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Managed Forest As Habitat for Gray Brocket Deer (Mazama Gouazoubira) in Agricultural Landscapes of Southeastern Brazil

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Managed Forest As Habitat for Gray Brocket Deer (Mazama Gouazoubira) in Agricultural Landscapes of Southeastern Brazil Journal of Mammalogy, 98(5):1301–1309, 2017 DOI:10.1093/jmammal/gyx099 Published online August 28, 2017 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article-abstract/98/5/1301/4096513 by Universidade Estadual Paulista J�lio de Mesquita Filho user on 30 April 2019 Managed forest as habitat for gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) in agricultural landscapes of southeastern Brazil THIAGO FERREIRA RODRIGUES,* ROLAND KAYS, ARIELLE PARSONS, NATALIA FRAGUAS VERSIANI, ROBERTA MONTANHEIRO PAOLINO, NIELSON PASQUALOTTO, VICTOR GASPEROTTO KREPSCHI, AND ADRIANO GARCIA CHIARELLO Applied Ecology Program, Luis de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, São Paulo, Brazil (TFR, RMP) Departament of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Languages of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil (NFV, NP, AGC) Departament of Ecology, São Paulo State University, Av. 24 A, 1515, Rio Claro 13506-900, São Paulo, Brazil (VGK) Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA (RK, AP) North Carolina Museum of Natural Science, 11 West Jones Street, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA (RK, AP) * Correspondent: [email protected] Because of massive conversion of natural habitat into cropland, the future of many tropical mammals depends on understanding how agricultural landscapes influence biodiversity. We assessed the effects of natural and anthropogenic land covers and disturbances on occupancy of gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) in 3 agricultural landscapes in the Brazilian Cerrado where sugarcane or managed forest cover most (> 50%) of the landscape. We used camera-trap surveys to quantify the relationships between deer occurrence and land cover, unpaved roads, urban areas, waterways, and degrees of legal protection. We found a strong and positive effect of managed forests, indicating that this land cover is good habitat for the brocket deer in our region. Native forests and sugarcane had, surprisingly, weaker effects on deer occupancy. Furthermore, the effect of sugarcane varied according to the amount of remaining natural forest: when the amount of natural forest surrounding the camera point was scarce, sugarcane had a negative effect on deer occupancy, but the effect was positive when natural forest was abundant. Our results confirm the ecological flexibility of gray brocket deer, even in landscapes where sugarcane monocultures or Eucalyptus plantations predominate. We caution however that the responses of deer might be different in landscapes more severely depleted of natural vegetation (< 20% at the landscape level). We therefore suggest that future research assess the population status of this deer in more deforested landscapes, and also consider the temporal dynamics of managed forests and sugarcane, as the vegetation cover can change drastically. Devido à intensa conversão de habitats naturais em grandes extensões de plantios, o futuro de muitos mamíferos tropicais depende do entendimento de como paisagens agrícolas influenciam a biodiversidade. Avaliamos os efeitos de coberturas de terras naturais e antrópicas e distúrbios na ocupação do veado-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) em 3 paisagens agrícolas no Cerrado brasileiro, onde a cana-de-açúcar ou florestas plantadas cobrem a maior parte (> 50%) da paisagem. Utilizamos armadilhas-fotográficas para quantificar as relações entre a ocorrência dos veados e o tipo de cobertura da terra, estradas de terra, áreas urbanas, cursos d’água e grau de proteção legal. Encontramos um efeito forte e positivo de florestas plantadas, indicando que essa cobertura da terra é um bom habitat para o veado-catingueiro na nossa região. Florestas nativas e cana-de-açúcar tiveram, surpreendentemente, efeitos mais fracos na ocupação dessa espécie. Contudo, o efeito da cana-de-açúcar variou de acordo com a quantidade de remanescentes naturais: quando a quantidade de florestas naturais no entorno da armadilha-fotográfica era escassa, a cana-de-açúcar teve um efeito negativo na ocupação dos veados, mas o efeito foi positivo quando as florestas naturais eram abundantes. Nossos resultados confirmam a flexibilidade ecológica do veado-catingueiro, mesmo em paisagens onde predominam monoculturas de cana-de-açúcar ou florestas plantadas de Eucalyptus. Vale ressaltar, porém, que a resposta desta espécie pode ser diferente em paisagens © 2017 American Society of Mammalogists, www.mammalogy.org 1301 1302 JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY mais severamente esgotadas de vegetação natural (< 20% na escala da paisagem). Portanto, sugerimos que em