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Beyond the Sensational: the Reiss- Engelhorn-Museums

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Beyond the Sensational: the Reiss- Engelhorn-Museums Volume 5 Number 2 Winter 2008 “The Bridge between Eastern and Western Cultures” In This Issue From the Editor’s Desktop • The Mannheim Silk Road Exhibit 1 Beyond the Sensational: The Reiss- • Silk Roads in Prehistory 7 Engelhorn-Museums’ “Origins of the • Salvage of Nanhai Shipwreck 16 Silk Road” • The Boma Cup 20 • Xiongnu Elite Tomb Complexes 29 Every blockbuster exhibition Geographic and some recent • A Xiongnu Satellite Burial 36 wants the public to believe that it books (e.g., Mallory and Mair • Tahilt Archaeological Survey 42 is “sensational,” since that may 2000), the sensational part of the • Kazakh Food as Culture 48 ensure large crowds and the story—the largely “west asian” revenues to recoup the huge costs mummies unearthed in Xinjiang— involved in borrowing, trans- is, in a sense, already well known. porting and mounting the In Mannheim, the curators have In Upcoming Issues artifacts. The Reiss-Engelhorn- been rather more cautious about Museums’ current “Origins of the sensational claims concerning · Rahile Dawut on Muslim shrines in Silk Road: Sensational New Finds western influences in China. Xinjiang from Xinjiang, China” is no Theirs is a nuanced presentation · Elliot Sperling on Tibeto-Mongol exception in this regard.1 But in a which meshes very nicely with the relations world where Silk Road exhibitions lead article in this issue of our · Odbaatar on a Uighur cemetery near pop up on the landscape like journal by the distinguished Kharbalgas flowers after a thunderstorm in the German archaeologist, Hermann · Vesna Wallace on Tibeto-Mongol desert, this one goes well beyond Parzinger. Dr. Christoph Lind’s Buddhist relations the sensational. With few curatorial team in Mannheim · Staffan Rosén on Korea and the Silk exceptions, the material here, selected but one of famous Road displayed first in Berlin before mummies (a well-wrapped infant · George Saliba on Islamic Science moving to Mannheim, is being from Zaghunluq, ca. 800 BCE, and the Silk Roads shown for the first time outside of item no. 1012) and instead invites and more… Asia. Readers of this journal will us to learn about cultures whose have about a month yet in which ethnic identities remain uncertain. to visit Mannheim, before the The focus in the first instance is About exhibition closes June 1. It is the ordinary artifacts of the every- worth the trip. day lives and deaths of ihabitants The Silk Road is a semi-annual publi- in the oases and mountains of cation of the Silkroad Foundation sup- Thanks to the Public Xinjiang. We come away with an plied in a limited print run to libraries. Broadcasting System, the National appreciation for the complexity of We cannot accept individual subscrip- their cultures and tions. The journal can be viewed at: © Cultural Heritage Bureau of the Xinjiang <http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/ Uighur Autonomous Region, China interactions in toc/newsletter.html>. Please feel free Central Eurasia to contact us with any questions or starting as far back contributions. Guidelines for contribu- as the late third tors may be found in Vol. 2, No. 1 millennium BCE, (June 2004) on the website. some two millennia before the period The Silkroad Foundation 14510 Big Basin Way # 269 when conventional Saratoga, CA 95070 narratives of the silk roads begin. While Editor: Daniel C. Waugh there is “animal- [email protected] style” gold work [Fig. 1; exhibit no. © 2008 Silkroad Foundation 166; Fig. 13, p. 6 Fig. 1. Gold neck ring or diadem, Jiaohe-Gou Xi, © 2008 by authors of individual ar- below], bronze, silk ticles and holders of copyright, as Tomb 1, Western Han Period (206 BCE-24 CE). specified, to individual images. © 2008 Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen Fig. 4. Sites in the Tien Shan Mountain region and espe- cially the Ili River valley. begin with the below; no 162] (the burial of a important “Bronze Sogdian merchant?) is one of Age” cemeteries many interesting finds from an (which also happen early first millennium CE site just to be amongst the to the west of Qäwrighul. There is earliest, dating be- a particularly rich selection of the tween 2200 and remarkable 2000 to 2500-year-old 1100 BCE) at Qä- textiles excavated at Sampula © Cultural Heritage Bureau of the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, China Region, Heritage Bureau of the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous © Cultural wrighul and Xiaohe near Khotan and at Zaghunluq Fig. 2. A grave excavated at Zaghunluq. [Fig. 3], not far from near Chärchän, both on the Lop Nor. Then we “Southern Silk Road.” The exhibit and some noteworthy examples of move on to other sites in the concludes with Kiziltur (just south Hellenistic artistic influences, the eastern Tarim Basin and Turfan of the Tien Shan Mountains near real interest is the material culture region (notably Subexi