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Prevalencia De Parásitos Gastrointestinales En Aves Criollas

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Prevalencia De Parásitos Gastrointestinales En Aves Criollas UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA SALESIANA SEDE CUENCA CARRERA DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y ZOOTECNIA TRABAJO DE TITULACIÓN PREVIO A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TITULO DE MÉDICO VETERINARIO ZOOTECNISTA TRABAJO EXPERIMENTAL: ―PREVALENCIA DE PARASITOS GASTROINTESTINALES EN AVES CRIOLLAS, (Gallus domesticus)‖. AUTOR: PABLO ESTEBAN CAMPOSANO TAPIA TUTOR: ING. MAURICIO XAVIER SALAS RUEDA CUENCA - ECUADOR 2018 1 “PREVALENCIA DE PARASITOS GASTROINTESTINALES EN AVES CRIOLLAS (Gallus domesticus)”. 2 CESIÓN DE DERECHOS DE AUTOR Yo, Pablo Esteban Camposano Tapia, con documento de identificación N° 010475167-2, manifiesto mi voluntad y cedo a la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana la titulación sobre los derechos patrimoniales en virtud de que soy autor del trabajo de titulación: “PREVALENCIA DE PARASITOS GASTROINTESTINALES EN AVES CRIOLLAS (Gallus domesticus)”, mismo que ha sido desarrollado para optar por título de: Médico Veterinario Zootecnista, en la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, quedando la Universidad facultada para ejercer plenamente los derechos cedidos anteriormente. En aplicación a lo determinado en la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, en mi condición de autor me reservo los derechos morales de la obra antes citada. En concordancia, suscribimos este documento en el momento que hago entrega final en formato impreso y digital a la Biblioteca de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana. Cuenca, Junio de 2018. C.I.: 010475167-2 3 CERTIFICACIÓN Yo, MAURICIO XAVIER SALAS RUEDA, declaro que bajo mi tutoría fue desarrollado el trabajo de titulación “PREVALENCIA DE PARASITOS GASTROINTESTINALES EN AVES CRIOLLAS (Gallus domesticus)” realizado por el Sr. Pablo Esteban Camposano Tapia, obteniendo el Trabajo Experimental que cumple con todos los requisitos estipulados por la Universidad Politécnica salesiana. Cuenca, Junio de 2018. 4 DECLARATORIA DE RESPONSABILIDAD Yo, PABLO ESTEBAN CAMPOSANO TAPIA, autor del trabajo de titulación “PREVALENCIA DE PARASITOS GASTROINTESTINALES EN AVES CRIOLLAS (Gallus domesticus)”, certifico que el total contenido de este Trabajo Experimental es de mi exclusiva responsabilidad y autoría. Cuenca, Junio de 2018. AUTOR 5 DEDICATORIA. Este trabajo experimental se lo dedico a mi familia ya que fue mi apoyo y soporte durante todo el proceso de estudio. A mi mami Susana Tapia, a mi papá Pablo Camposano y a mis hermanas Paola y Antonia, por su confianza y por la constante colaboración que me brindaron. A mi abuelita Adela Montalván por sus consejos, su confianza y por ser esa persona incondicional para no decaer en ningún momento en mi vida universitaria. ´ A mis amigos y compañeros que siempre estaban ahí para apoyarme, para divertirnos y sobre todo para complementar este experiencia. A mi tutor Ing. Mauricio Salas, por su constante colaboración y por guiarme en todo el proceso investigativo y educativo. 6 AGRADECIMIENTO. Quiero agradecer principalmente a mis padres, a mis hermanas, a mi abuelita y demás familiares, por su constante e incondicional apoyo en mi vida personal y universitaria, a mis profesores académicos: Dr. Patricio Garnica, Ing. Mauricio Salas, Dr. Juan Masache, Dra. Mónica Brito, Ing. Pedro Webster, MVZ. Cristhian Sagbay, por compartir sus conocimientos, ayudándome a crecer y a fortalecerme profesionalmente y personalmente, a la Dra. Mónica Espadero por su gran ayuda y colaboración en la investigación de laboratorio, a mis amigos por estar ahí y darme la mano en cualquier momento y la fuerza para seguir adelante en este proceso. De manera especial a mi profesor tutor Ing. Mauricio Salas, por guiarme y colaborar en la ejecución de este trabajo investigativo, aportando todo su conocimiento para la culminación del estudio. 7 RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar la prevalencia y los factores de riesgo asociados a los parásitos gastrointestinales de las aves de traspatio. La investigación se desarrolló en la parroquia Chicán, en la Ciudad de Paute, Azuay, Ecuador. El procedimiento consistió en tomar muestras de heces frescas de las aves durante las horas de la mañana y llevadas al laboratorio donde se realizaron exámenes coprológicos con la técnica de Flotación y sedimentación, conjunto a esto se realizaron encuestas epidemiológicas a los propietarios en donde se consideraron tres variables; desparasitación, alojamiento y presencia de otros animales. Se analizaron 384 muestras concluyendo con una prevalencia del 97,66% (375/384); presentándose los Coccidios como los de mayor frecuencia con un 74,74% (287/384), seguido de Capillaria spp con el 22,92% (88/384), Ascaridia galli con el 14,32% (55/384), Heterakis gallinarum con el 10,42% (40/384), Strongyloides spp con el 7,29% (28/384), Hymenolepis spp con el 3,13% (12/384), Echinostomun revolutun con el 2,08% (8/384), Choannotaenia infundibulum con el 1,04% (4/384). Para el cálculo del riesgo se obtuvo para la variable desparasitación un OR de 0,1458, mientras que para el cálculo de la variable presencia de otros animales se obtuvo un OR de 0,2707, finalmente para el cálculo de alojamiento se obtuvo un OR de 1.6667. 