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We're a Peaceful Nation “We’re a peaceful nation” – nation” a peaceful “We’re “We’re a peaceful nation” krigsretorik efter 11 september ”Man kan fundera på varför traditionell krigspropaganda i dagens kritiska massmediesamhälle fortfarande fungerar. Svaret är förmodligen enkelt: när det uppstår en hotfull krissituation med många komplicerade faktorer så tas enkla lösningar tacksamt emot. Ett krig som förknippas med begrepp som jakt, spel eller arbete blir mera acceptabelt. En fiende som är ond är ett legitimt mål. Ett krig som omtolkas till humanitär insats är inte längre ett krig. I dagens demokratiska samhälle bör vi emellertid ha kommit längre än att nöja oss med enkla svar, även i akuta krissituationer. Skepsis, tvivel och ifrå- kri gasättanden när det gäller krigsstrategernas verklighetsbeskrivningar bör inte gsretor bara vara tillåtna utan uppmuntras, premieras och prioriteras, för att motverka propagandans övermakt.” Brigitte Mral ikseptember 11 efter Denna studie belyser vilka retoriska grepp som användes under de militära aktioner som inleddes som en direkt följd av händelserna den 11 september. Syftet är att komma fram till en bättre förståelse för krigsstrategernas mål- inriktade arbete med att definiera världen åt oss. Brigitte Mral är professor i retorik vid Humanistiska institutionen, Örebro universitet. Brigitte Mral Brigitte ”We’re a peaceful nation” krigsretorik efter 11 september Krisberedskapsmyndigheten Box 599 KBM:S | 2004:5 TEMASERIE 101 31 Stockholm Brigitte Mral Tel 08-593 710 00 Fax 08-593 710 01 kbm@krisberedskaps myndigheten.se ISSN 1652-2915 ISSN 1652-3970 www.krisberedskaps kbm:s temaserie | 2004:5 ISBN 91-85053-60-0 myndigheten.se kbm:s temaserie | 2004:5 ”We’re a peaceful nation” krigsretorik efter 11 september Brigitte Mral Titel: ”We’re a peaceful nation” – Krigsretorik efter 11 september Utgiven av Krisberedskapsmyndigheten (KBM) Omslagsfoto: President George W. Bush klädd i flygoverall tillsammans med löjtnant Ryan Phillips för att flyga en S-3 Viking till hangarfartyget USS Abraham Lincoln från flygbasen vid North Island i San Diego den 1 maj 2003. Bush flög för att välkomnade de 5000 soldaterna ombord på hangarfartyget efter att de kommit hem från kriget i Irak. Mike Blake/Reuters/Scanpix Upplaga: 2 000 ex ISSN: 1652-2915 ISBN: 91-85053-60-0 KBM:s dnr: 0695/2003 Grafisk form: AB Typoform Tryck: Edita, Västerås 2004 Skriften kan erhållas kostnadsfritt från Krisberedskapsmyndigheten, materielförvaltning. E-post: [email protected] Skriften kan laddas ned från Krisberedskapsmyndighetens webbplats www.krisberedskapsmyndigheten.se KBM:s temaserie 2004:5 Innehåll KBM:s förord 5 Förord 7 inledning: Retorik i kristider 9 Den retoriska upptakten efter 11 september 15 Tema ”Krig” 17 Tema ”Ondska” 19 Tema ”Jakt” 22 14 september 2001: Ground Zero-talet 24 20 september 2001: ”Freedom and fear are at war” 27 Tema ”Frihet” 31 7 oktober 2001: Krigstal Afghanistan 34 Tema ”Kvinnoförtryck” 35 29 januari 2002: State of the Union 38 7 oktober 2002: Cincinnati-talet 40 Tema ”Massförstörelsevapen” 42 5 februari 2003: Colin Powells tal i FN 44 15 februari 2003: Tony Blairs tal 49 16 mars 2003: Toppmötet på Azorerna 52 Tema ”Hjälpsamhet” 53 19 mars 2003: George W. Bushs tal inför Irakinvasionen 55 Tema ”Arbete” 56 Tema ”Spel och sport” 57 1 maj 2003: George W. Bushs segertal 60 Epilog 63 Referenser 65 Bilagor 67 Bilaga 1. President George W. Bushs tal till nationen den 11 september 2001 67 Bilaga 2. Katedral-talet 69 Bilaga 3. Remarks by the President Upon arrival 71 Bilaga 4. ”Freedom and fear are at war” 74 Bilaga 5. Krigstal Afghanistan 79 Bilaga 6. Radio address by Laura Bush to the Nation 81 Bilaga 7. State of the Union 83 Bilaga 8. Cincinnati-talet 89 Bilaga 9. Colin Powells tal i FN 94 Bilaga 10. Tony Blairs tal 111 Bilaga 11. Toppmötet på Azorerna 116 Bilaga 12. George W. Bushs tal inför irakinvasionen 123 Bilaga 13. George W. Bushs segertal 125 KBM:s förord När något stort och omvälvande inträffat var varken en stat eller krigsmakt. Det vill människor ha besked och kräver att var istället en motståndare utan hem- ansvariga träder fram på den offentliga vist som agerar genom ett så kallat nät- scenen. Det har människor krävt i alla verk. Situationen var ny och uppgiften tider. Ansvariga politiker måste i sådana att med språkets hjälp övertyga om vad situationer visa ledarskap genom att för- som skulle göras blev stor. klara vad som hänt och visa beslutsam- Brigitte Mral, professor i retorik vid het. De måste förklara vilka åtgärder Humanistiska institutionen på Örebro som kommer att vidtas för att återställa universitet, har forskat och författat ordning efter det kaos som uppstått. böcker inom ämnet retorik. Hon analy- Allt detta måste göras på ett begripligt serar i denna bok vilken roll retorik och sätt som ska kläs i en språklig dräkt. propaganda spelar efter den 11 septem- Retoriken, med rötter från antiken, ber 2001 fram till Irakkriget. Att analy- används fortfarande på liknande sätt då sera hur hotbilder kommuniceras är en som nu. Det handlar om konsten att