Visual and Other Selection in Cepaea
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Frequency-Dependent Selection by Wild Birds Promotes Polymorphism in Model Salamanders
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Ecology and Evolutionary Biology July 2013 Frequency-dependent selection by wild birds promotes polymorphism in model salamanders Benjamin M. Fitzpatrick University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Kim Shook University of Tennessee - Knoxville Reuben Izally Farragut High School Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_ecolpubs Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation BMC Ecology 2009, 9:12 doi:10.1186/1472-6785-9-12 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BMC Ecology BioMed Central Research article Open Access Frequency-dependent selection by wild birds promotes polymorphism in model salamanders Benjamin M Fitzpatrick*1, Kim Shook2,3 and Reuben Izally2,3 Address: 1Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN 37996, USA, 2Pre-collegiate Research Scholars Program, University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN 37996, USA and 3Farragut High School, Knoxville TN 37934, USA Email: Benjamin M Fitzpatrick* - [email protected]; Kim Shook - [email protected]; Reuben Izally - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 8 May 2009 Received: 10 February 2009 Accepted: 8 May 2009 BMC Ecology 2009, 9:12 doi:10.1186/1472-6785-9-12 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6785/9/12 © 2009 Fitzpatrick et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. -
The Evolution of Müllerian Mimicry
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Naturwissenschaften (2008) 95:681–695 DOI 10.1007/s00114-008-0403-y REVIEW The evolution of Müllerian mimicry Thomas N. Sherratt Received: 9 February 2008 /Revised: 26 April 2008 /Accepted: 29 April 2008 /Published online: 10 June 2008 # Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract It is now 130 years since Fritz Müller proposed systems based on profitability rather than unprofitability an evolutionary explanation for the close similarity of co- and the co-evolution of defence. existing unpalatable prey species, a phenomenon now known as Müllerian mimicry. Müller’s hypothesis was that Keywords Müllerian mimicry. Anti-apostatic selection . unpalatable species evolve a similar appearance to reduce Warning signals . Predation the mortality involved in training predators to avoid them, and he backed up his arguments with a mathematical model in which predators attack a fixed number (n) of each Introduction distinct unpalatable type in a given season before avoiding them. Here, I review what has since been discovered about In footnote to a letter written in 1860 from Alfred Russel Müllerian mimicry and consider in particular its relation- Wallace to Charles Darwin, Wallace (1860)drewattentionto ship to other forms of mimicry. Müller’s specific model of a phenomenon that he simply could not understand: “P.S. associative learning involving a “fixed n” in a given season ‘Natural Selection’ explains almost everything in Nature, but has not been supported, and several experiments now there is one class of phenomena I cannot bring under it,—the suggest that two distinct unpalatable prey types may be repetition of the forms and colours of animals in distinct just as easy to learn to avoid as one. -
Succineidae, Testacelloidea and Helicoidea
Zootaxa 3721 (2): 157–171 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3721.2.3 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:71B4B001-FB10-4B99-ACF9-720131457534 The fossil pulmonate snails of Sandelzhausen (Early/Middle Miocene, Germany): Succineidae, Testacelloidea and Helicoidea RODRIGO BRINCALEPE SALVADOR Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart (Stuttgart, Germany). Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen (Tübingen, Germany). E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Sandelzhausen is an Early/Middle Miocene (Mammal Neogene zone MN5) fossil site near Mainburg, S Germany, and despite its small size it harbors a rich fossil record. Hundreds of fossil continental mollusks, almost exclusively pulmo- nates snails, were recovered during the excavations, but never received due attention by researchers. Here, the second part of a formal taxonomical treatment of the fossil pulmonates from Sandelzhausen is presented, dealing with the superfam- ilies Succineoidea, Testacelloidea and Helicoidea, and including the description of a new hygromiid species. The follow- ing species were found in the material: Succinea minima (Succineidae); Palaeoglandina sp. (Spiraxidae); Testacella zellii (Testacellidae); Klikia cf. coarctata (Elonidae); Cepaea cf. eversa, Cepaea cf. sylvestrina and Tropidomphalus cf. incras- satus (Helicidae); ?Helicodonta sp. and Helicodontidae indet. (Helicodontidae); Leucochroopsis kleinii and Urticicola perchtae sp. nov. (Hygromiidae). Key words: Gastropoda, MN5 European Mammal Neogene zone, Pulmonata, Stylommatophora, Urticicola perchtae new species Introduction The Sandelzhausen fossil site is one of the most important continental sites in Europe (Moser et al. 2009a) and its bounty include hundreds of specimens of gastropods. -
