Abashidze, Aslan, 353 Abikova, D., 120 Abkhaz, Abkhazia, 47, 51

Home , Fatali Khan

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Index

Abashidze, Aslan, 353 Armenians, Armenia, 13, 42, 43, 45, 51, 64, Abikova, D., 120 84, 203, 226, 236, 242, 245, 261, 264, Abkhaz, Abkhazia, 47, 51, 103, 154, 267, 291, 307, 337 226, 227, 236, 269, 278, 287, 314, dissident movement, 233 318, 343–9 earthquake, 266 Abuladze, Tengiz, 223 emigres, 235 Academy of Sciences, 210, 243 Ashkhabad, 300 Adalat, 270 Askeran, 267, 338 Adamovich, Alexander, 101 Astana, 298 Adyghe, 154 Austria, 28 Afghanistan, 289, 299 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 164 Aganbegyan, Abel, 267 autonomy, 48, 50, 64, 67, 253, 308, 310 Aghdam, 267 Azerbaijan, 14, 40, 51, 64, 91, 94, 102, 111, Agrarian Democratic Party 193, 202, 211, 213, 224, 226, 241, 245, (Moldova), 291 267, 293, 308, 325, 337 Agrarian Union (Latvia), 169 1959 purge, 212 Ajars, Ajaria, 327, 343, 353 Black Sunday, 269 Akaev, Askar, 292, 316 civil war, 283 Akmola, see Astana Alash Orda, 35, 59 Babaev, A., 120 Albanians, Caucasian, 226 Babi Yar ravine, 134 Alexander II, 154 Bagirov, Mir Jafar, 192, 193 Alexandropol, 45 Baitursynov, Akhmet, 58 Aliev, Heidar, 224, 226, 241, 242, 284, Bakiev, Kurmanbek, 316 285, 295, 296 Baku, 8, 40, 41, 43, 202, 243, 295, 338 Aliev, Ilham, 295, 296, 297 Commune, 17 Aliev, Rakhat, 298 Balitskii, Anton, 101 Aliev family, 217, 296 Balkars, Balkaria, 39, 50, 128, 153, 155, 158 Alieva, Mehriban, 297 Baltic Entente, 170 Almaty, 260, 298 Baltic republics, Baltic states, 138, 163–83, alphabet reform, 185, 197 252, 272 Amur, 182 Bandera, Stepan, 135 Andijan, 78, 299 Basaev, Shamil, 332, 334 Andropov, Yuri, 256 Bashir, G., 225 anti-cosmopolitan campaign, 144 Bashkir Revolutionary Committee Aral Sea, 261, 264 (Bashrevkom), 25

