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Evaluation of Solid Waste Separation and Recycling in Jenin Area

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An-Najah National University Faculty of Graduate Studies Evaluation of Solid Waste Separation and Recycling in Jenin Area By Hanan Mohammad Ali Suleiman Hijawi Supervisor Dr. Hafez Shahen Co-Supervisor Dr. Samer Al-Atout This Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Environmental Science, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine. 2015 III Dedication DEDICATED TO THE SOUL OF MY FATHER, TO MY MOTHER, BROTHERS AND ALL MY FRIENDS IV Acknowledgment First of all, praise be to Allah for helping me in completing this thesis. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Hafez Shaheen for his helpful efforts, fruitful guidance, and continual encouragement throughout the entire research. Special thanks go also to Dr. Samer Al- Atout for the help in preparing the proposal of this study. Special thanks to my mother and brothers for help, encouragements, and patience. I am very grateful to all those who helped and encouraged me to make this research possible. Finally, thank go to all the people who helped me in Jenin-Joint Services Council for Solid Waste (JSC). Hanan Hijawi VI Table of Contents Dedication III Acknowledgment IV Declaration V Table of Contents VI List of Tables IX List of Figures XI List of Abbreviations XII Abstract XIII Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Study Objectives 2 1.3 Study Questions 2 1.4 Hypothesis 3 1.5 Significance of the Study 3 1.6 General Outline of the Study 4 Chapter 2 Methodology 6 2.1 Research Methods 6 2.2 Study Area and Population 6 2.3 Limitation Selection of Sample Size 7 2.4 Methods of Gathering Information and 7 Studying Tools 2.5 Methodology Diagram 9 Chapter 3 Literature Review 11 3.1 Introduction 11 3.2 Solid Waste Management (SWM) 12 3.2.1 General 12 3.2.2 Waste Management Hierarchy 13 3.3 Solid Waste Management in the West Bank 18 3.3.1 Introduction 18 3.3.2 Solid Waste Characterization 19 3.3.2.1 Waste Sources 19 3.3.2.2 Waste Generation 20 3.3.2.3 Waste Type Composition 21 3.3.3 Waste Collection 22 3.3.4 Waste Disposal 24 3.3.5 Waste Recovery in the West Bank 25 3.3.5.1 Recycling and Composting 25 3.3.5.2 Energy Recovery 29 3.4 Solid Waste Separation 30 VII 3.4.1 Separation at Source 31 3.4.2 Separation on Site 32 Chapter 4 Study Area 34 4.1 Location 34 4.2 Topography 35 4.3 Climate 35 4.4 Socio- Economic Characteristics 36 4.4.1 Demography and Population 36 4.4.2 Economy 38 4.4.3 Infrastructure Services 39 4.4.3.1 Water Resources 39 4.4.3.2 Roads and Transportation 40 4.5 Health Services 41 4.6 Education 42 Chapter 5 Solid Waste in Jenin Area 43 5.1 Reality of Solid Waste in Jenin 43 5.2 Solid waste Sources in Jenin 43 5.2.1 Household Solid Waste 44 5.2.2 Agricultural Waste 45 5.2.3 Medical Waste 46 5.2.4 Industrial and Commercial Waste 48 5.2.5 Construction Waste 49 5.3 Current System of SWM in Jenin Area 50 5.3.1 Introduction 50 5.3.2 Solid Waste Collection and Transporting 51 5.3.2.1 Initial Collection 51 5.3.2.2 Second Collection 52 5.3.3 Solid Waste transfer 53 5.3.4 Solid Waste Separation 53 5.3.5 Final Disposal 55 Chapter 6 Factors Affecting SWM in Jenin Area 57 6.1 Human Factors Influencing SWM 57 "Driving Forces" 6.1.1 Population 57 6.1.1.1 Population Size 57 6.1.1.2 Income Level 59 6.1.1.3 Behavioral Factors 61 6.1.2 Social Factors 70 6.1.2.1 Lifestyles 70 6.1.2.2 Environmental Awareness 71 6.1.3 Political Factors 71 VIII 6.2 Natural Factors Affecting SWM 73 Chapter 7 Pilot Study of Solid Waste Separation at 75 Source 7.1 Introduction 75 7.2 Study Area 76 7.2.1 Population 76 7.2.2 Education 77 7.3 Methodology 77 7.3.1 Social Dimension 78 7.3.2 Technical Dimension 80 7.4 Analysis of Results 88 7.4.1 Questionnaire Results 88 7.4.2 Pilot Results 95 7.5 Case Study 103 Chapter 8 Conclusion and Recommendations 108 8.1 Results and Conclusion 108 8.1.1 Current System of SWM in Jenin 108 8.1.2 Factors Affecting SWM in Jenin 108 8.1.3 Pilot SW separation at Source 112 8.2 Recommendations 112 References 116 Interviews 124 Site Visits 125 Annex 126 ب انًهخص IX List of Table Table No. Title Page Table (3.1) SWM Practices by Income Level (World Bank, 15 2012) Table (3.2) SW Generation in the West Bank, (PCBS, 2011; 21 ARIJ, 2011) Table (4.1) Estimated Population at Mid-Year of Jenin 36 Governorate (PCBS, 2014) Table (4.2) Population in Jenin Governorate by