Map Projections--A Working Manual
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Arxiv:1811.01571V2 [Cs.CV] 24 Jan 2019 Many Traditional Cnns on 3D Data Simply Extend the 2D Convolutional Op- Erations to 3D, for Example, the Work of Wu Et Al
SPNet: Deep 3D Object Classification and Retrieval using Stereographic Projection Mohsen Yavartanoo1[0000−0002−0109−1202], Eu Young Kim1[0000−0003−0528−6557], and Kyoung Mu Lee1[0000−0001−7210−1036] Department of ECE, ASRI, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea https://cv.snu.ac.kr/ fmyavartanoo, shreka116, [email protected] Abstract. We propose an efficient Stereographic Projection Neural Net- work (SPNet) for learning representations of 3D objects. We first trans- form a 3D input volume into a 2D planar image using stereographic projection. We then present a shallow 2D convolutional neural network (CNN) to estimate the object category followed by view ensemble, which combines the responses from multiple views of the object to further en- hance the predictions. Specifically, the proposed approach consists of four stages: (1) Stereographic projection of a 3D object, (2) view-specific fea- ture learning, (3) view selection and (4) view ensemble. The proposed ap- proach performs comparably to the state-of-the-art methods while having substantially lower GPU memory as well as network parameters. Despite its lightness, the experiments on 3D object classification and shape re- trievals demonstrate the high performance of the proposed method. Keywords: 3D object classification · 3D object retrieval · Stereographic Projection · Convolutional Neural Network · View Ensemble · View Se- lection. 1 Introduction In recent years, success of deep learning methods, in particular, convolutional neural network (CNN), has urged rapid development in various computer vision applications such as image classification, object detection, and super-resolution. Along with the drastic advances in 2D computer vision, understanding 3D shapes and environment have also attracted great attention. -
Uon Digital Repository Home
University of Nairobi School of Engineering Building a QGIS Helper Application to Overcome the Challenges of Cassini to UTM Coordinate System Conversions in Kenya BY Ajanga Dissent Ingati F56/81982/2015 A Project submitted in partial fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Science in Geographical Information Systems, in the Department of Geospatial & Space Technology of the University of Nairobi October 2017 I Declaration I, Ajanga Dissent Ingati, hereby declare that this project is my original work. To the best of my knowledge, the work presented here has not been presented for a degree in any other Institution of Higher Learning. ……………………………………. ……………………… .……..……… Name of student Signature Date This project has been submitted for examination with my approval as university supervisor. ……………………………………. ……………………… .……..……… Name of Supervisor Signature Date I Dedication I dedicate this work to my family for their support throughout the entire process of pursuing this degree and to the completion of the project. Your encouragement has been instrumental in ensuring the success of this project; may God truly bless you. II Acknowledgement I would like to show my heartfelt appreciation to all the people who saw me through the process of preparing this report. These thanks go to all those who provided technical support, talked through the issues I studied, read, wrote, gave comments, and also those who assisted in editing and proof reading of this project report before submission. I would like to thank Steve Firsake for his technical support through Python Programing. Special thanks also go to Dr.-Ing. Musyoka for his technical advice and support for the entire project. -
The Influence of the Projected Coordinate System on Animal Home Range Estimation Area
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 11-4-2014 The nflueI nce of the Projected Coordinate System on Animal Home Range Estimation Area Michael Barr University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Physical and Environmental Geography Commons Scholar Commons Citation Barr, Michael, "The nflueI nce of the Projected Coordinate System on Animal Home Range Estimation Area" (2014). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5343 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Influence of the Projected Coordinate System on Animal Home Range Estimation Area by Michael R. Barr A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science School of Geosciences College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Joni Downs, Ph.D. Lori Collins, Ph.D. Elizabeth Walton, Ph.D. Date of Approval: November 4, 2014 Keywords: map distortion, GIS, characteristic hull polygon, map projections Copyright © 2014, Michael R. Barr ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee members Dr. Walton and Dr. Collins for all of their valuable feedback and encouragement during this process. I would also like to thank the researchers whose data I have used in this thesis for making their work available. Special thanks to my advisor Dr. -
Bibliography of Map Projections
AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOlOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the cur rent-year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Sur vey publications released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" Publications that are listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" are no longer available. Prices of reports released to the open files are given in the listing "U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports," updated month ly, which is for sale in microfiche from the U.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports Section, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225. Reports released through the NTIS may be obtained by writing to the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161; please include NTIS report number with inquiry. Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices given below. BY MAIL OVER THE COUNTER Books Books Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications of general in Books of the U.S. Geological Survey are available over the terest (such as leaflets, pamphlets, booklets), single copies of Earthquakes counter at the following Geological Survey Public Inquiries Offices, all & Volcanoes, Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, and some mis of which are authorized agents of the Superintendent of Documents: cellaneous reports, including some of the foregoing series that have gone out of print at the Superintendent of Documents, are obtainable by mail from • WASHINGTON, D.C.--Main Interior Bldg., 2600 corridor, 18th and C Sts., NW. -
