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KSU - COLT’s RAIT King Saud University Research Articles In Interpretation and Translation @reemysn_art Issue 7 - Spring 2017 TO OUR DEAR READERS... RAIT is a compilation of research articles in the fields of translation and interpretation. All the articles presented in this magazine are written by a new generation of researchers; students enrolled in "Research Methodology" offered at the College of Languages & Translation, KSU. My deep gratitude to Dr. Najia and Dr. Reem for their continued support in such endeavors. Happy reading! ~ Dina Al-Sibai, Course Instructor 2 3 Business Name Translation of Collocations: Skills and Difficulties By Amjad Abdullah Al-Moraya Collocations in general mean putting things side by side. It is the same as in the linguistic field that collocations are a combination of words that are often used together, in a way that sound correct to native speaker .According to Fernán- dez, Prahlad, Rubtsova, and Sabitov, 2009, "a collocation is an expression consisting of two or more words that correspond to some conventional way of saying things. The words together can mean more than their sum of parts" (p. 2). In fact, translation of collocations is very important, but it has some difficulties. Collocations in English usually come as word pairs, but it can also take other elements, e.g., run out of sth the whole phrase will be considered as a collocation not just run out. However, collocation should be learned as single block or piece. Therefore, it will be memorized and remembered by the mind effectively. Collocations learning helps non-native speakers to speak and write fluently. In addition, it will help us to express ourselves in various ways (Altuwairesh, 2016; "Collocations," n.d.; Nesselhauf, 2005). According to Fernández, Prahlad, Rubtsova, and Sabitov, 2009, "A phrase is compositional if the meaning can be pre- dicted from the meaning of the parts (e.g.: new products). It is non-compositional if the meaning cannot be predicted from the parts (e.g.: hot dog, desktop publishing, soft skills)" (p. 2). Therefore, when it comes to the way we translate the collocation, usu- ally it cannot be translated word for word to the target language TL. The translator needs to know the meaning in both languages. Some can be translated literally and the others cannot. They also point out that idioms are observable examples of the non- compositional phrase. There are two ways to check the meaning of the collocations. The first way is to look up the meaning in the dictionary, as there is a specialized dictionary for the collocations, for example, the Oxford Collocations Dictionary. The other way is look up the meaning by using the corpus: "the International Corpus of Arabic and the Leeds Arabic Corpus offer concordance searches, which are, as we seen, very useful for collocations" (Newman & Husni, 2015, p. 178). More examples on the difference in translation of collocations between Arabic and English is seen in the verb "catch" in يصاب بالبرد/ يلحق بالباص/ ,English, when it collocates with other words such as, catch a cold, catch the bus, catch a fish. In Arabic in Arabic, when itضرب "It is clear that in Arabic it was translated using different verbs. And vice versa, the verb "hitيصطاد سمكة.. 4 In English, Zaidhit Omar/ Aضرب زيد عمر/ ضرب المدينة إعصار/ ضرب المعلم عدة أمثلة. ,collocates with other words such as hurricane struck the city/ The teacher provided many examples. As you can see above, the same verb in Arabic was translated using different verbs in English: "The meaning of collocate depends on the word that is associates with" (Izwaini, 2016, p. 310). On the whole, we need to pay attention to the words that combine with each, and we cannot put alternative words as we like. For instance, run the risk of we cannot use other words such as, run the dangerof or run the peril of, it is not possible or unusual (Nesselhauf, 2005). Just as, the word blonde is synonymous with fair, light, and bleach. However, it is right to say blonde hair, but you cannot say light hair. on the other hand, it is not correct to use blonde with door (Fernández, Prahlad, Rubtsova, & Sabitov, 2009). For this purpose, we should deal with the translation of collocations very carefully to avoid misunderstanding and mistranslation. References Altuwairesh, N. S. (2016). Teaching collocations in EFL classroom. Arab World English Journal, 7(4), 13-30. Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com Collocations. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/collocations.htm Fernández, R. F., Prahlad, S. R., Rubtsova, E., & Sabitov, O. (2009). Collocations in the vocabulary English teaching as a for- eign language. ACIMED, 19(6), 1-5. Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer Izwaini, S. (2016). The translation of Arabic lexical collocations. Translation & Interpreting Studies: The Journal of the Ameri- can Translation & Interpreting Studies Association, 11(2), 306-328. doi:10.1075/tis.11.2.09izw Nesselhauf, N. (2005). Collocations in a learner corpus. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.sa/books Newman, D. L., & Husni, R. (2015). Arabic-English-Arabic-English translation: Issues and strategies. Retrieved from https:// books.google.com.sa/books 5 Business Name Machine Translation Problems By Bushra Ahmad alkhualaif MT is an abbreviation used to refer to Machine translation, which is the most common computer-assisted translation method. It is based on computer software system that can do the process of translating texts from one language to another. How- ever, this translation method is sometimes not logical nor accurate to the context and has to be revised many times before assign- ing it. Also, human translation has similar problems as MT in translating; therefore, it is challenging as they stressed that "Human and machine translation each have their share of challenges" (Dhopavkar, Kshirsagar, & Malik, 2015). Therefore, MT has to be interfered by human translators to avoid