383

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384 Index

Bashkirs, Bashkiria, 14, 18, 25, 55, 141, 254, 1989, 247 278, 309 Central Asia, 15, 35, 56, 80, 112, 140, 206, Basmachi, 36, 60, 62, 85, 86 238, 247, 252, 261, 307 Batumi, 199 1916 rebellion, 9 Bazarov, Gannadi, 223 afﬁrmative action in, 83 Bek, Said, 39 Communist University of, 83 Belarusans, Belorussians, Belorus, delimitation of, 76 Belorussia, 10, 33, 64, 74, 100, 174, Chagatai, 77 239, 246, 265, 293, 307 Chanturia, Giorgi, 285 under German occupation, 133 Chardakhly, 267 Bender, 351 Chavchavadze, Ilia, 7 Berdymukhamedov, Gurbanguly, 301 Chechen–Ingush Autonomous Republic, Beria, Lavrenti, 110, 144, 152, 155, 181, 191, 158, 159 192, 201, 223, 328, 344 Chechens, Chechnya, 37, 39, 151, 154, 155, Berkla¯vs, Eduard, 202, 212 162, 196, 278, 309, 328–36 Beslan, 334 national units, 141 Bessarabia, 173, 185 Chemeriskii, Alexander, 81 Bgazhba, S., 227 Cherkess, 50, 154 Bilinsky, Yaroslav, 109 Chernenko, Konstantin, 256 Bishkek, 316 Chernobyl nuclear power plant, 265, 266 Bloody Sunday, see Russian Chinese, China, 105, 154, 307, 320 Revolution, 1905 Chornovil, Vyacheslav, 222, 223, 232 Bodyul, Ivan, 217 Chuvash, Chuvashia, 253 borders, 74 cinema, 223 Bormann, Martin, 132 Circassians, see Adyghe Borodin, Alexander, 95 Civil War, Russian, 25–39, 49, 50, 53, 59 Borotbists, 58, 60, 81, 82, 89, 102 Collective Security Treaty Brazauskas, Algirdas, 290 Organization, 306 Breslavs’kyi, Mykola, 232 collectivisation of agriculture, 103, 104, 118 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 44 Commission for the Study of the Tribal Brezhnev, Leonid, 219, 252, 360 Composition of the Population, 90 bridewealth, 87 Commonwealth of Independent States, bronze soldier, 305 306 Buachidze, Noi, 38 Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Budyonnovsk, 332 Russian Communist Party, 71 Budyonnyi, Semyon, 139 1961 Programme, 252 Bukhara, 36, 77, 85 Tenth Congress, 1921, 55 Bukharin, Nikolai, 54, 56, 67, 101, 359 Twelfth Congress, 1923, 67 Bukovyna, 184 Caucasian Bureau of, 65 Bund, 59, 81 Politburo, 97, 216 Burjanadze, Nino, 313, 318 Communist Party of Western Ukraine, Buryats, Buryatia, 225, 309, 311 65, 89 Conquest, Robert, 108 Caspian Sea, 295 Constituent Assembly, i, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, Catherine the Great, 149 31, 33, 34 Catholic Church, 232 Cossacks, 35, 37, 38, 139, 195, 223, 350 census Council of Europe, 307 1926, 79, 343 Council of People’s Commissars, see 1959, 247 Sovnarkom

Index 385

coup attempt, August 1991, 279 Finns, Finland, 6, 15, 32, 172, 173, 175, 197 Crimea, 61, 152, 161, 193, 235 Civil War, 32 purge in 1928, 98 First Universal, 19 Crimean Tatars, 148, 150, 152, 154, 157, France, 208 158, 160, 194, 230, 235 Frumkina, Ester, 81 Curzon, Lord George, 183 Frunze, Mikhail, 61, 68, 86 Cyril and Methodius, Society of, 7 Czechoslovakia, 184 Gagauz, Gagauzia, 352, 354 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 285, 286, 341, 353 Dagestan, 39, 43, 253, 310, 333, 334 Ganja, 42, 284 Danube, 186 Gaziev, Rahim, 284 Dashnaktsutiun (Dashnak party), 7, 41, Geležinis Vilkas, see Iron Wolf 43, 45 Georgians, Georgia, 13, 21, 45, 47, 51, Davies, Robert, 109 64, 65, 68, 84, 92, 160, 208, 217, 223, Delba, M. K., 227 226, 236, 240, 245, 252, 269, 308, 318, demography, national, 112 325, 342, 348 Denikin, Anton, 30, 31, 43, 153 1924 revolt, 85 deportations, 121, 122, 147–59, 180–3, 196 1956 demonstrations, 198 Directory, Ukrainian, 29 civil war, 285 dissident movement, 231, 234 purge of 1951–1952, 144 Dnieper hydroelectric dam, 111 under Russian Empire, 7 Dniester river, 186 Germans, Germany, 28, 30, 33, 34, 40, 46, Doctors’ Plot, 144, 191 154, 170 Dudaev, Djokhar, 162, 286, 329, 333, 336 occupation, 151, 153, 177 Duranty, Walter, 107 occupation policies, 127 Dushanbe, 287 Germans Volga region, 149, 158, 160 Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 66 glasnost’, 230, 263, 277 Dziuba, Ivan, 222, 232 Gök-Tepe fortress, 1 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 162, 193, 230, 239, Eastern Europe, transition, 282 257–9, 261, 265, 271, 275, 278, 280, economic development, 251 329, 360, 361 Edighe, Khan, 140, 142 Gorbacheva, Raisa, 257 education policy, 91, 208–11, 216 Gori, 199, 349 Elchibey, Abulfaz, 283, 284 Göring, Hermann, 132 Enukidze, Abel, 120 Gorno Badakhshan, 288 environmental movements, 261–6 Gorskaya (Mountain) Autonomous Estonians, Estonia, 10, 22, 34, 35, 167, 175, Republic, 39, 50 200, 208, 214, 240, 245, 272, 274, 277, Gosplan, 206 290, 302, 308 Grachev, Pavel, 331 ethnic conﬂict, 41, 86, 253, 305, 317, 338 Great Britain, 36, 40, 42, 101, 170 Eurasian Customs Union, 306, 320 Great Russian chauvinism, 57, 61, 68 Eurasianism, 118 Great Terror, 98, 103, 119, 120, 149, European Union, 315, 325, 332 153, 154 Greek Catholic Church, 185 Farmers’ Union (Estonia), 167 Grinius, Kazys, 167 Federal Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Grozny, 38, 328, 332, 334 of Transcaucasia, 65 GUAM, 306 federalism, 62, 121, 238 Gudauta, 347 Fergana valley, 85 Gumilev, Lev, 118