Portraying Earth
A map says to you, 'Read me carefully, follow me closely, doubt me not.' It says, 'I am the Earth in the palm of your hand. Without me, you are alone and lost.’ Beryl Markham (West With the Night, 1946 ) • Map Projections • Families of Projections • Computer Cartography Students often have trouble with geographic names and terms. If you need/want to know how to pronounce something, try this link. Audio Pronunciation Guide The site doesn’t list everything but it does have the words with which you’re most likely to have trouble. • Methods for representing part of the surface of the earth on a flat surface • Systematic representations of all or part of the three-dimensional Earth’s surface in a two- dimensional model • Transform spherical surfaces into flat maps. • Affect how maps are used. The problem: Imagine a large transparent globe with drawings. You carefully cover the globe with a sheet of paper. You turn on a light bulb at the center of the globe and trace all of the things drawn on the globe onto the paper. You carefully remove the paper and flatten it on the table. How likely is it that the flattened image will be an exact copy of the globe? The different map projections are the different methods geographers have used attempting to transform an image of the spherical surface of the Earth into flat maps with as little distortion as possible. No matter which map projection method you use, it is impossible to show the curved earth on a flat surface without some distortion. -
Cylindrical Projections 27
MAP PROJECTION PROPERTIES: CONSIDERATIONS FOR SMALL-SCALE GIS APPLICATIONS by Eric M. Delmelle A project submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of State University of New York at Buffalo in partial fulfillments of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Geographical Information Systems and Computer Cartography Department of Geography May 2001 Master Advisory Committee: David M. Mark Douglas M. Flewelling Abstract Since Ptolemeus established that the Earth was round, the number of map projections has increased considerably. Cartographers have at present an impressive number of projections, but often lack a suitable classification and selection scheme for them, which significantly slows down the mapping process. Although a projection portrays a part of the Earth on a flat surface, projections generate distortion from the original shape. On world maps, continental areas may severely be distorted, increasingly away from the center of the projection. Over the years, map projections have been devised to preserve selected geometric properties (e.g. conformality, equivalence, and equidistance) and special properties (e.g. shape of the parallels and meridians, the representation of the Pole as a line or a point and the ratio of the axes). Unfortunately, Tissot proved that the perfect projection does not exist since it is not possible to combine all geometric properties together in a single projection. In the twentieth century however, cartographers have not given up their creativity, which has resulted in the appearance of new projections better matching specific needs. This paper will review how some of the most popular world projections may be suited for particular purposes and not for others, in order to enhance the message the map aims to communicate. -
Projection and Datum Guidelines
9/14/2021 CDFW Projection and Datum Guidelines Purpose: To provide an overview of map projections and datums used in California and recommendations for CDFW GIS users. GIS Support: [email protected] Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Terminology ........................................................................................................................ 1 3. Datums used in California .................................................................................................. 1 4. Projections and coordinate systems used in California.................................................. 2 5. Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 5 1. Introduction This document provides map projection and datum guidance for California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) GIS users. It is intended to provide help when working with California-based GIS data and making maps but is not a complete reference. Software discussion is focused on ArcGIS. The content was compiled by CDFW’s Will Patterson. 2. Terminology A map projection transforms the three-dimensional shape of the earth onto a two-dimensional surface that can be printed on paper or viewed on a computer screen. There are many map projections, each trying to preserve one or more real world properties such as area, shape, distance, and direction. No single projection preserves -
Map Projections
Map Projections Map Projections A Reference Manual LEV M. BUGAYEVSKIY JOHN P. SNYDER CRC Press Taylor & Francis Croup Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Published in 1995 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 1995 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-7484-0304-3 (Softcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-7484-0304-2 (Softcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http ://www. -
Map Projections for Europe
