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A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/151473 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Representation of a same-sex marriage debate in national and international online media reports: The case of “In the Name of the Family” in Croatia by Ana Kedveš A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Linguistics University of Warwick Centre for Applied Linguistics December 2019 Table of contents Table of contents....................................................................................................... i List of figures ......................................................................................................... vi List of tables ......................................................................................................... viii List of abbreviations ............................................................................................... xi Declaration ............................................................................................................ xii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... xiii Abstract ................................................................................................................ xiv 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1. The rationale for the study and the researcher’s position ............................... 1 1.2. Research objective and research questions ..................................................... 2 1.3. Significance and contribution of the study ..................................................... 3 1.4. The terminology used in the thesis ................................................................. 4 1.5. The organisation of the thesis ........................................................................ 5 2. Building up to the marriage referendum: The background and the context of the study ........................................................................................................................ 7 2.1. Same-sex marriage legislation in Croatia before 2013 .................................... 7 2.2. Direct democracy procedures in Croatia before 2013 ..................................... 9 2.3. The referendum on the constitutional definition of marriage in 2013 ............ 10 3. Same-sex marriage legislation and debates ......................................................... 16 3.1. The Rise of Same-Sex Marriages in Europe: Main trends in the legislative changes .............................................................................................................. 16 3.1.2. The groundwork: Decriminalisation and anti-discrimination.................. 17 3.1.3. Civil partnership or marriage: Equal but different .................................. 18 3.1.4. Parenthood: The final frontier................................................................ 20 3.1.5. Visibility, identity, and further challenges ............................................. 22 3.2. Same-sex rights in Central and Eastern Europe and Western Balkans .......... 23 3.2.1. The Croatian context ............................................................................. 24 3.2.2. The contribution of the current project to the literature .......................... 26 i 4. Theoretical framework: Analysing discourse ...................................................... 27 4.1. Critical Approaches to Applied Linguistics .................................................. 27 4.2. On Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory, method, approach, movement, program? ............................................................................................................ 29 4.2.1. Limitations, value, and future advances ................................................. 30 4.3. Discursive representation of social actors and legitimation of social action .. 31 4.3.1. Representation of social actors in discourse ........................................... 31 4.3.2. The legitimation of social action............................................................ 33 4.4. CDA and the current project ........................................................................ 38 4.5. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 39 5. Methodological framework and research design ................................................. 41 5.1. Corpus approaches to discourse analysis ...................................................... 42 5.1.1. Corpus linguistics. “A discipline, a methodology, a paradigm or none or all of these?” ........................................................................................................ 42 5.1.2. Combining critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics ................. 43 5.1.3. CDA and corpus linguistics in the current project .................................. 44 5.2. Research data............................................................................................... 45 5.2.1. Choosing and/or compiling corpora ....................................................... 45 5.2.2. Choice of data sources for the current project: Media discourse ............. 48 5.2.3. Corpus compilation for the current project............................................. 51 5.3. Key concepts and procedures of studies using corpus approaches to CDA ... 54 5.4. Frequencies, concordances, collocations ...................................................... 54 5.4.1. Word lists .............................................................................................. 55 5.4.2. Concordances and collocations .............................................................. 56 5.4.3. Research procedures in quantitative and qualitative analysis.................. 58 5.5. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 63 6. “Nothing has divided Croatia like this referendum”: Representation of social actors in the marriage referendum debate in the national and international corpus ............ 65 6.1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 65 6.2. Approaching social actors ............................................................................ 66 6.2.1 The verbal processes in the national and international corpus ................. 69 ii 6.2.2. Social actors in the national and international corpus ............................. 71 6.3. Representation of referendum supporters in the national and international corpus ................................................................................................................ 76 6.3.1. Željka Markić ........................................................................................ 76 6.3.2. Citizen initiative “In the Name of the Family” ....................................... 79 6.3.3. The Roman Catholic Church ................................................................. 82 6.3.4. Politicians supporting the referendum initiative ..................................... 85 6.3.5. Summary ............................................................................................... 86 6.4. Representation of the referendum opponents in the national and international corpus ................................................................................................................ 88 6.4.1. LGBT groups and individuals................................................................ 89 6.4.2. Croatian politicians ............................................................................... 92 6.4.3. Other NGOs in Croatia .......................................................................... 95 6.4.4. Foreign actors ....................................................................................... 97 6.4.5. Summary ............................................................................................... 98 6.5. Representation of the other social actors in the national and international corpus ........................................................................................................................... 99 6.5.1. The Croatian people .............................................................................. 99 6.5.2. Institutions and officials ...................................................................... 104 6.5.3. The experts and analysts ...................................................................... 105 6.5.4. Media houses and journalists ............................................................... 106 6.5.5. Celebrities ........................................................................................... 107 6.5.6. Foreign actors ..................................................................................... 108 6.5.7. Summary ............................................................................................. 109 6.6. Discussion and concluding