Polymorphism Under Apostatic
Heredity (1984), 53(3), 677—686 1984. The Genetical Society of Great Britain POLYMORPHISMUNDER APOSTATIC AND APOSEMATIC SELECTION VINTON THOMPSON Department of Biology, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60805 USA Received31 .i.84 SUMMARY Selection for warning colouration in well-defended species should lead to a single colour form in each local population, but some species are locally polymor- phic for aposematic colour forms. Single-locus two-allele models of frequency- dependent selection indicate that combined apostatic and aposematic selection may maintain stable polymorphism for one, two or three aposematic forms, provided that at least one form is subject to net apostatic selection. Frequency- independent selective differences between colour forms broaden the possibilities for aposematic polymorphism but lead to monomorphism if too large. Concurrent apostatic and aposematic selection may explain polymorphism for warning colouration in a number of jumping or moderately unpalatable insects. 1. INTRODUCTION Polymorphism for warning colouration poses a paradox for evolutionists because, as Fisher (1958) seems to have been the first to note, selection for warning colouration (aposematic selection) should lead to monomorphism. Under aposematic selection predators tend to avoid previously encountered phenotypes of undesirable prey, so that the fitness of each phenotype increases as it becomes more common. Given the presence of two forms, each will suffer at the hands of predators conditioned to avoid the other and one will eventually prevail because as soon as it gets the upper hand numerically it will drive the other to extinction. Nonetheless, many species are polymorphic for colour forms that appear to be aposematic. The ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) furnish a number of particularly striking examples (Hodek, 1973; and see illustration in Ayala, 1978). -
Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in the Czech Republic with Comments on Other Land Snail Immigrants
Biologia 67/2: 384—389, 2012 Section Zoology DOI: 10.2478/s11756-012-0020-2 Thespreadofnon-nativeCepaea nemoralis and Monacha cartusiana (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in the Czech Republic with comments on other land snail immigrants Alena Peltanová1,LiborDvořák2 &LucieJuřičková3 1Agency for Nature Conservation and Landscape Protection of the Czech Republic, Nuselská 39,CZ–14000 Praha 4-Nusle, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] 2Municipal Museum Mariánské Lázně, Goethovo náměstí 11,CZ–35301 Mariánské Lázně, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] 3Charles University, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7,CZ-12844 Praha 2, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The aim of our study is to describe and visualise the spread of two non-indigenous land snail species Cepaea nemoralis and Monacha cartusiana in the Czech Republic during more than 100 years period. Several factors play an important role in changes of the distribution of these species: ecological (climate change), ethological (passive dispersal potencial) and economic (increasing traffic as a vector of spreading). The spreading of M. cartusiana has a rapidly increasing trend. More than half sites in the Czech Republic were colonised by this species in 2000–2010. While the spread of C. nemoralis has been continuous during the last century, the rapid range extension was recorded in the last two decades. Key words: Cepaea nemoralis; Monacha cartusiana; passive dispersal; range extension; grid map; distribution trends Introduction The main goals of our study are to visualise and describe the spread of two non-indigenous species: the The European biota has experienced a substantial shift Mediterranean Monacha cartusiana (O.F. -
On the Saxicavous Habits of Cepaea Nemoralis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora, Helicidae) in the Pyrenees (France)
Biodiversity Journal, 2011, 2 (4): 201-206 Observations on the saxicavous habits of Cepaea nemoralis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora, Helicidae) in the Pyrenees (France) Daniel Quettier 21 Avenue du Donjon, 31260 Salies du Salat, France; e-mail: [email protected]. ABSTRACT Since 1800 numerous geologists and biologists published several papers on the origin of holes in hard limestone observed in several countries of Europe and North Africa assuming that terrestrials snails were responsible for such a perforations. In the present paper a few observations on the saxicavous activities of Cepaea nemoralis (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Pyrenees (France) are reported. KEY WORDS Saxicava; Helixigenic; Pyrenees; Cepaea nemoralis. Received 16.08.2011; accepted 11.10.2011; printed 30.12.2011 INTRODUCTION up so that water can’t penetrate inside, flooding them. The cast of a small group of holes made by The phenomenon of saxicavous land-snails of Cepaea nemoralis in the Pyrenees (Fig. 1) is Europe and North Africa, described and reported in representative of its general characteristics; it is numerous papers (Prévost, 1843, 1854; Figuier, possible to find tunnels leading to the upper edge 1858; Gaudin, 1860; Bouchard-Chantereaux, of the rock, but the origin of the perforations is 1861; Marrat, 1864; Merle Norman, 1864; Brehm, always on the bottom; the hole-diameter varies 1869; Mackintosh, 1869; Roffe, 1870; Trevelyan, from 2 to 3 cm and remains constant with no 1871; Bretonnière, 1888; Forel, 1888; Platania, significant restrictions -