386 Index

Guria, 8 Jews, 59, 81, 133, 143, 155, 174, 176, Gylling, Edward, 102, 197 177, 235 in Russian Empire, 13 Hadrut, 267 plans to deport, 144 Haji, Uzun, 39 Jones, Gareth, 107 Hajibeyov, Uzeyir, 94 Harbi Shura, 27 Kabakhidze, Akakii, 66 Harvest of Sorrow, 108 Kabardins, Kabardino-Balkaria, 39, 50, 128, Helsinki Watch Group 153, 254 Moscow, 230 Käbin, Ivan, 218, 240, 241 Ukraine, Lithuania, Georgia, Kadyrov, Akhmed-Hadji, 335 Armenia, 230 Kadyrov, Ramzan, 335 Hetmanate, 28 Kafan, 338 history, 114–16, 225–9 Kaganovich, Lazar, 82, 88, 89, 204 History of the Kazakh SSR from the Earliest Kalanta, Romas, 236 Times to Our Days, 141 Kalmyks, Kalmykia, 158, 159, 311 Hitler, Adolf, 124, 126, 127, 128, 138, 145, national units, 141 155, 171, 187, 355 Kalnbe¯rzin¸š,Ja¯nis, 178, 212 Holodomor, see Ukraine, 1933 famine Kamenev, Lev, 64 Homo sovieticus, 255 Kantaria, M. V., 140 Hrushevskyi, Mykhailo, 93 Karabakh, Nagorno Karabakh, 14, 42, 51, Hrynko, Hryhorii, 82 75, 202, 224, 226, 233, 234, 267, 269, Hummet party, 14, 42, 59 278, 291, 296, 307, 336–41 Hungarian rising, 198, 200, 215 Karachais, 39, 50, 128, 156, 158 Husseinov, Suret, 284 Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Region, 76 Karelia, 33, 95, 103, 197, 225 Ibragimov, Mirza, 203 Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Ibragimov, Veli, 98, 213 Republic, 197 Ignalina, 263, 264 Karimov, Islam, 298 Ikramov, A., 120 Karotamm, Nikolai, 178 Ikramov, Maksud, 288 Kars, 45 Ilyumzhinov, Kirsan, 311 Kasymov, Sultan Kenesary, 141 India, 208 Kaunas, 236 industrialisation, 112 Kautsky, Karl, 46 Ingorovqa, Pavle, 227 Kazakh Division, 141 Ingush, Ingushetia, 37, 39, 151, 155, 158, 159, Kazakhs, Kazakhstan, 15, 35, 78, 86, 93, 196, 228, 329 94, 156, 162, 196, 245, 252, 260, 293, national units, 141 297, 305 internally displaced persons, 348 famine in, 106 Irkutsk, 182 sedentarisation in, 105 Iron Wolf (Geležinis Vilkas), 167 Kazan Socialist Committee, 59 Iskandarov, Akbarsho, 289 KGB, see secret police Islam, 104 Kharkiv, 28, 243 Israel, 143, 235 Khasavyurt, 333 Khasbulatov, Ruslan, 330 Jadidism, 7, 60 Khmara, Stepan, 222 Jalalabad, 78, 305, 317 Khmelnytski, Bohdan, 139 Javadov, Rovshan, 285 Khodzhaev, F., 120 Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, 143 Khodzhaev, T., 120

