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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses The Rationale for the Incarnation and the Place of Substitutionary Atonement in the Thought of William Temple and Michael Ramsey: A Comparative Study STUART, CHRISTOPHER,JOHN How to cite: STUART, CHRISTOPHER,JOHN (2013) The Rationale for the Incarnation and the Place of Substitutionary Atonement in the Thought of William Temple and Michael Ramsey: A Comparative Study, Durham theses, Durham University. 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Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 The Rationale for the Incarnation and the Place of Substitutionary Atonement in the Thought of William Temple and Michael Ramsey: A Comparative Study Christopher John Stuart Ph.D. University of Durham Department of Theology and Religion 2013 1 Abstract William Temple (1881-1944) and Michael Ramsey (1904-1988) are two of the leading Anglican intellectuals of the twentieth century. Their significance does not just lie in the quality of their intellect. Each served as Archbishop of Canterbury during their career; that essentially representative role heightens the sense of the significance of their work to an understanding of Anglican thought during the period. Yet surprisingly little has been written on Temple and Ramsey’s theology, and there have been no attempts to give a detailed, systematic account of their thought. Such a comprehensive study lies beyond the scope of this thesis. Yet the research does seek to contribute to an understanding of Temple and Ramsey’s thought. The thesis has its origins in an incidental remark made by Professor David Brown, who commented that Anglican theologians of the twentieth century had tended to downplay the role of substitutionary atonement in their theological schema. This raised a fundamental question: what impact might such a downplaying have at the wider level of systematic theology? How might it mould their account of the Incarnation, and how might that, in turn, shape their wider thought? This thesis does not set out to test Brown’s claim for a downplaying of substitutionary atonement, but it does – incidentally – show that Temple and Ramsey are examples of the trend. Rather, the focus is on Temple and Ramsey’s rationale for the Incarnation, and the place of substitutionary atonement within it. As such, it addresses a significant gap in understanding of their thought. Its central claim is that Temple and Ramsey understood the Incarnation not, primarily as a response to sin, but as a sacrificial means of deepening the union between God and humanity. At the core of their rationale for the Incarnation, it is argued, is the eternal divine purposive desire for fellowship, and not the exigent necessity of substitutionary atonement. There are two ancillary areas of study. First, the question of the compatibility of their respective accounts of the Incarnation. Arguing for a high level of coherence within and between their accounts, the thesis suggests that such compatibility underlines the significance of their Christology for an understanding of wider Anglican thought during the period. Secondly, the thesis tentatively highlights ways in which each man’s rationale for the Incarnation impacts on their wider thought, not least their ecclesiology. 2 Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 6 Why Study the Theology of William Temple and Michael Ramsey? ................................. 6 A Focus for Research: the Rationale for the Incarnation ..................................................... 8 Temple, Ramsey, and the Rationale for the Incarnation .................................................... 12 Temple and Ramsey on the Incarnation and Atonement: Current Research ..................... 13 A Method of Approach ...................................................................................................... 16 Chapter One: The Divine Nature ........................................................................................... 19 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 19 Temple: God as Purposive Will ......................................................................................... 20 Ramsey: God as Self-Giving Love .................................................................................... 29 Temple’s Account of Love in the Divine Nature ............................................................... 34 Ramsey’s Account of Purpose in the Divine Loving Nature ............................................. 37 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 39 Chapter Two: The Divine Purpose ........................................................................................ 41 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 41 Temple’s Definition of the Divine Purpose: The Realisation of Value ............................. 42 Temple: God’s Purpose and Human Value........................................................................ 43 Temple: Indwelling as the Means to Purposive Fellowship .............................................. 52 Purposive Fellowship, the Value of the Individual and the Problem of Evil ..................... 54 Temple: Fellowship as an End in Itself .............................................................................. 58 Ramsey’s Definition of the Divine Purpose: Fellowship as Worship................................ 59 Ramsey’s Definition of the Divine Purpose: New Creation .............................................. 67 Eschatology and the Divine Purpose in Temple and Ramsey’s Thought .......................... 70 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 73 Chapter Three: The Divine Purpose and the Incarnation ....................................................... 76 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 76 The Incarnation and the Divine Purpose ............................................................................ 77 Natural Theology, Divine Purpose and the Incarnation ..................................................... 80 Temple: Philosophical Underpinning ................................................................................ 83 Ramsey: Dialecticism, Experience and the Incarnation ..................................................... 88 Temple: What Does the Incarnation Achieve? .................................................................. 94 Ramsey: What does the Incarnation Achieve? ................................................................ 101 The Timing of the Incarnation ......................................................................................... 108 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 110 Chapter Four: Sin and the Divine Purpose .......................................................................... 113 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 113 Forsyth on the Divine Nature and Purpose as Background to the Incarnation ................ 114 3 Defining Sin: Temple ....................................................................................................... 119 Temple: Sin and the Divine Purpose ............................................................................... 124 Defining Sin: Ramsey ...................................................................................................... 127 Ramsey: Sin and the Divine Purpose ............................................................................... 129 The Cross and Sacrifice in Temple and Ramsey’s Thought ............................................ 132 Temple: The Power of the Cross ..................................................................................... 141 Ramsey: The Power of the Cross ..................................................................................... 145 Salvation in Temple and Ramsey .................................................................................... 146 An Aside: The Resurrection in Temple and Ramsey’s Thought ..................................... 149 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 151 Chapter Five: The Means to Fellowship .............................................................................
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