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Anticipating Tomorrow's Defence Needs Anticipating Tomorrow’s Defence Needs AnticipatingTomorrow’s Defence Needs: A Century ofAustralian Defence Science A Century of Australian Defence Science DSTO DSTO Anticipating Tomorrow’s Defence Needs A Century of Australian Defence Science Peter Donovan © Commonwealth of Australia 2007 First published in 2007 by The Defence Science & Technology Organisation 24 Fairbairn Ave, Fairbairn Business Park, Canberra ACT 2600 www.dsto.defence.gov.au The National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data Donovan, PF (Peter Francis), 1945– Anticipating tomorrow’s defence needs: a century of Australian defence science. 1st ed. Bibliography. Includes index. ISBN 9780975779835. 1. Australia—Defenses—History. 2. Australia – Military policy—History. 3. Australia—Military relations – History. I. Title. 355.033094 All rights reserved. Subject to the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. CONTENTS Foreword ...........................................................................................v Introduction ..................................................................................... vii 1 Australia’s first defence scientist: 1907–1919 .............................. 1 2 Between wars: 1919–1939 ....................................................... 11 3 War and peace: 1939–1947 ...................................................... 21 4 Blue skies: 1950s ..................................................................... 35 5 A highly creative period: 1960–1968 ......................................... 59 6 Chief Defence Scientist: 1968–1975 ........................................ 75 7 Defence Science and Technology Organisation: 1974–1985 ..... 87 8 New directions: 1985–1993 .................................................... 105 9 Consolidation: 1993–2000 ...................................................... 125 10 Defence science in a new world order: 2000–2005 ................. 147 11 Towards tomorrow: 2005– ...................................................... 163 Chief Defence Scientists ............................................................... 174 DSTO organisation and Senior Leadership Team .......................... 176 Timeline ........................................................................................ 178 Notes on sources ......................................................................... 192 Bibliography ................................................................................. 202 Index ............................................................................................ 206 ADSTO CENTURY OF AUSTRALIAN DEFENCE SCIENCE Acronyms and Abbreviations ADF Australian Defence Force AMAS Australian Minesweeping and Support System AMRL Aeronautical & Maritime Research Laboratory ARL Aeronautical Research Laboratories CDS Chief Defence Scientist CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation DMO Defence Materiel Organisation DRCS Defence Research Centre Salisbury DRL Defence Research Laboratories DSL Defence Standards Laboratories DSTO Defence Science & Technology Organisation LADS Laser Airborne Depth Sounder LRWE Long Range Weapons Establishment MRL Materials Research Laboratories MSL Munitions Supply Laboratories RAAF Royal Australian Air Force RAN Royal Australian Navy RANEL Royal Australian Navy Experimental Laboratories RANRL Royal Australian Navy Research Laboratory S&T Science and Technology TTCP The Technical Cooperation Program PAGE iv FOREWORD This book celebrates 100 years of defence science in Australia, beginning with the role of Cecil Napier Hake in investigating the feasibility of establishing a cordite factory in this country. From those early days defence science has undergone many changes, reflecting that the nature of warfare itself has changed radically since Hake developed safety standards for handling cordite and went on to establish the first defence laboratory in Victoria. There have been many changes since 1907, including significant expansion in the years following WW II. A watershed in the history of defence science occurred during the 1970s when the various defence laboratories were brought together as the Defence Science & Technology Organisation (DSTO) as we know it today. DSTO’s reputation has grown and it is now recognised as the government’s lead agency providing science and technology support to both the Defence and the wider national security community. Through the decades of change, one theme has remained constant – that is, the high calibre of our defence scientists and the associated quality of our science. These enduring elements have been the cornerstone of our work, enabling Defence to better accomplish its mission during times of war and peace. Generations of Australian defence scientists have been responsible for a host of noteworthy achievements which have helped establish our world class reputation, and many of these achievements are highlighted in this book. For a small organisation, we punch well above our weight compared to some of our contemporaries in other parts of the world. Today we are less interested in specific product development and more focused on finding total solutions. This is because the technology services we deliver demands cross scientific disciplines and span the whole technology life cycle. Our defence scientists today take a systems-based approach that starts with the conceptual work and extends through to engineering and capability support. PAGE v ADSTO CENTURY OF AUSTRALIAN DEFENCE SCIENCE More than ever before, DSTO’s role is to act as a technology agent for the ADF to help position it to effectively exploit future technologies. While we have a keen appreciation of the past which has shaped our scientific excellence, established our traditions and formed our present, we are firmly focused on the future. Currently, DSTO is undergoing a Renewal Program that is transforming our programs, business processes and our culture to better meet the challenges of the early 21st century. Understanding the past is key to managing change. Our history shows that DSTO and its predecessors have regularly overcome challenges and rejuvenated themselves to ensure they remained relevant to Australia’s defence needs. The ADF will continue to rely on science and technology to underpin its warfighting capability. Defence scientists will continue to support the ADF with their innovative solutions as they have done during the past 100 years. This book is a fitting tribute to those endeavours, building on John Wisdom’s earlier account on the subject. The history of defence science is one in which all Australians can take pride. Roger Lough Chief Defence Scientist PAGE vi Introduction The Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) in 2007 is the product of 100 years of defence science in Australia and the largest government research agency after the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Several books have already been written about Australian defence science. The chief ones among them include John Wisdom’s Defence Science: A History of Defence Science in Australia; Peter Morton’s history of the Joint Project, Fire Across the Desert: Woomera and the Anglo–Australian Joint Project 1946–1980; A.T. Ross’ Armed and Ready: the Industrial Development and Defence of Australia 1900–1945; D.P. Mellor’s history of defence science during World War II, The Role of Science and Industry; and the collection edited by Frank Cain, Arming the Nation: A History of Defence Science and Technology in Australia. There are many other works. There are also published histories of major establishments that form DSTO. They include Dennis Smith’s history of the laboratories at Maribyrnong, To Explore and Exploit the Unknown, A History of Defence Science at Maribyrnong 1922–2004; the histories of the Aeronautical Research Laboratories at Fishermans Bend, J.Y. Mann’s, Aeronautical Research Laboratory 1939–1989: 50 Years of Research and Development for Australia’s Defence, and Dr Gordon Long’s The Leading Edge: Sixty Years of Aeronautical Research & Development for Australia’s Defence, 1939–1999. In addition, there is the RANEL Association’s Secret Science at Sea: the RAN Experimental Laboratory 1956–1987, and my own Pyrmont People: 50 Years of Defence Science in Sydney, 1956–2006. This book competes with none of these, but draws upon all of them to recount the development of DSTO and Australian defence science with an emphasis on people and institutions rather than on projects. I did not have the expertise or the time to include and comment in detail about individual projects. Nevertheless, key projects are highlighted where they underscore the development and changing nature of Australian defence science in accordance with changing Defence needs and policies. Those involved with the work of DSTO and its predecessors continue to document key projects and activities as far as national security allows. For example, scientists are currently involved in writing the history of the Nulka active decoy system, while Alexander Biggs has a website with a detailed story of the early days of the Joint Project. It must be said that defence science in Australia has not been exclusively the preserve of DSTO and its predecessors. For instance, the Aircraft Research and Development Unit never became part of the
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