Restaurācija

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Restaurācija RESTAURĀCIJA RESTAURĀCIJA LV/ENG JUKA JOKILEHTO................................................................6/13 JURIS DAMBIS...................................................................20/23 DACE ČOLDERE.................................................................26/31 ZAIGA GAILE.....................................................................38/40 Vāka foto/Cover photo: Juris Dambis ILMĀRS DIRVEIKS.............................................................43/46 Dizains/Graphic design: Sandra Betkere PĒTERIS BLŪMS................................................................51/56 Iespiests/Printing: Apgāds “Mantojums” KETRĪNA ROBERTSA.........................................................63/70 Tulkojums/Translation: SIA SERRES Teksta korektūra/Proofreading: Laine Kristberga GRENJA ŠAFRIJA..............................................................77/82 Izdevuma koordinēšana/Technical coordination: Baiba Mūrniece © Nacionālā kultūras mantojuma pārvalde, 2019 ISBN 978-9934-8869-2-8 Kultūras mantojuma aizsardzības speciālistu, pētnieku, restauratoru, īpašnieku un lietotāju rokās ir nodotas izcilas vērtības. Vēsturiska objekta liktenis ir atkarīgs no ikviena kompetences, sadarbības spējām un godaprāta. Kultūras mantojuma aizsardzības darbs nav iedomājams bez profesionālas restaurācijas. Restaurācijas procesā speciālisti sabiedrībai atdod no pamestības un iznīcības izglābtas kultūras vērtības, kurās ieguldīta mīlestība pret profesiju, uzticība vērtību saglabāšanai, neizsīkstoša enerģija, rūpīgs un pacietīgs darbs, neapslāpējama vēlēšanās pēc iespējas vairāk atklāt un saprast objektu, nesteidzoties, atbildīgi un prasmīgi no jauna izcelt šīs vērtības apbrīnošanai. Stiprinot profesionalitāti, nozarei nepieciešams meklēt labāku dialogu ar plašu sabiedrību, panākt labāku autentiskuma izpratni, oriģinālas, vēsturiskas substances informatīvās un sajūtu radošās nozīmes novērtēšanu un cienīšanu. Lai pievērstu lielāku uzmanību restaurācijas nozares un profesijas attīstības nākotnes izaicinājumiem, Nacionālā kultūras mantojuma pārvalde 2019. gada 12. septembrī rīkoja konferenci “Restaurācija”, kas vienlaikus bija centrālais Eiropas Kultūras mantojuma dienu notikums. Outstanding values are passed into the hands of cultural heritage experts, researchers, restorers, owners and users every day. The fate of historical objects depends on the competence, cooperation capacity and integrity of each member of these stakeholder groups. The heritage protection cannot be conceived without professional restoration, where historical values, saved from desolation and destruction are returned to society. This is the process of investing love to the profession, loyalty to the values, inexhaustible energy, diligent and patient work, the burning desire to discover and understand the object, to highlight these values for admiring – unhurriedly, responsibly and with top professional skills. There is a need to find a better dialogue with general public by strengthening the professionalism, to reach a better understanding of the authenticity concept, to share the importance of respecting and appreciating the original historic substance which provides us with information and special feelings. In order to raise awareness of the future challenges faced by the restoration sector and the development of the profession, the National Heritage Board of Latvia hosted a conference Restoration on 12 September 2019, which was also the central event of the European Heritage Days. JUKA JOKILEHTO FILOZOFISKĀS SAKNES Profesors, Dr. Phil, dzimis Helsinkos, absolvējis Helsinku Politehnisko Universitāti arhitekta un Autentiskuma jēdziens ir cieši saistīts ar jēdzienu “filozofija” [φιλοσοφία – gudrības pilsētplānotāja specialitātē, 1986. gadā Jorkas Universitātē (Lielbritānija) ieguvis filozofijas mīlestība] un jēdzienu “patiesums”. Mēs varam atcerēties Elejas Parmenida filozofiskās doktora grādu. 20. gadsimta 60. gados strādājis Somijā par arhitektu un pilsētplānotāju. pārdomas (dzimis ap 515. g. p. m. ē.), kurš bija viens no Senās Grieķijas nozīmīgākajiem No 1972. gada bija arhitektūras saglabāšanas direktors Starptautiskajā kultūras vērtību pirmssokratiskajiem filozofiem. Viņa darbi ir saglabājušies fragmentāri, taču tajos ir ierosināti saglabāšanas un restaurācijas pētniecības centrā (ICCROM), piedalījies ekspertu misijās, kā arī jēdzieni, kas ietekmēja vēlāko filozofiju. Kad Parmenids spriež par ceļu uz patiesību, viņš pārstāvējis ICCROM Starptautiskajā pieminekļu un ievērojamu vietu padomē (ICOMOS) un ANO patiesību personificē kā dievību. Martīns Heidegers par šo jēdzienu ir rakstījis šādi:“Die Izglītības, zinātnes un kultūras organizācijā (UNESCO). 