DOCSLIB.ORG

Map Projections for Europe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Map Projections for Europe Institute for Environment and Sustainability Map Projections for Europe EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE 2001 EUR 20120 EN Institute for Environment and Sustainability Map Projections for Europe Edited by: A. Annoni1, C. Luzet2, E. Gubler3 and J. Ihde4 1Joint Research Centre 2EuroGeographics 3Bundesamt für Landestopographie, Switzerland 4Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie, Germany EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE 2001 EUR 20120 EN LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can of accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int). European Communities, 2003 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Italy Content Foreword..................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ................................................................................................ 9 Structure and Objectives of this Report.................................................. 9 JRC-EuroGeographics Map Projections Workshop The workshop Summary - Claude Luzet and Iain Greenway ............. 10 Executive summary ................................................................................. 10 The recommendations in short ............................................................... 10 Agenda.................................................................................................... 10 Represented bodies and organisations................................................... 11 Introduction............................................................................................. 14 European coordinate reference systems................................................. 15 European needs ...................................................................................... 15 Map projections to be used for European purposes............................... 16 Relationship with National Systems ........................................................ 17 Aspects to be further investigated .......................................................... 17 Results dissemination ............................................................................. 18 The EC requirements in terms of Projection Systems - A. Annoni, J. Delincé, A. Wirthmann, C. Steenmans............................................... 19 Introduction............................................................................................. 19 Use of projected data.............................................................................. 19 New trend in EU policies related to geographic information .................. 20 Examples of European requirements ...................................................... 20 Statistical Grids ....................................................................................... 20 Land Use/Cover Area Frame Statistical Survey (LUCAS) ....................... 21 The water directives ................................................................................ 22 Natura2000.............................................................................................. 23 IMAGE 2000 and CORINE Land Cover 2000.......................................... 24 Trans-European-Networks ...................................................................... 24 Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS)............................ 25 Agri-Environmental indicators................................................................. 26 Conclusions............................................................................................. 27 Map Projections for the Layman - Stefan A. Voser.............................. 29 From the Earth Surface to its representation on a Map .......................... 29 Flattening the Earth ................................................................................. 29 Mapping Surfaces ................................................................................... 30 Distortion Properties of Map Projections ................................................ 31 The use of Map Projections .................................................................... 32 Projections and Change of Datum .......................................................... 32 Conclusions............................................................................................. 33 References .............................................................................................. 34 Coordinate Reference Systems used in Europe - Including Map Projections - J. Ihde, J. Luthardt, C. Boucher, P. Dunkley, E. Gubler, B. Farrell, J.A. Torres................................................................................. 35 Introduction............................................................................................. 35 Standardisation Activities........................................................................ 35 Coordinate Reference Systems .............................................................. 36 Coordinate Operations............................................................................ 37 Activities of EUREF and CERCO............................................................. 39 Information system of European Coordinate Reference Systems .............. 39 Map Projections and CRS used in Europe.............................................. 40 Recommendations for pan-European Map Projections.......................... 40 References .............................................................................................. 44 Annex 1 - Schema for describing a coordinate reference system – example ETRS89/Cartesian coordinates ................................. 45 3 Annex 2 - Schema of describing a coordinate operation – example DE_DHDN to ETRS89............................................................... 46 Annex 3 - Letter of CERCO and EUREF to the European National Mapping Agencies .................................................................................. 47 Problems and issues from the perspective of the National Mapping Agencies - Lars E. Engberg .................................................... 48 Background............................................................................................. 48 The Use of Plane Coordinate-systems.................................................... 48 A New Map Projection ............................................................................ 49 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) ..................................................... 49 European Transversal Mercator (ETM)? .................................................. 49 Summary................................................................................................. 49 An Equal Area Projection for Statistical Mapping in the EU - Lysandros Tsoulos ..................................................................................... 50 Factors influencing the choice of a suitable projection........................... 50 The projection to be used by EUROSTAT - GISCO ................................ 52 Conclusions............................................................................................. 55 References .............................................................................................. 55 Acknowledgement .................................................................................. 55 New Map Projections for Ireland - Iain Greenway................................ 56 Background and context......................................................................... 56 The need for a new projection ................................................................ 57 Intended properties of the new projections ............................................ 57 Comparison of the proposed projections ............................................... 59 Analysis of proposed projections and their implications......................... 61 References .............................................................................................. 