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Herstory III: Profiles of a Further Eight Ulster-Scots Women Herstory III: Profiles of a Further Eight Ulster-Scots Women 3

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Herstory III: Profiles of a Further Eight Ulster-Scots Women Herstory III: Profiles of a Further Eight Ulster-Scots Women 3 Herstory III profiles of a further eight Ulster-Scots women 2 Herstory III: profiles of a further eight Ulster-Scots Women Herstory III: profiles of a further eight Ulster-Scots Women 3 Introduction Although women make up more than 50% of the population in ‘Herstory’, a term adopted over forty years ago by feminist most countries and societies, ‘Herstory’ (or women’s history) critics of conventionally written history, is history written from has been very much neglected until very recently. This is a feminist perspective, emphasizing the role of women, or told partially because throughout human history women have tended from a woman’s point of view. The Oxford English Dictionary to play a subordinate role to their fathers, husbands, brothers credits Robin Morgan with coining the term in her book entitled and sons. Sisterhood is Powerful (1970). In the past women’s lives and the opportunities available to them The word is arrived at by changing the initial his in history to her, were greatly restricted. In Ulster, apart from those fortunate as if history were derived from ‘his + story’. Actually the word enough to be born into (or to marry into) the aristocracy and the history was coined by Herodotus, ‘the father of history’, and is upper middle classes, most women’s lives would have revolved derived from the ancient Greek word, ίστορία (historía), meaning around childbearing and childrearing and, of course, the drudgery ‘inquiry or knowledge acquired by investigation’. In Homer’s of housework. Economically, rural women would have combined writings, a histor is one who reports, having made a thorough these roles with working in agriculture whereas their urban investigation of the facts. The word has absolutely nothing to do counterparts would most likely have been engaged in textile with the male possessive pronoun. production. However, domestic service, shop work, office work, This publication aspires to examine the lives of eight interesting nursing and teaching would have also provided employment for and significant Ulster-Scots women and their role in history. The considerable numbers of women. range and diversity of their activities and passions are striking. Comparatively few women until very recent times would have By definition, the lives of these women are far from typical. They had access to anything we might equate with a decent education are quite exceptional women. or the professions such as law, medicine, accountancy or academia. Apart from a few high-profile individuals, women’s involvement in politics and in public life was very modest until the second half of the twentieth century. 4 Herstory III: profiles of a further eight Ulster-Scots Women Herstory III: profiles of a further eight Ulster-Scots Women 5 Elizabeth Bell 1862 - 9 July 1934 Elizabeth Gould Bell was a supporter of the women’s suffrage anything about the incident, she movement and a close friend and ally of Mrs Pankhurst, the simply smiled sweetly. Dr Bell also founder of the Women’ Social and Political Union in 1903 and the took care of suffragettes who had foremost campaigner for women’s suffrage. been subjected to forced feeding The first female medical graduate in Ulster, she qualified in by the prison authorities after 1893 from the Royal University of Ireland (RUI). She was born embarking on hunger strike. in Newry, County Down, and was the daughter of Joseph Bell By far the greater part of her of Spring Hill, Newry, the clerk of the Newry Poor Law Union. career was spent in Belfast where She had a brother and one sister who also qualified in medicine. her patients were mostly women She married Dr Hugh Fisher but her husband died early in the and young children but in the first decade of the marriage, leaving her a widow. Their only son died in France twentieth century she was in Manchester and during the Great during the Great War. War she worked in Malta, where soldiers and sailors wounded in In the years before the Great War, Elizabeth Bell was the eastern Mediterranean were treated. sympathetic towards the suffragette movement. In November Dr Bell was Honorary Physician to the Maternity and Baby Home 1911 she was arrested during protests in London and was sent at The Grove and medical officer to the Belfast Corporation’s to Holloway. The first recorded militant act by the movement in ‘Baby Club’. Belfast took place in 1912 and was an attack on the General Post Noted for her ‘striking personality and intellect’, she lived at Office in Donegall Square in which its windows were smashed. 