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SE REGIONAL

HD Phase I of Handri-Neeva in three years, says YSR

BY By Our Staff Reporter

WC 479 words

PD 21 June 2004

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

PG 03

LA English

LP The Chief Minister, Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy, has announced that the first phase of Handri Neeva Sujala Sravanti (HNSS) irrigation project will be completed in the next three years. About two lakhs acres in Kurnool and Anantapur district will be given water in the first phase, he stated.

Addressing an impromptu press conference near Gudibanda in the district today during his Rajiv Pallebata visit he stated that the project cost had now escalated to Rs. 3,000 crores. The first phase would be completed with Rs. 1,300 crores.

TD Asked about the availability of water to the project the Chief Minister said there was no way but diversion of Godavari waters to the Krishna delta and Nagarjunasagar. Admitting that there were problems in allocation of water to the project in the Krishna-Tungabhadra basin he said the two river systems were over-exploited and over-depended.

All projects for diversion of Godavari waters to the Krishna basin would be taken up on a war- footing and would be completed in three-four years time. Diversion of Godavari waters would also help give additional water to Mahabubnagar and Nalgonda districts, he said.

Mr. Rajasekhara Reddy stated that the first phase of Handri-Neeva would involve eight lifts with an estimated cost of Rs. 700 crores. It was being planned to irrigate 80,000 acres in Kurnool and 1.2 lakh acres in Anantapur in the first phase.

About Rs. 50 to 100 crores would be spent on the project this year, he said.

As the water would reach till Uravakonda by the end of first phase it would be taken to Madakasira area in the next three years in the second phase. Besides, the State Government was also concentrating on the reallocation of Krishna waters.

The drinking water needs of Madakasira, Penukonda, Hindupur and Gorantla areas would also be met with the pipeline project from Penna Ahobilam Balancing Reservoir. An amount of Rs. 100 crores was already sanctioned for the project, he noted.

He also assured taking up the second stage of PABR at the earliest.

The Chief Minister also announced that the farmers taking up pongamia (kanuga) and jatropha (adavi amudam) plantation for bio-diesel production would be given loans of Rs. 5,000 to 6,000 every year till they reached the production stage. It was being planned to cover 30,000 acres with bio-diesel plantation in Anantapur this year, he stated.

On the issue of unemployment the Chief Minister said a detailed study was already under progress to ascertain the number of sanctioned posts in all Government departments. Details were being gathered about permanent, project-based and contract posts.

The actual requirement would also be know after the study. Later, all the vacancies would be filled within the limits of law.

AN Document THINDU0020040620e06l0002j

HD ANDHRA PRADESH VILLAGE PIONEERS GREEN PROJECT FOR WORLD BANK (the World Bank has paid $645 to Powerguda villagers for carbon trading) CR Business Line. Jun 19, 2004; pg 19

WC 103 words

PD 19 June 2004

SN Indian Business Insight

SC WIBI

VOL 0971-7528

LA English

LP Powerguda village in Andhra Pradesh has sold equivalent of 147 tonnes of carbon dioxide to the World Bank in verified carbon reduction. The World Bank has paid $645 to Powerguda villagers for carbon trading. Powerguda villagers are likely to grow pongamia trees in the watershed areas. The carbon trading is to neutralise the emissions from aeroplanes and local transport units used by the participants attending an international conference in Washington in Oct 2003.

RF ABSTRACT|DAILY

IN i25 : Chemicals

NS genv : Environmental News | gcat : Political/General News

PUB Informatics (India) Ltd.

AN Document WIBI000020040622e06j0005x

SE STATES

HD AP tribal village gets paid for pioneer green project for World Bank

BY Our Bureau

WC 244 words

PD 19 June 2004

SN Business Line (The Hindu)

SC BSNLNE

PG 19

LA English

LP Hyderabad , June 18

POWERGUDA, a little-known village in Adilabad district of Andhra Pradesh has become an environmental pioneer by selling the equivalent of 147 tonnes of carbon-dioxide in verified emission reduction to the World Bank.

TD The bank paid $645 to Powerguda villagers to neutralise emissions from aeroplanes and local transport used by participants attending an international conference at Washington DC, in October 2003.

This interesting transaction has put Powerguda, a watershed-project area of the International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), and a secluded Gond tribal village, on the global carbon trade map.

International invitees to the World Bank conference burnt aviation fuel to fly to the meeting resulting in greenhouse gas emission. To compensate for the adverse environmental impact of this, the bank paid the Powerguda villagers to grow pongamia trees in the watershed. By growing these trees, the villagers have been providing a three-fold environmental service - prevent the spread of desertification; sequester atmospheric carbon; and extract pongamia

Page 4 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. oil, which is a biodiesel. The income of villagers improved due to the watershed activities that include soil and water conservation, improved agricultural practices, integrated nutrient, and pest management.