Chromosome Diversity and Evolution in Helicoide a (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): a Synthesis from Original and Literature Data
animals Article Chromosome Diversity and Evolution in Helicoide a (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): A Synthesis from Original and Literature Data Agnese Petraccioli 1, Paolo Crovato 2, Fabio Maria Guarino 1 , Marcello Mezzasalma 1,3,* , Gaetano Odierna 1,* , Orfeo Picariello 1 and Nicola Maio 1 1 Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, I-80126 Naples, Italy; [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (F.M.G.); [email protected] (O.P.); [email protected] (N.M.) 2 Società Italiana di Malacologia, Via Mezzocannone, 8-80134 Naples, Italy; [email protected] 3 CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661 Vairaõ, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (G.O.) Simple Summary: The superfamily Helicoidea is a large and diverse group of Eupulmonata. The su- perfamily has been the subject of several molecular and phylogenetic studies which greatly improved our knowledge on the evolutionary relationships and historical biogeography of many families. In contrast, the available karyological information on Helicoidea still results in an obscure general picture, lacking a homogeneous methodological approach and a consistent taxonomic record. Never- theless, the available karyological information highlights the occurrence of a significant chromosomal diversity in the superfamily in terms of chromosome number (varying from 2n = 40 to 2n = 62), Citation: Petraccioli, A.; Crovato, P.; chromosome morphology and the distribution of different karyological features among different Guarino, F.M.; Mezzasalma, M.; taxonomic groups. Here we performed a molecular and a comparative cytogenetic analysis on of Odierna, G.; Picariello, O.; Maio, N. -
European Red List of Non-Marine Molluscs Annabelle Cuttelod, Mary Seddon and Eike Neubert
European Red List of Non-marine Molluscs Annabelle Cuttelod, Mary Seddon and Eike Neubert European Red List of Non-marine Molluscs Annabelle Cuttelod, Mary Seddon and Eike Neubert IUCN Global Species Programme IUCN Regional Office for Europe IUCN Species Survival Commission Published by the European Commission. This publication has been prepared by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) and the Natural History of Bern, Switzerland. The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, the Natural History Museum of Bern or the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, the Natural History Museum of Bern or the European Commission. Citation: Cuttelod, A., Seddon, M. and Neubert, E. 2011. European Red List of Non-marine Molluscs. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Design & Layout by: Tasamim Design - www.tasamim.net Printed by: The Colchester Print Group, United Kingdom Picture credits on cover page: The rare “Hélice catalorzu” Tacheocampylaea acropachia acropachia is endemic to the southern half of Corsica and is considered as Endangered. Its populations are very scattered and poor in individuals. This picture was taken in the Forêt de Muracciole in Central Corsica, an occurrence which was known since the end of the 19th century, but was completely destroyed by a heavy man-made forest fire in 2000. -
Cepaea Vindobonensis (C
Acta Universitatis Latviensis, 2008, Vol. 745, Biology, pp. 199–203 Cepaea vindobonensis (C. Pfeiff er, 1828) in Latvia Arturs Stalažs1*, Jozef Šteff ek2, Edgars Dreijers3 1Latvian State Institute of Fruit Growing, Graudu 1, Dobele LV-3701, Latvia 2Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, TU in Zvolen, Institute of Forest Ecology Slovak Academy of Sciences, Štúrova 2, SK-960 53 Zvolen, Slovakia 3Latvian Malacological Society *Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Cepaea vindobonensis (C. Pfeiff er, 1828) is reported from one site from Riga city (Latvia). Th is is its only known population in Latvia. We briefl y discuss information about this record and we provide historical review of the oldest collection data on this species for Latvia. Key words: Cepaea vindobonensis, distribution and history, Helicidae, Latvia. Introduction Cepaea vindobonensis is South-East European species with a distribution from the Caucasian and Crimean territory to the Balkans. Isolated occurrence is reported from Germany, a few localities in eastern part of Austria, Czech Republic, Poland and almost the whole of Slovakia (Kerney, Cameron 1979; Wiktor 2004). For Latvia C. vindobonensis is mentioned by some authors in the 19th century, but this information has not been confi rmed by malacologists in the 20th century. Th e main objective of this report, according to the historical data and newest fi ndings, is to provide a review of C. vindobonensis in Latvia. Materials In this report Cepaea vindobonensis material collected in 2006 from one locality in Riga city (Latvia) and a C. vindobonensis shell (collected by L. Višņevska about 38 years ago) from the personal collection of A. -