8 ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to show the prevalence and risk factors associated with gastrointestinal parasites of backyard poultry. The research was developed in Chican town, in the City of Paute, Azuay, Ecuador. The procedure consisted of taking samples of fresh feces of the backyard poultry during the morning hours and taken to the laboratory where they were carried out test examinations with the technique of flotation and sedimentation, together with epidemiological surveys were conducted to the owners where three were considered. variables; deworming, housing and the presence of other animals. We analyzed 384 samples concluding with a prevalence of 97,66% (375/384); Coccidia were presented as the most frequent with 74,74% (287/384), followed by Capillaria spp with 22,92% (88/384), Ascaridia galli with 14,32% (55/384), Heterakis gallinarum with 10,42% (40/384), Strongyloides spp with 7,29% (28/384), Hymenolepis spp with 3,13% (12/384), Echinostomun revolutun with 2,08% (8/384), Choannotaenia infundibulum with 1,04% (4/384). To calculate the risk, an OR of 0,14458 was obtained for the deworming variable, while for the calculation of the presence variable of other animals an OR of 0,2707 was obtained, finally for the housing calculation an OR of 1,6667 was obtained. 9 INDICE GENERAL I. CUERPO DEL TRABAJO ACADÉMICO.………………………………….…………19 1.1. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................ 19 1.2. PROBLEMA ................................................................................................................. 21 1.3. DELIMITACIÓN .......................................................................................................... 22 1.3.1. Temporal. ................................................................................................................ 22 1.3.2. Espacial. .................................................................................................................. 22 1.3.3. Académica. ............................................................................................................. 22 1.4. EXPLICACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA ............................................................................. 23 1.5. OBJETIVOS.................................................................................................................. 24 1.5.1. Objetivo General: ................................................................................................... 24 1.5.2. Objetivos Específicos: ............................................................................................ 24 1.6. HIPÓTESIS ................................................................................................................... 24 1.6.1. Hipótesis alternativa. .............................................................................................. 24 1.6.2. Hipótesis nula. ........................................................................................................ 24 1.7. FUNDAMENTACIÓN TEÓRICA ............................................................................... 25 II. REVISIÓN Y ANÁLISIS BIBLIOGRÁFICO Y DOCUMENTAL………………….26 2.1. AVES CRIOLLAS ........................................................................................................ 26 2.1.1. Taxonomía y Generalidades. ................................................................................. 26 2.2. PARASITISMO ............................................................................................................ 27 2.3. PARÁSITOS GASTROINTESTINALES .................................................................... 28 2.3.1. Clase Nematodos. ................................................................................................... 28 2.3.1.1. Heterakis gallinarum. ....................................................................................... 28 2.3.1.1.1. Etiología. ................................................................................................... 28 2.3.1.1.2. Taxonomía. ................................................................................................ 29 2.3.1.1.3. Generalidades. ........................................................................................... 29 2.3.1.1.4. Ciclo Biológico. ........................................................................................ 30 2.3.1.1.5. Patogénesis. ..............................................................................................
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