A recent study noted a 77% increase in family income over three years, an ICRISAT release said. ICRISAT's model for watershed development is replicated in Andhra Pradesh through the Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihoods Program.

NS gclimt : Climate Change | genv : Environmental News | gcat : Political/General News | gglobe : Global/World Issues | gwea : Weather PUB Kasturi & Sons Ltd

AN Document BSNLNE0020040618e06j0002v

HD SBT, ICRISAT TEAM UP FOR BIODIESEL PROJECT (Icrisat and SBT to assist farmers in cultivating Pongamia, Jatropha and other oilseed-bearing trees on degraded lands in Andhra Pradesh) CR Financial Express. Jun 18, 2004; pg NA

WC 141 words

PD 18 June 2004

SN Indian Business Insight

SC WIBI

VOL 0015-2005

LA English

LP Southern Online Biotechnologies Ltd (SBT) has signed a five- year agreement with the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (Icrisat), for the cultivation of oilseed bearing trees for its proposed biodiesel project in Andhra Pradesh. Icrisat and SBT will assist farmers to take up plantation and processing of Pongamia, Jatropha and other oilseed bearing trees on fields close to SBT's proposed biodiesel production unit. The total estimated capacity of the plant through extraction is about 30 tonnes per day. SBT will offer buyback arrangements to the local farmers to procure oilseeds or raw oils for use in the biodiesel project.

RF ABSTRACT|DAILY

AN Document WIBI000020040621e06i0004n

HD NATURAL BIOENERGY TO SET UP BIO DIESEL PLANT IN KAKINADA (with an investment of about Rs135 crore) CR Business Standard. Jun 18, 2004; pg 4

WC 121 words

PD 18 June 2004

SN Indian Business Insight

SC WIBI

VOL 0999-001X

LA English

LP Natural BioEnergy plans to set up an integrated state-of-the-art bio-diesel plant near Kakinada in Andhra Pradesh with an investment of about Rs135 crore. The plant will have a capacity of 300 tonnes per day. The plant will be set up through a joint venture with Fe Clean Energy Inc of the US and Energea GmbH, Austria. Natural BioEnergy plans to promote cultivation of jatropha and pongamia in about 1,20,000 acres of dry wastelands across Andhra Pradesh. The company will enter into buyback arrangements with farmers for sourcing raw material.

RF ABSTRACT|DAILY

IN i0 : Agriculture/Forestry | i13 : Crude Oil/Natural Gas | imet : Metals/Mining | i1 : Energy

AN Document WIBI000020040621e06i0002q

HD Naturol BioEnergy to set up bio diesel plant in Kakinada ; Naturol BioEnergy has announced its plans to set up an... BY Our Regional Bureau Hyderabad

WC 476 words

PD 18 June 2004

SN Business Standard

SC BSTN

PG 4

LA English

LP Naturol BioEnergy has announced its plans to set up an integrated state-of-the-art bio diesel plant near Kakinada. The plant to have a capacity of 300 tonnes per day (tpd) capacity will approximately involve an investment of Rs 135 crore.

C S Bhaskar, managing director and CEO of Natural BioEnergy, told a press conference that the plant would be set up in joint venture Fe Clean Energy Inc, USA, and Energea Gmbh, Austria. Energea will provide technical assistance, while Fe Clean, a private equity fund dedicated to clean energy projects, will invest in the project. The joint venture agreement will be signed shortly, he said.

TD Natural BioEnergy plans to promote cultivation of jatropha and pongamia in around 1,20,000 acres of dry wastelands across the state. It will enter into buy-back arrangements with farmers for sourcing raw material.

To a query as to when the project would have financial closure, Bhaskar said that the company would start working on financial closure only after central and Andhra Pradesh state governments announce their bio fuel policies along with incentives for investors as well as growers. On the investments to be made by the company, he said the details would be worked out after negotiations with the joint venture partners. The company would announce the time-frame for commencing the project works and their completion after studying the policy guidelines to be announced by the central and the state governments, he said. "Till the

Page 9 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. plant attains self-sufficiency in raw material procurement, it plans to import raw materials, ie, any vegetable oil. For the import of raw material as well as machinery, the company is awaiting policy guidelines," he said.

Fe Clean Energy chairman and managing director (Asia), George Sorenson and Anand Prakash respectively, said that the Dollar 50-million fund had allocated Dollar 30 million for investing in clean energy projects like hydel projects, biomass power plants bio-diesel plants in the Asian region. Fe Clean had initially chosen India, Thailand and the Philippines for the prospective investments. In India, the fund is keen to invest mainly in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra due to the pro-active initiatives of the respective governments to promote the clean energy projects, they said.

