Maxims in Kant's Moral Philosophy
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Business Ethics: the Case for Operating with Integrity
BUSINESS ETHICS: THE CASE FOR OPERATING WITH INTEGRITY help.ebsco.com Business Ethics: The Case for Operating with Integrity WHAT ARE BUSINESS ETHICS? “Business ethics” is a broad term that defines “good” versus “bad” behavior in business. More specifically, the phrase encompasses policies and practices regarding controversial issues such as corporate governance, insider trading, bribery, discrimination, corporate social responsibility and fiduciary responsibilities (“Business Ethics,” 2016). Although many of these topics are governed by law, some can be overseen by individual corporations. “Managing ethics is an integral part of any successful business operation and major decisions that affect the company’s bottom line always involve ethics” (Collins, 2011). When it’s time to make a hard decision, ethics will guide you. When it’s time to make a hard decision, ethics will guide you. THE WORTHINESS ERA Today, consumers are showing a preference towards companies that treat their employees, customers and communities fairly. They are demanding that companies show increased responsibility to others and to the planet. The rise in demand for products produced by ethically sound businesses is being referred to as the “Worthiness Era,” a term coined in the book “Good Company.” There are many reasons for the public’s concern for ethical companies, including “increased trade globalization, consumers who want holistic experiences, greater public concern for economic security, worries about environmental issues and climate change, more stringent regulations, shareholder activism, and workplace democracy” (Bassie, 2011). To succeed in the Worthiness Era, organizations must consider the factors at play. According to the book “7 Lenses” by Linda Fisher Thorton, there are six key trends that will shape the future of business ethics: 1. -
Philosophers' Brief
CAPITAL CASE No. 18-6135 In the Supreme Court of the United States ________________ JAMES K. KAHLER, Petitioner, v. STATE OF KANSAS, Respondent. ________________ On Writ of Certiorari to the Supreme Court of Kansas ________________ Brief of Philosophy Professors as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioner ________________ EUGENE R. FIDELL (Counsel of Record) Feldesman Tucker Leifer Fidell LLP 1129 20th St., N.W., 4th Fl. Washington, DC 20036 (202) 256-8675 [email protected] Counsel for Amici Curiae QUESTION PRESENTED Do the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments per- mit a State to abolish the insanity defense? i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Interest of the Amici ................................................. 1 Summary of Argument ............................................. 1 Argument .................................................................. 2 I. THE MENTAL STATE ELEMENTS OF CRIMES ARE INSUFFICIENT FOR RESPONSIBILITY .............................. 2 II. SANITY IS NECESSARY FOR RESPONS- IBILITY AND SO ESSENTIAL TO BOTH THE DETERRENT AND RETRIBUTIVE AIMS OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT ........ 6 III.PRINCIPLES OF TOLERATION DO NOT SUPPORT DEFERENCE TO STATES THAT CHOOSE TO PUNISH THE MENTALLY ILL ......................................... 12 Conclusion ............................................................... 14 Appendix (List of Amici Curiae) ............................. 1a iii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Cases: Durham v. United States, 214 F.2d 862 (D.C. Cir. 1954) .................................................... 14 Ford v. Wainwright, -
Aristotle's Anticommunism Author(S): Darrell Dobbs Source: American Journal of Political Science, Vol
Aristotle's Anticommunism Author(s): Darrell Dobbs Source: American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Feb., 1985), pp. 29-46 Published by: Midwest Political Science Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2111210 Accessed: 10/12/2010 23:50 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=mpsa. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Midwest Political Science Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Journal of Political Science. http://www.jstor.org Aristotle'sAnticommunism DarrellDobbs, Universityof Houston This essayexamines Aristotle's critical review of Plato's Republic,the focus of whichreview is restricted,surprisingly, to Socrates'communistic political institutions; Aristotle hardly men- tionsany of theother important themes developed in thedialogue. -
The Quality of Being Honest and Having Strong Moral Principles