1998. gadā pameta ģenerāldirektora ‘Wahrheit’ zu einer ‘Göttin’ machen, das heißt doch, einen bloßen Begriff von etwas, nämlich den vietnieka amatu. ICOMOS Starptautiskās apmācību komitejas priekšsēdētājs (1993-2002). Begriff vom Wesen des Wahren, zu einer ‘Persönlichkeit’ umdeuten.” (“Lai padarītu ‘patiesību’ par ICOMOS konsultants pasaules mantojuma jautājumos (2000-2006). ICOMOS starptautiskās dievieti, būtībā ir jāpiešķir kaut kā jēdzienam, šajā gadījumā, patiesības būtības jēdzienam, organizācijas goda biedrs (kopš 2014. gada). Jorkas Universitātes goda viesprofesors (2013- ‘personība’”.).1 Parmenids arī norāda, ka “aleteju” [ἀλήθεια], kaut kā patiesību, saprast faktiski 2016). ICCROM ģenerāldirektora īpašais konsultants: emeritus goda profesors Novagoricas spēj tikai dievi; cilvēks var gūt vien nelielu priekšstatu par to, un pat tas vienmēr prasa Universitātē (2018. gads), virkne publikāciju par pasaules mantojuma vietu apsaimniekošanu īpašas pūles. Senajiem grieķiem “parēzija” [παρρησία]2 bija brīdis, kad vajadzēja izrunāt visu un to saglabāšanas filosofiju, tostarp “A History of Architectural Conservation” (Arhitektūras patiesību – teikt “brīvo runu”. 3 Tas varēja būt diktatora klātbūtnē, pat riskējot ar dzīvību, kā saglabāšanas vēsture; Butterworth 1999; Routledge 2018 – otrreizējais izdevums). gadījumā ar Sokratu, kurš uzskatīja, ka viņa misija ir teikt patiesību. Domājot par autentiskumu, viens no galvenajiem aspektiem ir radošums. Anrī Bergsons ir analizējis radošuma jēdzienu darbā “Radošā evolūcija” (L’ Évolution créatrice, 1907). Viņš AUTENTISKUMA JĒDZIENS KONSERVĀCIJĀ ieviesa sākotnējā “dzīves impulsa” (élan vital) jēdzienu, ko var saprast kā radošo spēku, kas ICOMOS Starptautiskā mācību komiteja 2013. gadā apstiprināja likumprojektu “Spēju piemīt visām dzīvības formām. Dzīves impulss tiek pārnests no vienas paaudzes uz nākamo, veidošanas principi ar izglītības un apmācību palīdzību kultūras mantojuma saglabāšanā un tas vienmēr ir sastopams dzīvā organismā. Bergsons raksta: “Tāpat kā visums kopumā un integrētā konservācijā”. Lūk, fragments no minētā dokumenta: “Kultūras mantojums un katra atsevišķa saprātīga būtne, arī organisms, kas dzīvo, ir lieta, kas pastāv. Organisma izriet no kultūras un ekonomikas ierastās mijiedarbības. Globalizācija arvien vairāk sāk pagātne, kopā ņemta, ir ievīta tā tagadnē, kur tā dzīvo – aktuāla un iedarbīga.” 4 Varam apdraudēt šo ierasto kārtību. Agrāk ar jēdzienu ‘ekonomika’ saprata mājsaimniecības saskatīt šī jēdziena saistību ar cilvēka kultūras izpausmi, kas ir pārlaicīga un tiek nepārtraukti pārvaldību, proti, tā asociējās ar ražošanas sistēmām, kas nodrošina sabiedrībai vēlamo izmantota un no jauna piesavināta. dzīves kvalitāti. Laika gaitā šādi procesi ir radījuši konkrētas kultūras, uzskatāmi aplieci- Lai gan liela uzmanība autentiskuma definēšanā bieži tiek pievērsta lielākajiem mākslas not izdarītās izvēles un no tām izrietošo kultūras identitāti katrā vietā. Tradicionāli darbiem un arhitektūras pieminekļiem, ir svarīgi atcerēties 2005. gada UNESCO Konvenciju kultūra un kultūras mantojums ir bijuši būtiski faktori kultūras un vides ilgtspējīgā par kultūras izpausmju daudzveidības aizsardzību un veicināšanu. Ar šo konvenciju ir attīstībā. Noteiktas teritorijas daļas var identificēt kā mantojumu, kam nepieciešami izdevies pārvarēt problēmas, ar kurām nācās saskarties agrāk, kad dažādi mantojuma veidi īpaši aizsardzības pasākumi, lai saglabātu tā īpašības un ar to saistītās vērtības. Citām tika aplūkoti atsevišķās kategorijās. “Kultūras izpausmes” definīcija paplašināja radošuma teritorijas daļām var būt nepieciešama pārkvalificēšana vai pārveidošana, ievērojot jēdzienu no mākslas darba uz jebkuru radošu kultūras izpausmi. Jāatzīmē, ka jau tagad tiek katras vietas īpašos apstākļus. Šajā kontekstā pilsētu vēsturisko ainavu jēdziens (his- uzskatīts, ka kultūras izpausme var būt gan materiāla, gan nemateriāla, tomēr materiālā toric urban landscape - HUL) ir izvirzīts kā pamats jaunai pārvaldības pieejai, nosakot kultūras izpausme vienmēr ietver arī nemateriālo aspektu, kas manifestēts tās nozīmīgumā. vājās vietas un attīstības un pārmaiņu iespējamo ietekmi uz aizsargātajām teritorijām.” Tādējādi šī 2005. gada konvencija sniedz iespēju gūt plašāku priekšstatu par to, kas ir kultūras Autentiskums ir viens no būtiskākajiem aspektiem ne tikai Pasaules mantojuma sarakstā mantojums, ko tas nozīmē un kā to aizsargāt. Tajā pašā laikā tā var radīt jaunas problēmas iekļautajām vietām, bet arī ikreiz, kad tiek risināts jautājums par esošo vēsturisko teritoriju kultūras izpausmju autentiskuma un patiesuma noteikšanā, un šajā procesā konkrētu apsaimniekošanu. Etimoloģiski jēdziens “autentisks” cēlies no grieķu vārda “autos” (“aytos”), pazīmju kopums un dažādība ir kultūras izpausmju noteikšanas mēraukla. kas apzīmē sevi, savu patieso “es”. Latīņu valodā tas ir saistīts
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