hand,only onecase was reportedthat was classifiedaspolitically that hadnothing to do with coronavirus-related protests. On theoth very small proportion of all right-wing casesoccurredinsituations of 31)took placeat pandemic-related demonstrations. Thus, only a Of all the cases assigned to the right-wing spectrum, most (26 out the political referenceisnot clear,but itcannot beruledout either. in apedestrian zone andanattack by drunken youths. Insuchcases, sible. Specifically, these were, for example, anassault duringfilming the pandemicandfor which noclear political classification was pos However, tencases were alsoregistered that had noconnection to supporters positioning of many pandemic-related demonstrations and their unusually highproportion ismainly dueto theimprecisepolitical Thirty-three attacks could not beclearly located politically. This 2 . ------Source: 0 Source: ECPMF Physical 0 ECPMF 5 10 12 14 16 18 ore ECPMF Source: 0 2 4 6 8 0 A�acks 5 3 Source: ECPMF January 2 0 2 5 ( February by 1 eeomn fPyia �csoe h oreo the of Course the over A�acks Physical of Development eNms EE ST Wikipedia MSFT, HERE, GeoNames, © federal 7 1 0 0 nesüz o Bing von Unterstützt states out, 2020 would be an average year – in line with the finding that attacks onthe ECPMF. In other words: If all attacks on pandemic-related gatherings were factored to themean value (22.6)from 2015to 2019of the casenumbers collected by the in everyday journalistic situations such as filming. This number roughly corresponds The remaining 20 attacks occurred at right-wing and left-wing demonstrations or gressed, theattacks increasedandthemovement becamemoreradicalised.

March 19 23 1 1 2020 )

April 2020 0 23 0 4 other federal state. However, such a drastic increase has not yet been recorded in any May at or around pandemic-related demonstrations. As the year pro the coronavirus measures. Forty-nine out of 69 attacks took place occurred mainly inthe wake of thenew protest movement against Press pandemic year: The year 2020 was markedby physicalthe attacks onjournalists, the which in of course escalates the over hatred Development not anexclusively region-specific phenomenon. the events of thepast year makeitclear that anti-press attacks are ber of attacks (51out of 113) were registered inSaxony. However, tively high. Between 2015 and 2019, a disproportionately high num number of assaults has decreased, but the level remains compara the 44 attacks occurred in the ”Free State of Saxony”, the absolute against journalists. Compared to therecord year 2015, when 25of With 19cases,Saxony remainsahotspot for physical attacks 10 er2020 Year June 4