The quality of being honest and having strong moral principles. Volkswagen Group of America We value integrity, and it is our responsibility to model these behaviors . Our culture is the sum of each action taken by each individual and we all have the power to positively or negatively impact the relationships, reputation, and overall performance of this company. What does integrity look like? Courage over comfort Firm adherence to a code of especially moral value Practicing values rather than professing them Being incorruptible What can employees do to contribute to a culture of integrity? Share credit when things go well Treat all shared information as private Hold yourself accountable, refrain from Institute programs that encourage idea-sharing shifting blame and collaboration Recognize and reward those who behave Uphold standards in spite of consequences with integrity Treat all colleagues with respect Create a culture free from retaliation Actively listen to all employees, seek to reach Have a true open door policy understanding If we are all successful in our efforts, here are the proven outcomes we can expect: Increased trust in Profitability that Decreased financial and Increased desirability as products, people, and consistently legal risks employer for top talent processes outperforms the market Strengthening integrity starts with the truth. It means that we accept the truth about ourselves and that we tell the truth to others. Mutual honesty leads to widespread integrity. We expect everyone at VWGoA to be an ambassador of integrity. We want to create an environment where we apply our values throughout our work, are vigilant in identifying potential issues, and confident about speaking up in all situations. -
5. What Matters Is the Motive / Immanuel Kant
This excerpt is from Michael J. Sandel, Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do?, pp. 103-116, by permission of the publisher. 5. WHAT MATTERS IS THE MOTIVE / IMMANUEL KANT If you believe in universal human rights, you are probably not a utili- tarian. If all human beings are worthy of respect, regardless of who they are or where they live, then it’s wrong to treat them as mere in- struments of the collective happiness. (Recall the story of the mal- nourished child languishing in the cellar for the sake of the “city of happiness.”) You might defend human rights on the grounds that respecting them will maximize utility in the long run. In that case, however, your reason for respecting rights is not to respect the person who holds them but to make things better for everyone. It is one thing to con- demn the scenario of the su! ering child because it reduces overall util- ity, and something else to condemn it as an intrinsic moral wrong, an injustice to the child. If rights don’t rest on utility, what is their moral basis? Libertarians o! er a possible answer: Persons should not be used merely as means to the welfare of others, because doing so violates the fundamental right of self-ownership. My life, labor, and person belong to me and me alone. They are not at the disposal of the society as a whole. As we have seen, however, the idea of self-ownership, consistently applied, has implications that only an ardent libertarian can love—an unfettered market without a safety net for those who fall behind; a 104 JUSTICE minimal state that rules out most mea sures to ease inequality and pro- mote the common good; and a celebration of consent so complete that it permits self-in" icted a! ronts to human dignity such as consensual cannibalism or selling oneself into slav ery. -
Conversational Maxim View of Politeness: Focus on Politeness Implicatures Raised in Performing Persian Offers and Invitations
ISSN 1799-2591 Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 52-58, January 2016 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0601.07 Conversational Maxim View of Politeness: Focus on Politeness Implicatures Raised in Performing Persian Offers and Invitations Mojde Yaqubi Malay Language, Translation and Interpreting Section, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia Karwan Mustafa Saeed School of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia Mahta Khaksari Islamic Azad University, Baft Branch, Baft, Iran Abstract—This study reviewed the criticisms against Brown and Levinson’s (1987) claim about necessity of violation of cooperative principles (CP) in giving rise to politeness implicatures. To support these critiques, evidences from Persian offers and invitations were provided from the texts of 10 Iranian movies. As no alternative framework for analysing the content of these implicatures has been proposed so far, the researchers adopted two politeness principles namely ‘tact’ and ‘generosity’ maxims as well as the cost-benefit and directness-indirectness scales proposed by Leech (1983) to fill this gap in the area of Persian pragmatics. The results of this study showed that both generosity and tact maxims are the main reasons behind both direct and indirect offers and invitations. Besides, the results showed that cost-benefit scale can explain the politeness implicatures raised in performing these speech acts better than directness-indirectness scale. Index Terms—politeness implicature, offer, invitation Cooperative Principles (CP), Politeness Principles (PP), Brown and Levinson’s theory, Leech’s theory I. BACKGROUND OF STUDY Since the speech act theory has been postulated by Austin (1962) and refined by Searle (1969), it has been used in wider context in linguistics for the purpose of explaining the language use. -
Recovery from Disorders of Consciousness: Mechanisms, Prognosis and Emerging Therapies
