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Public Policy and Sexual Geography in Portland, Oregon, 1970-2010

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Public Policy and Sexual Geography in Portland, Oregon, 1970-2010 Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses Spring 1-1-2012 Public Policy and Sexual Geography in Portland, Oregon, 1970-2010 Elizabeth Morehead Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, Human Geography Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Morehead, Elizabeth, "Public Policy and Sexual Geography in Portland, Oregon, 1970-2010" (2012). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 205. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.205 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Public Policy and Sexual Geography in Portland, Oregon, 1970-2010 by Elizabeth Mylott Morehead A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Urban Studies Dissertation Committee: Carl Abbott, Chair Sy Adler Tom Harvey Hillary Jenks Martha Works Portland State University 2012 Abstract Drawing on the concept of sexual geography, this study examines the social and political meanings of sexualized spaces in the urban geography of Portland, Oregon between 1970 and 2010. This includes an examination of the sexual geography of urban spaces as a deliberate construct resulting from official and unofficial public policy and urban planning decisions. Sexual geographies, the collective and individual constructions of sexuality, are not static. Nor are definitions of deviant sexual practices fixed in the collective consciousness. Both are continuously being reshaped and reconstructed in response to changing economic structures and beliefs about sex, race and class. Primary documents are used to build a conceptual geography of sexualized spaces in Portland at points between 1970 and 2010 with an emphasis on the policy and urban planning decisions that inform the physical designations and social meanings of sexualized spaces including prostitution zones, pornography districts and gay entertainment areas. i Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincerest thanks to the following people without whom I would not be here today. To Kate Ratcliff at Marlboro College, who introduced me to American Studies and whose guidance put me on this path. To John Pipkin at SUNY Albany who inspired me to expand my academic reach to include human geography. To Carl Abbott who pushed me when I did not have confidence in myself or my work. To Elliot Mylott who was my support during so many presentations. To the Institute of Portland Metropolitan Studies, and in particular Sheila Martin, who provided much needed support during these past years. I would especially like to thank my wonderful husband Grant. Your love, support and the thought of spending my weekends with you instead of my dissertation played no small role in my success. ii Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………….……i Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………..ii List of Tables………………………………………………………………………v List of Figures……………………………………………………………………..vi Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………………………….……………….1 Chapter 2 Constructions of identity and urban space……………………….…….................15 a. Constructing space…………………………………………................15 b. Identity formation…………………………………………….………20 c. Sexualization of marginalized space………………………………….25 d. Gentrification………………………………………............................30 e. Summary……………………………………………………………...35 Chapter 3 Methodology……………………………………………………………………..39 a. Mapping………………………………………………………………41 b. Timelines…………………………………….………………………..42 c. Interviews………………………………… …………………………43 Chapter 4 Portland: Single men, sex and the middle class city………………………….…..47 a. Frontier town………………………………………………………....47 b. Policing females sexuality during the progressive era………………..53 c. Same sex geographies………………………………............................61 d. Portland goes to war……………………………………….……….…63 e. Conclusion………………………………………………….………....71 Chapter 5 Adult entertainment and geography, 1970-1987………………………………....73 a. Changes in regulations affecting adult entertainment..........................78 b. Changing geography of adult entertainment in Portland……………..82 c. Neighborhood associations and resident complain…………………...99 d. Land use and adult entertainment…………………………………...103 e. The Old Town option………………………………………………..122 f. Conclusion……………………………………….…………………..126 iii Chapter 6 Prostitution, land use and neighborhoods, 1980-2010…………………………..135 a. Prostitution, 1980-1995……………………………………….……..138 b. Spatial Strategies…………………………………………………….152 c. Prostitution Free Zones……………………………………………....160 d. Conclusion…………………………….