July 5

August 14 September 6 October

November 5 16 December 3 - - -

JOURNALIST AS ENEMY STEREOTYPE V – ALLIED IN PRESS HATRED 5 JOURNALIST AS ENEMY STEREOTYPE V – ALLIED IN PRESS HATRED 6 should beunderstood asan illustrative hypothesis, as itisuncertain whether adif press must beperceivedasanew normal inrecent years. However, thiscalculation almost half of thecases(29out of 60), theattack was (also) directly directedagainst aggression When acamera was carriedby thejournalists concerned (60 out of 69cases),in of targets as Cameras their party affiliation. speakers, leaders, stewards, etc.) were clearly right-wing, for example because of for theclassification was whenthose responsible for thedemonstration (organisers, the offencesor thedemonstration itself as“right-wing extremist”. Another reason responding assessment by security authorities, for example if they hadcategorised 21 right-wing cases,theassignment to thepolitical spectrumresulted from acor identified assuch by their clothing, regaliaor verbal statements. Intheremaining In tencases,theperpetrators were obviously right-wing extremists andcould be neither beclearly separated from eachother intheir actionsnor intheir thinking. ical and extreme right-wings spheres.Due to ideological overlaps, they canoften In addition,theperpetrators aremainly recruitedfrom conspiracy-based ideolog continue to beamale-dominated phenomenon. cases, thegender of theperpetrators isnot known. cases, men were the(co-)perpetrators; intenattacks, women were involved. In20 right-wing andoften directtheir aggressiontowards thecamera. In43out of 69 of perpetrators. The perpetrators of anti-press attacks arepredominantly male, journalists involved and video footage viewed, itispossible to identify sometypes Nevertheless, from thedescriptionsof thecrimes,numerous statements by the perpetrators. This would requireaqualitative, sociological analysis. extract information onthemotivation, spur to actionor individual biographies of the From thedata collected by theECPMF for individual offences,itishardly possible to 2 ferent protest phenomenon would have developed without thepandemicsituation. the riskof beingattacked. ed that carrying a camera is a sign of identification for journalists and thusincreases longing to the journalistic profession (also) motivated the violence. It should be not it was not only the filming andtaking of pictures that was theproblem, but that be was explicitly not directedagainst thecamera. This indicates that inmany attacks the camera away!“). However, to asimilar extent (22out of 60cases),the violence ly directedagainst it.Such attacks areoften accompanied by verbal threats (“Take the camera. Oftenthecamera is perceived as aprovocation andtheattack isdirect 3 number of cases Since insomecasesseveral persons attacked, thesefiguresarenot congruent withtheabsolute A politically diverse range of different perpetrators 3 Thus, assaults against thepress ------Source: ECPMF Source: 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 ECPMF 1 2 2015 The threat situation becomes more incalculable more becomes situation threat The and moredirectly. ple‘s mindssince2015,reporters have beenconfronted with hate morefrequently the AfD andother right-wing actors have fixedthe“lying press“ slander inmany peo tacks onjournalists were recorded by theECPMF from 2015to 2020. Since Pegida, After six years of systematic monitoring, theresults aredepressing:182physical at 3 journalists by nameandthreaten them. journalists aretargeted and attacked. In some cases, neo-Nazis directly address ticular know exactly who their enemiesare.Inparticular,freelanceandspecialist At thesametime,itcanbeassumedthat supporters of theextreme right inpar register. the meantime, both types of perpetrators have come to dominate thecases we Neither their style of dress nor their behaviour reveal their potential for violence. In to pose nothreat and who breakout of their harmlessfacade without any warning. paramilitary type of attacker, for years therehave beenpeople who initially appear violent by looking at their appearance andclothing. Inadditionto theaggressive, It isnow muchless easy for journalists to recognise whether someoneispotentially second highest value after therecord year 2015(39right-wing attacks). Intotal, 123 The absolute number of right-wing assaults remains highat 31cases. This isthe 37.there were attributed to theright-wing campoccurredat or inthe vicinity of gatherings. In2015, In 2020,thisdevelopment continues, at least at first glance. Twenty-eight attacks 3 Overview: Attacks onjournalists 2015to 2020 4 Physical 1 2 2016 A�acks 3 4 on 1 Journalists 2 2017 3 2015 4 1 i 2020 bis 2 2018 3 (quarterly 4 1 ) 2 2019 3 4 1 2 2020 3 4 - - -