Evolution and Ecology of Spider Coloration
P1: SKH/ary P2: MBL/vks QC: MBL/agr T1: MBL October 27, 1997 17:44 Annual Reviews AR048-27 Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1998. 43:619–43 Copyright c 1998 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved EVOLUTION AND ECOLOGY OF SPIDER COLORATION G. S. Oxford Department of Biology, University of York, P.O. Box 373, York YO1 5YW, United Kingdom; e-mail: [email protected] R. G. Gillespie Center for Conservation Research and Training, University of Hawaii, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 409, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail: [email protected] KEY WORDS: color, crypsis, genetics, guanine, melanism, mimicry, natural selection, pigments, polymorphism, sexual dimorphism ABSTRACT Genetic color variation provides a tangible link between the external phenotype of an organism and its underlying genetic determination and thus furnishes a tractable system with which to explore fundamental evolutionary phenomena. Here we examine the basis of color variation in spiders and its evolutionary and ecological implications. Reversible color changes, resulting from several mechanisms, are surprisingly widespread in the group and must be distinguished from true genetic variation for color to be used as an evolutionary tool. Genetic polymorphism occurs in a large number of families and is frequently sex limited: Sex linkage has not yet been demonstrated, nor have the forces promoting sex limitation been elucidated. It is argued that the production of color is metabolically costly and is principally maintained by the action of sight-hunting predators. Key avenues for future research are suggested. INTRODUCTION Differences in color and pattern among individuals have long been recognized as providing a tractable system with which to address fundamental evolutionary questions (57). -
Cepaea Nemoralis (Gastropoda, Helicidae): the Invited Invader Author(S): Maggie Whitson Source: Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science, 66(2):82-88
Cepaea nemoralis (Gastropoda, Helicidae): The Invited Invader Author(s): Maggie Whitson Source: Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science, 66(2):82-88. 2005. Published By: Kentucky Academy of Science DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3101/1098-7096(2006)66[82:CNGHTI]2.0.CO;2 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3101/1098-7096%282006%2966%5B82%3ACNGHTI %5D2.0.CO%3B2 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. J. Ky. Acad. Sci. 66(2):82–88. 2005. Cepaea nemoralis (Gastropoda, Helicidae): The Invited Invader Maggie Whitson Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099 ABSTRACT Marauding snails may not immediately come to mind when considering invasive species, but many non- native snails have successfully colonized the U.S. The wood snail, Cepaea nemoralis (L.), is one of the most striking of these introductions, due in part to its attractive shell coloration. -
The Evolutionary Dynamics of Aposematism: a Numerical Analysis of Co-Evolution in Finite Populations
i i “Teichmann˙MMNP2014˙3” — 2014/5/2 — 20:13 — page 148 — #1 i i Math. Model. Nat. Phenom. Vol. 9, No. 3, 2014, pp. 148–164 DOI: 10.1051/mmnp/20149310 The Evolutionary Dynamics of Aposematism: a Numerical Analysis of Co-Evolution in Finite Populations J. Teichmann1 ∗, M. Broom1, E. Alonso2 1 Department of Mathematical Science, City University London Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB 2 Department of Computer Science, City University London Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB Abstract. The majority of species are under predatory risk in their natural habitat and targeted by predators as part of the food web. During the evolution of ecosystems, manifold mechanisms have emerged to avoid predation. So called secondary defences, which are used after a predator has initiated prey-catching behaviour, commonly involve the expression of toxins or deterrent substances which are not observable by the predator. Hence, the possession of such secondary defence in many prey species comes with a specific signal of that defence (aposematism). This paper builds on the ideas of existing models of such signalling behaviour, using a model of co-evolution and generalisation of aversive information and introduces a new methodology of numerical analysis for finite populations. This new methodology significantly improves the accessibility of previous models. In finite populations, investigating the co-evolution of defence and signalling requires an understanding of natural selection as well as an assessment of the effects of drift as an additional force acting on stability. The new methodology is able to reproduce the predicted solutions of preceding models and finds additional solutions involving negative correlation between signal strength and the extent of secondary defence.