……………………………..177 Chapter 7 Burnside Triangle, 1998-2010………………………………………………..….182 a. Evolution of the Burnside Triangle………….………………………182 b. The BTAG and the West End Planning process………….…………191 c. Burnside Triangle, 2003-2012……………………………..………...201 d. Conclusion……………………….…………………………….…….219 Chapter 8 Conclusion………………………………………………………………..….….233 a. How universal is Portland’s experience?……………………………239 b. How does Portland craft policy?........………………………………243 References………………………………………………………………………250 Appendices A. Interviews………………………………………………….………..266 B. Adult Entertainment, Portland Oregon, 1970-2982…..…………….267 iv List of Tables Table 1 Housing & demographic characteristics of Old Town population, 1950 – 2010..74 Table 2 Stores selling pornography, by location…………………………………….…....94 Table 3 Conforming and nonconforming adult theater and bookstores, 1981…………..116 Table 4 Influence on adult entertainment in Old Town…………………………………128 Table 5 Prostitution Ordinances passed by Portland City Council, 1983-2008…………159 Table 6 Prostitution Arrests, by Neighborhood, October 1, 2007-September 30, 2008....172 Table 7 Influences on the East Prostitution sex market…………………………………180 Table 8 Influences on Burnside Triangle………………………………………….……..220 v List of Figures Figure 1 Timeline of adult entertainment policy …………………………………………...1 Figure 2 Timeline of policy relating to Burnside Triangle………………………….………2 Figure 3 Timeline of policy concerning Prostitution Free Zone………………….…………3 Figure 4 Sexualized Spaces Case Studies……………………………………….…………..4 Figure 5 Adult businesses in Portland, Oregon, 1970……………………………………..85 Figure 6 Adult businesses in Portland, Oregon, 1972……………………………………..86 Figure 7 Adult businesses in Portland, Oregon, 1974……………………………………..87 Figure 8 Adult businesses in Portland, Oregon, 1976……………………………………..88 Figure 9 Adult businesses in Portland, Oregon, 1978……………………………………..89 Figure 10 Adult businesses in Portland, Oregon, 1980……………………………..…..…..90 Figure 11 Adult businesses in Portland, Oregon, 1982……………………………………..91 Figure 12 Adult businesses with a half mile of Portland City Hall, 1974…………………..93 Figure 13 Conforming and nonconforming adult theater and bookstores, 1981…………..117 Figure 14 East Portland Prostitution Free Zone…………………………………………...163 vi Figure 15 Prostitution Arrests, October 1, 2007-September 30, 2008…………….…...….173 Figure 16 Burnside Triangle and surrounding neighborhoods…………………………….190 Figure 17 West End Study Area…………………………………………………………..193 Figure 18 Sexual Minority Businesses in the Burnside Triangle, 2002……………………218 Figure 19 Sexual Minority Businesses in the Burnside Triangle, 2010……………………218 Figure 20 Imageable Districts, 1972 Downtown Plan……………………………………..223 Figure 21 Concept Plan, 1972 Downtown Plan……………………………………………224 Figure 22 Housing, 1972 Downtown Plan…………………………………………………225 vii Chapter 1: Introduction In the early 1970s, Portlanders began to see new types of business open around the city – ones that specialized in adult entertainment. Parents walked young children to school past adult bookstores and massage parlors now operating out of the commercial nodes of their residential neighborhoods. The marquees of the neighborhood theaters that once showed mainstream films were increasingly covered with XXX. Visitors to the city drove past lotion studios and stores selling pornography on the way in from the airport. A concentration of adult businesses opened just blocks from Portland City Hall. Angry residents wrote to the Mayor and City Council, imploring them to step in and close the businesses. Or, if they could not be banned entirely, to segregate them in Old Town. City Hall turned to the City Attorney and Planning Bureau who spent nearly two decades trying to find a solution that would please angry city residents and still be legal under the state constitution. Figure 1: Timeline of adult entertainment policy While city residents and city leaders focused their attention of Old Town, just blocks away the Burnside Triangle was struggling to maintain its role as Portland’s most visible gay entertainment district. For decades the small corner of the city had been the social and political center of the region’s gay community, but faced with redevelopment 1 pressures and the changing needs of a community that now defined itself as queer or GLBTQ rather than gay, the future of the Triangle seemed unsure. Figure 2: Timeline of policy relating to Burnside Triangle As the Burnside Triangle was struggling to maintain its connection with sexual expression, Montavilla was fighting to shed its association. By the 1990s, the mostly residential and solidly middle class neighborhood on the east side of
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