Anglicist, Volume 06 No 01 February 2017, 50-55

Lexical Differences in Madurese Varieties Spoken by People in Kangean Island, Sumenep

Nur Awaliyah Putri Erlita Rusnaningtias English Department, Universitas Airlangga

Abstract

One of Madurese varieties spoken in is Kangean variety. Kangean variety is spoken by people in Kangean Island, . The use of the language or variety in Kangean Island shows that there are differences in the use of lexical items by the people living in different villages in Kangean Island. This study aimed to describe the lexical differences of the variety used in Kangean Island. Four villages were chosen to be the observation points (OP): Duko and Pajanangger in Arjasa Sub-district; and Dandung and Torjek in Kangayan Sub- district. The instrument used in collecting the data consisted of 450 glosses. The data were obtained from interview, note taking, recording and cross-checking. The data were then analyzed by comparing and contrasting the lexical items. The result showed that out of 450 words, there were 137 lexical differences. Furthermore, the different lexical items used in Kangean variety were due to the external factors, such as borrowing words from other languages, such as the varieties used in , Sulawesi, , etc. In addition, the findings also indicated that the number of borrowing words is different in different OP and it was related to the history of people who came to Kangean Island and made language contact possible. Keywords: Kangean Variety; Lexical Differences; Regional Dialect

1. Introduction One of the national wealth of is its local languages. Indonesia has 33 provinces whose people speak different local languages. Even in one province, there are some regions whose community has more than one local language, for example, and Sumenep which are located in Province. People in Surabaya speak in Javanese; whereas, people in Sumenep use Madurese. Furthermore, some local languages also have varieties. One of the local languages which have varieties is Madurese. In this case, the varieties of Madurese refer to dialects. Based on the linguistics aspect, Sofyan, Wibisono, Hendrik cited in Izzak (2012, p. 2) divided into four dialects; they are Sumenep dialect, dialect, dialect, and Kangean dialect. In addition, Zainuddin et al cited in Izzak (2012, p. 2) added Pinggir Papas dialect as one of the dialects of Madurese. dialect is also claimed as the sixth dialect of Madurese (Adiana et al cited in Izzak, 2012, p. 2). Meanwhile, based on sociolinguistics perpective, Madurese is divided into two dialects. Sociolinguistics aspect emerges because of social background, for example the higher class society and lower class society. The two dialects based on sosiolinguistic perspective are Madhura Bara’ (West Madura) which is used by people in Bangkalan, , Pamekasan, and some border areas between Pamekasan and Sumenep; and Madhura Temor (East Madura) which is used by people in Sumenep and some islands of Sumenep. People in Sumenep tend to use higher variety of Sumenep because there is Sumenep Kingdom in Sumenep Regency. The nearer to kingdom the people live, the more usage of higher variety of Madurese is. Each dialect of Madurese is unique because the dialect also has varieties. One of them is Kangean variety. Kangean variety is spoken by people who live in Kangean Island. Kangean Island belongs to Sumenep Regency and is located in the eastern part of Sumenep across the sea. It takes 9-12 hours by boat to reach Kangean Island from Sumenep Regency. Kangean variety differs in term of the lexical items existing in the villages of Arjasa and Kangayan sub-district, for example, in Arjasa Sub-district, people in Duko call ‘brother’ as [kakaʔ], while people in Pajanangger call ‘brother’ as [daɛŋ]. On the contrary,

50 Lexical Differences in Madurese Varieties Spoken by People in Kangean Island, Sumenep Regency in Kangayan Sub-district, people in Dandung use the term [lot] to refer to ‘sand’, while people in Torjek use the term [bətdʰi].