JOURNALIST AS ENEMY STEREOTYPE V – ALLIED IN PRESS HATRED 7 JOURNALIST AS ENEMY STEREOTYPE V – ALLIED IN PRESS HATRED 8 ore ECPMF Source: Source: ECPMF Poli�cal 7% Rechts Right 25% Localiza�on Links Le� Unbekannt/Andere Unknown/ 2015 ule ECPMF Quelle: already represent aquadruplingof thenumber of politically non-located attacks. However, this does not explain the remaining eleven cases, which in themselves (33), themajority (22)took placeat coronavirus-related gatherings. protests. Of all thecasesthat were not clearly assignedto any political spectrum sification isunderstandable andclear. The situation is different for pandemic-related camp. Inlight of the Islamophobic andracist orientation of themovement, thisclas 22) that occurredinthe vicinity of Pegidagatherings were located intheright-wing This distinguishes thepast year from 2015: At that time,almost all attacks (20out of Source: ECPMF 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 68% - 2020 other 2015 22 22 0 13 cases. 2015 and2019,ontheother hand,thisonly appliedto atotal of be clearly assignedto apolitical camp.Inthe years between previously observed with thisfrequency: 33attacks could not scenes –many 2020casesshow acharacteristic that was not the camera, often maleperpetrators, demonstrations ascrime pandemic the and While certaincrimecharacteristics recurred–targeting against Pegida to related Acts around demonstrations. cent of the attacks. All of these left-wing attacks took place at or attributed to theleft-wing spectrum. This corresponds to 7per portion of all recorded offences: Only 13 of 182 cases can be Left-wing attacks, ontheother hand,only makeupasmall pro spectrum. This corresponds to 68percent. of 182casesbetween 2015and2020camefrom theright-wing ten unclear political position of the coronavirus-related protests. The highnumber of politically ambiguouscasesisdueto theof Pegida-related csrltdt eiaadtepandemic the and Pegida to related Acts 2016 12 7 0 2017 9 0 1 Pandemic-related 2018 26 0 0 Other 2019 13 0 1 2020 49 20 0 - - - - Source: ECPMF Source: 1 ECPMF Physical 1 13 Source: 10 15 20 25 30 A�acks 0 5 )Ra�ao fteimage the of Reac�va�on 1) 0 6 3 Source: ECPMF 7 fteeeya Pegida at enemy the of ECPMF 1 ( by 0 5 2 federal 2015 3 8 state 17 8 4 2015 ) eNms EE ST Wikipedia MSFT, HERE, GeoNames, © 3 Physical 1 demonstrations by Pegida, increased public appearances by the AfD and open seen astheinitial sparkthat ignitedanincreasingly violent hatred of thepress.Mass the historical “lying press“narrative inpublicdiscourse from 2014onwards canbe Escalation phase1:Reactivation of theimageof theenemy at Pegida: day workaggression of journalists. anti-press of press hatred changedfrom anexceptional caseto apermanent threat intheevery Phases In retrospect since2014/2015, threephases canbedistinguished in which physical ”Querdenken”: to Pegida From - 5 35 2020 70 2 2016 nesüz o Bing von Unterstützt 3 A�acks 4 Saxony: Leipzig(22),Dresden(20) andChemnitz(12). Most attacks occurred inBerlin(35)andthethreelargest citiesin some citiesanddistricts areparticularly frequently represented. ture emerges: The attacks took placeinalmost all regions,although look at thespecific locations of the events, amoredifferentiated pic If we look away from theanalysis of theindividual federal states and journalists hasbeenreportedsince2015. Bremen aretheonly federal states in which not asingleassault on is followed by Berlin (35) andBavaria (17). Schleswig-Holstein and most attacks. A total of 70out of 182cases were recorded there. This entire monitoring period,theFreeState isthefederal state with the state federal Saxony was and still is a hotspot for of anti-press attacks. Over the by attacks of Number nection to anassembly. These areattacks, for example, duringfilming, whichhave no con on 1 Journalists 2 2017 3 4 2) 2015 Shoulder 1 of i 2020 bis 2 2018 the 3 -to-shoulder violent 4 (quarterly 1 2 2019 ) 3 4 3) pandemic Poten�a�on 1 2 2020 The revival of 3 protests through 4 - - - -