On the policy incentives for bio fuels, M Mareppa, minister for lift irrigation & groundwater department, said that the government was working on a policy to encourage farmers to cultivate jatropha and pongamia plans in around two lakh hectares in the districts of Anantapur, Kurnool, Kadapa, Chittoor, Maharashtra, Nalgonda and Ranga Reddy districts. The government would also announce guidelines for buy-back arrangements to be entered into by bio-diesel plant managements and growers, he said.

IN ialtful : Alternative Fuels | i1 : Energy

NS c24 : Capacity/Facilities | c11 : Plans/Strategy | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

AN Document BSTN000020040617e06i0000i

HD Southern Online Bio plans rights-cum-public issue in Sept ; City-based Southern Online Bio Technologies Limited is coming out with... BY K Balaram Reddy Hyderabad

WC 726 words

PD 17 June 2004

SN Business Standard

SC BSTN

PG 4

LA English

LP City-based Southern Online Bio Technologies Limited is coming out with a Rs 17.1-crore rights-cum-public issue to entirely finance its bio diesel project.

N Satish Kumar, managing director of Southern Online Bio, said that the issue would open by September and UTI had agreed to act as the lead managers to the issue. The company would also list its shares on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) to create better value for its shareholders. The company is at present listed on the Hyderabad Stock Exchange (HSE) and the Bangalore Stock Exchange (BgSE).

TD Under the rights-cum-public issue being offered at par, the company would offer 57 lakh shares as the rights which would be subscribed to promoters and their associates. Shares totalling 1.14 crore would be offered to the public, the Southern Online Bio managing director said.

Kumar said that the company would approach Sebi for its approval for the issue next month and also seek an in-principal nod from the BSE for listing. Post-issue, the paid-up capital, which is presently at Rs 5.36 crore, will rise to Rs 22.8 crore. The authorised capital would rise from Rs 12 crore to Rs 23 crore. The networth will rise from Rs 5.94 crore to Rs 24.43 crore. Promoters have to subscribe to minimum 20 per cent of both rights and public issues. At present, their stake holding in the company stands at 33.3 per cent.

Page 11 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Giving the break-up of the Rs 17.1-crore bio-diesel project, he said that the plant and machinery would cost Rs 9.2 crore, miscellaneous fixed assets Rs 1.32 crore, preliminary operations Rs 2.76 crore and land-cum-civil works Rs 8.57 crore.

The company is setting aside Rs 1.09 crore as the contingency fund and Rs 1.86 crore as margins for working capital.

The company has acquired 10 acres at Choutuppal, 50 km from the city, for setting up a plant to produce bio diesel using oil seeds from trees such as pongamia pinnata, jatropha curcas.

"The plant with 30 tonnes per day or 90,000 tonnes per annum capacity would require around 100 tonnes of seeds per day. The annual requirement of seeds is around 32,000 tonnes. As the current availability of seeds in the state is less than 4,000 tonnes, we would use other raw materials like acid oils, distilled fatty acids, animal fatty acids and non-edible vegetable oils like neem, rice brawn etc," Kumar said.

The company is entering into buy-back arrangements with farmers as well as plantation owners to source raw materials. "Irrespective of quality of seeds, they will be procured at Rs 4-4.50 per kg. The commitment is being made to the suppliers," he said.

Satish Kumar said the company was planning to start the works shortly and expects the production to commence by April 2005.

The company had already entered into agreements with buyers like railways, Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam corporations etc. The company had agreed to supply bio diesel at rates cheaper than those of conventional diesel, he said.

Meanwhile, the company recorded a net profit at Rs 4.63 lakh on a total income of Rs 3.1 crore for the year ended March 2004. It earned a net profit of Rs 4.22 lakh on an income of Rs 3.07 crore. The company is the largest B-category internet service provider in the country with its operations mainly in the city.

On the marginal rise in income and profits, Satish Kumar said that the reason was the fall in bandwidth prices which fell to around Rs 10,000 per month per 64 kbps from Rs 14,000. As the bandwidth procurement prices also slid from Rs 16-18 lakh per mbps to Rs 12-14 lakh, the company had to pass on the benefits to the customers. It increased its bandwidth from 24 mbps to 36 mbps during 2003-04. Since April, the company had raised its supply capacity by 18 mbps to 54 mbps and would end the financial year with a bandwidth capacity of over 75 mbps, he said.

NS c171 : Share Capital | c17 : Funding/Capital | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

AN Document BSTN000020040616e06h0000m

SE REGIONAL

HD Agriculture action plan released

BY By Our Staff Reporter

WC 292 words

PD 16 June 2004

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

PG 03

LA English

LP The district Collector, Ajay Jain, unveiled the agriculture action plan for the crop year 2004-05 here on Tuesday. Addressing a meeting on the ocasion, Mr. Jain asked agriculture officers to give priority to farmers who approached helpline. He said the list of such farmers was available with MROs and the Collectorate. The farmers in distress should be given priority in selecting the beneficiaries for any scheme incorporated in the action plan.

