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PRINCIPLES and METHODS of ARCHAEOLOGY Reviewer ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY [Accredited with ‘A+’ Grade by NAAC (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle and Graded as Category–I University by MHRD-UGC] (A State University Established by the Government of Tamil Nadu) KARAIKUDI – 630 003 Directorate of Distance Education M.A. [History] I - Semester 321 11 E1 PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF ARCHAEOLOGY Reviewer V. Panchhpakesan Associate Professor of History (Retired), Periyar E.V.R. College (Autonomous), Tiruchy Author: Dr. Naveen Vashishta, Assistant Professor, Department of History, Government College Israna, Panipat, Haryana “The copyright shall be vested with Alagappa University” All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Alagappa University, Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD. E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 • Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: 7361, Ravindra Mansion, Ram Nagar, New Delhi 110 055 • Website: www.vikaspublishing.com • Email: [email protected] Work Order No. AU/DDE/DE1-238/Preparation and Printing of Course Materials/2018 Dated 30.08.2018 Copies - 500 SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE Principles and Methods of Archaeology Syllabi Mapping in Book BLOCK I: THE IDEA OF ARCHAEOLOGY Unit – 1: An Introduction of Archaeology: Meaning – History and Unit 1: An Introduction to Archaeology – Pre-historic and Historic Archaeology. Archaeology (Pages 1-13) Unit - 2: Kinds of Archaeology –Excavation and Exploration – Cultural Unit 2: Archaeology: Types and Historical Context. and Contexts (Pages 14-36) Unit - 3: Henri Schliemann – Thompson – Development of New Unit 3: Development of Archaeology. New Archaeology (Pages 37-50) Unit - 4: Archaeology in India : The Asiatic Society – Sir William Jones Unit 4: Archaeology in India - I – James Princep. (Pages 51-63) BLOCK II: THE GREAT ARCHAEOLISTS AND EXCAVATION Unit - 5: Colin Meckenzie - Alexander Cunningham – Ancient Monuments Unit 5: Archaeology in India - II Preservation Act - Archaeological Survey of India (Pages 64-77) Unit - 6: Sir John Marshall – Sir Mortimer Wheeler – Robert Bruce Foote- Unit 6: Archaeology in India - III Mohenjadaro, and Harappa Excavations- Dwaraka Excavations. (Pages 78-93) Unit - 7: Archaeology in Tamilnadu : Pre historic sites – Arikkamedu – Unit 7: Archaeology in Adichchanallur. Tamil Nadu-I (Pages 94-104) Unit - 8: Uraiyur – Kaverpoompattinam. Unit 8: Archaeology in Tamil Nadu-II (Pages 105-113) BLOCK III: NEW EXCAVATION FIELDS Unit - 9: Mohanur – Pallavaram – Kodummal - Keezhdi. Unit 9: Archaeology in Tamil Nadu-III (Pages 114-124) Unit - 10: Excavation Methods: Site Survey – Geological Survey – Unit 10: Excavation Methods-I Horizontal Excavation – Burial Excavation - Archaeological Recording (Pages 125-139) BLOCK IV: DATING, SURVEY AND CONSERVATION Unit - 11: Land Survey – Topographical Survey – Stratigraphy and its Unit 11: Excavation Methods-II importance. (Pages 140-150) Unit - 12: Three Dimensional Recording – Drawing – Ariel Photography Unit 12: Excavation Methods-III – Cataloguing – Conservation Methods. (Pages 151-163) Unit - 13: Dating Methods: Relative Dating – Absolute Dating – Radio Unit 13: Dating Methods in Carbon Dating (C14 Dating)– Dendrochronology – Thermoluminiscence. Archaeology-I (Pages 164-174) Unit - 14: Archaeomagnetism –Potassium Test – Argon Method – Fluorine Unit 14: Dating Methods in Test – Nitrogen Test – Pollen Test. Archaeology-II (Pages 175-182) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BLOCK I: THE IDEA OF ARCHAEOLOGY UNIT 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO ARCHAEOLOGY 1-13 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Meaning and Origins of Archaeology 1.3 History and Archaeology 1.4 Prehistoric Archaeology 1.4.1 Relationship between Prehistoric Archaeology and History 1.4.2 Scope of Prehistoric Archaeology 1.4.3 Approaches in Prehistoric Archaeology 1.5 Historical Archaeology 1.6 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 1.7 Summary 1.8 Key Words 1.9 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 1.10 Further Readings UNIT 2 ARCHAEOLOGY: TYPES AND CONTEXTS 14-36 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Kinds of Archaeology 2.2.1 Archaeology on the Basis of Work 2.2.2 On the basis of Historic Time Period 2.3 Exploration 2.4 Excavation 2.5 Cultural and Historical Context 2.6 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 2.7 Summary 2.8 Key Words 2.9 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 2.10 Further Readings UNIT 3 DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ARCHAEOLOGY 37-50 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Objectives 3.2 Heinrich Schliemann 3.3 Gertrude Caton Thompson 3.4 Development of New Archaeology 3.