JOURNALIST AS ENEMY STEREOTYPE V – ALLIED IN PRESS HATRED 9 10 JOURNALIST AS ENEMY STEREOTYPE V – ALLIED IN PRESS HATRED increase in physical attacks. After Pegida‘s loss of supporters and partial self-de ly outward hostility from theextreme right occurredinparallel with asignificant work, which they arepreparedto prevent –even by force. esotericists. What unitesthemistherejection of freeandindependent journalistic peared onthesceneinform of conspiracy believers, anti-vaccinationists and racists, neo-Nazis,thedisillusionedandcritics of thesystem, anew clientele ap addition to thealready well known andpress-hostile clientele of “angry citizens“, In thefollowing months, thenumber of attacks rose to anunprecedented level. In the anti-press potential of thismovement. recently, the accumulation of attacks in different cities and federal states revealed demic-related gatherings began to become afirmly-installed protest format. Most tacks declinedsharply. But thistrendlasted only briefly until May 2020, whenpan pandemic, lockdown-induced demonstrations and subsequently the number of at Escalation phase 3: Proliferation through pandemic protests self asthenew normal. groupings previously describedasbourgeois:Presshatred hasnow manifested it of attacks in2019 maskedafindingthat went handin witha radicalisation of enon confined to far-right circles as it was before 2015. The decline in the number Pegida, the potential for violence would once again become a marginal phenom lead to tangible violence. This shattered the illusion that, with the marginalisation of those who hate thepress, which hadbeenfuelledby thehistory of presshatred, can it becameclear how quickly thepotential for aggressionbetween thepressand extent: Ninemedia workers were attacked injust oneday. On 1September 2018, strations inChemnitz, violence against journalists escalated to anunprecedented 2018, when the AfD, Pegidaandtheorganisedfar right joinedforces at thedemon Escalation phase2:Shoulder-to-shoulder with theforces of the violence: population. Thus, thisdeclineinnumbers didnot last. “lying press”narrative hadestablished itself inthethinkingof abroader partof the them. This alsoresulted inadecreaseopportunitiesfor confrontation, while the However, this was initially dueto adecreaseindemonstrations andthereportingon struction, therefollowed about two years in which thenumber of attacks declined. : With the onset of the Inautumn ------4 such a massive scale as in 2020, blind spots in reporting will be the result – freedom media professionals areprevented from doingtheir work by violence andthreats on leagues or police officers do not intervene in time, their physical safety is at stake. If or abortshoots becausetheir safety cannolonger beensured.If courageous col threatening situations, and sometimes have to withdraw from their placeof work them as representatives of the alleged “lying press“. They constantly have to expect are moreandconfronted suddenly and without warning with hatred towards Due to the increasingly heterogeneous appearance of the attackers, journalists tial for violence of aminority of thepopulation. tom of a“new quality of hostility towards thepress“,but rather itreflectsthepoten The record number of physical attacks against journalists istherefore not asymp abruptly whenever theopportunity presents itself. ed andindignant radicals. This leadsto acontinuity of anti-press violence: It erupts become partof theideological inventory, especially amongright-wing open-mind decreased. However, thepublichatred of thepressthat was sown therehassince support for Pegidaandthedeclineinright-wing populist rallies, theattacks initially kicked and had their cameras snatched out of their hands. With the loss of political in theeveryday work of journalists in2015: Journalists were spat upon,punched, This finding continues adevelopment that began to become adangerous normality present that thedanger to journalists at pandemic-related gatherings will decrease. ken”-movement anditsstrong potential for aggression,itcannot beassumed at and ready to use violence. Inlight of theadvanced radicalisation of the“Querden peaceful protests asamovement that was ultimately opento theright, partly radical scene. Openexpressions of sympathy and“tolerance“ unmaskedthesupposedly it to theideology of theextreme right andthethought patterns of theconspiracy a free,pluralistic pressunitesthisheterogeneous massandat thesametimelinks “Reich Citizens” Since spring2020,they have beendrivingabroad allianceof conspiracy believers, than in 2020. The increase is mainly due to the pandemic-related demonstrations. There have never beenmorephysical attacks intheFederal Republicof Germany of thepressinGermany remains at risk. 4 “Full-blooded Germancitizens”inthedefinition of theNaziera. Conclusion 4 , neo-Nazis and esotericists onto Germany‘s streets. The rejectionof - - - - - 11 JOURNALIST AS ENEMY STEREOTYPE V – ALLIED IN PRESS HATRED 12 JOURNALIST AS ENEMY STEREOTYPE V – ALLIED IN PRESS HATRED 5 lawyers of theaccusedincourt proceedings. the person concerned cannot be found in the file which would be accessible to the matically arrange for theconcealment of addresses,sothat thepersonal addressof case of attacks on media workers. The investigating authorities could then auto should checkonrequest whether thereareinterests worthy of protection inthe with thepolice,thismust not beallowed to further endanger them.Police officers proceedings. When journalists who have been affected by violence file a complaint The personal data of journalists must be better protected in investigations and court III ings. most often confronted with journalists intheir mainfield of activity political gather nalistic confidence. Riot police units inparticular should be well trained. They are other professional group are particularly suitable for strengthening policeand jour imparting of knowledge andsensitisepeopleto theneedsandperspectives of the and further education of their forces. Dialogue formats that gobeyond themere The policeforces of theLänder II between the two professional groups. and evaluate any progress andproblems with theguidelinesfor therelationship of both professional groups. A complementary committee should regularly discuss sequently, the updated guidelines should be implemented in the everyday work tive isrecognised asdesirable, thisshould berecorded inabindingresolution. Sub Council inNovember 2020at theearliest opportunity. If thecomplementary objec the principlesof conduct between thepoliceandmediapresented by thePress The Conference of Interior Ministers should discussthedraft for anew version of I group with interests that are worthy of protection similar to those of local politicians, After thelaw comes into force, journalists should beconsidered asaprofessional certain occupational groups to remove thesepersonal details inasimplified way. already beenpassedbut has not yet come into force, includesthepossibility for civil register. The “Law to combat right-wing extremism andhate crime“, which has It must bemadeeasier for journalists to have their information concealed inthe IV 5