83 Great Victoria Street, Belfast, before moving to 4 College It is impossible to say with certainty whether Dr Bell was Gardens. responsible or not but when Lilian Metge, a wealthy widow and friend, founder of the Lisburn Suffrage Society and the lady who She died on 9 July 1934. One obituary described her as a ‘pioneer is believed to have been responsible for blowing up the chancel of the feminist movement in Ireland’. of Lisburn Cathedral in August 1914, asked whether she knew 6 Herstory III: profiles of a further eight Ulster-Scots Women Herstory III: profiles of a further eight Ulster-Scots Women 7 Frances Browne 16 January 1816 - 21 August 1879 Frances Browne was struck completely blind In 1841 her first poems were published in the Irish Penny Journal by smallpox when she was eighteen months old and in the London-based Athenaeum. One of those included in the but this affliction did not prevent her becoming Irish Penny Journal was ‘Songs of Our Land’ which is to be found a prolific poet, essayist, novelist and writer in many anthologies of Irish verse. She published two collections of children’s stories. ‘The Blind Poetess of of poems: the first in 1844 and a second in 1847. TheNorthern Donegal’, as she came to be known, was born Whig reprinted many of her poems and through its pages she in Stranorlar in that county. The seventh of became widely known as ‘The Blind Poetess of Ulster’. Her twelve children, Samuel Browne, her father, work also began to appear in the Chambers’s Journal, for which was the town’s postmaster. she continued to write over the next 25 years. At the age of six, she heard a Presbyterian Her literary earnings enabled to pay for the education of a sermon – her family was Presbyterian – which she could younger sister and she in return acted as Frances’s amanuensis. not understand. This experience fuelled her determination to In 1847 she and her sister went to live in Edinburgh, quickly secure an education. In a manner reminiscent of Sarah Leech, establishing herself in literary circles, and writing essays, she developed an insatiable appetite for learning. She received reviews, stories, and poems. Five years later she moved to no regular education but educated herself by listening to her London. There she wrote three three-volume novels: My Share brothers and sister reading their lessons aloud and by subjecting of the World (1861), The Castleford Case (1862) and The Hidden adults to interminable questions. She grew up with an excellent Sun (1866). Two comments are applicable to all three works. grasp of English literature and had special affection for the work First, they were set in a wide range of locales which she had of Sir Walter Scott. She then developed a taste for what she never visited and of course could never see. described as ‘the far more wonderful romance of history’. Many Secondly, they are powerful and dramatic. of her poems and stories have allusions to historical events. The She also wrote stories for children. They French Revolution seems to have exerted an especially strong too exhibit a strong sense of place and grip on her imagination, as it might be expected to do because of feeling for landscape. The Eriksons (1852) its close chronological proximity. 8 Herstory III: profiles of a further eight Ulster-Scots Women Herstory III: profiles of a further eight Ulster-Scots Women 9 was set in Norway and recreated Norwegian life in impressive declare bankruptcy. This humiliating setback did not deter her detail. Others were set in the Black Forest in Germany, in the from writing and she continued to do so until the time of her Lincolnshire fens and southern Africa. death. She died of apoplexy and in her will left less than £100 The book for which Frances Browne is remembered is Granny’s and all her belongings to Eliza Hickmann, her faithful servant Wonderful Chair (1857). It is a collection of fairy stories within and companion during the last sixteen years of her life. She was a frame story. Ultimately it was to achieve classic status in buried in Richmond-upon-Thames, Surrey. the late-Victorian era but not unfortunately in her lifetime. Recently there has been increased Frances Hodgson Burnett had read Granny’s Wonderful Chair interest in her life and work. This is as a child and allegedly recounted part of it from memory in evidenced by Patrick Bonar’s The Life her book entitled St Nicholas in 1887. While this could be and Works of Frances Browne (2007), construed as plagiarism (and perhaps it was), the outcome the most detailed biography available to proved was beneficial because Frances Hodgson Burnett’s date, and Raymond Blair’s article in the book led to the rediscovery of Frances Browne’s text which Donegal Annual (2008) entitled ‘Frances as a result was reprinted several times and was translated into Browne and the Legends of Ulster’. various languages, thereby becoming a late-nineteenth-century Blair has also edited an anthology of international bestseller.
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