Figure 1. Map of Arjasa and Kangayan Sub-district There were some assumptions that underlined the phenomenon. The first assumption was Arjasa and Kangayan harbors made language contact possible. There are two different harbors which connect people with outsiders in the two areas. People in Arjasa interact more with outsiders from Sumenep Regency who speak Sumenep dialect. On the other hand, people in Kangayan interact more with outsiders from Sapeken Islands, which is quite near to Kangayan harbor. The outsiders from Sapeken Island speak varieties of Bajo and Mandar languages. Bajo language is the language spoken by people from ; whereas, Mandar language is the language spoken by people from West Sulawesi. The second assumption refers to the distance between the harbor and the village. The distance between the harbors and the villages had increased the frequency of the interaction among people living in the areas (OPs). The interaction frequency of people living in the village which was near to the harbor was different from the interaction frequency of those living in the village which was far from harbor. The last assumption was the history of people in Kangean who came from other regions and which had resulted in language contact among them. The language contact had resulted in borrowing words from other languages. According to Bustami (2003, p.74), people who had come to Kangean Island were from Madura Island, Poday Island, China, Arab, Banjar, Malay, Bawean, Java, Bali, Bugis-Makassar and Mandar. Based on the background, the lexical differences in Madurese varieties spoken by people in Kangean Island, Sumenep Regency, become the main discussion in this study. Trudgill (2004, p. 2) defined dialect as follows Dialect is the particular combination of words, pronunciation, and grammatical forms spoken by people who are from same area and social background and that combination differs from other people from different area and social background. There are two types of dialect as explained by Trudgill (2004, p.2). The first type of dialect is social dialect. It is a dialect that emerges because of particular social background (2004, p.2). As an example, people who work in official government tend to use the higher variety of their dialect, while people who work as farmer tend to use the lower variety of their dialect. The second type of dialect is regional dialect which refers to linguistic differences that accumulate in a particular geographic region (Trudgill, 2004, p.2). As an example, people in Britain use the term flat to refer to rented room; whereas, people in America prefer to use the term apartment. However, the focus of this study was on regional dialect because the phenomenon of linguistic differences in this study was found in different regions. In this study, the linguistic differences refer to lexical differences. Lexical differences refer to contrast in the words used by different speakers to characterize the same object ore action (Chamber & Trudgill, 2004, p. 54). To determine whether the word belongs to different word or not, it should be analyzed from the root (Mahsun, 2005, p. 122). It means that the root should be different. To illustrate, in Sumenep variety, some people in western part of Sumenep call ‘morning’ as [gʰʊlakgʰʊ], and others in eastern part of Sumenep call it as [lakgʰʊ]. They are considered as the same word because the first word is added by affix -gʰʊ. The language and dialect contact can emerge not only because of the outsiders but also because of the geographical reason where such area is located near other area whose people speak different language or