Institute for Environment and Sustainability Map Projections for Europe EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE 2001 EUR 20120 EN Institute for Environment and Sustainability Map Projections for Europe Edited by: A. Annoni1, C. Luzet2, E. Gubler3 and J. Ihde4 1Joint Research Centre 2EuroGeographics 3Bundesamt für Landestopographie, Switzerland 4Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie, Germany EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE 2001 EUR 20120 EN LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can of accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int). European Communities, 2003 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Italy Content Foreword..................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ................................................................................................ 9 Structure and Objectives of this Report.................................................. 9 JRC-EuroGeographics Map Projections Workshop The workshop Summary - Claude Luzet and Iain Greenway ............. 10 Executive summary ................................................................................. 10 The recommendations in short ............................................................... 10 Agenda................................................................................................... -
Map Projections by Randy Schardt, BLM Montana State Office Recorded: April 2, 2009
Geospatial Learning Pathways Presentation Map Projections by Randy Schardt, BLM Montana State Office recorded: April 2, 2009 This is a Bureau of Land Management Geospatial Learning Pathways Presentation. Map Projections is presented by the Montana State Office. You will learn how to set projection parameters and geographic information system and global positioning system environments. Your presenter is Randy Schardt of BLM’s Montana State Office. Map projections are attempts to portray the surface of the earth or a portion of the earth on a flat surface. And so when a map projection or when we use map projection, will always have distortion of the shape, the area, the distance, and direction. So, no direction can preserve all these properties. Some map projections minimize the distortion to one property at the expense of another while map projections strive to balance the overall distortion. Coordinate systems are a part of map projection. And so what a coordinate system is, it’s a reference system that is used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations within a common geographic framework. And it basically, the coordinate system is the definition of the map projection. There are two types of coordinate systems. The first is the geographic coordinate system and the projected coordinate system. Let’s first talk about the geographic coordinate system. The geographic coordinate system is a reference system using latitude and longitude to define the location of points on the surface of a sphere or spheroid. And it can be recorded in several different formats. It can be in decimal degrees, degrees, minutes, seconds, or degrees decimal minutes. -
Map Projection
Map Projection Ebrahim Ghaderpour Email: [email protected] Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, Canada Abstract In this paper, we introduce some known map projections from a model of the Earth to a flat sheet of paper or map and derive the plotting equations for these projections. The first fundamental form and the Gaussian fundamental quantities are defined and applied to obtain the plotting equations and distortions in length, shape and size for some of these map projections. The concepts, definitions and proofs in this work are chosen mostly from [5, 6]. 1 Introduction A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of positions on the surface of the Earth to a flat sheet of paper, a map. More precisely, a map projection requires a transformation from a set of two independent coordinates on the model of the Earth (the latitude φ and longitude λ) to a set of two independent coordinates on the map (the Cartesian coordinates x and y), i.e., a transformation matrix T such that x φ = T : y λ However, since we are dealing with partial derivative and fundamental quantities (to be defined later), it is impossible to find such a transformation explicitly. There are a number of techniques for map projection, yet in all of them distortion occurs in length, angle, shape, area or in a combination of these. Carl Friedrich Gauss showed that a sphere's surface cannot be represented on a map without distortion (see [5]). A terrestrial globe is a three dimensional scale model of the Earth that does not distort the real arXiv:1412.7690v1 [physics.geo-ph] 16 Dec 2014 shape and the real size of large futures of the Earth. -
Guidance Note 7 Part 2
IOGP Publication 373-7-2 – Geomatics Guidance Note number 7, part 2 – September 2019 To facilitate improvement, this document is subject to revision. The current version is available at www.epsg.org. Geomatics Guidance Note Number 7, part 2 Coordinate Conversions and Transformations including Formulas Revised - September 2019 Page 1 of 162 IOGP Publication 373-7-2 – Geomatics Guidance Note number 7, part 2 – September 2019 To facilitate improvement, this document is subject to revision. The current version is available at www.epsg.org. Table of Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................................5 1 IMPLEMENTATION NOTES ................................................................................................................. 6 1.1 ELLIPSOID PARAMETERS ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 ARCTANGENT FUNCTION ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 ANGULAR UNITS ....................................................................................................................................... 7 1.4 LONGITUDE 'WRAP-AROUND' .................................................................................................................. 7 1.5 OFFSETS ...................................................................................................................................................