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Notes NOTES TO PREFACE 1 See Samuel P. Huntington and Joan M. Nelson, No Easy Choices (Cam­ bridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1976) for a summary statement on the main findings of this group of scholars. 2 Shahid Javed Burlci, 'Interest Group Involvement in West Pakistan's Rural Works Program', Public Policy, XIX, Winter 1971, pp. 167-206. 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Interview given to Oriana Fallaci and reproduced by her in her book, Interview with History (New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation, 1976), pp. 182-209. The quotation is from p. 209. 2 Soon after assuming office, Bhutto gave a number of interviews to foreign correspondents and Pakistani and foreign academics. In addition to the Oriana Fallaci interview (n. 1 above) for Bhutto's assessment of his political rivals, see also the book of an Indian journalist based mostly on his discussions with Bhutto; Dilip Mukerjee, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: Quest for Power (Ddhi: Vikas Publishing, 1972). 3 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Political Situation in Pakistan (Lahore: Pakistan People's Party, 1969), passim. 4 For the belief that Bhutto was serious in bringing back Western-style democracy to Pakistan see Anwar H. Syed, 'The Pakistan People's Party: Phases One and Two', in Lawrence Ziring, Ralph Braibanti and W. Howard Wriggins (eds), Pakistan: The Long View (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1977), pp. 70-116. This article is based in part on Professor Syed's interview with Bhutto. Also see, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Let the People Judge (Lahore: Pakistan People's Party, 1969) which is an impassioned defence against the charges levelled at him by General Mohammad Musa, Gover­ nor-General of West Pakistan (1967-9) and aconfidantofAyub's during the period after Bhutto's departure from the government. 5 Pakistan People's Party, The Election Manifesto (Lahore: Pakistan People's Party, 1970). 6 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, The Great Tragedy (Karachi: Vision Publications, 1971). 7 The role of 'idiosyncratic element' in decision-making has received much greater attention in political history than in economic history. Erik Erikson, Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Militant Non-Violence (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969) is perhaps the best work on an Asian leader. Notes to Chapter 2 241 2 INSIDERS AND OUI'SIDERS 1 For an analysis of the geographical distribution of the refugee population see Shahid Javed Burld, Pakistan: A Demographic Report (Washington, D.C.: Population Reference Bureau, 1973). 2 For a description of the system of administration introduced by Lord Lawrence in the Punjab, see Sir Charles Aitchison, Lord Lawrma and the Reconstmction of India Under the Crown (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1916). Also see R. Bosworth Smith, Life of Lord Lawrma (New York: Charles Scribner, 1883), pp. 155-80. 3 Useful sources for a description of these relationships are J. M. Douie, Lond Settlement Manual (Lahore: Government of West Pakistan, 5th rev. edn, 1960) and a number of village surveys published by the Punjab Board of Economic Inquiry. As an example of the village surveys see Randhir Singh and W. Roberts, An Economic Survey of Kala Gaddi Tlwmman (Chak 73 G.B.): A Village in the Lyallpur Distria of the Punjab (Lahore: Board of Economic Inquiry, Punjab, 1932). 4 The term 'little republics' was used originally by F. L. Brayne in Better Villages (London: Oxford University Press, 1938). 5 Khushwant Singh, The Sikhs (London: Allen & Unwin, 1953). 6 See Philip Mason's account in A Matter of Honor: An Account of the Indian A7711J, its Officers and Men (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1974) for the role played by the soldiers recruited in the Punjab in hdping to put down the mutiny of the purbiyas- the easterners. 7 Quoted in A. B. Rajput, The Muslim League Yesterday and Today (Lahore: Mohammad Ashraf, 1948), pp. 19-20. 8 For an account of the attitude of the large landed families towards the Pakistan movement see Azim Husain, Fazl-i-Husain: A Political Biography (Bombay: Longmans, 1946). 9 The best analysis to date of the mass migration of people that accompanied the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 is to be found in Joseph B. Schectman, Population Transfers in Asia (New York: Hallsby Press, 1949), pp. 5-.30. Also see Theodore P. Wright Jr., 'Indian Muslim Refugees in the Politics of Pakistan', Journal of Commonwealth on Comparative Politics, XII, March 1974, pp. 189-205. 10 Shahid Javed Burki, 'Migration, Urbanization and Politics in Pakistan' in W. Howard Wriggins and James F. Guyot (eds), Population, Politics and the Future of Southern Asia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973), pp.147-89. 11 The best modem account of the devdopment of the irrigation system in the Punjab is in Aloys A. Michel, The Indus Rivers: A StudyoftheEffectsof Partition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967), pp. 22-98. 12 Quoted in Jamiluddin Ahmad (ed.), Speeches and Writings of Mr. ]innah (Lahore: Mohammad Ashraf, 1952), p. 153. 