A D.H. LAWRENCE CHRONOLOGY Also by Peter Preston

D. H. LAWRENCE AND THE MODERN WORLD (with Peter Hoare) THE LITERATURE OF PLACE (co-edited with Norman Page) D. H. LAWRENCE, THE VIRGIN AND THE GIPSY (editor) D. H. LAWRENCE, THE FOX (editor) RAYMOND WILLIAMS: Politics, Education, Letters (co-edited with W. John Morgan) A D. H. Lawrence Chronology

PETER PRESTON Lecturer in Literature Department of Adult Education and Convenor, D. H. Lawrence Centre University of Nottingham

M St. Martin's Press © Peter Preston 1994 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1994 978-0-333-53133-4 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

First published in Great Britain 1994 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world

This book is published in Macmillan's Author Chronologies General Editor: Norman Page

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978-1-349-23593-3 ISBN 978-1-349-23591-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-23591-9

First published in the United States of America 1994 by Scholarly and Reference Division, ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010

ISBN 978-0-312-12114-3

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Preston, Peter, 1944- A D. H. Lawrence chronology I Peter Preston. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-12114-3 1. Lawrence, D. H. (David Herbert), 1885-1930-Chronology. 2. Authors, English-20th century-Chronology. I. Title. PR6023.A93Z818 1994 823' .912-dc20 [B) 93-43707 CIP To the memory of my grandparents Bertha and Harry Peters and Gladys and Jack Preston Contents

General Editor's Preface ix

Introduction and Acknowledgements xi

List of Abbreviations xvii

A D. H. LAWRENCE CHRONOLOGY 1

Bibliography 170

Index ofWorks by D. H. Lawrence 175

General Index 187

vii General Editor's Preface

Most biographies are ill adapted to serve as works of reference - not surprisingly so, since the biographer is likely to regard his function as the devising of a continuous and readable narrative, with excur­ sions into interpretation and speculation, rather than a bald recital of facts. There are times, however, when anyone reading for business or pleasure needs to check a point quickly or to obtain a rapid overview of part of an author's life or career; and at such moments turning over the pages of a biography can be a time-consuming and frustrating occupation. The present series of volumes aims at pro­ viding a means whereby the chronological facts of an. author's life and career, rather than needing to be prised out of the narrative in which they are (if they appear at all) securely embedded, can be seen at a glance. Moreover, whereas biographies are often, and quite understandably, vague over matters of act (since it makes for tedi­ ousness to be forever enumerating details of dates and places), a chronology can be precise whenever it is possible to be precise. Thanks to the survival, sometimes in very large quantities of let­ ters, diaries, notebooks and other documents, as well as to thor­ oughly researched biographies and bibliographies, this material now exists in abundance for many major authors. In the case of, for example, Dickens, we can often ascertain what he was doing in each month and week, and almost on each day, of his prodigiously active working life; and the student of, say, David Copperfield is likely to find it fascinating as well as useful to know just when Dickens was at work on each part of that novel, what other literary enterprises he was engaged in at the same time, whom he was meeting, what places he was visiting, and what were the relevant circumstances of his personal and professional life. Such a chronology is not, of course, a substitute for a biography; but its arrangement, in combination with i~s index, makes it a much more convenient tool for this kind of purpose; and it may be acceptable as a form of 'alternative' biogra­ phy, with its own distinctive advantages as well as its obvious limi­ tations. Since information relating to an author's early years is usually scanty and chronologically imprecise, the opening section of some volumes in this series groups together the years of childhood and

ix X A D. H. Lawrence Chronology adolescence. Thereafter each year, and usually each month, is dealt with separately. Information not readily assignable to a specific month or day is given as a general note under the relevant year or month. The first entry for each month carries an indication of the day of the week, so that when necessary this can be readily calculated for other dates. Each volume also contains a bibliography of the principal sources of information. In the chronology itself, the sources of many of the more specific items, including quotations, are identified, in order that the reader who wishes to do so may consult the original contexts.

