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Media-Sustainability-Index-Europe MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX INDEX SUSTAINABILITY MEDIA 2005 Media Sustainability Index 2005 Copyright © 2005 by IREX www.irex.org/msi/ IREX 2121 K Street NW Suite 700 Washington, DC 20037 e: [email protected] p: 202-628-8188 f: 202-628-8189 www.irex.org MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX 2005 IREX MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX 2005 The Development of Sustainable Independent Media in Europe and Eurasia www.irex.org/msi Copyright © 2005 by IREX IREX 2121 K Street, NW, Suite 700 Washington, DC 20037 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (202) 628-8188 Fax: (202) 628-8189 www.irex.org Project managers: Theo Dolan and Mark Whitehouse Editorial support: IREX/DC staff–Michael Clarke, Theo Dolan, Drusilla Menaker, and Mark Whitehouse Copyeditor: Kelly Kramer, WORDtoWORD Editorial Services Design and layout: Omnistudio Printer: Kirby Lithographics Inc. Notice of Rights: Permission is granted to display, copy, and distribute the MSI in whole or in part, provided that: (a) the materials are used with the acknowledgement “The Media Sustainability Index (MSI) is a product of IREX with funding from USAID”; (b) the MSI is used solely for personal, noncommercial, or informational use; and (c) no modifications of the MSI are made. Acknowledgment: This publication was made possible through support provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under Cooperative Agreement No. DGS-A-00-99-00015-00. Disclaimer: The opinions expressed herein are those of the panelists and other project researchers and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or IREX. ISSN 1546-0878 USAID The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is an independent agency that provides economic, development, and humanitarian assistance around the world in support of the foreign policy goals of the United States. The agency works to support long-term and sustainable economic growth and advances US foreign policy objectives by supporting: • Economic growth, agriculture, and trade • Global health • Democracy, conflict prevention, and humanitarian assistance USAID provides assistance in four regions of the world: • Sub-Saharan Africa • Asia and the Near East • Latin America and the Caribbean • Europe and Eurasia With headquarters in Washington, DC, USAID’s strength is its field offices around the world. They work in close partnership with private voluntary organizations, indigenous organizations, universities, American businesses, international agencies, other governments, and other US government agencies. USAID has working relationships with more than 3,500 American companies and over 300 US-based private voluntary organizations. IREX IREX is an international nonprofit organization providing leadership and innovative programs to improve the quality of education, strengthen independent media, and foster pluralistic civil society development. Founded in 1968, IREX has an annual portfolio of $48 million and a staff of over 500 professionals worldwide. IREX and its partner IREX Europe deliver cross-cutting programs and consulting expertise in more than 50 countries. Introduction ..................................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE Executive Summary .......................................................................................... ix Methodology ...................................................................................................xxi Southeast Europe Albania ............................................................................................................... 3 Bosnia and Herzegovina .................................................................................17 Bulgaria ............................................................................................................ 29 Croatia ............................................................................................................. 41 Kosovo ............................................................................................................. 55 Macedonia ....................................................................................................... 67 Montenegro .................................................................................................... 77 Romania ........................................................................................................... 87 Serbia ............................................................................................................... 99 Caucasus Armenia ......................................................................................................... 113 Azerbaijan ..................................................................................................... 125 Georgia .......................................................................................................... 137 Russia & Western Eurasia Belarus ........................................................................................................... 155 Moldova ......................................................................................................... 169 Russia ............................................................................................................. 183 Ukraine .......................................................................................................... 195 Central Asia Kazakhstan .................................................................................................... 211 Kyrgyzstan ..................................................................................................... 225 Tajikistan ........................................................................................................ 239 Uzbekistan ..................................................................................................... 251 v According to Mark Pomar, President of IREX, “The development of professional independent media is often a long process, but as this year’s MSI clearly shows, those countries that embrace reform in the media sector and welcome the sustained efforts of free-press advocates, media professionals, and international organizations can show dramatic progress.” INTRODUCTION I am pleased to introduce the Media Sustainability Index (MSI) 2005. For the fifth consecutive year, the MSI provides in-depth analysis of the conditions for independent media in 20 countries across Europe and Eurasia. Since it was first conceived in 2000, in cooperation with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the MSI I has evolved into an important benchmark study to assess how media structures change over time and across borders. Policymakers, development specialists, and professionals in developing countries increasingly recognize media as a key element of the development agenda, not only in democracy and governance sectors but also in fields such as health, poverty reduction, economic development, youth, gender, and others. The MSI is designed to assist policymakers and implementers in these and other fields by analyzing the various elements of a media system and pointing to areas where assistance can be most effective in developing a sustainable and professional media system. We are pleased that so many media professionals, aid experts, policymakers, and journalists have found the MSI to be a valuable resource over the past four years. We are particularly proud of the role of media professionals in each of the countries assessed. They provide the study with the inside knowledge and insight that outside evaluators often cannot fully capture. Their presence also serves notice to repressive governments that independent media have a continuing voice. IREX would like to thank all those who contributed to the publication of the Media Sustainability Index 2005. Participants, moderators, and observers for each country, listed after each chapter, provided the primary observations and analysis for this project. At IREX, Michael Clarke, Theo Dolan, Drusilla Menaker, and Mark Whitehouse provided analytical or editorial support to the project. IREX field staff across the region provided either logistical support or participated in panels as members or moderators. Theo Dolan managed the overall implementation of the project. At USAID, Peter Graves and numerous field-based staff have provided important assistance, ranging from comments on the content of the study to assistance with panels, serving in some cases as members or observers. All are essential supporters of independent media and advocates for the MSI as an analytical tool for development professionals. We hope you will find this report useful, and we welcome any feedback. Sincerely, Mark G. Pomar President, IREX vii AVERAGE SCORING FOR ALL OBJECTIVES 3.04 2.82 Croatia 2.83 2.58 2.53 Macedonia 2.32 2.56 2.24 Romania 2.35 2.52 2.56 Bulgaria 2.26 2.50 2.46 Serbia 2.52 2.47 2.42 Montenegro 2.31 2.46 2.36 Kosovo 2.32 2.41 2.52 Bosnia 2.09 2.27 2005 2.02 Albania 2.01 2004 2.23 2.14 Georgia 1.96 2003 COUNTRY 2.22 1.96 Ukraine 1.69 1.90 1.81 Azerbaijan 1.94 1.78 1.74 Kyrgyzstan 1.60 1.65 1.67 Armenia 1.89 1.63 1.71 Russia 1.70 1.58 1.47 Tajikistan 1.22 1.51 1.56 Moldova 1.65 1.39 1.42 Kazakhstan 1.32 0.66 0.79 Belarus 0.93 0.45 0.64 Uzbekistan 0.65 0 UNSUSTAINABLE 1 UNSUSTAINABLE 2 NEAR 3 SUSTAINABLE 4 ANTI-FREE PRESS MIXED SYSTEM SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY eEXECUTIVE SUMMARY he cumulative effect of incremental steps, not dramatic moments, altered the media landscape in Eastern Europe and Eurasia during 2005.
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