Index 387

Khoiskii, Fatali Khan, 42 Landsbergis, Vytautas, 290 Khorezm, 77 language policy, 91, 202, 221, 244–51, Khrushchev, Nikita, 124, 189, 191, 194, 204, 254, 310 214, 219, 245, 360 law of 1938, 117 education reform, 208–11 Latin alphabet, 91 secret speech, 159, 198 Latvian Fatherland Guards Union Kiev, 27, 243, 246 (LTSpA), 137 Kirichenko, Alexei, 192 Latvian National Partisan Union Kirovabad, 202, 268 (LNPA), 137 Kirponos, Mikhail, 125 Latvians, Latvia, 17, 22, 34, 35, 168, 175, Kizliar, 333 202, 203, 211, 217, 245, 272, 277, 290, Klaipéda, 171 303, 308 Kmara, 313 1959 purge, 212 Knight in the Panther Skin, 94 partisans in, 137 Koch, Eric, 132 League of Veterans of the War of Freedom, Kocharian, Robert, 291 see Vabs (Vaps) Kokand government, 36, 85 Lebed, Alexander, 333, 351 Kolbin, Gennadi, 260 Lenin, Vladimir, 32, 53, 55, 57, 61, 62, 63, 66, Kolchak, Alexander, 25 208, 355, 359 Komuch, 25 notes on national question, 67 Koreans, 154 Leninabad, 289 korenizatsiia, 50, 72, 73, 86, 89, 93, 96, Leningrad, 172, 243, 247, 272 97, 192 siege of, 125 Krasnoyarsk, 182 Ligachev, Yegor, 275 Kravchuk, Leonid, 291 Likhachev, Dmitri, 358 Kronstadt rebellion, 55 List, Field Marshal Wilhelm von, 129 Krupskaya, Nadezhda, 67 Lithuanian–Belorussian Republic Kube, Wilhelm, 133 (Litbel), 33 Kuchma, Leonid, 291, 314 Lithuanians, Lithuania, 10, 22, 34, 35, 166, Kuliab, 289 171, 175, 200, 218, 232, 236, 263, 272, Kunaev, Dinmukhamed, 217, 258, 260, 277, 278, 290, 308 297, 361 dissident movement, 235 Kurgan-Tiube, 289 Lobov, Oleg, 331 Kuropatkin, Alexei, 20 Lokai, 85 Kuropaty Woods, 265 Lori district, 48 Kursk station bomb plot, 234 Lucinschi, Petru, 291 Kutaisi, 199, 240 Lukashenko, Alexander, 293, 307 Kuznetsov, V., 220 Lutovinov, Yuri, 55, 56 Kviesis, Alberts, 169 Lviv, 134 Kyrgyz, Kyrgyzstan, 15, 35, 78, 79, 213, 217, 223, 270, 292, 305, 307, 317, 324 Makharadze, Fillip, 48 purges in, 102 Makhno, Nestor, 29, 62 Kyz Zhivbek, 94 Makukh, Vasyl, 232 Kyzyl, 187 Mal’bakhov, Timbora, 254 Malenkov, Georgi, 142, 204 Lachin strip, 339 Manas, Epic of, 94 La¯cis, Vilis, 212 Margilan, 78 Lakoba, Nestor, 103, 104, 343, 344 Marr, Nikolai, 91, 227 land conﬁscation in Baltic republics, 179 Masherov, Petr, 217