13 J. Russell Andrus and Azizali F. Mohammed, The Economy of Pakistan (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958), pp. 156-65. 14 See Shahid Javed Burki, 'Economic Decisionmaking in Pakistan' in Law­ rence Ziring, Ralph Braibanti and W. Howard Wriggins (eds), Pakistan: The Long View (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1977),pp. 140-72foran 242 Pakistan under Bhutto, 1971-7 analysis of economic decision-making during this period. 15 Despite its role in dividing India and founding the independent state of Pakistan, the Muslim League remains to be carefully studied as a political party. Some useful works are available dealing with the founding of the party and its development as a mass organisation. See A. B. Rajput, Muslim League Yesterday and Today (Lahore: Mohammed Ashraf, 1948) and Z. H. Zaidi, 'Aspects of the Development of Muslim League Policy', in C. M. Philips and Mary Doreen Wainwright ( eds), The Partition ofIndia: Policies and Perspectives, 1935-1947 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1 WO), pp. 245-75. 16 Khalid B. Sayeed, 'The Personality of Jinnah and his Political Strategy' in Philips and Wainwright (eds), op. cit., pp. 276-93. 17 In counting the families who made up the landed aristocracy in the provinces of the Punjab, Sind and Baluchistan, I have relied on land records as maintained by the Land Administration Department. For an excellent historical survey of the big landed families of the Punjab see Lepel H. Griffin, Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab (Lahore: Superintendent of Govem­ ment Printing, rev. edn, 1940). See also Sir Denzil lbbetson, Punjab Castes (Lahore: Superintendent of Govemment of Printing, 1916), Hugh K. Tres­ vaskis, The Land of the Five Rivers (London: Oxford University Press, 1928) and Craig Baxter, 'The People's Partyvs. the PunjabFeudalists' inJ. Henry Korson (ed.), Contemporary Problems of Palcistan (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1974), pp.6-29. 18 For an expression of this view see Reginald Coupland, The Indian Problem (Clarendon: Oxford University Press, 1944); see also Khalid Bin Sayeed, Pakistan: The Formative Phase (London: Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 224. Sayeed suggests that the landlords with 163 out of 503 members of the Muslim League Council constituted the largest and the most influential interest group within the party. 19 For a good but somewhat biased account of the role played by Nazimuddin in Bengali politics, in particular the way it related to the Pakistan movement, see Kamruddin Ahmad, The Social History of East Palcistan (Dacca: Pioneer Press, 1967). 20 Choudhury Khaliquzzaman's autobiography, Pathway to Pakistan (Lahore: Longrnans, 1961), provides a very good account of the circumstances that led to the involvement of the class of urban professionals in the Pakistan movement. Khaliquzzaman himself was a highly successful lawyer in the United Provinces, the present-day Uttar Pradesh. 21 My estimate based on the somewhat scanty biographical data available in the Muslim League records. These records are bound to yield, once they are carefully analysed, firmer indication of the social and economic background of the more prominent participants in the Muslim League. 22 Hanna Papanek, 'Pakistan's Big Businessmen: Muslim Separatism, Entrep­ reneurship and Partial Modernization', Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 21, October 1W2, Table 1, p. 27. Papanek lists the houses of Dawood, Habib, Adamjee, Crescent, Saigol, Valika, Hyesons, Bawany, Amin, W azirali, Fancy and Colony as the twelve largest in the country in the late 1960s. Of these only two, W azirali and Colony, both from Lahore, were 'native' to Pakistan. 23 In suggesting that India's industrial development began in the late Notes to Chapter 2 243 nineteenth century, I have followed Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic BadcwardiWs in Historical Perspectiw: A Book of Essays (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1962). 24 S.M. Jamil (ed.), Muslim YearBookofbulia, 1948-1949(Bombay: Bombay Newspaper Co., n.d.). 25 The term is that of Hanna Papanek; see her 'Pakistan's Big Businessmen: Muslim Separatism, Entrepreneurship and Partial Modernization', op. cit., p.13. 26 The following four companies were set up as a part of Jinnah's efforts to build an independent industrial-commercial sector for the Muslims: Habib Bank Limited, Eastern Federal (Insurance) Union, Muhammadi Steamship Company and Orient Airways. 27 For a description of the economic relations between the states of India and Pakistan in the period immediately following independence in 1947, see C. N. Vakil and G. Raghara Rao, Economic Relations Between India and Pakistan: Need for International Cooperation (Bombay: Vora & Co., 1965). 28 Government of the Punjab, Report of the Court of Inquiry Constituted Under Punjab Act II of 1954: Enquiry into Punjab Disturbances of 1953 (Lahore: Government Printing Press, 1954), p. 387. 29 Government of Pakistan, Report of Pakistan Pay Commission (Karachi: Gover­ nor-General's Press, 1949), p. 28. 30 Government of the Punjab, Report of the Court of Inquiry ..
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