62 Appendix A - Calculation of Scale Factor on the Central Meridian for ITM..................................................................................................... 62 Appendix B - Comparison of Projection Types....................................... 63 European Map Projections and Transformation Procedures. Experiences from the SABE Project - H. Bennat, J. Brennecke, M. Duster, A. Illert, W. Mehlitz, I. Naumann ........................................... 64 Introduction............................................................................................. 64 Map Projections ...................................................................................... 64 SABE....................................................................................................... 64 Transformation Procedure....................................................................... 66 Remarks .................................................................................................. 70 References .............................................................................................. 71 The Future of Coordinate Reference Systems - Stefan A. Voser....... 72 Introduction............................................................................................. 72 Digital
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Map Projections--A Working Manual
    This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com 7 I- , t 7 < ?1 > I Map Projections — A Working Manual By JOHN P. SNYDER U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1395 _ i UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIGE, WASHINGTON: 1987 no U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director First printing 1987 Second printing 1989 Third printing 1994 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Snyder, John Parr, 1926— Map projections — a working manual. (U.S. Geological Survey professional paper ; 1395) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs. No.: I 19.16:1395 1. Map-projection — Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. II. Series: Geological Survey professional paper : 1395. GA110.S577 1987 526.8 87-600250 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 PREFACE This publication is a major revision of USGS Bulletin 1532, which is titled Map Projections Used by the U.S. Geological Survey. Although several portions are essentially unchanged except for corrections and clarification, there is consider able revision in the early general discussion, and the scope of the book, originally limited to map projections used by the U.S. Geological Survey, now extends to include several other popular or useful projections. These and dozens of other projections are described with less detail in the forthcoming USGS publication An Album of Map Projections. As before, this study of map projections is intended to be useful to both the reader interested in the philosophy or history of the projections and the reader desiring the mathematics.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of the Projected Coordinate System on Animal Home Range Estimation Area
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 11-4-2014 The nflueI nce of the Projected Coordinate System on Animal Home Range Estimation Area Michael Barr University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Physical and Environmental Geography Commons Scholar Commons Citation Barr, Michael, "The nflueI nce of the Projected Coordinate System on Animal Home Range Estimation Area" (2014). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5343 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Influence of the Projected Coordinate System on Animal Home Range Estimation Area by Michael R. Barr A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science School of Geosciences College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Joni Downs, Ph.D. Lori Collins, Ph.D. Elizabeth Walton, Ph.D. Date of Approval: November 4, 2014 Keywords: map distortion, GIS, characteristic hull polygon, map projections Copyright © 2014, Michael R. Barr ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee members Dr. Walton and Dr. Collins for all of their valuable feedback and encouragement during this process. I would also like to thank the researchers whose data I have used in this thesis for making their work available. Special thanks to my advisor Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of Map Projections
    AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOlOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the cur­ rent-year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Sur­ vey publications released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" Publications that are listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" are no longer available. Prices of reports released to the open files are given in the listing "U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports," updated month­ ly, which is for sale in microfiche from the U.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports Section, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225. Reports released through the NTIS may be obtained by writing to the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161; please include NTIS report number with inquiry. Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices given below. BY MAIL OVER THE COUNTER Books Books Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications of general in­ Books of the U.S. Geological Survey are available over the terest (such as leaflets, pamphlets, booklets), single copies of Earthquakes counter at the following Geological Survey Public Inquiries Offices, all & Volcanoes, Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, and some mis­ of which are authorized agents of the Superintendent of Documents: cellaneous reports, including some of the foregoing series that have gone out of print at the Superintendent of Documents, are obtainable by mail from • WASHINGTON, D.C.--Main Interior Bldg., 2600 corridor, 18th and C Sts., NW.
    [Show full text]
  • Projection and Datum Guidelines
    9/14/2021 CDFW Projection and Datum Guidelines Purpose: To provide an overview of map projections and datums used in California and recommendations for CDFW GIS users. GIS Support: [email protected] Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Terminology ........................................................................................................................ 1 3. Datums used in California .................................................................................................. 1 4. Projections and coordinate systems used in California.................................................. 2 5. Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 5 1. Introduction This document provides map projection and datum guidance for California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) GIS users. It is intended to provide help when working with California-based GIS data and making maps but is not a complete reference. Software discussion is focused on ArcGIS. The content was compiled by CDFW’s Will Patterson. 2. Terminology A map projection transforms the three-dimensional shape of the earth onto a two-dimensional surface that can be printed on paper or viewed on a computer screen. There are many map projections, each trying to preserve one or more real world properties such as area, shape, distance, and direction. No single projection preserves
    [Show full text]
  • Map Projections
    Map Projections Map Projections A Reference Manual LEV M. BUGAYEVSKIY JOHN P. SNYDER CRC Press Taylor & Francis Croup Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Published in 1995 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 1995 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-7484-0304-3 (Softcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-7484-0304-2 (Softcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http ://www.