REVIEWS Recovery from disorders of consciousness: mechanisms, prognosis and emerging therapies Brian L. Edlow 1,2, Jan Claassen3, Nicholas D. Schiff4 and David M. Greer 5 ✉ Abstract | Substantial progress has been made over the past two decades in detecting, predicting and promoting recovery of consciousness in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) caused by severe brain injuries. Advanced neuroimaging and electrophysiological techniques have revealed new insights into the biological mechanisms underlying recovery of consciousness and have enabled the identification of preserved brain networks in patients who seem unresponsive, thus raising hope for more accurate diagnosis and prognosis. Emerging evidence suggests that covert consciousness, or cognitive motor dissociation (CMD), is present in up to 15–20% of patients with DoC and that detection of CMD in the intensive care unit can predict functional recovery at 1 year post injury. Although fundamental questions remain about which patients with DoC have the potential for recovery, novel pharmacological and electrophysiological therapies have shown the potential to reactivate injured neural networks and promote re-emergence of consciousness. In this Review, we focus on mechanisms of recovery from DoC in the acute and subacute-to-chronic stages, and we discuss recent progress in detecting and predicting recovery of consciousness. We also describe the developments in pharmacological and electro- physiological therapies that are creating new opportunities to improve the lives of patients with DoC. Disorders of consciousness (DoC) are characterized In this Review, we discuss mechanisms of recovery by alterations in arousal and/or awareness, and com- from DoC and prognostication of outcome, as well as 1Center for Neurotechnology mon causes of DoC include cardiac arrest, traumatic emerging treatments for patients along the entire tempo- and Neurorecovery, brain injury (TBI), intracerebral haemorrhage and ral continuum of DoC. -
Front Matter
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51525-2 - Perfecting Virtue: New Essays on Kantian Ethics and Virtue Ethics Edited by Lawrence Jost and Julian Wuerth Frontmatter More information PERFECTING VIRTUE In Western philosophy today, the three leading approaches to normative ethics are those of Kantian ethics, virtue ethics, and utilitarianism. In recent years the debate between Kantian ethicists and virtue ethicists has assumed an especially prominent position. The twelve newly commissioned essays in this volume, by leading scholars in both traditions, explore key aspects of each approach as related to the debate, and identify new common ground but also real and lasting differences between these approaches. The volume provides a rich overview of the continuing debate between two powerful forms of enquiry, and will be valuable for a wide range of students and scholars working in these fields. l aw r ence jost is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Cincinnati. He is the co-editor of Eudaimonia and Well-Being (2003). juli a n w uert h is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Vanderbilt University. He is the author of Kant on Mind, Action, and Ethics (2011). © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51525-2 - Perfecting Virtue: New Essays on Kantian Ethics and Virtue Ethics Edited by Lawrence Jost and Julian Wuerth Frontmatter More information PERFECTING VIRTUE New Essays on Kantian Ethics and Virtue Ethics edited by LAWRENCE JOST University of Cincinnati JULIAN WUERTH Vanderbilt -
Structural Changes in Brains of Patients with Disorders Of
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Structural changes in brains of patients with disorders of consciousness treated with deep brain stimulation Marina Raguž1,2*, Nina Predrijevac1, Domagoj Dlaka1, Darko Orešković1,2, Ante Rotim3, Dominik Romić1, Fadi Almahariq1,2, Petar Marčinković1, Vedran Deletis4, Ivica Kostović2 & Darko Chudy1,2,5 Disorders of consciousness (DOC) are one of the major consequences after anoxic or traumatic brain injury. So far, several studies have described the regaining of consciousness in DOC patients using deep brain stimulation (DBS). However, these studies often lack detailed data on the structural and functional cerebral changes after such treatment. The aim of this study was to conduct a volumetric analysis of specifc cortical and subcortical structures to determine the impact of DBS after functional recovery of DOC patients. Five DOC patients underwent unilateral DBS electrode implantation into the centromedian parafascicular complex of the thalamic intralaminar nuclei. Consciousness recovery was confrmed using the Rappaport Disability Rating and the Coma/Near Coma scale. Brain MRI volumetric measurements were done prior to the procedure, then approximately a year after, and fnally 7 years after the implementation of the electrode. The volumetric analysis included changes in regional cortical volumes and thickness, as well as in subcortical structures. Limbic cortices (parahippocampal and cingulate gyrus) and paralimbic cortices (insula) regions showed a signifcant volume increase and presented a trend of regional cortical thickness increase 1 and 7 years after DBS. The volumes of related subcortical structures, namely the caudate, the hippocampus as well as the amygdala, were signifcantly increased 1 and 7 years after DBS, while the putamen and nucleus accumbens presented with volume increase. -
Compassion and Sympathy As Moral Motivation Moral Philosophy Has Long Taken an Interest in the Emotions