futuros trabalhos seja avaliado o status populacional dessa espécie em paisagens mais desmatadas considerando, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article-abstract/98/5/1301/4096513 by Universidade Estadual Paulista J�lio de Mesquita Filho user on 30 April 2019 também, a dinâmica temporal das florestas plantadas e da cana-de-açúcar, à medida que a cobertura da vegetação muda drasticamente. Key words: camera trapping, Cerrado, herbivores, land use, occupancy Conservation strategies for tropical biodiversity are often based Brazilian biomes except the Amazon rainforest (Duarte 1996; on safeguarding large, pristine tropical forest reserves (Melo Weber and Gonzalez 2003; Black-Décima and Vogliotti 2016). et al. 2013). However, much tropical biodiversity exists out- This ecological flexibility might also aid its survival in anthro- side of protected areas, increasing the importance of managing pogenic landscapes (Rivero et al. 2005; Ferreguetti et al. 2015). these areas (Gardner et al. 2009; Melo et al. 2013), given the For instance, the species has been recorded in human-modified degree of natural habitat conversion into croplands (Millennium landscapes, including Eucalyptus plantations, sugarcane crops, Ecosystem Assessment 2005). Thus, it is important to under- and isolated forest remnants immersed into agricultural matrix stand how wildlife responds to anthropogenically modified (Black-Décima et al. 2010; Magioli et al. 2014, 2016). habitats, including agriculture and managed plantations. Currently, the global conservation status of gray brocket The state of São Paulo, Brazil, is a good example of this deer is “Least Concern,” but the population trend is declining type of landscape conversion. Land-use change started with the in some regions and countries, mainly due to poaching, habitat coffee boom at the end of 19th century, which occupied areas loss, and disturbance by humans (Black-Décima and Vogliotti with the most fertile soils that were previously predominated 2016). Within Brazil, its status is deteriorating regionally, by semi-deciduous forests. Decades later, after the decline of being considered “Vulnerable” in the state of Rio Grande do the coffee-based economy, pastures replaced coffee fields and Sul (Marques 2002) and “Endangered” in the state of Rio de further expanded onto less fertile soils covered with Cerrado (a Janeiro (SEMA 1998). Although hunting gray brocket deer has type of savanna—Victor 2005). After the biofuel (ethanol) pol- been illegal in Brazil since 1967, the gray brocket deer is one of icy implemented by the Brazilian Government in the 1980s, the the most poached species in the country (El Bizri et al. 2015). interior of São Paulo became dominated by sugarcane mono- In the Caatinga domain, for example, this deer is killed for food cultures and, to a lesser degree, by managed tree plantations (Barboza et al. 2016), trophies, medicinal or religious purposes, (i.e., Eucalyptus spp. and Pinus spp.—Rudorff et al. 2010; or to be kept as pets (Alves et al. 2016). The gray brocket deer ABRAF 2013; CONAB 2014). has important ecological functions through seed predation, Facing this history of drastic landscape transformation, wild- which affects forest dynamics and regeneration (Gayot et al. life may respond positively or negatively, resulting in adapta- 2004), and as a medium-sized prey of large carnivores (Black- tion or local extinction (Gardner et al. 2009; Rosalino et al. Décima et al. 2010). 2014). Globally threatened species such as the giant anteater Here, we evaluate the effects of landscape features and human (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) as well as regionally threatened disturbance on occupancy of this deer in a rural region of south- species such as the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), eastern Brazil. Specifically, we assess the relative effects of both puma (Puma concolor), and jaguarundi (Puma yagoua- natural habitats and agricultural areas such as sugarcane crops roundi) still inhabit the interior of São Paulo, but few studies and forest plantations, as well as anthropogenic impacts such as have assessed the effect of anthropogenic features on their unpaved roads and urban areas as potential predictors of land- occurrence (Magioli et al. 2014, 2016; Verdade et al. 2014). scape occupancy. Assuming that M. gouazoubira is sensitive Species capable of successfully exploiting these highly modi- to anthropogenic disturbance, we expect that landscape occu- fied landscapes should be more successful as human expansion pancy will be positively affected by the amount of remaining continues. natural habitat and degree of legal protection, and negatively The gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira Fischer affected by distance to water and the amount of anthropogenic 1814) is a species potentially able to adapt to agricultural dis- land cover types (i.e., sugarcane, managed
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