51 Anglicist Volume 06 No 01 (February 2017) | Nur Awaliyah Putri; Erlita Rusnaningtias dialect. It is in line with the ‘wave theory’. According to Campbell (1998, p. 189), changes due to contact among languages and dialects are spread from the central area to the spreading area like a wave. It is like a stone which is thrown into water and it results in waves. It will not stop in dialect border but it will continue to language border. The area which is located nearer to the central area of the spreading shows higher number of similarity. Furthermore, if there is more than one central area of the spreading, it will result in transition area. Then, transition area shows the borrowing features which also show the existence of contact. In addition, the number of borrowing features depends on the speaker, situation, and the native speakers’ openness towards the contact (Romaine cited in Laksono, 2004, p. 12). People from different regions can still understand each other because there is a chain of mutual intelligibility that connects them. The mutual intelligibility may also be not equal in both directions because of some factors, such as listener’s degree of exposure to the language, their degree of education, and their willingness to understand (Chamber & Trudgill, 2004, p. 4). In regional dialect, the degree of mutual intelligibility is also related to the distance among regions. Chamber & Trudgill (2004, p. 3) added that the greater the geographical separation is, the greater the difficulty of comprehension of linguistic differences is. The linguistics differences that accumulate in a particular region and differentiate it from other regions can be based on some linguistic aspects, such as phonological aspect, morphological aspect, lexical aspect, and so on. In this study, the linguistic differences that were being studied were based on lexical aspect or lexical differences. It was due to the variety of Kangean dialect differs in terms of lexical items existing conspicuously among villages in Arjasa and Kangayan sub-district. In addition, the history of Kangean Island also confirms the variety used in the villages. According to Fattah in Asal Usul Pulau Kangean Sumenep (2013), the name “Kangean” was obtained from Madurese word ka-aengan meaning “submerged”. Formerly, this island was an exile area for the political and local authority of the enemies and also the prisoners (Farjon cited in Bustami, 2003, p. 72). In addition, Bustami (2003, p.74) stated that people who had come to Kangean Island were from Madura Island, Poday Island, China, Arab, Banjar, Malay, Bawean, Java, Bali, Bugis-Makassar and Mandar. Kangean dialect also has different speech levels; which are Ako-Kao, Nira-Nae and Kaula-Panjennengan (Bustami, 2003, p. 74). The first level, Ako-Kao is used to address people in same age. It is also called as Eson-Sede and Eson- Kake. The second level is Nira-Nae which also has another term, called Die-Dika, and is used by son or daughter-in-law to father or mother-in-law. The last speech level, Kaula-Panjennengan, is used to address the older people. This level is dominated by Madurese, for instance, when a speaker of Kangean dialect wants to say “Where are you going?” in Ako-Kao, he will say, ”Alakoa [are going to] kamma [where] kao [you]?”. The speaker also will say, “Alakoa [are going to] kamma [where] situ [you]?” in Die-Dika level, and “Meyosa [are going to] ka’kamma [where] hampeyan [you]?” in Kaula-Panjennengan level. 2. Methodology Four villages were chosen to be the locations of study. These four villages included Duko as OP1, Dandung as OP2, Torjek as OP3, and Pajanangger as OP4. Duko and Pajanangger were located in Arjasa sub-district; while Dandung and Torjek were located in Kangayan sub-district. The population of the study included all farmers in the observation areas (OPs). Then, a purposive sampling was used to select the samples. Thus, there were some requirements of the samples which should be fulfilled, such as the sample should be rural man or woman, aged between 40-50 years, physically and mentally healthy, born in the observation point and have family or relatives who inhabit in the same observation point, immobile, have a pride in their variety, able to speak Bahasa Indonesia, and graduated at least from primary school. The number of the samples selected in each observation point was three samples or informants, so there were twelve samples or informants altogether. There were about 450 words used in the instrument to collect the data. The techniques used to collect the data included interviewing, recording, note taking, and cross-checking. Furthermore, two steps were used in data analysis: (1) comparing and contrasting the lexical items, and (2) describing and identifying the lexical differences. The lexical differences were written in phonetic symbols in order to make the readers know how to pronounce the words.