NoRMAN PAGE Introduction and Acknowledgements

This Chronology offers the reader an accessible starting-point for understanding the shape of Lawrence's life and his career as a writer. It is more than a list of dates, yet a good deal less than a full biography. Dates and events are not presented entirely without com­ ment, but are placed, however briefly, in the context of Lawrence's relationship with an individual or his work on a text. But the signifi­ cance of that relationship or the place a work occupies in the devel­ opment of Lawrence's imaginative vision or philosophical, religious or political outlook are not explored. At the same time, however, it is fascinating to note how the changes in Lawrence's feelings or the ebb and flow of his creative energies emerge from a simple statement of what he was reading or writing, or who he was meeting, in a particu­ lar year, month or week. Indeed, the very length of an entry for a certain month or year may tell its own story, in part to do with the amount of available evidence - for it is characteristic of most major figures that more of their correspondence survives as their careers advance - in part arising from the range and variety of Lawrence's activities. Both factors seem to be at work, for instance, in the last fifteen months of his life: volume 7 of the Cambridge edition of the Letters contains 636 pages, and the entries for those months in this Chronology far exceed in length those for any comparable period. Volume 3 of the Letters, for example, requires only 80 more pages for the 55 months from 31 October 1916 to 3 June 1921. Furthermore, volume 3 contains only 1240 letters, while there are 1784 in volume 7, indicating that in the later period Lawrence was writing a great many business-like let­ ters, while in 1916-21, which includes part of the war years, he wrote at greater length, often on artistic, philosophical or political matters. Lawrence travelled a great deal and the Chronology records de­ tails of all his movements that can be known with some certainty. For the years 1908-11 a headnote to each year gives details of his main residences. From 1912, when the pattern of his life began to change dramatically, this information is given in a headnote to each month. The main residence is usually given first, then details of any

xi xii A D. H. Lawrence Chronology journey or stay elsewhere lasting for more than a day or two; day-by­ day movements are recorded in the body of the chronology. Readers wishing to trace these movements will find helpful maps in the volumes of the Cambridge edition and in A D. H. Lawrence Handbook (see Bibliography). Uncertain and conjectural dates are contained within square brackets. As Lawrence's career developed he met and corresponded with a wide variety of people. Not all can be recorded in this Chronology; _my aim has been to mention those whose connection with Lawrence helps us to understand something about his state of mind, the circles in which he moved, his intellectual and literary interests and his standing as a writer and public figure. Some of these relationships Lawrence sustained throughout his life, while others were very short­ lived; many were intense and troubled. No attempt has been made to note every twist and turn in the more complex relationships, but the main lines of their development are briefly indicated. Details of the conventions used in naming people are given in the headnote to the section 'People Mentioned and Abbreviations'. Lawrence was an omnivorous reader throughout his life. This Chronology records all reading for which there is evidence in the form of a comment, recommendation or major use in one of Law­ rence's own works. It does not, however, record all Lawrence's reading established by fleeting reference or quotation in one of his works. Two collective entries (for September 1906 and at the end of 1909) list his early reading. His requests for books, even if there is no evidence of their having been met, are also noted, as illustrations of his interests at the time. A brief indication of his opinion of what he read is often given, but not in every case, and certainly not in those cases where he published an extended comment in the form of a review or essay. Lawrence's career as a writer can also be traced through this Chronology, where details are given of the composition, revision and publication of his works. In the case of texts on which he worked over a long period only the main stages of composition are recorded. Works are referred to by the titles Lawrence gave them at the time they are mentioned in the Chronology, but the first mention also gives the titles under which they were eventually published. Publi­ cation dates in England and America are always given, but only some translations are mentioned, when they are of special signifi­ cance. Similarly, republications in anthologies are noted when they are of particular interest. Introduction and Acknowledgements xiii

The most difficult aspects of Lawrence's life to record in a work of this nature are his state of mind and the ideas that preoccupied him at any given date. Often, the state of his health, the progress of a relationship or his comments on public events are themselves suffi­ ciently revealing, but it is almost impossible to give a fair summary of the rapid development of his thinking on particular topics, and what seems important to one student of Lawrence's work will seem less so to another. This Chronology can only indicate by brief com­ ment or quotation that something of interest was taking place and leave the reader to follow other sources.