Compassion and Sympathy as Moral Motivation Moral philosophy has long taken an interest in the emotions. Ever since Plato’s defense of the primacy of reason as a source of motiva- tion, moral philosophers have debated the proper role of emotion in the character of a good person and in the choice of individual actions. There are striking contrasts that can be drawn among the main tradi- tions in moral philosophy as to the role they assign to the emotions, and to the particular emotions that they evaluate positively and nega- tively. Here are some examples. Utilitarianism is often presented as a the- ory which simply articulates an ideal of sympathy, where the morally right action is the one that would be favored by someone who is equally sympathetic to the pleasure and pains of all sentient beings. And, on another level, utilitarianism tends to evaluate highly actions motivated by sympathy and compassion, and to evaluate negatively actions motivated by malice and spite. Kantianism (or deontology, as it is often called) has a completely different structure and, conse- quently, a different attitude towards the emotions. It conceives of morality as the self-imposed laws of rational agents, and no emotion is thought to be involved in the generation of these laws. It is true that Kant himself does find a special role for the emotion—if that is the right word—of respect for rational agents and for the laws they impose on themselves. But Kant seems to regard respect as a sort of effect within us of our own inscrutable moral freedom, and not as the source of moral legislation. -
A Kantian Defense of Self-Ownership*
The Journal of Political Philosophy: Volume 12, Number 1, 2004, pp. 65–78 A Kantian Defense of Self-Ownership* Robert S. Taylor Political Science, Stanford University I. INTRODUCTION HE name of Immanuel Kant has been repeatedly invoked in the Tcontemporary debate over the concept of self-ownership. Robert Nozick, in Anarchy, State, and Utopia, argued that the rights of self-ownership “reflect the underlying Kantian principle that individuals are ends and not merely means; they may not be sacrificed or used for the achieving of other ends without their consent. Individuals are inviolable.”1 G. A. Cohen, on the other hand, has strongly criticized Nozick’s use of Kant and has suggested that Kantian moral principles, properly understood, may be inconsistent with self-ownership.2 Daniel Attas and George Brenkert have also taken Nozick to task, arguing that to treat ourselves as property is inconsistent with our duty to respect humanity in ourselves.3 Nozick’s use of Kant in Anarchy, State, and Utopia is rather impressionistic: he makes only a few scattered references to Kant and the 2nd (End-in-Itself) Formulation of the Categorical Imperative, and nowhere does he offer a full, detailed Kantian defense of either self-ownership or any other part of his theory.4 This observation, when considered in light of the strong and often persuasive criticisms that have been leveled against his position by Cohen and others, prompts the following question: is a Kantian defense of self-ownership even possible? This paper will attempt to show that such a defense is possible, not only by investigating Kant’s views on self-ownership as found in two of his major works on ethics and political theory, the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of *I am grateful to Chris Kutz, Shannon Stimson, Eric Schickler, Carla Yumatle, James Harney, Sharon Stanley, Robert Adcock, Jimmy Klausen, and three anonymous referees for their helpful comments and suggestions. -
An Introduction to Philosophy
An Introduction to Philosophy W. Russ Payne Bellevue College Copyright (cc by nc 4.0) 2015 W. Russ Payne Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document with attribution under the terms of Creative Commons: Attribution Noncommercial 4.0 International or any later version of this license. A copy of the license is found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ 1 Contents Introduction ………………………………………………. 3 Chapter 1: What Philosophy Is ………………………….. 5 Chapter 2: How to do Philosophy ………………….……. 11 Chapter 3: Ancient Philosophy ………………….………. 23 Chapter 4: Rationalism ………….………………….……. 38 Chapter 5: Empiricism …………………………………… 50 Chapter 6: Philosophy of Science ………………….…..… 58 Chapter 7: Philosophy of Mind …………………….……. 72 Chapter 8: Love and Happiness …………………….……. 79 Chapter 9: Meta Ethics …………………………………… 94 Chapter 10: Right Action ……………………...…………. 108 Chapter 11: Social Justice …………………………...…… 120 2 Introduction The goal of this text is to present philosophy to newcomers as a living discipline with historical roots. While a few early chapters are historically organized, my goal in the historical chapters is to trace a developmental progression of thought that introduces basic philosophical methods and frames issues that remain relevant today. Later chapters are topically organized. These include philosophy of science and philosophy of mind, areas where philosophy has shown dramatic recent progress. This text concludes with four chapters on ethics, broadly construed. I cover traditional theories of right action in the third of these. Students are first invited first to think about what is good for themselves and their relationships in a chapter of love and happiness. Next a few meta-ethical issues are considered; namely, whether they are moral truths and if so what makes them so.