    [Show full text]
  • Map Projections by Randy Schardt, BLM Montana State Office Recorded: April 2, 2009
    Geospatial Learning Pathways Presentation Map Projections by Randy Schardt, BLM Montana State Office recorded: April 2, 2009 This is a Bureau of Land Management Geospatial Learning Pathways Presentation. Map Projections is presented by the Montana State Office. You will learn how to set projection parameters and geographic information system and global positioning system environments. Your presenter is Randy Schardt of BLM’s Montana State Office. Map projections are attempts to portray the surface of the earth or a portion of the earth on a flat surface. And so when a map projection or when we use map projection, will always have distortion of the shape, the area, the distance, and direction. So, no direction can preserve all these properties. Some map projections minimize the distortion to one property at the expense of another while map projections strive to balance the overall distortion. Coordinate systems are a part of map projection. And so what a coordinate system is, it’s a reference system that is used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations within a common geographic framework. And it basically, the coordinate system is the definition of the map projection. There are two types of coordinate systems. The first is the geographic coordinate system and the projected coordinate system. Let’s first talk about the geographic coordinate system. The geographic coordinate system is a reference system using latitude and longitude to define the location of points on the surface of a sphere or spheroid. And it can be recorded in several different formats. It can be in decimal degrees, degrees, minutes, seconds, or degrees decimal minutes.
    [Show full text]
  • Map Projection
    Map Projection Ebrahim Ghaderpour Email: [email protected] Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, Canada Abstract In this paper, we introduce some known map projections from a model of the Earth to a flat sheet of paper or map and derive the plotting equations for these projections. The first fundamental form and the Gaussian fundamental quantities are defined and applied to obtain the plotting equations and distortions in length, shape and size for some of these map projections. The concepts, definitions and proofs in this work are chosen mostly from [5, 6]. 1 Introduction A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of positions on the surface of the Earth to a flat sheet of paper, a map. More precisely, a map projection requires a transformation from a set of two independent coordinates on the model of the Earth (the latitude φ and longitude λ) to a set of two independent coordinates on the map (the Cartesian coordinates x and y), i.e., a transformation matrix T such that x φ = T : y λ However, since we are dealing with partial derivative and fundamental quantities (to be defined later), it is impossible to find such a transformation explicitly. There are a number of techniques for map projection, yet in all of them distortion occurs in length, angle, shape, area or in a combination of these. Carl Friedrich Gauss showed that a sphere's surface cannot be represented on a map without distortion (see [5]). A terrestrial globe is a three dimensional scale model of the Earth that does not distort the real arXiv:1412.7690v1 [physics.geo-ph] 16 Dec 2014 shape and the real size of large futures of the Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Map Projection Article on Wikipedia
    Map Projection Article on Wikipedia Miljenko Lapaine a, * a University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geodesy, [email protected] * Corresponding author Abstract: People often look up information on Wikipedia and generally consider that information credible. The present paper investigates the article Map projection in the English Wikipedia. In essence, map projections are based on mathematical formulas, which is why the author proposes a mathematical approach to them. Weaknesses in the Wikipedia article Map projection are indicated, hoping it is going to be improved in the near future. Keywords: map projection, Wikipedia 1. Introduction 2. Map Projection Article on Wikipedia Not so long ago, if we were to find a definition of a term, The contents of the article Map projection at the English- we would have left the table with a matching dictionary, a language edition of Wikipedia reads: lexicon or an encyclopaedia, and in that book asked for 1 Background the term. However, things have changed. There is no 2 Metric properties of maps need to get up, it is enough with some search engine to 2.1 Distortion search that term on the internet. On the monitor screen, the search term will appear with the indication that there 3 Construction of a map projection are thousands or even more of them. One of the most 3.1 Choosing a projection surface famous encyclopaedias on the internet is certainly 3.2 Aspect of the projection Wikipedia. Wikipedia is a free online encyclopaedia, 3.3 Notable lines created and edited by volunteers around the world. 3.4 Scale According to Wikipedia (2018a) “The reliability of 3.5 Choosing a model for the shape of the body Wikipedia (predominantly of the English-language 4 Classification edition) has been frequently questioned and often assessed.