Age Group 37 and gender (PCBS, 2007) Table (4.3) Number of Establishments in Operation in the 39 Jenin Governorate by Main Economic Activity (PCBS, 2011) Table (4.4) Sewage System in the Jenin City (PCBS, 2007) 39 Table (4.5) Percentage Distribution of Population (15 Years 42 and Above) in Jenin Governorate and the West Bank by Educational Attainment (PCBS, 2013) Table (5.1) Number of Livestock in Jenin Area by Type of 45 Livestock Table (5.2) Generated Medical Waste in Jenin District (Abu- 47 Awwad, 2008) Table (5.3) Vehicles Used for Waste Transport in Jenin City 51 (JSC, 2015) Table (5.4) Workers in the Cleanliness Sector in Jenin City 51 (JSC, 2015) Table (5.5) Quantities of Separated Cardboard in Jenin Area 55 during the Period of (January- April, 2015) (JSC, 2015) Table (6.1) The Relationship between Population and the 58 Quantity of SW Table (6.2) Income Levels and Daily Household production 60 of SW Table (6.3) Person responsible for SW Transfer per 62 Community Type Table (6.4) Sorting and Reusing Household Waste 64 Table (6.5) Means Used for Outing the Household Waste per 65 Community Type Table (6.6) Variation among the families in the Time of 66 Discarding the Waste Table (6.7) Variation in the Way of Getting Rid of 69 Household Waste X Table (6.8) Contrast among the People in Discarding the 70 Household Waste Table (6.9) Waste Variation on Weekdays 70 Table (7.1) Population in Sabah Al-Khair Suburb by Age 76 Group and Gender, 2007 Table (7.2) Population in Sabah Al-Khair suburb by 77 Educational level and Gender Table (7.3) The Form for One Day of the Pilot 85 Table (7.4) Percentage of Age Groups in the Study 88 Population Table (7.5) Average Number of Family Members 89 Table (7.6) Average Number of Family Members 89 Table (7.7) Issues related to environmental pollution, reuse 91 and separation of SW and environmental awareness programs Table (7.8) Data and Forms of the Pilot Study 95 Table (8.1) Human Factors Affecting SWM in Jenin Area 109 XI List of Figures Figure No. Title Page Figure (2.1) Methodology Diagram 10 Figure (3.1) The Waste Management Hierarchy (EPA, 14 2011) Figure (3.2) Proportion of SW in Jenin District (Al Sa‟di, 22 2009) Figure (4.1) Location of Jenin in the West Bank 34 Figure (5.1) Municipal waste sources at Jenin governorates 44 Figure (5.2) Medical Waste in Jenin Governmental 48 Hospital (3 | 2015) Figure (5.3) Cages for Cardboard in Jenin City 54 Figure (5.4) Location of ZF landfill in Jenin governorate 56 (JSC, 215) Figure (6.1) Tonnage of SW received at ZF landfill in 2011 74 Figure (7.1) Sabah Al -Khair Suburb (Jenin Municipality, 75 2015) Figure (7.2) Baskets used for Organic Waste 84 Figure (7.3) Containers used in the study 84 Figure (7.4) Weighing of the Containers 84 Figure (7.5) Actions that have been carried out during the 87 measurement of weights Figure (8.1) SWM in Jenin Area 108 XII List of Abbreviations ARIJ Applied Research Institute Jerusalem ERM Environmental Resources Management GNI Gross National Income ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management JSC Joint Services Council MSW Municipal Solid Waste NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NIS New Israeli Shekel NSSWM National Strategy for Solid Waste Management PARC Palestinian Agricultural Relief Council PCBS Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics PNA Palestinian National Authority PWA Palestinian Water Authority SW Solid Waste SWM Solid Waste Management UNEP United Nation Environmental Program WHO World Health Organization ZF Zahrat Al-Finjan XIII Evaluation of Solid Waste Separation and Recycling in Jenin Area By Hanan Mohammad Ali Suleiman Hijawi Supervisor Dr. Hafez Shaheen Co- Supervisor Dr. Samer Al-Atout Abstract Solid waste separation at source in Jenin was evaluated in this thesis through a pilot in Sabah Al-Khair residential complex, north of Jenin city. The subject of solid waste in Jenin area in terms of sources and the current system of management was addressed. In addition, the thesis identified the factors affecting the management of solid waste in Jenin area. Data collection was mainly based on a questionnaire and other supporting means such as interviews with staff involved in waste management and observations and documentary analysis. The pilot study which was applied on Sabah Al-Khair suburb measured the degree of people's commitment to the separation of solid waste at source.
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