The available sources for any kind of biographical work on D. H. Lawrence have increased enormously since 1979, when the volumes in the Cambridge edition of his letters and works began to appear. As this Chronology is completed, seven volumes, containing the bulk of Lawrence's surviving letters, have been published; an eighth volume, containing some additional letters and a cumulative index is in preparation. To date, 21 volumes of Lawrence's wmks have appeared in the edition, and their introductions and textual appara­ tus have added a great deal to our knowledge of the date and circumstances of composition, while the explanatory notes yield invaluable information about Lawrence's range of reference and his relationship to the literary and intellectual crosscurrents of his time. Inevitably, this Chronology owes much to the Cambridge editors, for whose work everyone interested in Lawrence must be grateful. Edward Nehls's remarkable and pioneering D. H. Lawrence: A Composite Biography (1957-9) remains, more than 30 years after it was published, an invaluable source of information and comment. Keith Sagar's D. H. Lawrence: A Calendar of his Works (1979) has features in common with this Chronology, but is more exclusively concerned with Lawrence's creative career and is more lavish in its use of quotation. Some of Dr Sagar's conclusions about the dates of indi­ vidual works have had to be revised in the light of the editorial work undertaken for the Cambridge edition (which may eventually also be true for some of the entries in this book}, but that does not detract from the uniqueness of his book and its endeavour to establish the shape of Lawrence's life as a writer. Lawrence's career has been seen from a different viewpoint in John Worthen's D. H. Lawrence: A Literary Life (1989}, a most illuminating account of Lawrence's rela- xiv A D. H. Lawrence Chronology tionships with agents, editors, publishers and the literary market in general. The same author's D. H. Lawrence: The Early Years, 1885- 1912 (1991) has been an invaluable resource. Several of the sections in Keith Sagar's A D. H. Lawrence Handbook (1982) have also proved very useful, not least Rose Marie Burwell's 'A Checklist of Law­ rence's Reading'. Again, her work needs to be both revised and augmented as successive volumes in the Cambridge edition are published, but she must be given the credit for establishing the main lines of enquiry. Many other works of biography, criticism and schol­ arship have contributed information to this Chronology and are listed in the Bibliography.

Books are collective enterprises and I am glad to acknowledge the assistance of many people in the compilation of this Chronology. My debt to Professor James Boulton, General Editor of the Cambridge Edition of Lawrence's letters and works, extends back to my under­ graduate days. He has always been generous with his time and advice; in connection with this volume he allowed me to read the copies of Lawrence's then unpublished letters at the University of Birmingham, and also, at a crucial stage, lent me the proofs of vol­ ume 7 of the letters. Keith Sagar and John Worthen, apart from the assistance I have received from their published work, have over many years been supportive of my activities in connection with D. H. Lawrence. John Worthen has earned my special thanks by allow­ ing me to read a proof copy of his biography of Lawrence's early years. At a late stage he read part of the manuscript of this book and saved me from many errors. More recently, I have profited greatly from the friendship and knowledge of Keith Cushman. Among other Lawrence scholars I should like to thank Fabienne Blakey, Nick Ceramella, L. D. Clark, Paul Eggert, Susan Gilchrist, Rosemary Howard, Takeo lida, Dennis Jackson, Brenda Maddox, Bridget Pugh and Lindeth Vasey for their help and encouragement. Peter Hoare, Dorothy Johnston, Margaret Clark, Barbara Andrews and the staff of the Manuscripts Department and Special Collections Library of the Hallward Library at the University of Nottingham have been unfail­ ingly prompt and helpful. My thanks are due to Gerald Pollinger, agent to the Lawrence estate and Andrew Brown of the Cambridge University Press for permission to use quotations from Lawrence's letters. I am glad to acknowledge the support of my colleagues on Introduction and Acknowledgements XV the Council of the D. H. Lawrence Society and the Committee of the D. H. Lawrence Centre at the University of Nottingham. My thanks are also due to Margaret Cannon and Charmian Hearne of the Macmillan Press for their patience with a tardy author; to Professor Norman Page, General Editor of the series in which this book ap­ pears, for his support and guidance; and to Audrey Bamber, my copy-editor, for her vigilance and expert guidance. Among my im­ mediate colleagues I am grateful for the interest and help of Sue Butler, Derek Cox, Jill Duncan, John Morgan, Jane Rudge, Cheryl Turner and Ian Sutton who as my Head of Department arranged for me to have a term's reduced teaching load to begin work on this book. Wendy Sharpe's efficiency and willing support has often al­ lowed me to clear much-needed time for reading and writing. Ann Hurford, Philip Olleson and Lynda Prescott - all of whose research interests are very different from my own -have discussed this book with me, offered useful advice and cheered some bleak moments. Special thanks are also due to Judi and Alun Jones for many years of friendship and many acts of kindness, not least in connection with this book. Barbara, Rebecca and Benjamin Preston have tolerated with great forbearance the shadowy presence of another in their midst. Any errors in the book are my responsibility, a fact of which I have been especially conscious in the light of Lawrence's words in a letter to Ezra Pound of 26 December 1913: 'I don't know who Preston is ....

