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* * * Role of the Derbent Khanate in the History of the East Caucasus

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* * * Role of the Derbent Khanate in the History of the East Caucasus известия вгПу 16. Русско-дагестанские отношения в XVII – первой четверти XVIII в. документы и материалы. Махачкала, 1958. Role of the Derbent khanate 17. ЦГвиА. Ф. 52. д. 288. in the history of the East Caucasus 18. ЦГвиА. Ф. 52. д. 402. The article deals with the role and importance of 19. Эсадзе с. исторический очерк распростра- one of the leading public entities of Dagestan – the нения русской власти на кавказе. Тифлис, 1913. Derbent khanate – in the historical events that took place in the North-East Caucasus in the XVIII – * * * beginning of XIX centuries. It describes the place 1. Abdullaev G.B. Azerbajdzhan v XVIII v. i of Derbent and its neighborhood during the period vzaimootnoshenija s Rossiej. Baku, 1965. of the two international events in the region – the 2. Aliev F.M. Znachenie Azerbajdzhana dlja Ros- Caspian campaign of Peter the Great and the sii v Kaspijskoj torgovle // Blizhnij i Srednij Vostok. struggle of the mountaineers of Dagestan for in- Tovarnye otnoshenija pri feodalizme. M., 1980. dependence from Nader Shah. Great attention is S. 7–14. paid to the policy of Derbent rulers – Fatali Khan 3. Ashrafjan K.Z. Padenie derzhavy Sefevidov // and his son Shih-Ali Khan in foreign policy. The work is limited by the beginning of the XIX century, Ocherki po novoj istorii stran Srednego Vostoka. M., when Derbent became a part of Russia in 1806. 1951. S. 198–210. 4. Belevy puteshestvija cherez Rossiju v raznye Key words: North-East Caucasus, Derbent khanate, aziatskie zemli, a imenno v Ispogan', v Pekin, v Der- Fatali Khan, Shikh-Ali Khan, international rela- bent i Konstantinopol' / per. s fr. Spb., 1776. Ch. 1. tions, contacts with the Russian Empire. 5. Butkov P.G. Materialy dlja novoj istorii Kavka- za s 1722 po 1803 god. Spb., 1869. Ch. II. (статья поступила в редакцию 16.04.2018) 6. Gerber I. Opisanie stran i narodov vdol' za- padnogo berega Kaspijskogo morja. 1728 g. // Istorija, geografija i jetnografija Dagestana XVIII–XIX vv. M., 1958. S. 60–121. 7. Dubrovin N.F. Istorija vojny i vladychestva з.з. МАнАТилОВА, М.А. АБдурАзАкОВ russkih na Kavkaze. Spb., 1871. T. I. (Махачкала) 8. Izvestie o vzjatii Derbenta rossijskimi impe- ratorskimi vojskami. Spb., 1806. занятия житеЛей южного 9. Istorija Azerbajdzhana. Baku, 1958. T. I. дагестана (кюринского 10. Kidirnijazov D.S. Dagestan v sisteme mezhdu- ханства) в конце XVIII – narodnyh otnoshenij (XVIII – konec 20-h gg. XIX v.). начаЛе XIX в. M., 2011. 11. Kilasov R.K. Iz istorii jekonomicheskih svja- Описываются основные виды занятий жите- zej Dagestana s Rossiej (konec XVII – nachalo XVIII лей Кюры, экономическое положение Кюры в v.) // UZ IIJaL Dagfiliala AN SSSR. Mahachkala, 1970. конце XVIII – начале XIX в., а также торгово- T. XX. S. 212–224. экономические связи с соседними народами. 12. Lebedev V.I. Posol'stvo A. Volynskogo v Дана характеристика развития земледелия Persiju // Izvestija AN SSSR. 1948. № 6. S. 530–542. как основного вида деятельности в равнинной и предгорной частях. Показано развитие ско- 13. Leviatov V.N. Ocherki istorii Azerbajdzhana. товодства, имеющего исключительное значе- Baku, 1948. ние для жителей Кюры. Дан краткий анализ 14. Magaramov Sh.A. Rossijsko-dagestanskie развития местных промыслов, имеющих боль- diplomaticheskie otnoshenija nakanune Kaspijskogo шое значение для союзов сельских общин Юж- pohoda Petra I // Rossijskaja istorija. 2017. № 1. S. 56– ного Дагестана. 61. 15. Pis'mo grafa V.A. Zubova k ego bratu P.A. Zu- bovu // Russkij arhiv. 1873. Kn. 1–2. S. 875–882. Ключевые слова: история Дагестана, экономи- 16. Russko-dagestanskie otnoshenija v XVII – ка Южного Дагестана, история Южного Да- pervoj chetverti XVIII v. Dokumenty i materialy. гестана, Кюринское ханство. Mahachkala, 1958. 17. CGVIA. F. 52. D. 288. дагестан в XVIII в. характеризуется не- 18. CGVIA. F. 52. D. 402. которым оживлением хозяйственной жизни 19. Jesadze S. Istoricheskij ocherk rasprostrane- по сравнению с предыдущим периодом. хотя nija russkoj vlasti na Kavkaze. Tiflis, 1913. крайняя раздробленность, феодальные междо- © Манатилова з.з., Абдуразаков М.