and Kuqa) and sites in the Ili River of clay, wood, grains and animal Yanghai). The spectacular Valley [Fig. 4], where the artifacts products such as bone and wool. “Yingpan Man” [Fig. 11, p. 4 range from striking first- As the curators recognize, a millennium BCE bronzes [Fig. 5, limitation of the selection is that facing page; no. 185] to the gold most artifacts come from burials burial mask unearthed with other [Fig. 2], not from settlement sites, Turkic period artifacts at Boma [for few of which have been located an image, see p. 26 below]. and studied. It is somewhat ironic that the chronological desig- The site at Xiaohe (“Little nations for so many of the artifacts River”; nos. 3-36) may serve to are Chinese dynastic dates, even illustrate both the promise of the though so little of the indigenous ongoing archaeological work in culture displayed here had much Xinjiang and the challenges to of anything to do with China proper scientific study of the except by the accident of politics material. Although discovered, it which finds the archaeological seems, by Ördek, who had led sites within the borders of today’s Sven Hedin to Kroraina (Lou-Lan) People’s Republic. and who would much later in 1934 guide Hedin’s archaeologist Folke The decision was made to Bergman to Xiaohe, this sizeable organize the exhibition by necropolis of some 2500 square excavation site, rather than meters was not systematically © 2008 Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen attempt to preserve a strict investigated until its re-discovery chronology throughout. Thus we Fig. 3. Archaeological sites in the east- ern Tarim Basin and in the Turfan re- in 2000. At that time, a kind of gion. 2 find and its GIS coordinates became known (Mair 2006). Unfortunately the radioactivity in the area, due to nuclear testing, has made it impossible to obtain 14C dates. Although now desert, Xiaohe must have been created in a period when the region was well watered. The boat-shaped coffins include both human remains and “substitute” figures made of organic materials. The burial of “substitute” figures or placing of anthropoid sculptures in or near the graves was not uncommon at other sites as well [Fig. 8; exhibit no. 57]. The wooden poles and “paddles” marking the graves at Xiaohe, as well as certain other objects, suggest a ritual concern over fertility and reproduction. As is the case though with so many other archaeological sites, we can only guess at the meaning of many objects — for example [Fig. 9, China Region, Heritage Bureau of the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous © Cultural next page; no. 6], a small long- Fig. 8. Mask made of clay and wood, nosed wooden mask attached to Yanghai, Burial Site II, Tomb 2063, ca. 5th century BCE. the chest of a elderly woman whose attire included a striking felt cap and fur boots. Graves at known, and a perfectly preserved © Cultural Heritage Bureau of the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, China Region, Heritage Bureau of the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous © Cultural Xiaohe contained delicately woven compound bow, arrows and arm Fig. 5. Bronze figure. 71 - baskets or sieves, throwing darts guard from Subexi (nos. 77, 78). Tuanchang, Burial Site, 5th-3rd cen- bound with feathers, arrows, raw Among the most important tury BCE. sheep’s wool and woolen textiles. exhibits are some of those which make the least striking visual “salvage archaeology” became Of particular interest are a 5th- impression. For example, there necessary [cf. Figs. 6, 7], to stay century BCE five-stringed is a rare 5th century BCE ahead of the looters, who were at Konghou harp found at Yanghai earthenware bellows valve from work as soon as the news of the (no. 69), the oldest such yet Figs. 6, 7. Chinese excavations in © Cultural Heritage Bureau of the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, China Xinjiang. 3 offerings, including meat cubes and millet; a pouch from Sampula (no. 129), dated to the Han Dynasty era, contains millet biscuits. Among the numerous examples of pottery are a rare early 2nd-mil- lennium BCE vessel decorated with an image of a man and a woman (geometric designs are the more common), a unique 5th century BCE twin cup (no. 73), and a rare, for Sampula, wheel-turned © Cultural Heritage Bureau of the Xinjiang Uighur © Cultural China Region, Autonomous earthenware jug Fig. 9. Mask, willow wood, with strings, textile fibers and red paint, (no.125). Spindles with Xiaohe, Tomb C, Bronze Age (ca. carved weights may be 2200-1100 BCE. common enough (nos. 95, 97), but rarely do Yanghai (no. 61), part of the they preserve traces of equipment needed for smelting yarn. Thread spools (no. ore. A set of bowls (no. 79) from 127) (possibly originally th rd Subexi, dating from the 5 -3 attached to a loom?) are centuries BCE, contains food unusual. Fig. 10. Details of textiles on The most vivid “Yingpan Man.” memory of the exhi- bition for me is the quality and variety of the textiles.
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