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 3.6 Summary 3.7 Key Words 3.8 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 3.9 Further Readings UNIT 4 ARCHAEOLOGY IN INDIA - I 51-63 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Objectives 4.2 The Asiatic Society 4.2.1 Contribution of Sir William Jones 4.2.2 Contribution of James Prinsep 4.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 4.4 Summary 4.5 Key Words 4.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 4.7 Further Readings BLOCK II: THE GREAT ARCHAEOLISTS AND EXCAVATION UNIT 5 ARCHAEOLOGY IN INDIA - II 64-77 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Objectives 5.2 Colin Mackenzie 5.3 Alexander Cunningham 5.4 Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 5.5 Archaeological Survey of India 5.6 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 5.7 Summary 5.8 Key Words 5.9 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 5.10 Further Readings UNIT 6 ARCHAEOLOGY IN INDIA-III 78-93 6.0 Introduction 6.1 Objectives 6.2 Sir John Marshall 6.3 Sir Mortimer Wheeler 6.4 Robert Bruce Foote 6.5 Harappa And Mohenjo-Daro Excavations 6.6 Dwarka Excavations 6.7 Answers To Check Your Progress Questions 6.8 Summary 6.9 Key Words 6.10 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 6.11 Further Readings UNIT 7 ARCHAEOLOGY IN TAMIL NADU-I 94-104 7.0 Introduction 7.1 Objectives 7.2 Prehistoric Sites 7.2.1 Arikamedu 7.2.2 Adichanallur 7.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 7.4 Summary 7.5 Key Words 7.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 7.7 Further Readings UNIT 8 ARCHAEOLOGY IN TAMIL NADU-II 105-113 8.0 Introduction 8.1 Objectives 8.2 Prehistoric Sites 8.2.1 Uraiyur 8.2.2 Kaveripattinam 8.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 8.4 Summary 8.5 Key Words 8.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 8.7 Further Readings BLOCK III: NEW EXCAVATION FIELDS UNIT 9 ARCHAEOLOGY IN TAMIL NADU-III 114-124 9.0 Introduction 9.1 Objectives 9.2 Prehistoric Sites 9.2.1 Karur 9.2.2 Pallavaram 9.2.3 Kodumanal 9.2.4 Keezhdi 9.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 9.4 Summary 9.5 Key Words 9.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 9.7 Further Readings UNIT 10 EXCAVATION METHODS-I 125-139 10.0 Introduction 10.1 Objectives 10.2 Site Survey 10.3 Geological Survey 10.4 Horizontal Excavation 10.5 Burial Excavation 10.6 Archaeological Recording 10.7 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 10.8 Summary 10.9 Key Words 10.10 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 10.11 Further Readings BLOCK IV: DATING, SURVEY AND CONSERVATION UNIT 11 EXCAVATION METHODS-II 140-150 11.0 Introduction 11.1 Objectives 11.2 Land Survey 11.3 Topographical Survey 11.4 Stratigraphy and its Importance 11.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 11.6 Summary 11.7 Key Words 11.8 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 11.9 Further Readings UNIT 12 EXCAVATION METHODS-III 151-163 12.0 Introduction 12.1 Objectives 12.2 Three Dimensional Recording 12.3 Drawing 12.4 Aerial Photography 12.5 Cataloguing 12.6 Conservation Methods 12.7 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 12.8 Summary 12.9 Key Words 12.10 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 12.11 Further Readings UNIT 13 DATING METHODS IN ARCHAEOLOGY-I 164-174 13.0 Introduction 13.1 Objectives 13.2 Relative Dating 13.2.1 Typology 13.2.2 Stratigraphy 13.2.3 Seriation 13.2.4 Geo-Archaeological Dating 13.2.5 Obsidian Hydration Dating (OHD) 13.2.6 Chemical Dating of Bones 13.3 Absolute Dating 13.3.1 Radio Carbon Dating (C-14) 13.3.2 Dendrochronology 13.3.3 Thermoluminescence 13.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 13.5 Summary 13.6 Key Words 13.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 13.8 Further Readings UNIT 14 DATING METHODS IN ARCHAEOLOGY-II 175-182 14.0 Introduction 14.1 Objectives 14.2 Other Relative Dating Methods 14.2.1 Fluorine Test 14.2.2 Nitrogen Test 14.2.3 Pollen Test 14.3 Other Absolute Dating Methods 14.3.1 Archaeomagnetism 14.3.2 Potassium-Argon (K-Ar) Dating 14.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 14.5 Summary 14.6 Key Words 14.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 14.8 Further Readings Introduction INTRODUCTION Archaeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and NOTES analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts and cultural landscapes. Archaeology can be considered both a social science and a branch of the humanities.
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