388 Index

Maskhadov, Aslan, 162, 333, 334 Narimanov, Nariman, 51 Medvedev, Dmitri, 311, 319, 363 Nash sovremennik, 222 Mel’nikov, Leonid, 192 national culture, 93–6, 222 Mensheviks, 41 national operations, 120 Georgian, 40 National Unity Party (Armenia), 233 Meri, Lennart, 290 NATO, 318 Meskhetian Turks, 151, 160 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 297 mestnichestvo, 206 Nazarbayeva, Dariga, 298 metro systems, 243 Nazi ideology, 126, 132 migration in imperial Russia, 5 Neda, 263 Mikhoels, Solomon, 143 Nevskii, Alexander, 114 Mikoyan, Anastas, 204 New Economic Policy, 55 Mikoyan, Sergei, 267 Nivkh, 225 Milli Firqa, 59 Niyazov, Saparmurat, 300 Mineralniye Vody, 331 NKVD, see secret police Mingechaur, 202 North Caucasus, 37, 40, 49, 87, 97, 104, 151, Mingrelian Affair, 144, 193 154, 227, 228, 253, 309 minorities in Baltic republics, 170 under German occupation, 128, 130 Minsk, 243 North Ossetia, 50, 159, 334, 342 Minsk Group, 340 Novocherkassk, 201 Moldovans, Moldova, 185, 200, 213, 217, 228, 239, 291, 308, 326, 350 Ochamchira, 346 Molodaia gvardiia, 222 OGPU, see secret police Molotov, Vyacheslav, 153 Okeev, Tolomush, 223 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, 173, 175, Okudzhava, M., 66 204, 273 Omsk, 182 Moscow, 243, 247 Operation Barbarossa, 124, 134 Moscow Human Rights Committee, 230 Orange Revolution, 314 Mozdok military base, 332 Ordzhonikidze, Sergo, 47, 65, 66, 100 mugam opera, 94 Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists Muggeridge, Malcolm, 107 (OUN), 134, 138, 185, 231 Musavat party, 14, 41, 43, 102 OSCE, 307, 332 music, 94, 117 Osh, 78, 270, 305, 317, 324 Muslim Commissariat, 26, 60 Ossetians, Ossetia, 39, 46, 154, Muslim Congress, 26 228, 236 Muslim Russian Army Council, see Harbi see also North Ossetia: South Ossetia Shura Ottoman Empire, see Turkey Muslim Socialist Committee of Otunbaeva, Roza, 316 Kazan, 27 Ozolinš, Karlis, 202 Muslims, 42, 83, 87, 253 in Civil War, 36, 59 pan-Turkism, 60, 86 in Russian Empire, 14 Paradjanov, Sergei, 223 Mustafaev, Imam, 203, 213 Paris Peace Conference, 45, 183 Mzhavanadze, Vasilii, 217, 240, 242 partisans, 125, 135, 141, 143, 181, 203 Pasha, Enver, 86 Nabiev, Rakhman, 288, 289 Patiashvili, Jumbar, 269 Nagorno Karabakh, see Karabakh Päts, Konstantin, 168 Nairi, 226 People’s Commissariat for Nakhichevan, 51, 233, 284, 295 Enlightenment, 91

