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Lexical Differences in Madurese Varieties Spoken by People in Kangean Island, Sumenep Regency

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Lexical Differences in Madurese Varieties Spoken by People in Kangean Island, Sumenep Regency Anglicist, Volume 06 No 01 February 2017, 50-55 Lexical Differences in Madurese Varieties Spoken by People in Kangean Island, Sumenep Regency Nur Awaliyah Putri Erlita Rusnaningtias English Department, Universitas Airlangga Abstract One of Madurese varieties spoken in Madura Island is Kangean variety. Kangean variety is spoken by people in Kangean Island, Sumenep Regency. The use of the language or variety in Kangean Island shows that there are differences in the use of lexical items by the people living in different villages in Kangean Island. This study aimed to describe the lexical differences of the variety used in Kangean Island. Four villages were chosen to be the observation points (OP): Duko and Pajanangger in Arjasa Sub-district; and Dandung and Torjek in Kangayan Sub- district. The instrument used in collecting the data consisted of 450 glosses. The data were obtained from interview, note taking, recording and cross-checking. The data were then analyzed by comparing and contrasting the lexical items. The result showed that out of 450 words, there were 137 lexical differences. Furthermore, the different lexical items used in Kangean variety were due to the external factors, such as borrowing words from other languages, such as the varieties used in Bali, Sulawesi, Java, etc. In addition, the findings also indicated that the number of borrowing words is different in different OP and it was related to the history of people who came to Kangean Island and made language contact possible. Keywords: Kangean Variety; Lexical Differences; Regional Dialect 1. Introduction One of the national wealth of Indonesia is its local languages. Indonesia has 33 provinces whose people speak different local languages. Even in one province, there are some regions whose community has more than one local language, for example, Surabaya and Sumenep which are located in East Java Province. People in Surabaya speak in Javanese; whereas, people in Sumenep use Madurese. Furthermore, some local languages also have varieties. One of the local languages which have varieties is Madurese. In this case, the varieties of Madurese refer to dialects. Based on the linguistics aspect, Sofyan, Wibisono, Hendrik cited in Izzak (2012, p. 2) divided Madurese language into four dialects; they are Sumenep dialect, Pamekasan dialect, Bangkalan dialect, and Kangean dialect. In addition, Zainuddin et al cited in Izzak (2012, p. 2) added Pinggir Papas dialect as one of the dialects of Madurese. Bawean dialect is also claimed as the sixth dialect of Madurese (Adiana et al cited in Izzak, 2012, p. 2). Meanwhile, based on sociolinguistics perpective, Madurese is divided into two dialects. Sociolinguistics aspect emerges because of social background, for example the higher class society and lower class society. The two dialects based on sosiolinguistic perspective are Madhura Bara’ (West Madura) which is used by people in Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan, and some border areas between Pamekasan and Sumenep; and Madhura Temor (East Madura) which is used by people in Sumenep and some islands of Sumenep. People in Sumenep tend to use higher variety of Sumenep because there is Sumenep Kingdom in Sumenep Regency. The nearer to kingdom the people live, the more usage of higher variety of Madurese is. Each dialect of Madurese is unique because the dialect also has varieties. One of them is Kangean variety. Kangean variety is spoken by people who live in Kangean Island. Kangean Island belongs to Sumenep Regency and is located in the eastern part of Sumenep across the sea. It takes 9-12 hours by boat to reach Kangean Island from Sumenep Regency. Kangean variety differs in term of the lexical items existing in the villages of Arjasa and Kangayan sub-district, for example, in Arjasa Sub-district, people in Duko call ‘brother’ as [kakaʔ], while people in Pajanangger call ‘brother’ as [daɛŋ]. On the contrary, 50 Lexical Differences in Madurese Varieties Spoken by People in Kangean Island, Sumenep Regency in Kangayan Sub-district, people in Dandung use the term [lot] to refer to ‘sand’, while people in Torjek use the term [bətdʰi]. Figure 1. Map of Arjasa and Kangayan Sub-district There were some assumptions that underlined the phenomenon. The first assumption was Arjasa and Kangayan harbors made language contact possible. There are two different harbors which connect people with outsiders in the two areas. People in Arjasa interact more with outsiders from Sumenep Regency who speak Sumenep dialect. On the other hand, people in Kangayan interact more with outsiders from Sapeken Islands, which is quite near to Kangayan harbor. The outsiders from Sapeken Island speak varieties of Bajo and Mandar languages. Bajo language is the language spoken by people from South Sulawesi; whereas, Mandar language is the language spoken by people from West Sulawesi. The second assumption refers to the distance