А., 2018 192 исторические НАУКИ и археоЛогия усобицы, опустошительные походы шаха на- многих аулах нагорного и центрального да- дира 1730-х и 1740-х гг. и тормозили развитие гестана (Анди, унцукуль, Балхар, сулевкент и страны, тем не менее некоторый рост произ- др.) домашнее ремесло постепенно отделялось водительных сил привел к подъему народно- от сельского хозяйства. го хозяйства. в рассматриваемое время сравнительно Это сказалось на развитии земледелия распространен был в дагестане и обмен. да- и скотоводства, которые оставались, как и в гестанцы обменивали свои продукты в Тар- предыдущие века, основными занятиями на- ки, дербенте, Эндерее, кабучи, кази-кумухе, родов дагестана, в том числе и кюры. наряду хунзахе, Анди и других населенных пунктах с посевами пшеницы, ячменя и др. во второй края, а также в некоторых городах Азербайд- половине XVIII в. значительное распростра- жана и Грузии [6, с. 115]. Они продавали про- нение получило разведение риса, кукурузы, изводимые ими простые сукна, ковры, бурки, бахчевых культур и т. д. Прочные экономи- масло, сыр, скот, шерсть, марену и т. д.; по- ческие связи внутри дагестана в XVIII в. еще купали хлеб, нефть, соль, бумажные, иногда и не сложились, и общественно-экономическое шелковые ткани и т. д. [5, с. 144]. развитие его отдельных частей было неравно- в дагестане распространена была рабо- мерным. в ряде районов наблюдалась относи- торговля. в XVIII в. дагестан посещали азер- тельная застойность в развитии натурального байджанские, грузинские, армянские и дру- хозяйства. Большое влияние на хозяйственное гие купцы [8, с. 38]. начиная со второй поло- развитие страны оказывали различные фор- вины XVIII в. ведущее место во внешней тор- мы феодальной и общинной собственности на говле дагестана занимала уже россия. населе- землю и связанные с ними отсталые отноше- ние русских городов северного кавказа нуж- ния в джамаатах, облеченные в первобытные далось в местных продуктах, а дагестан – в формы, порожденные полупатриархальным, промышленных товарах первой необходи- полуфеодальным бытом [8, с. 32]. мости. хозяйственный подъем был более заме- Жители кюры занимались земледелием тен в приморских и предгорных районах, в ко- издревле и очень интенсивно. здесь не было торых почвенно-климатические условия бла- ни одного аула, где не выращивали бы зерно- гоприятствовали развитию всех отраслей хо- вые культуры. для подавляющего большин- зяйства. сельское хозяйство оставалось менее ства аулов земледелие являлось ведущей от- развитым в высокогорных районах дагестана. раслью хозяйства, и лишь для немногих селе- Географические условия существенно огра- ний оно имело характер второстепенного за- ничивали здесь земледелие. известное ожив- нятия. хозяйства на равнине были более раз- ление наблюдалось и в области промышлен- витыми, этому способствовало наличие пло- ного производства. в дагестане распростра- дородных, орошаемых земель. нено было в это время изготовление различ- в конце XVIII в. Ф.Ф. симонович отмечал, ных изделий из металла, шерсти, глины, хлоп- что «кюра… способна к произведению всех ка [Там же, с. 38] и др. дагестанцам был из- плодов. Она составляет произведениями свои- вестен ряд отраслей домашней промышленно- ми большую часть богатства хамутаева (кази- сти и в предшествующие века. но эти отрас- кумухский хан), с которым оный по кубинско- ли везде, за исключением дербента, были тес- му положению подати собирает» [8, с. 39]. на- но связаны с сельским хозяйством, удовлетво- селение занималось исключительно выращи- ряли потребности местных жителей. Особен- ванием зерновых культур, хотя в самом кази- ность этой области производства в рассматри- кумухском ханстве хлебопашество было огра- ваемое время заключалась в том, что начав- ничено ввиду суровости климата и каменисто- шийся еще в предыдущие века процесс отделе- го состава почв, и поэтому «недостаток… хле- ния домашней промышленности от сельского ба… заменяет провинция кура» [3, с. 214]. хозяйства дал в это время новые результаты. Одним из решающих условий успешного например, по свидетельству лопухина и Гер- возделывания хлебов было применение искус- бера, все жители селения кубачи были масте- ственного орошения. Жители Южного даге- рами, «питались» своим ремеслом и выполня- стана «весьма искусно проводили из рек и ру- ли работы на заказ из материала заказчика [9, чьев каналы по полям своим» [8, с. 40]. в гор- с. 142]. Ограниченность данных не позволяет ных селениях рыли канавы, нередко пробивая точно установить, многие ли районы дагеста- отвесные скалы, или искусно поднимали воду на были охвачены этим процессом. Однако во из речек на возвышенные места. «лезгины, – 193 известия вгПу писал Б.Ф. Добрынин, – имеют старинные на- наиболее распространенным промыслом выки по поливному земледелию, они искусные у жителей кюры была обработка шерсти. из мастера, насколько позволяют их технические овечьей шерсти кюринцы выделывали разно- средства, по проведению каналов, желобов и образные изделия как для собственного потре- других приспособлений для орошения». Об- бления, так и для продажи – паласы, ковры, су- наруженные в ряде горных аулов (курах, хве- махи, хурджины, мешки, чулки, носки и т. д. редж) подземные гончарные трубы служат как писал Ф.Ф. Симонович, имея в виду жи- тому лишним доказательством [7, с. 88]. телей горной зоны Южного дагестана, в це- скотоводство наряду с земледелием имело лом они «достаточествуя скотоводством, про- в жизни кюринцев исключительно важное зна- мышляют вообще сукном, коврами, попонами чение.
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