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Medicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Pongamia Pinnata (L.) Pierre: a Review

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Medicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Pongamia Pinnata (L.) Pierre: a Review Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2013) 395–420 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep Review Medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre: A review L.M.R. Al Muqarrabun a, N. Ahmat a,n, S.A.S. Ruzaina a, N.H. Ismail a, I. Sahidin b a Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia b Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Haluoleo University (Unhalu), 93232 Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia article info abstract Article history: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre is one of the many plants with diverse Received 10 April 2013 medicinal properties where all its parts have been used as traditional medicine in the treatment and Received in revised form prevention of several kinds of ailments in many countries such as for treatment of piles, skin diseases, 19 August 2013 and wounds. Accepted 20 August 2013 Aim of this review: This review discusses the current knowledge of traditional uses, phytochemistry, Available online 7 September 2013 biological activities, and toxicity of this species in order to reveal its therapeutic and gaps requiring Keywords: future research opportunities. Pongamia pinnata Material and methods: This review is based on literature study on scientific journals and books from Fabaceae library and electronic sources such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, ACS, etc. Anti-diabetic Results: Several different classes of flavonoid derivatives, such as flavones, flavans, and chalcones, and Anti-inflammatory Karanjin several types of compounds including terpenes, steroid, and fatty acids have been isolated from all parts Pongamol of this plant. The pharmacological studies revealed that various types of preparations, extracts, and single compounds of this species exhibited a broad spectrum of biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities. Conclusion: The results of several toxicity studies indicated that extracts and single compounds isolated from this species did not show any significant toxicity and did not cause abnormality on some rats' organs. Thus, this plant has a potential to be used as an effective therapeutic remedy due to its low toxicity towards mammalian cells. However, further study on chemical constituents and their mechan- isms in exhibiting certain biological activities are needed to understand the full phytochemical profile and the complex pharmacological effects of this plant. In addition, further study on the toxicity of the other compounds isolated from this plant required to be assessed to ensure their eligibility to be used as sources of drugs. & 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction . 396 2. Medicinal properties . 396 3. Phytochemistry . 396 3.1. Flavones..................................................................................................... 396 3.2. Flavans......................................................................................................400 3.3. Chalcones . 400 3.4. Miscellaneous compounds . 400 4. Pharmacology . 402 4.1. Antioxidant . 402 4.2. Antimicrobial . 403 4.3. Anti-protozoal . 403 4.4. Anti-inflammatory activity . 404 4.5. Anti-convulsant activity . 405 4.6. Anti-diabetic activity . 405 n Corresponding author. Tel.: þ60 355444643; fax: þ60 355444562. E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Ahmat). 0378-8741/$ - see front matter & 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.041 396 L.M.R. Al Muqarrabun et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2013) 395–420 4.7. Anti-hyperammonemic activity. 405 4.8. Cytotoxicity . 405 4.9. Anthelminthic activity. 406 4.10. Insecticidal activity . 406 4.11. Immune modulatory . 407 4.12. Toxicity...................................................................................................... 407 5. Conclusion......................................................................................................... 417 References............................................................................................................. 