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Doctoral Dissertation DOI number: 10.14754/CEU.2017.01 Doctoral Dissertation Born for Phoebus. Solar-astral Symbolism and Poetical Self-representation in Conrad Celtis and his Humanist Circles. By: Áron Orbán Supervisor: György Endre Szőnyi Submitted to the Medieval Studies Department, and the Doctoral School of History (HUNG doctoral degree) Central European University, Budapest of in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Medieval Studies, and for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History(HUNG doctoral degree) CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2017 DOI number: 10.14754/CEU.2017.01 Acknowledgement Writing a dissertation requires a huge amount of arduous work, and one has to get through enthusiastic and critical periods alike: these are commonplaces that become real experience if one finally accomplishes the research. I do not think that even a part of my project could have been accomplished without the help of several professors and institutions. First of all I owe gratitude to my supervisor, György Endre Szőnyi, for his advice in various issues concerning literature or secret sciences in the Renaissance, for his inspiring lessons that brought the world of the Renaissance close to me, and for his support in acquiring various fellowships. In general, I am grateful to the whole Department of Medieval Studies at CEU that supported me financially and in many other ways. For instance, I could always count on the help of Csilla Dobos, the departmental coordinator; in textual or linguistic matters I could always turn to professors like Judith Rasson, Gerhard Jaritz or Cristian-Nicolae Gaşpar. Given my predominantly German topic, fellowships from various scholarly institutions in Germany and Austria were also indispensable for my research. In the first place I have to mention the Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel, which became my second home during these years. I am also grateful to the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Neo-Latin Studies in Innsbruck, the University of Göttingen, the University of Vienna. I would like to thank all the support I received from professors and fellows, including David McOmish, William Barton, Elisabeth Klecker and Farkas Gábor Kiss. I am most obliged to my wife, Rozi, who tolerated my scholarly zeal during all this time, and who had to be often alone with the children when I stayed abroad. CEU eTD Collection DOI number: 10.14754/CEU.2017.01 Table of Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 A note on the issue of Celtis’s sodalities ..................................................................... 11 A note on natural philosophical terminology .............................................................. 18 I. Vates-ideology in German humanist poetology around 1500 ......................................... 21 1. Italian preliminaries .......................................................................................................... 23 a. The revaluation of poetry in the early Renaissance ...................................................... 23 b. Poetry-related ideas in Florentine Platonism ............................................................... 26 Ancient Theology in Florentine Platonism ................................................................. 28 Ficino’s concept of ‘furor poeticus’ ............................................................................ 32 2. New theories on the poet in late fifteenth-century Germany ........................................... 35 a. The educational context: humanist-scholastic conflicts at the German universities .... 35 b. The strength of the ‘poeta rhetor’ tradition. Celtis’s ‘Ars versificandi’ ....................... 36 c. The appearance of the Platonic vates-ideology in German poetological treatises ....... 41 The reception of Florentine Platonism in Germany .................................................... 41 Augustinus Moravus’s ’Dialogus in defensionem poetices’ ....................................... 44 Barinus, Lupinus and other defenders of poetry from Leipzig ................................... 47 Jakob Locher ............................................................................................................... 49 3. ‘Quicquid habet coelum quid terra quid aer et aequor.’ Celtis’s program ....................... 53 a. The significance of the national and the individual components of Celtis’s humanistic program ............................................................................................................................ 53 b. The complementarity of ‘poetica’ and ‘philosophia’ and the emphasis on natural philosophical disciplines in Celtis’s humanistic program ................................................ 59 II. Astronomy-astrology, micro- and macrocosm in Celtis’s thought in general ............. 73 1. Natural philosophical question-catalogues and the Pythagorean-Platonic cosmological tradition ................................................................................................................................ 73 The role of Florentine Platonism ................................................................................. 82 2. Cosmologizing the sublunar world: conventions and inventions ..................................... 90 a. Poetical play and generic conventions ......................................................................... 90 b. Types of micro-macrocosmic correspondences and influences in Celtis’s poetry ...... 94 3. Astronomy-astrology in Celtis’s Central European environment: universities, courts, humanist circles .................................................................................................................. 106 a. Cracow ........................................................................................................................ 107 b. Southern Germany ...................................................................................................... 110 c. Vienna; the Habsburg court ........................................................................................ 114 III. Natal astrology in the service of poetical character-building .................................... 119 1. Natal astrology in Celtis ................................................................................................. 119 CEU eTD Collection a. The stars at Celtis’s birth ............................................................................................ 119 b. The well-matched lovers ............................................................................................ 137 c. The stars of the sodales ............................................................................................... 140 2. Mythological-astrological self-representation in Tolhopf’s coats-of-arms .................... 146 IV. Horoscopes and the laureation of poets ....................................................................... 159 1. The horoscope of Celtis’s laureation .............................................................................. 159 2. Digression: astrologically favorable laureations of later humanists? ............................. 168 DOI number: 10.14754/CEU.2017.01 V. The poet and the Sun-god ............................................................................................... 175 1. The central role of Phoebus / the Sun in Celtis’s oeuvre ............................................... 175 2. Celtis and the furor poeticus ........................................................................................... 186 3. Epiphanies of Apollo: Phoebean consecration of German humanists ........................... 208 a. Phoebus appearing to Celtis, Locher and other German humanists ........................... 210 b. Laurentius Corvinus’s Carmen elegiacum ................................................................. 218 VI. Sacrifices to Phoebus and Bacchus. Solar symbolism of humanist feasts ................ 230 1. The golden bowl of Augustinus Moravus ...................................................................... 232 2. Candle-light for beneficial Sun-rays: Celtis’s birthday poems ...................................... 241 3. Two Celtis-odes on feasts celebrating the summer and winter solstice ......................... 249 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 258 Appendix I: Texts ................................................................................................................... 262 Appendix II: A note on the exactness of horoscopes made in Central European courts in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries ............................................................................. 274 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 277 CEU eTD Collection DOI number: 10.14754/CEU.2017.01 List of illustrations Fig. 1. Terms for natural disciplines used in Celtis’s time and in this study. 20 Fig. 2. Celtis’s memorial image, made by Burkmair. 58 Fig. 3. The Philosophia-woodcut in the Amores-edition. 66 Fig. 4. Opposing the Philosophia-woodcut: Celtis kneeling before Maximilian. 67 Fig. 5. The “imperial eagle” woodcut. 71 Fig. 6. Region-woodcut for Amores I in the Amores-edition. 93 Fig. 7a. Celtis’s nativity in the Nuremberg manuscript. 125 Fig. 7b.
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