PETER PRESTON List of Abbreviations

Abbreviations used for people frequently mentioned

On each individual's first appearance, his or her full forename(s) and surname are given; thereafter only initials and surnames are used, except where confusions might arise (for example, Julian and Juliette Huxley). When an individual is mentioned more than once in an entry for the same date, the surname only is used on the second and subsequent occasions. Except for very well-known figures, a brief identification - which might include profession, circumstances of meeting Lawrence and the nature of the relationship with him - is also given on first appearance. For Lawrence's principal publishers, where his relationships with a firm as well as an individual may be concerned, the surname only is used. For ease of identification, some of the women who married or re-married during the course of their relationship with Lawrence (such as Catherine Carswell) a-::e given the name by which they are most familiar. Ada Lawrence Clarke, Mabel Sterne Luhan and Frieda Weekley Lawrence are the excep­ tions to this rule. Some individuals appear so frequently that after their first appearance they are referred to by initials only; a list is given below. Readers may be surprised at some of the names in­ cluded in or omitted from this list. The sole criterion for inclusion has been frequency of appearance in the Chronology, a decision taken in the interests of clarity, and a desire not to pepper the text with more initials than are necessary.

D. H. Lawrence is 'DHL' throughout.

CA Lady Cynthia Asquith (1887-1960), autobiographer and an­ thologist. Daughter of the Earl of Wemyss, in 1910 she married Herbert Asquith, son of the Prime Minister. She was friends with DHL from 1914 and some of his stories were written for anthologies edited by her. Her autobiography Remember and Be Glad (1952) includes a memoir of DHL.

LB Louisa ('Louie') Burrows (1888-1962) knew DHL from about 1900. They were students together at the Pupil Teacher Centre

xvii xviii A D. H. Lawrence Chronology

in Ilkeston and University College, Nottingham, and were en­ gaged to be married from December 1910 until February 1912. She was headmistress of schools in Leicestershire from 1911 to 1941 and in 1940 married Frederick Heath. DHL's letters to her were published as Lawrence in Love (1968).

CC Catherine Carswell (1879-1946), reviewer, novelist and bio­ grapher, met DHL in 1914 and they remained close friends until his death. Born Catherine MacFarlane, she was married first to Herbert Jackson and from 1915 to Donald Carswell. Her largely enthusiastic review of The Rainbow in the Glasgow Her­ ald led to her being dismissed from the paper, while the first edition of her life of DHL, The Savage Pilgrimage (1932) had to be withdrawn following objections from JMM (q.v.).

JC Jessie Chambers (1887-1944), the original for Miriam in Sons and Lovers was the closest companion of DHL' s youth. She sent some of his work to Ford Madox Hueffer and thus launched his literary career. She worked as a teacher and in 1915 married John Wood. In 1935 her memoir of DHL, D. H. Lawrence: A Personal Record was published under the pseudonym 'ET'.

AL/ ALC Lettice Ada Lawrence Clarke (1887-1948), DHL's younger sister, attended the Pupil Teacher Centre at Ilkeston and taught at schools in Somercotes and Eastwood before marrying William Clarke in 1915. Young Lorenzo, her memoir of DHL, written with G. Stuart Gelder, was published in 1932.

EC Edward Garnett (1868-1937), critic, dramatist and editor, was literary advisor to the publishing firm of Duckworth and of­ fered much encouragement and advice to DHL in the early part of his career. At a late stage in the publication of Sons and Lovers, with DHL's reluctant agreement, he cut about 10 per cent of the text. Increasingly, DHL's views about the form of fiction diverged from Garnett's and their association ended when DHL was completing The Rainbow.

BJ Blanche May Rust Jennings (1881-1944) was a Post Office clerk in Liverpool and a Socialist and campaigner for women's suffrage. Although DHL met her only once (in 1907 or 1908 at the home of their mutual friend Alice Dax) they conducted a List of Abbreviations xix

correspondence until January 1910 and she commented on the MS of 'Nethermere', an early version of The White Peacock.