418 1. Introduction toxicity or abnormality caused by the administration of some the Fabaceae is one of the largest families of flowering plants, extracts and single compounds on the organs of the animal comprising over 714 genera (Lewis et al., 2005). The name samples. However, further study on chemical constituents and Fabaceae is valid for family sensu lato (s.l.) with Leguminosae as their mechanisms in exhibiting certain biological activities are the alternate name (Singh, 2004). The family is economically very needed to understand the full phytochemical profile and the important being the major source of food and forage and its great complex pharmacological effects of this plant. In addition, further diversity (the third largest family in flowering plants) has also clinical studies on the toxicity of all the plant parts extracts and attracted much interest in ecological as well as systematic studies the other compounds isolated from this plant are required to (Acharya et al., 2004). Pongamia pinnata is one of the important ensure their eligibility to be used as sources of drugs. species from this family. According to Bala et al. (2011), Pongamia pinnata is the sole species in genus Pongamia. From a botanical point of view, it should be noted that the nomenclature of the 2. Medicinal properties genus is particularly confusing because many species of other genera are synonymous. This plant is also well known as Millettia Pongamia pinnata has been applied as crude drug for the pinnata (L.) Panigrahi, Pongamia glabra Vent., and Derris indica treatment of tumors, piles, skin diseases, and ulcers (Rout et al., (Lam.) Bennet (Bala et al., 2011; Scott et al., 2008; http://www. 2009; Pavithra et al., 2010). The root is effective for treating theplantlist.org). In some countries, Pongamia pinnata has various gonorrhea, cleaning gums, teeth, and ulcers, and is used in vaginal common names, such as karanja (Hindi, Bengali, Sanskrit), and skin diseases (Muthu et al., 2006). Table 1 describes the ki pahang laut (Indonesian), kacang kayu laut (Malay), and medicinal uses of all parts of this species. pongam oil tree/malva nut (English) (Csurhes and Hankamer, The seed oil is of various uses, especially for the treatment of 2010). ulcers, rheumatism, leucoderma and scabies (Nadkarni, 1954; Pongamia pinnata is a multipurpose legume tree indigenous to Kirtikar and Basu, 1987; Ghani, 1998; Warrier et al., 1993; Prasad the Indian subcontinent, south East Asia and one of the non-edible and Reshmi, 2003). In Ayurvedic medicinal system, tribal people in oil yielding tree with high potential for seed yield (20,000 seeds/ southern India use this plant for treatment of wounds. The stem tree) (Belide et al., 2010). It is drought resistant, nitrogen-fixing bark of Pongamia pinnata is mixed with the whole plant of Aristida leguminous tree known to withstand water logging and mild frost, setacea to make a paste to be applied topically on affected places to with high tolerance to salinity. It is also well adapted to adverse heal wounds, while the mixture of Pongamia pinnata oil with the climatic conditions and soil moisture conditions (Rout et al., 2009). leaf of Eupatorium odorata is also used to heal wounds (Ayyanar It is grown as shade tree and wind break in tea plantation and Ignacimuthu, 2009). (Divakara et al., 2010). Pongamia pinnata is a potential source for biodiesel due to its oil contained in its seeds (Pandey et al., 2010; Azam et al., 2005; Ukey et al., 2008). 3. Phytochemistry All parts of this plant have been widely used as traditional medicine to treat a broad spectrum of diseases and wounds. It has Fig. 1 The phytochemical studies of Pongamia pinnata resulted been more than 80 years since the first study of this species in the isolation of flavonoid derivatives (flavones, flavans, and conducted by Prof. Limaye in 1925. His study about the chemical chalcones). Several compounds from other classes were also properties of Pongamia pinnata resulted in the isolation of detected in this species, such as a sesquiterpene, diterpene, karanjin, a furanoflavone which becomes a trademark compound triterpenes, steroids, amino acid derivatives, disaccharide, fatty of this species. Since then, vast amount of studies have been done acids, and esters. by international researchers, especially from India and China, following the information about the medicinal properties pos- 3.1. Flavones sessed by this plant mostly according to Indian traditional medical practitioners which are reported in Ayurvedic medicinal system. Flavones and its derivatives are the most common compounds The phytochemical studies resulted in the discovery of large isolated from Pongamia pinnata. Simple flavones, methylenedioxy amount of compounds from various classes including flavonoids flavones, furanoflavones, chromenoflavones, glycosidated flavones, and terpenoids. The pharmacological studies revealed that this glycosidated isoflavones, isofuranoflavone, prenylated isoflavones, plant demonstrated a broad range of biological activities. This flavones with modified rings such as coumestan, rotenoids and review reveals and describes the phytochemistry of this species pterocarpans, and a diflavone have been isolated from this plant and the pharmacological effects of its various extracts and chemi- (Table 2).
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