    [Show full text]
  • Switching from Matlab to R
    Appendix A Switching from Matlab to R Most analysts find that it is not difficult to switch from Matlab to R, especially if a few key differences are kept in mind. This appendix provides a list of such differences, gleaned from the experience of the author and his colleagues (especially Clark Richards, who helped to compile the list). Syntax 1. Assignment to a variable is denoted with “=” in Matlab, but with “<-”inR. (Actually, it is possible to use “=” for R assignment, but not recommended.) 2. In R, assignment statements do not print their value, so there is no need for the Matlab convention of using “;” for silencing an assignment. 3. In R, as in most modern languages except Matlab, square brackets are used for indexing; see Sect. 2.3.4. 4. R matrices are not constructed with a square-bracket syntax, but rather with matrix(), as.matrix(), cbind() or rbind(); see Sect. 2.3.5. 5. In Matlab, vectors (one-dimensional sequences of values) are often represented as single-column matrices. The same form can be used in R, but most functions work with vectors, instead. The drop() function, which drops unused matrix dimensions, helps to convert Matlab data to R format, e.g. the following shows how to create vectors for regression with lm(). library(R.matlab) m <- readMat("filename.mat") x <- drop(m$x) y <- drop(m$y) lm(y ~ x) 6. R coerces arrays to a lower dimension whenever it can (Sect. 2.3.5.2), but the drop=FALSE argument can override this, e.g. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018 241 D.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Equal-Area, Conformal and Conventional Map Projections: a Tutorial Review
    Journal of Applied Geodesy 2016; aop Research Article Ebrahim Ghaderpour* Some Equal-area, Conformal and Conventional Map Projections: A Tutorial Review DOI 10.1515/jag-2015-0033 There are a number of techniques for map projection, received December 22, 2015; accepted April 23, 2016. yet in all of them distortion occurs in length, angle, shape, area or in a combination of these. Carl Friedrich Gauss Abstract: Map projections have been widely used in many showed that a sphere’s surface cannot be represented on areas such as geography, oceanography, meteorology, a map without distortion (cf., [8]). geology, geodesy, photogrammetry and global positioning A terrestrial globe is a three dimensional scale model systems. Understanding different types of map projections of the Earth that does not distort the real shape and the is very crucial in these areas. This paper presents a tutorial real size of large futures of the Earth. The term globe is used review of various types of current map projections such as for those objects that are approximately spherical. The equal-area, conformal and conventional. We present these equation for spherical model of the Earth with radius R is map projections from a model of the Earth to a flat sheet of paper or map and derive the plotting equations for them in x 2 y 2 z 2 ++=1. (2) detail. The first fundamental form and the Gaussian fun- 2 2 2 R R R damental quantities are defined and applied to obtain the plotting equations and distortions in length, shape and An oblate ellipsoid or spheroid is a quadratic surface size for some of these map projections.
    [Show full text]
  • Sample Unit for CCTP
    UNIT 10: PROJECTING DATA Written by Rustin Dodson, Santa Barbara, California Context A map projection defines the manner in which three-dimensional information about the Earth is transformed to a two-dimensional surface for display and analysis. All spatial data stored in a GIS are associated with a map projection, either implicitly (so-called "unprojected" data stored with raw longitude, latitude coordinates) or explicitly (where the data have been transformed into a known map projection). Map projections are a particularly important feature of spatial data because they introduce error and distortion, since a sphere cannot be transformed to a plane without some stretching and twisting of the sphere's surface. The typical GIS package supports anywhere from 5 to 50 map projection types, and most projections may be modified or customized by varying their parameters. This flexibility is important for two reasons: first, in order to use two or more layers together in a GIS for visualization or analysis, all data must be projected in the same way. Second, certain types of analyses, such as the measurement of area, are only valid when using certain types of projections (and conversely, are completely wrong when using an inappropriate projection). An understanding of map projections is essential in order to confidently display, analyze, and interpret GIS data. The subject of map projections is vast and complex. This unit attempts to present an overview of projection issues that are likely to be encountered by a GIS user. Example Application As GIS analyst on a large ecological modeling project in the Pacific Northwest, you are constantly on the lookout for higher-quality data with which to upgrade your environmental database.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of Map Projections
    Bibliography of Map Projections Editors of first edition: John P. Snyder*and Harry Steward *Editor of revisions 1st edition: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1856, 1988 2nd edition: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1856, 1997 Also two on-line editions installed at Ohio State University, 1994, 1996 under supervision of Eric John Miller and Duane F. Marble First printed edition by USGS, 1988 On-line editions at Ohio State University, 1994, 1996 Second printed edition, by USGS, 1997 This edition is printed using Word 6.0 for Windows 3.1 and using the following True Type fonts: Times New Roman, Century Gothic, Symbol, Cyrillic, and /HHGV%LW (XUR(DVW, (XUR1RUWK, (XUR:HVW, (XUR6RXWK, and ExtraChars 1. ii PREFACE [Although Harry Steward has not published by the Library of Congress in 1973 participated in the revisions of this bibliography, with a supplement in 1980 and an unpublished he contributed in a major manner to the first second supplement still in the process of edition and to this preface. Therefore, a assembly. Similar in significance are the near- separate preface has not been prepared for the annual listings of Bibliotheca Cartographica revisions. The numbers and some comments in (1957-1972) and its successor, Bibliographia the original preface have been updated. − JPS.] Cartographica (1974 to present), both published The discipline of cartography has a rich and in Germany but compiled from international complex history and a lengthy literature to contributions. accompany it. Cartographers have not only Additional valuable material has been made maps; they have written about them in derived from the published bibliography of the great detail.
    [Show full text]