its common linguistic, morphological, and syntax problems, while and after translating. According to Eydne (2015),"A good translation is one which conforms to the rules and idioms of the target language, while at the same time preserving – as much as possible – the meaning of the original" (p. 1).In other words, to have a perfect translation, it is necessary to follow the rules of the target language as well as maintain the original meaning at the same time. However, there are three knowledge types; monolingual, bilingual and linguistic which are considered to be the main issues for MT. Therefore, not having these important types of knowledge which usually humans can have, MT may not always give us a very good translation without human interference. In 2014, Shi, Ishida, and Lin emphasized that resolving the MT errors is an important step for the progression of machine translation. They stressed that, "In MT-mediated communication, translation errors lead to miscommunication" (p. 166). Hence, errors of machine translation may affect so many levels of communication, which will result in a weak or ambiguities communi- cation, for example, at the phrase, sentence and dialog level. Gobboreported that "the adaptivity feature of machine translation systems often requires human agents: what is difficult for machines is often trivial for humans" (p. 269). This explains that sometimes machine translation systems may need human help to adapt common errors in translating, as it is very easy for human translators to make the system translate properly. It was added that through persistent connection with the people using usage-based machine translation systems, it will help in the adap- tivity feature of MT (2015). 6 It is not an easy task to find out the appropriate ways which will let machine translationsystems produce a perfect and error-free translation: "It is very challenging to discover ways how machine translation can produce acceptable/publishable quality of translations" (p. 127). Therefore, human revision of one individual translation is necessary when using translation machine to avoid errors that might disturb the translation semantically and morphologically (Dhopavkar, Kshirsagar, & Malik, 2015). According to (Tanaka & Nagao, 1989), MT systems could produce many errors which may result in a weak transla- tion, that is even when men and machines are working together in a closely coupled system, errors would occur. However, humans can recognize most small errors easily and having them will not increase further errors: "In a closely coupled system, a small error that is recognized by a human member of the team does not give rise to further errors" (p. 194). Moreover, MT systems are different in use, so now the best commonand reliable used system is the rule-based and the statistical approach: “Nowadays, the most widely used MT systems (Hybrid) use the rule-based and the statistical approach" (Okpor, 2014, para. 3). References Dhopavkar, G., Kshirsagar, M., & Malik, L. (2015). Issues in automatic machine translation of natural language text. International Journal of Mind, Brain & Cognition, 6(1/2). Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com. Eydne, F. V. (2015). Linguistic issues in machine translation. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.sa/books?. Gobbo, F. (2015). Machine translation as a complex system, and the phenomenon of Esperanto. Interdisciplinary Description of Complex System, 13(2). Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ ehost/. Okpor, M. D. (2014). Machine translation approaches: Issues and challenges. International Journal of Computer Science Is- sues (IJCSI), 11(5), 159-165. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1617937023?accountid=142908 Shi, C., Ishida, T., & Lin, D. (2014). Translation agent: A new metaphor for machine translation. New Generation Compu- ting, 32(2). Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com Tanaka, H., & Nagao, M. (1989). Machine translation summit. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.sa/books? 7 Business Name English to Arabic Translation: Metaphors By Raghad A.
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  • Paper and Watermarks As Bibliographical Evidence

    Paper and Watermarks As Bibliographical Evidence

    NEIL HARRIS Paper and Watermarks as Bibliographical Evidence Lyon 2017 Princess Fiona: You didn’t slay the dragon? Shrek: It’s on my “To do” list. Shrek (2001) The present second edition of Paper and Watermarks as Bibliographical Evidence, issued as a pdf. monograph for the benefit of readers who prefer books in a more traditional form, is identical, except for some distinctions in layout, to that published on line on the website of the Institut d’histoire du livre in Lyon in February 2017. Webmaster: dr. Sheza Moledina, Bibliothèque municipale de Lyon. ISBN 9782956042716 © Neil Harris 2010 and 2017. Proem This text is a bibliographical guide to texts and images relating to the history of paper and papermaking, mainly comprising the hand-papermaking period. Mechanical papermaking, beginning with the invention of the Foudrinier machine at the beginning of the Nineteenth century is briefly, but not exhaustively, treated. Its original purpose was to be included in the workbook of the eponymous course delivered at the École of the Institut d’histoire du livre in Lyon in 2009, and again in 2010, after which a “first edition” was published on the site of the IHL in the latter year. In its conception and execution, it was intended as a sister, or possibly daughter, text to the older, and much more respectable: Analytical Bibliography. An Alternative Prospectus, written to accompany the IHL course on material bibliography and first published on their site in 2002, with revised versions in 2004 and 2006. For all practical purposes, it shares the purpose of the earlier work in being intended for a readership of bibliographers, and possibly even book historians, or anyone seeking ways of obtaining evidence from paper.