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A Microhistory of Haudenosaunee Moccasins at the Historic Northampton Museum

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A Microhistory of Haudenosaunee Moccasins at the Historic Northampton Museum UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE “Worthy to be Gifts”: A Microhistory of Haudenosaunee Moccasins at the Historic Northampton Museum A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Art History by Heather Renee Casseday September 2019 Thesis Committee: Dr. Jason Weems, Chairperson Dr. Conrad Rudolph Gerald Clarke Copyright by Heather Renee Casseday 2019 The Thesis of Heather Renee Casseday is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgments It must be a bit disconcerting to unexpectedly receive an email from a stranger who says they are writing their thesis about a pair of seventeenth-century moccasins in your museum’s collection, oh and by the way, the moccasins are probably actually from the nineteenth century. Fortunately for me, the response of Marie Panik and EliZabeth Sharpe at the Historic Northampton Museum was essentially, “That sounds great!” I am so grateful for their forbearance and assistance during my research visit in October 2018, and there is no way I could have written this without their support. Likewise, I am grateful to the staff at the New York State Archives, the Connecticut State Archives, and the Connecticut Historical Society for their guidance, help, and occasional first-aid kits. Though I approached this project primarily from the Western perspective, connecting with people far more knowledgeable and involved with Haudenosaunee culture than I was vital to its success. In that regard, I would like to thank the Seneca Indian National Museum for showing me their collections and would especially like to thank Michael Galban at Ganondagan State Park, whose knowledge of Haudenosaunee material culture proved invaluable. I also owe a debt of gratitude to Jamie Jacobs for his insight into contemporary quillwork, as well as Leith Mahkewa for her knowledge of beading and for generously allowing me to use a photo of her exquisite work. Thank you to my committee for their suggestions, and my advisor, Dr. Weems, for his encouragement. Finally, I would like to thank Angela, Shannon, Hanna, and Molly for their support, advice, encouragement, and friendship. iv Dedication To my parents and Cody, for their unwavering faith and support. v ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS “Worthy to be Gifts”: A Microhistory of Haudenosaunee Moccasins at the Historic Northampton Museum by Heather Renee Casseday Master of Arts, Graduate Program in Art History University of California, Riverside, September 2019 Dr. Jason Weems, Chairperson Though they are common objects in private and museum collections, moccasins frequently lack substantial provenances, which can lead to errors in basic descriptive elements such as attribution or date. Over time, misleading or inaccurate information can be propagated if a museum’s interpretation serves as a reference for the visual identification of artifacts in other collections. This thesis focuses on a pair of alleged seventeenth-century moccasins from the Connecticut River Valley in the collection of the Historic Northampton Museum in Northampton, Massachusetts, investigating the validity of that claim and proposing a probable point of origin. Ostensibly belonging to an ancestor of the donor, I examine the moccasins in the context of New England’s cultural landscape during the seventeenth through early nineteenth centuries, focusing on Anglo-Indigenous interactions, the role of clothing in identity formation, and the conditions in which Indigenous objects like moccasins would be collected. Archival documents and published accounts relating to the donor’s family were used to reconstruct the family’s history and establish the most likely period for the moccasins’ acquisition. This thesis shows that despite the considerable contact vi between colonists and the Indigenous inhabitants of the Connecticut River Valley during the late seventeenth century, the moccasins are unlikely to date from either that time or place, but instead are of Haudenosaunee origin, likely purchased as souvenirs in western New York in the early nineteenth century. vii Table of Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................... xiii Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 WOODRUFF MOCCASINS: MATERIALS AND ANALYSIS .......................................................... 6 Moccasin Etymology and Appearance .............................................................................. 6 The Hazards of Connoisseurship ...................................................................................... 8 Form ................................................................................................................................ 12 Textiles ............................................................................................................................ 16 Quills ............................................................................................................................... 19 Beads ............................................................................................................................... 24 Chapter One: Reception ....................................................................................................... 29 EUROPEAN INVASION ........................................................................................................... 30 The Problem with Maps .................................................................................................. 30 Colonization .................................................................................................................... 32 Uneasy Neighbors ........................................................................................................... 35 Conflict ............................................................................................................................ 45 Farmington and the Woodruff Family ............................................................................ 50 Woodruffs in New York ................................................................................................... 54 CLOTHES MAKE THE MAN ................................................................................................... 58 Costume in Puritan New England ................................................................................... 58 “Drest in the Indian manner” ......................................................................................... 61 The Four Indian Kings .................................................................................................... 68 viii Colonel Guy Johnson ...................................................................................................... 70 Chapter Two: Transmission ................................................................................................ 74 KUNST- AND WUNDERKAMERN ........................................................................................... 74 SOLDIERS’ SPOILS ................................................................................................................ 80 TOURISTS AND SOUVENIRS .................................................................................................. 85 APPROPRIATING “NATIVENESS” .......................................................................................... 89 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 94 Figures .................................................................................................................................... 96 Appendix: Genealogical Materials .................................................................................... 118 CENSUS .............................................................................................................................. 118 PROBATE ............................................................................................................................ 120 CHURCH ............................................................................................................................. 120 TOWN/LAND ....................................................................................................................... 121 MILITARY .......................................................................................................................... 121 FAMILY/GENEALOGICAL ................................................................................................... 121 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 122 ix List of Figures Figure 1 Martha Woodruff’s family tree .................................................................................96 Figure 2 Woodruff moccasins, top view ..................................................................................97 Figure 3 Woodruff moccasins, side view. ...............................................................................97 Figure 4 Aircraft recognition test, 1943 ...................................................................................98 Figure 5 Moccasins, eighteenth century ..................................................................................98 Figure 6 Moccasins, eighteenth century
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