Concealing journalists‘ addresses during investigations and court proceedings proceedings court and investigations during addresses journalists‘ Concealing officers police for training More media and police between agreement mutual Renew Simplified concealment of information in the public register register public the in information of concealment Simplified Federal regionsof Germany Recommendations to police,politics andmedia 5 andtheFederal Police should intensify thetraining - - - - - requirement for documentation of apre-existing dangerous situation. for example, andshould beableto initiate suchanonymisation without thestrict expanded. professionals even before theplanned journalistic work isdone,must befurther lished inmany editorial offices, of drawing upriskassessments together withmedia port indealing with physical andpsychological attacks. The practice, already estab seminars onde-escalation andself-protection, as well asfinancial and legal sup This includes, where necessary, the provision of security personnel, training with Media companies must protect their employees, both permanent andfreelance. VI bility. transparent andstandardised between theLänder uation report. The recording criteriafor offencesagainst themediashould bemade offence, theresults should bepublishedregularly, ideally annually, inaseparate sit Office. Inaddition tothe status of investigations and convictions for eachregistered instrument onthebasisof theKPMD-PMK statistics of theFederal Criminal Police The recording of offences against the media should be expanded into a monitoring V 7 6

Media companies: Adhere to protective measures and support and measures protective to Adhere companies: Media KPMD-PMK a on Monitoring Federal regionsof Germany Office for investigating politically-motivated crimes. 6 basis basis 7 inorder to establish compara - - - - 13 JOURNALIST AS ENEMY STEREOTYPE V – ALLIED IN PRESS HATRED 14 JOURNALIST AS ENEMY STEREOTYPE V – ALLIED IN PRESS HATRED About theauthors Link to the complete case list (German): (German): list https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AUs_vXXrC8F1wC-BmTJd8akMeAtqQnjF/viewcase complete the to Link uploads/2021/03/Feindbild-Journalist-5-Alliiert-im-Pressehass.pd tility to thepress,as well asthestudy design: depth analyses of the“Querdenken”-movement andideological patterns of itshos Link to theGermanlong version of thestudy: It contains, amongother things,in- ANNEX Research and works asaneditor at ZDF Television. doing hisdoctorate at theEuropean Institute for Journalism andCommunication since 2015anddesigned the “Feindbild“ study series,amongother things.Heis at theUniversity of Leipzig.Hehasbeen working asafreelancer for theECPMF Studied cultural studies at the European University Frankfurt/OderM.A. and journalism Hoffmann, Martin works asafreelancer for MDR. ECPMF since 2016 and co-author of the “Feindbild“ study series since 2017. She Studied political scienceat theUniversity of Leipzig.She hasbeenafreelancer for M.A. Betche, Pauline https://www.ecpmf.eu/wp-content/ f - ressourcen/dateien/forschung/pegida/patzelt-analyse-pegida-2015-05.pdf. DA?] Dresden. Available onlineat: https://tu-dresden.de/gsw/phil/powi/polsys/ [Three months after thebang:] Was wurde ausPEGIDA? [What becameof PEGI Patzelt, Werner J.; Eichardt, Christian Bielefeld. sionals –astudy onperceptions of andexperiences with attacks onjournalists.] Erfahrungen mit Angriffen auf Journalist*innen. [Hate and attacks onmedia profes Hass und Angriffe auf Medienschaffende–Eine Studiezur Wahrnehmung vonund Papendick, Michael;Rees, Yann; Wäschle, Franziska; Zick, Andreas term.] Cologne. press]. Anatomie einespolitischenKampfbegriffes.[Anatomy of apolitical fighting a nonsensical term?]In:Lilienthal, Volker; Neverla, Irene(Hg.):„Lügenpresse“[Lying Neverla, Irene der Corona-Proteste. [Political sociology of thecoronavirus protests.] Basel. Nachtwey, Oliver;Schäfer,Robert; Frei, Nadine In: Analysen & Argumente [Analyses & Arguments], 230. Herausforderung der Demokratie. [Theconspiracy theory challengeto democracy.] Montag, Tobias stieg-der-rechten-ermoeglichten-li.110652?pid=true. zukunft-technologie/digitaler-faschismus-wie-die-sozialen-netzwerke-den-auf able the rise of the right“.] Available online at: https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/ len Netzwerke den Aufstieg der Rechten ermöglichen“.