52 Lexical Differences in Madurese Varieties Spoken by People in Kangean Island, Sumenep Regency

3. Discussion Based on the data collection and data analysis, this study found 137 lexical items out of the total 450 glosses which were different. The number of the glosses which had different variations included gloss number 1, 13, 18, 24, 26, 29, 34, 40, 41, 49, 50, 52, 56, 57, 61, 63, 70, 79, 84, 85, 87, 89, 100, 106, 108, 110, 111, 115, 122, 125, 126, 129, 136, 138, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 158, 159, 166, 175, 182, 183, 184, 202, 203, 206, 211, 212, 215, 216, 217, 225, 226, 228, 234, 235, 236, 241, 242, 243, 246, 247, 248, 255, 256, 257, 258, 262, 264, 268, 271, 273, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 282, 283, 284, 287, 289, 294, 295, 296, 298, 299, 301, 302, 306, 307, 308, 311, 312, 313, 316, 318, 319, 321, 327, 328, 329, 336, 337, 338, 342, 343, 347, 348, 349, 351, 352, 353, 357, 361, 363, 370, 373, 376, 384, 385, 394, 404, 414, 430, 433, 435, 436, 442, 444, 446, 448 and 450. Those lexical differences existed in each OP and were used by the people living in the OP in their daily activity. As an example, gloss number 1 ‘ash’ had three variations. The first one was obhar tomang or [opbʰərtomæŋ] which was used in OP1. OP2 used the term obhar tembun or [opbʰərtɛmbʊn]. Meanwhile, the term arbu’ or [arbʰʊɁ] was used in both OP3 and OP4. The next example is gloss 319 ‘watermelon’. In OP2 and OP3, it was called as guleng-guleng or [gʰʊlɛŋgʰʊlɛŋ]; whereas, in OP1 and OP4, it was called as somangka or [somaŋka]. Another example is gloss 279 ‘roof’ which was called as ata’ or [ataɁ] in OP1, OP3 and OP4; and as genteng or [gʰəntɛŋ] in OP2. The complete lexical differences and their distributions in each observation point can be seen in appendices. The study also revealed that there were many borrowing words from other languages used in other regions, such as Bali, Java, and Sulawesi. The borrowing words from Bali included gloss ‘father’, ‘there’, ‘green’, ‘throw’, ‘papaya’. Respectively, the borrowing words from the variety used in Bali region for those glosses were aji or [aʤ͡ i], ditu or [ditu], gadhung or [gʰədʰʊŋ], sabat or [sabat], and gaddhang or [kətdʰəŋ] (Sugiarto et al, 2001, p.22, p.87, p. 135, p. 224, p. 287). Furthermore, the study also found borrowing words from , such as gloss ‘deft’ which was spoken as resek or [rəsɛk], ‘touch’ as kepel or [kəpəl], ‘come’ as bale or [bəlɛ], ‘sniff’ as seop or [sɛop], ‘ear’ as talengan or [talɛŋan] (Sugiarto et al, 2001, p. 313, p. 123, p. 80), and ‘fall’ as logur or [logur] (Purwadi, 2009, p. 190). The other borrowing words were from the variety used in Sulawesi included Mandar, Bajo, and Bugis Languages. The words borrowed from Mandar were gloss ‘tree’ which was realized as hapo’on or [hapoɁon], and gloss ‘count’ which was named as bilang or [bilaŋ] (Muthalib, 1977, p. 163, p. 29). Meanwhile, the words borrowed from Bajo was only gloss ‘father’ which was spoken as uwa’ or [ʊwaɁ] (Subaidah, personal interview, 30 Novermber 2014). The last borrowing words were from Bugis variety and which included gloss ‘brother’ which was realized as daeng or [daɛŋ], and ‘father’ as embo´ or [əmboɁ] (Riyana, personal interview, 4 August 2014). In brief, it can be stated that one of the causes of the lexical differences found in some villages in Kangean Island, Sumenep Regency, is the external factors. It refers to borrowing words from other languages which had contact with Kangean varieties. The languages included Javanese, Balinese, Mandar, Bugis, Bajo Language, and Bahasa Indonesia. The findings also revealed that the number of the borrowing words was different in each OP, for example, there were 2 borrowing words from the variety used in Bali in both OP1 and OP2, 1 borrowing word in OP3, and 4 borrowing words in OP4. Meanwhile, the borrowing words from Mandar variety and Bajo variety were only found in OP2 and OP3. The different number of borrowing words from Balinese, Mandar and Bajo varieties is supported by the ‘wave theory’ proposed by Schmidt as cited in Laksono (2004, p. 11). It is stated that changes due to contact among languages and dialects spread from the central area of the spreading like a wave. The area located nearer to the central area of the spreading shows higher number of similarity. OP4 has the highest number of borrowing words from Balinese because OP4 is located nearest to Bali Island. It is also the same case as the borrowing words from Mandar and Bajo varieties. Mandar and Bajo languages are spoken by people in Sapeken and Pagerungan Island. They are located near to OP2 and OP3. Hence, the highest number of borrowing words from Mandar and Bajo language was found in OP2 and OP3. However, some other OPs did not derive words from Mandar and Bajo varieties. Furthermore, the ‘wave theory’ is also in accordance with the finding of terms in Sumenep dialect. There were 111 words found in OP1; whereas, there were respectively 97, 92 and 91 words found in OP2, OP3 and OP4. It is due to the location of OP1 which is the nearest location to Sumenep Town.