viktig del för samhällets krisberedskap. övertyga. Det går även lika bra att an- Därför har KBM tagit initiativet till vända metoden för att analysera situa- denna studie om retorik och propaganda. tioner. Detta är viktigt eftersom vi dag- Krisberedskapsmyndigheten (KBM) ligen och framförallt i orostiden när har till uppgift att stärka samhällets krig och kriser dominerar agendan, är krishanteringsförmåga. Detta gör myn- mottagare av budskap som skall få oss digheten bland annat genom att ut- att ta ställning till något. veckla metoder för kriskommunikation Ledare som George W. Bush och och krishantering. KBM ska också be- Tony Blair talade efter den 11 septem- driva omvärldsbevakning, initiera forsk- ber till sina medborgare och inför sina ning och studier samt förmedla resultat politiska församlingar om nödvändig- inom området. Denna studie ingår i heten att gå i krig. Deras motståndare KBM:s temaserie. Henrik Olinder Handläggare kriskommunikation, Krisberedskapsmyndigheten kbm:s förord | 5 Bild. President George W. Bush och försvarsminister Donald Rumsfeld besöker den skadade delen vid försvarshögkvarteret Pentagon den 12 september 2001. foto: paul j. richards/afp 6 | ”we’re a peaceful nation” Förord ”Ord och bilder är farliga och vi Denna studie belyser vilka retoriska bör vara förfärligt rädda för dem.” grepp som användes under de två mili- kurt johannesson, expressen, tära aktioner som inleddes som en 25 oktober 2001 direkt följd av händelserna den 11 sep- tember, de som George W. Bush ibland Terroristattackerna i New York den betecknar som ”battle of Afghanistan”, 11 september 2001 innebar början till resp. ”battle of Iraq”.1 Syftet är att en ny och skrämmande epok av global komma fram till en bättre förståelse för osäkerhet. I kristider som dessa, när det krigsstrategernas målinriktade arbete gäller att mobilisera eller åtminstone med att definiera världen åt oss. I sitt motivera befolkningar till gemensamma stora tal inför kongressen, den 20 sep- åtgärder, startar alltid ett omfattande tember 2001, säger Bush: ”… this retoriskt arbete. Människor måste över- country will define our times, not be tygas att så långt möjligt godta ledning- defined by them”2. I denna studie ska ens vägval. Övertygad blir man givetvis vi granska hur krigsledningens defini- genom lyckade aktioner och framgångs- tioner av verkligheten ser ut. De euro- rika strategier. Men i inledningsskedet peiska staterna har förhållit sig mycket och vid varje kritiskt läge behöver stra- olika till alliansens, och främst USA:s, tegerna motivera sina åtgärder genom tolkning av händelserna samt deras argument, lägesbeskrivningar och fram- militära konsekvenser. Från svenskt tidsvisioner, alltså med hjälp av retorik. regeringshåll har man varit försiktigt Det gäller att verbalt skapa legitimitet avvaktande, även när det gällde de av för de aktioner som den politiska och FN kritiserade aktionerna i Irak våren militära ledningen vidtar, i detta fall det 2003. I långa stycken har man både så kallade kriget mot terrorismen. från politiker- och mediehåll accepterat 1. Se t.ex. Bushs tal den 1 maj 2003 http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/05/iraq/20030501-15.html 2. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html förord | 7 den dominerande tolkningen. Vi har dessa analyseras för att belysa hur man i varit utsatta för en stor propaganda- propagandan snävar in världsbilden till offensiv, och med den snabbhet som några tydliga motsättningar, svartvita händelserna utvecklade sig gavs lite tid bilder, lätta att ta till sig, lättsmälta och för att reflektera över innebörden i användbara, inte minst för medierna. beskrivningarna. Denna studie utgör Studien omfattar i princip två hän- ett försök att fundera över vad som delsekedjor, en kring tiden direkt efter egentligen har sagts från ledande håll 11 september 2001 och krigshandling- om världsläget under de tre år som har arna i Afghanistan, den andra kring gått efter 11 september, vilka begrepp, Irakkriget 2003. Båda perioderna gene- bilder och berättelser man har använt rerade ett antal huvudbegrepp vars för att få vårt samtycke. Syftet är inte innebörder kommer att analyseras var att vara efterklok utan att ge en hjälp för sig och över tid för att få en för- till eftertanke, till en bättre beredskap djupad förståelse för propagandisternas när det gäller att bemöta propagandis- försök att skapa en ny världsbild. Studien tiska kampanjer. ger dels en kronologisk genomgång av Utgångsmaterialet är några av de några centrala tal och retoriska situatio- hundratals tal som har hållits för att ner, dels, som separata teman, en analys förklara och motivera aktionerna, både av återkommande retoriska teman och från USA:s och Storbritanniens sida. i synnerhet av vaga begrepp och meta- Talen finns med som bilagor i slutet av forer. Fokus kommer att ligga inte så boken. Det man redan vid en snabb mycket på hållbarheten i argumentatio- blick på talmaterialet kan konstatera är nen utan på själva ordvalet i tal av främst att det pågick ett mycket medvetet ar- George W.
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