[How social networks en [„Right-wing extremism:] Digitaler Faschismus: [Digital Fascism:] Wie diesozia Marcks, Holger (8), p.1110-1118. break andPandemic Behavior. In:Social Psychological andPersonality Science,11 ween Distinct Conspiracy Beliefs About theCoronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Out Imhoff, Roland; Lamberty, Pia zen-in-der-corona-krise. www.kas.de/de/einzeltitel/-/content/verschwoerungsmythologische-tenden piracy mythological tendenciesinthecoronavirus crisis.] Available onlineat: https:// ti-Semitism?] Verschwörungsmythologische Tendenzen inder Corona-Krise. [Cons Blume, Michael eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/FeindbildPresse-IV.pdf. res-Bilanz. [A 5-year balancesheet.] Leipzig. Available onlineat: https://www.ecpmf. ECPMF Bibliography (2020): Bedrohung alsNormalzustand. [Threat asnormal state.] Eine5-Jah (2017): „Lügenpresse“-Begriffohnejede Vernunft?[„Lying press“– (2020): Für Freiheit–und Antisemitismus? [For freedom–andan (2016): Lügenpressestatt UFO. Die verschwörungstheoretische (2020): Interview inberliner-zeitung.de: „Rechtsextremismus: (2020): A Bioweapon or aHoax? The LinkBet (2015): Drei Monate nach dem Knall: (2020): Politische Soziologie (2020): ------15 JOURNALIST AS ENEMY STEREOTYPE V – ALLIED IN PRESS HATRED 16 JOURNALIST AS ENEMY STEREOTYPE V – ALLIED IN PRESS HATRED sentative Umfragen zumGlaubenan Verschwörungstheorien vor undinder Coro Roose, Jochen von Verschwörungstheorien. [Media astheobjectof conspiracy theories.]In: Aus DavidSeidler, John sprechen/. seite-2020/medienzynismus-weiterhin-verbreitet-aber-mehr-menschen-wider https://www.ard-werbung.de/media-perspektiven/fachzeitschrift/2020/detail ple disagree.]Mainzer Langzeitstudie Medienvertrauen 2019. Available onlineat mehr Menschen widersprechen. [Media cynicism still widespread, but more peo Oliver; Schemer,Christian Schultz, Tanjev; Ziegele,Marc; Jakobs, Ilka; Jackob, Nikolaus; Quiring, pation-jahrgang-66-2018-heft-3. pulistischen-einstellungen-medienfeindlichkeit-negativen-emotionen-und-partizi her-kommt-und-wozu-fuehrt-medienfeindlichkeit-zum-zusammenhang-von-po online at https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/1615-634X-2018-3-283/wo populist attitudes, mediahostility, negative emotions andparticipation.] Available feindlichkeit, negativen Emotionen undPartizipation. [On theconnection between from andleadto?] Zum Zusammenhang von populistischen Einstellungen, Medien kommt und wozu doesmediahostility führtMedienfeindlichkeit?[Where come Obermaier, Magdalena;Fawzi, Nayla; Reinemann,Carsten Schindler, Johanna Schindler;Fortkord, Claudia;Posthumus, Lone; schung-am-limit_ipb-working-paper_web.pdf. ble onlineat: https://protestinstitut.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/protestfor ziologische Annäherung anPEGIDA. [A sociological approach to PEGIDA.] Availa Sabrina: chen; Scholl,Franziska; Sommer,Moritz;Stuppert, Wolfgang; Zajak, Rucht, Dieter; Daphi, Priska; Kocyba, Piotr; Neuber,Michael;Roose, Jo Berlin. Sozialforschung. [Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Forum Empirical Social Research.] during thecoronavirus crisis.]In:Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Forum Empirische na-Krise. [Representative surveys on the belief in conspiracy theories before and position andinterpretation of anoutrage movement] Wiesbaden. Zusammensetzung undDeutung einer Empörungsbewegung. [Development, com Vorländer, Hans;Herold, Maik;Schäller,Steven Politik undZeitgeschichte [From Politics andContemporary History], 66. (2015). Protestforschung am Limit. [Protest research at thelimit.]Eineso (2020): Verschwörung inder Krise.[Conspiracy inCrisis.]Reprä (2016): „Lügenpresse!“.[Lying press!]Medien als Gegenstand (2020): Medienzynismus weiterhin verbreitet, aber (2016): PEGIDA. Entwicklung, (2018): Woher ------A study by the European Centre for Press and Media Freedom in the framework of the Media Freedom Rapid Response

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Release date: 23.03.2021

Cover photo: Anja Cord via www.imago-images.de – 09.08.2020 Dortmund The organisation 231 Dortmund called for an anti-corona demonstration in the centre of Dortmund. Observed by a large police contingent, numerous demonstrators gathered on Hansaplatz.

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