53 Anglicist Volume 06 No 01 (February 2017) | Nur Awaliyah Putri; Erlita Rusnaningtias

Compared to the other OPs, OP1 had the highest total number of Madurese words and the lowest total number of borrowing words. On the contrary, OP4 had the lowest total number of Madurese words and the highest total number of borrowing words from other regions. In addition, OP1 and OP4 had the highest numbers of lexical differences. They dominated the lexical differences in four word categories. OP1 dominated word categories of pronoun, adverb, adjective, and nature. The people in OP1 had particular terms of those word categories which were not used in other OPs, such as term [pɛyaŋ] for gloss ‘you’, term [kassa] for gloss ‘there’, term [kɛnɛɁ] for gloss ‘small’, and term [sagʰərə] for gloss ‘sea’. Meanwhile, OP4 dominated word categories of kinship, building, plants, and animals. The people in OP4 also had their own terms for those word categories which were not used in other OPs, for instance, the term [obi] for gloss ‘cassava’, term [bətdʰi] for gloss ‘sand’ and term [bidʰik] for gloss ‘bamboo wall’. The history of Kangean Island and its people is also another evidence which confirms the occurance of lexical differences in Kangean Island. According to the history, the inhabitants of Kangean Island came from different regions, such as Madura Island, Poday Island, China, Arab, Banjar, Malay, Bawean, Java, Bali, Bugis-Makassar and Mandar (Bustami, 2003, p.74). They spoke in different languages and dialects, and made language contact to each other. The number of borrowing words in the finding was high because the history shows that the number of outsiders who came to Kangean Island was also high. According to Romaine cited in Laksono (2004, p. 12), the number of borrowing features depends on the speaker, situation, and the native speaker’s openness towards the contact. The speakers refer to the outsiders who came from many different areas. In addition, the native speaker’s openness towards contact which influences the number of borrowing words can be seen in OP4. It is found that the borrowing words from Bugis Language in OP4 were not found in other OPs. One of the causes was the native speaker’s openness in OP4 towards the contact with Bugis people. The openness of people in OP4 towards the contact with Bugis variety was shown by using Bugis language as one of their daily languages. It means that people in OP4 were able to speak in Kangean dialect, Bugis Language, and Bahasa Indonesia. It depends on the addressee’s language. Hence, from the finding, there were many words derived from other languages and dialect, such as Balinese, Javanese, Bugis, Mandar, Bajo Language and Bahasa Indonesia. 4. Conclusion It can be concluded that there were 137 lexical differences found in the villages or the OPs in Kangean Island, Sumenep Regency. People living in the four OPs, Duko (OP1), Dandung (OP2), Torjek (OP3), and Pajanangger (OP4), used those different lexical items in their daily live. Two examples of the lexical differences are as follow: 4.1. Banana (337) Gloss ‘banana’ had two variations. The first variation was [kətdʰəŋ] which was used in OP1. It was related to the term [kətdʰəŋ] as the variation of gloss ‘papaya’ in OP4. The term [kətdʰəŋ] as the variation of gloss ‘banana’ was originally derived from Madurese. In Madurese, it had equal meaning to the term ‘banana’ (Safioedien, 1977, p. 95). The second variation was [pɛsaŋ] which was used in OP2, OP3 and OP4. It was derived from Bahasa Indonesia term [pisaŋ] (Moeliono et al, 1988, p. 688). 4.2. Arrogant (338) Gloss ‘arrogant’ was named as [aŋko] in both OP1 and OP3. It was also named differently as [somboŋ] in both OP2 and OP3. Those two terms were also found in old Madurese as the equal term to the term ‘arrogant’ (Safioedien, 1977, p. 45; p. 215). There were three assumptions on the occurence of lexical differences in the villages in Kangean Island. The first assumption was the different harbors in Arjasa and Kangayan Sub-district that made language contact possible. As an example, the gloss ‘yard’ spoken as [tanɛyan] in OP1 might have been the result of language contact with people from Sumenep in Arjasa harbor, while gloss ‘count’ spoken as [bilaŋ] in OP3 was the result of language contact with people from Sapeken in Kangayan harbor. The second assumption was the different distances of the villages to the harbors that affected the frequency of the people to interact with the outsiders. The example is that the number of lexical differences in OP1 was higher than the number of lexical differences in OP4 because OP1 was located nearer to harbor. The third assumption was the history of people in Kangean who came from other regions and which resulted in

54 Lexical Differences in Madurese Varieties Spoken by People in Kangean Island, Sumenep Regency language contact among them. The evidence is that there were many borrowing words from other region, such as Bali, Sulawesi, and Java, which were related to the history of people who formerly came to Kangean Island. The three assumptions were finally proved through this study. In addition, although the variety of Madurese language spoken in Kangean Island, Sumenep Regency, was considered different dialect in terms of lexical differences, people who lived in the villages at that time were still able to understand each other because there was a chain of mutual intelligibility. It is in accordance with Chamber & Trudgill (2004, p. 4) who stated that people from different regions can still understand each other because there is a chain of mutually intelligible that connects them. 5. References Asal Usul Pulau Kangean Sumenep. Available at maduracorner.com/asal-usul-pulau-kangean-sumenep/. (Accesed 5 October 2014) Bustami, A. L. (2003). Islam Kangean. Antropologi Indonesia, (72). Retrieved at October 5, 2014, from journal.ui.ac.id Campbell, L. (1988). Historical linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Chambers, J., & Trudgill, P. (2004). Dialectology. New York: Cambridge University Press Izzak, A. (2012). Deiksis dalam Bahasa Madura (BM) (Madura Language’s deictic expression). Surabaya: Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Balai Bahasa Propinsi Jawa Timur Laksono, K. (2004). Bahasa Jawa di Jawa Timur bagian utara dan Blambangan: kajian dialektologis. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Muthalib, A. (1977). Kamus Bahasa Mandar-Indonesia. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Purwadi. (Eds). (2009). Kamus Jawa-Indonesia Indonesia-Jawa. Yogyakarta: Bina Media Sugiarto et al. (2001). Kamus Indonesia daerah (2nd ed.). Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama Trudgill, P. (2004). Dialects (2nd ed.). Oxon: Routledge Mahsun. (2005). Metode penelitian bahasa: tahapan strategi, metode, dan tekniknya. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada

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