ELK Emily Una ('Pamela') Lawrence King, DHL' s elder sister, who married Samuel King in 1902.

SSK Samuel Solomonovich Koteliansky (1880-1955}, author and translator, was born in Kiev and settled in England in 1911, working at the Russian Law Bureau and as a publisher's reader. He met DHL in the summer of 1914 and they were friends and regular correspondents until DHL's death. The letters to SSK are the largest surviving body of Lawrence's letters to a single correspondent; most of them were first published in The Quest for Rananim (1970).

FW /FL Emma Maria Frieda von Richthofen Weekley Lawrence (1879-1956) was born in Metz and in 1899 married Ernest Weekley, Professor of French at University College, Notting­ ham, by whom she had three children. In May 1912 she left England with DHL and they married in June 1914. After DHL' s death she lived with and subsequently married Angelo Ravagli. Her principal memoir of DHL is 'Not I, But the Wind . .. ' (1934).

KM Katherine Mansfield (Murry) (1888-1923}, short-story writer, was born in New Zealand, but lived in London 1903-6 and from 1908. She edited Rhythm with JMM .(q.v.}, whom she married in 1918, and published three volumes of short stories in her lifetime. Her relationship with the Lawrences, like JMM' s, was interrupted by frequent quarrels and estrangements. She died of tuberculosis at Gurdjieff' s clinic in Fontainebleau.

OM Lady Ottoline Violet Anne Morrell (1873-1948) was a notable artistic and intellectual patroness. Wife of the Liberal MP, Philip Morrell, she was at one time the lover of Bertrand Russell. DHL met her in 1914 and subsequently visited her country house, Garsington Manor, Oxford. They were at times estranged, par­ ticularly over her supposed portrayal as Hermione Roddice in Women in Love, but were reconciled in the last years of DHL' s life. Ottoline: the Early Memoirs of Lady Ottoline Morrell (1963) includes an account of her relationship with DHL. xx A D. H. Lawrence Chronology

RM Robert Mountsier (1888-1972), American journalist and au­ thor who worked mainly as literary editor of the New York Sun, was DHL's literary agent in the USA from February 1920 until February 1923.

JMM John Middleton Murry (1889-1957), critic, novelist, journal­ ist and editor, successively edited Rhythm, The Blue Review, The Athenaeum and The Adelphi, in all of which DHL's work ap­ peared. He also collaborated with DHL in the short-lived Sig­ nature project in 1915, but the turbulent nature of their relation­ ship prevented any close or sustained working partnership. After DHL's death JMM published Son of Woman: The Story of D. H. Lawrence (1931) and Reminiscences of D. H. Lawrence (1933).

NP Annie ('Nancy') Ross Peam (1892-1950), manager of the Maga­ zine Department at the London Office of Curtis Brown, who became DHL's literary agent in April1921. She handled most of DHL' s articles for newspapers and magazines in the last two years of his life.

JBP James Brand Pinker (1863-1922) was one of the leading liter­ ary agents of the early twentieth century, representing Arnold Bennett, Joseph Conrad and Henry James, as well as being DHL's agent from 1914 until1920.

Abbreviations for works by D. H. Lawrence referred to in the text

All full-length published works by Lawrence referred to with any frequency have been given an abbreviation, as listed below. In the body of the text the full title of a work is given on its first appearance, followed by the abbreviation, if any; thereafter, the abbreviation only is used. Some working titles have been given easily recognis­ able short titles. Full publication details are given in the Bibliogra­ phy.

AR Aaron's Rod BBF Birds, Beasts and Flowers BIB The Boy in the Bush List of Abbreviations xxi

CP Collected Poems EC The Escaped Cock EP Etruscan Places FU Fantasia of the Unconscious K Kangaroo LCL Lady Chatterley's Lover LG The Lost Girl LNS Little Novels of Sicily LP Love Poems and Others LWHCT Look! We Have Come Through! MEH Movements in European History MIM Mornings in Mexico MN Mr Noon p Pansies Paintings The Paintings of D. H. Lawrence PS The Plumed Serpent R The Rainbow SAS Sea and Sardinia SCAL Studies in Classic American Literature SDM The Story of Dr Manente SL Sons and Lovers STH Study of Thomas Hardy T Trespasser Til Twilight in Italy WIL Women in Love WMH The Widowing of Mrs Holroyd WP White Peacock WWRA The Woman Who Rode Away