between the harbor and the village. The distance between the harbors and the villages had increased the frequency of the interaction among people living in the areas (OPs). The interaction frequency of people living in the village which was near to the harbor was different from the interaction frequency of those living in the village which was far from harbor. The last assumption was the history of people in Kangean who came from other regions and which had resulted in language contact among them. The language contact had resulted in borrowing words from other languages. According to Bustami (2003, p.74), people who had come to Kangean Island were from Madura Island, Poday Island, China, Arab, Banjar, Malay, Bawean, Java, Bali, Bugis-Makassar and Mandar. Based on the background, the lexical differences in Madurese varieties spoken by people in Kangean Island, Sumenep Regency, become the main discussion in this study. Trudgill (2004, p. 2) defined dialect as follows Dialect is the particular combination of words, pronunciation, and grammatical forms spoken by people who are from same area and social background and that combination differs from other people from different area and social background. There are two types of dialect as explained by Trudgill (2004, p.2). The first type of dialect is social dialect. It is a dialect that emerges because of particular social background (2004, p.2). As an example, people who work in official government tend to use the higher variety of their dialect, while people who work as farmer tend to use the lower variety of their dialect. The second type of dialect is regional dialect which refers to linguistic differences that accumulate in a particular geographic region (Trudgill, 2004, p.2). As an example, people in Britain use the term flat to refer to rented room; whereas, people in America prefer to use the term apartment. However, the focus of this study was on regional dialect because the phenomenon of linguistic differences in this study was found in different regions. In this study, the linguistic differences refer to lexical differences. Lexical differences refer to contrast in the words used by different speakers to characterize the same object ore action (Chamber & Trudgill, 2004, p. 54). To determine whether the word belongs to different word or not, it should be analyzed from the root (Mahsun, 2005, p. 122). It means that the root should be different. To illustrate, in Sumenep variety, some people in western part of Sumenep call ‘morning’ as [gʰʊlakgʰʊ], and others in eastern part of Sumenep call it as [lakgʰʊ]. They are considered as the same word because the first word is added by affix -gʰʊ. The language and dialect contact can emerge not only because of the outsiders but also because of the geographical reason where such area is located near other area whose people speak different language or 51 Anglicist Volume 06 No 01 (February 2017) | Nur Awaliyah Putri; Erlita Rusnaningtias dialect. It is in line with the ‘wave theory’. According to Campbell (1998, p. 189), changes due to contact among languages and dialects are spread from the central area to the spreading area like a wave. It is like a stone which is thrown into water and it results in waves. It will not stop in dialect border but it will continue to language border. The area which is located nearer to the central area of the spreading shows higher number of similarity. Furthermore, if there is more than one central area of the spreading, it will result in transition area. Then, transition area shows the borrowing features which also show the existence of contact. In addition, the number of borrowing features depends on the speaker, situation, and the native speakers’ openness towards the contact (Romaine cited in Laksono, 2004, p. 12). People from different regions can still understand each other because there is a chain of mutual intelligibility that connects them. The mutual intelligibility may also be not equal in both directions because of some factors, such as listener’s degree of exposure to the language, their degree of education, and their willingness to understand (Chamber & Trudgill, 2004, p. 4). In regional dialect, the degree of mutual intelligibility is also related to the distance among regions. Chamber & Trudgill (2004, p. 3) added that the greater the geographical separation is, the greater the difficulty of comprehension of linguistic differences is. The linguistics differences that accumulate in a particular region and differentiate it from other regions can be based on some linguistic aspects, such as phonological aspect, morphological aspect, lexical aspect, and so on. In this study, the linguistic differences that were being studied were based on lexical aspect or lexical differences. It was due to the variety of Kangean dialect differs in terms of lexical items existing conspicuously among villages in Arjasa and Kangayan sub-district. In addition, the history of Kangean Island also confirms the variety used in the villages. According to Fattah in Asal Usul Pulau Kangean Sumenep (2013), the name “Kangean” was obtained from Madurese word ka-aengan meaning “submerged”.
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