Index 389

People’s Commissariat for Nationality Russian Orthodox Church, 104, 139, 185 Affairs, 60, 63, 81, 91 Russian Revolution, 1905, 8, 17 People’s Commissariat of Education, 115 Russian Revolution, 1917, 17, 22, 40 perestroika, 324 Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, Pervomaiskaya metro station bombing, 234 Georgian section, 8 Pervomaiskoye, 333 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Peter the Great, 114, 172 Republic (RSFSR), 63, 64, 74 Petliura, Simon, 28, 29, 30, 100 Russians Pyatakov, Yuri, 56, 359 in Baltic states, 302 Pilsudski, Jozef, 101 in Central Asia, 305 pogroms, 31 in Ukraine, 305 Pokrovsky, Mikhail, 92, 97 russiﬁcation, 16 Poles, Poland, 6, 15, 89, 165, 171, 174, 183, Rustaveli, Shota, 93 184, 196 Rustemkhanli, Sabir, 224 Polish–Soviet War 1920–21, 30, 34, 164, Ryazan Affair, 213 172, 183 Rykov, Alexei, 66 popular fronts, 271–5, 276, 282 population trends, 253 Saakashvili, Mikhail, 313, 318, 363 Porkkala, 198 Sadulaev, Abdul-Khalim, 334 Poti, 287, 319 Sajudis, 264, 272, 279, 290 Potsdam conference, 183 Sakha, see Yakuts, Yakutia Prague Spring, 216 Sakhalin, 225 Prigorodnyi, 159, 236 Sakharov, Andrei, 161, 230 Primakov, Yevgeni, 306, 340 Samarkand, 195 primordialism, 117, 119, 121 samizdat, 222, 225, 232, 233, 234, 235, 237 Prioshchepov, Dmitri, 101 Säre, Karl, 178 Provisional Government, Russian, 19, Sargsyan, Serzh, 291 20, 35 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 319 Putin, Vladimir, 311, 315, 320, 334, sblizheniye, 221 335, 363 secret police, 99, 155, 158, 255 sedentarisation, 105 Raduev, Salman, 333 Selter, Kaarel, 175 Rafes, Moishe, 81 Seraﬁn, Stanislaw, 171 Ragimov, Sadykh, 213 Sevan, Lake, 261, 264 Rakhmonov (Rahmon), Emomali, Seymuratova, Ayshe, 148 289, 299 Shaimiev, Mintimer, 309, 311 Rakovsky, Khristian, 67 Shakhty trial, 99 Rasulov, Jabar, 217 Shamil, Imam, 39, 93, 139, 328 Red Army, 31, 47, 86, 122, 140, 151, Shamshiev, Bolot, 223 174, 177, 199 Shanghai Cooperation Organization, 306 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 172 sharia law, 49 Riga, 17, 177 Shaumian, Stepan, 42, 57, 63 Romania, 183, 186, 228, 351 Shcherbakov, Aleksandr, 142, 144 Rose Revolution, 313, 318, 342, 348 Shcherbitsky, Vladimir, 218, 258 Rosenberg, Alfred, 131, 132 Shelest, Petr, 217, 223, 229, 361 Russia–Georgia War, 318 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 217, 223, 234, 236, Russian Empire, 1 240, 241, 242, 258, 286, 287, 312, 313, Russian Federation, 275, 308 315, 342, 346, 353 Russian Marxists, 18 Shevtsov, Vadim, 351

390 Index

Shumskyi, Oleksander, 59, 82, 88, 89, Tauger, Mark, 109 90, 102 Tbilisi, 48, 66, 199, 236, 243, 269, 286, Shusha, 338 319, 345 Shushkevich, Stanislav, 294 Tbilisi State University in Sukhumi, 346 Siberia, 79, 252 Ter-Petrossian, Levon, 291, 340 Simonenko, Vasyl, 222 Third Universal, 27 Skoropadsky, Pavlo, 28 Timoshenko, Semyon, 174 Skrypnyk, Mykola, 102 Timoshenko, Yulia, 315 Sleževicˇius, Mykolas, 166 Timur, 93, 140 Smetona, Antanas, 167, 175, 218 Tishkov, Valery, 361 Snegur, Mircea, 291, 351 Transcaucasian Federation, 40, Sniecˇkus, Antanas, 178 44, 64 Sochi, 343 Transdniester, 349–52 Social Democrats (Latvia), 169 Treaty of Non-Aggression between Socialist Realism, 117 Germany and the Soviet Union, see Socialist Revolutionary Party, 21, 41, 58 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 275 Treaty of Pereiaslav, anniversary of, 194 South Caucasus, 18, 40, 74, 307 Treaty of Riga, 164, 183 South Ossetia, 51, 227, 269, 278, 286, 314, Treaty of Turkmanchai, 226 318, 341–3 Trotsky, Leon, 48, 61, 67, 251 Soviet of Nationalities, 70 Tsekher, A. A., 120 sovnarkhoz reform, 204–8, 213, 216 Tskhinvali, 319, 342 Sovnarkom (Council of People’s Tulip Revolution, 293, 316 Commissars), 49 Turkestan, 5 sport, 236 Turkestan Soviet Autonomous Republic, Stalin, Iosif, 26, 53, 55, 57, 61, 62, 67, 68, 100, 49 101, 110, 115, 119, 121, 140, 142, 144, 145, Turkey, 13, 42, 43, 44, 154, 160, 152, 172, 183, 199, 208, 328, 343, 359 186, 233 as Ukrainophobe, 109 Turkmen, Turkmenistan, 15, 77, 83, 84, 213, toast to Russian people, 138 293, 300 Stepanakert, 234, 338 purges in, 102 Sterlitamak, 26 Turkmenbashi, 300 Sukhumi, 199, 346, 348 Tuva, 187, 253 Sultangaliev, Mirsaid, 60, 67, 99 Sumgait, 202, 267, 338 Ubukeev, Melis, 223 Ufa, 26 Tajiks, Tajikistan, 15, 77, 213, 217, 305, 325 Ukrainian Communist Party, 82 civil war, 287 Ukrainian Herald, 222 purges in, 102 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), 135, 138 Tallinn, 167 Ukrainian Workers’ and Peasants’ Union, Tallinn–Helsinki ferry, 208 231 Tamanian, Alexander, 243 Ukrainians, Ukraine, 13, 27, 28, 32, 58, 64, Tamerlane, see Timur 74, 82, 89, 97, 99, 111, 174, 181, 184, Tashkent, 15, 17, 20, 36, 243 192, 193, 206, 214, 218, 222, 229, 231, Tatar–Bashkir Soviet Republic, 48 232, 239, 244, 246, 252, 258, 265, 291, Tatars, Tatarstan, 14, 27, 61, 84, 150, 225, 305, 308 254, 278, 309, 311 1933 famine, 107–11 purge in 1928, 99 Central Rada, 27, 30 see also Crimean Tatars purge in 1933, 102

Index 391

under German occupation, 127 Voroshilov, Klim, 194 under Russian Empire, 7 Voss, Avgust, 217 ukrainisation, 82, 88, 97, 111 Ukrsovnarkhoz, 206 Wheatcroft, Stephen, 109 Ulmanis, Guntis, 290 Wilson, Woodrow, 355 Ulmanis, Ka¯rlis, 169, 290 women, unveiling of in Central Asia, 87 Union for the Liberation of Belorussia (SVB), 101 Yakuts, Yakutia, 225, 253, 259, 278, 309, Union for the Liberation of Ukraine 311, 326 (SVU), 99 Yakutsk, 260 Union of Mountain Peoples, 37 Yalta, 272 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Yalta conference, 183 (USSR), 52, 65 Yandarbiev, Zelimkhan, 162, 333 Union Treaty (1991), 278, 279 Yanukovich, Viktor, 314 United States, 40 Yegorov, M. A., 140 Ush-Zhuz, 59 Yeltsin, Boris, 275, 280, 306, 309, 329, 330, Usubaliev, Turdakun, 217 336, 342, 360 Uzbeks, Uzbekistan, 15, 78, 79, 83, 112, 157, Yerevan, 337 161, 213, 223, 270, 293, 298, 305 Young Bukharans, 59 purges in, 102 Young Khivans, 59 Yugoslavia, 325 Vabs (Vaps), 167 Yushchenko, Viktor, 314 Vaišvila, Zigmas, 264 Vakhitov, Mulla Nur, 26, 60 Zangezur, 51 Validov, Zeki, 26, 58 Zatonskyi, Volodymyr, 100, 102 Vatican Radio, 233, 235 Zavgaev, Doku, 329 Vilnius, 175, 236 Žemyna Club, 263 1991 shootings, 279 Zhdanov, Andrei, 116, 142, 144 Vinnichenko, Volodymyr, Zhitomir, 28 20, 29 Zhordania, Noe, 45 Virgin Lands campaign, Zhvania, Vladimir, 234 190, 195 Zhvania, Zurab, 312, 313, 318 Vladikavkaz, 37 Zohrapyan, Razmik, 234 Voldemaras, Augustinas, 167 Zugdidi, 287 Volga region, 56 Zviadists, 287, 347