TD Mr. Jain said besides this the agriculture officials should visit the farmers who complained to the helpline and discuss the crop plan of each farmer and help him to come out of troubles. In fact, the Agriculture Department should adopt the farmers in distress and help them in all respects. The Collector asked the officers to promote cultivation of biodiesel plants in arid zones which would ensure stable income to farmers. The funds available under watershed, horticulture and VSS programmes should be used for planting the biodiesel species. During the current year around 30,000 acres would be covered under the biodiesel plantations.

The Joint Director, Agriculture, Venkateswara Sarma, said each multipurpose extension officer was asked to motivate one farmer to take up paddy cultivation through SRI method.

ANANTAPUR: Farmers in the district would be encouraged to take up plantation of pongamia and jatropha for setting up bio-diesel plants, the District Collector, Y.V. Anuradha, said on

Talking to newspersons she said the farmers would be helped to take up bund plantation and block plantation of the two species, seed of which would be used for bio-diesel extraction. Two private processing units were procuring about 25 metric tonnes of pongamia seed every year in the district, she stated.

IN i01001 : Agriculture | i0 : Agriculture/Forestry

NS c13 : Regulation/Government Policy | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

AN Document THINDU0020040615e06g0001i

SE REGIONAL

HD BMP aims at planting 20,000 saplings

BY By Our Special Correspondent

WC 313 words

PD 12 June 2004

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

PG 03

LA English

LP The Bangalore Mahanagara Palike, which started a massive tree planting exercise on World Environment Day, expects to have 20,000 saplings planted across the city by the end of August.

Learning from its experience of large-scale uprootal of trees during rain and strong winds some weeks ago, the civic body seems to have given more thought to the choice of saplings to be planted now. Starting from the launch of the programme at Jayaprakash Narayan Park at Mathikere last week, the BMP's Horticulture Department has begun planting saplings that can withstand heavy winds or rain.

TD The saplings are now being planted at vacant spaces across the city, including roadsides. Many are to be planted to replace dead and precariously standing trees which need to be felled; others would fill the gaps left by saplings which failed to survive after they were planted the previous years. The tree species now being planted include Mahogany, Bauhinia, Pongamia, Jacaranda, Tabubia, Pelto Phoram, Neem, Giant Hibiscus, Silver Oak, Champak, Almond, and Ashoka, according to BMP officials. Some are ornamental trees, but considered sturdy enough to stand the vagaries of weather. Others grow fast and will provide the much needed shade during summer.

Page 16 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Though the civic body has been taking up tree planting almost every year, the survival rate of saplings, especially those planted on the roadsides, has not always been encouraging. In some cases, the saplings are vandalised; others that lack protective railings are eaten by cattle, and some others just lack adequate care and wither away. The BMP is now making efforts to see that most of the saplings are cared for till they grow to a safe stage. More attention is also to be given to trees which could be saved with timely action like providing supports or trimming of branches.

NS genv : Environmental News | glife : Living/Lifestyle | gcat : Political/General News

PUB Kasturi & Sons Ltd

AN Document THINDU0020040611e06c0001k

SE BUSINESS

HD GMR Industries' expansion plan

BY By Our Special Correspondent

WC 187 words

PD 27 May 2004

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

PG 18

LA English

LP Given the projected sugar production shortfall for the next two years, GMR Industries is planning expansion of sugarcane crushing capacity from 3,125 tonnes a day to 5,000 tpd by 2006-07 with an investment of Rs. 40 crores, according to K. Narayana Rao, Managing Director.

Announcing the results for the year ended March 2004, at a press conference here on Wednesday, he said the expansion of the distillery would be completed by October, and supply of ethanol to oil companies would commence from November this year. This expansion was taken up with an investment to Rs. 20 crores to take the capacity to 40 kl a day and ultimately to 100 kl with an additional investment of Rs. 20 crores `at an appropriate time'.

TD Mr. Rao disclosed that the company was also planning to enter agro-related business like bio- diesel production using jetropa and pongamia.

For the year ended March 2004, the company has reported net sales of Rs. 265 crores (Rs. 256 crores) and a net profit of Rs. 11 crores (Rs. 8 crores).

NS c151 : Earnings | c15 : Performance | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

AN Document THINDU0020040526e05r0005r

HD Andhra draws up Rs 2,500 cr irrigation plan ; The Andhra Pradesh government has formulated a Rs 2,500 crore... BY Our Bureau Hyderabad

WC 449 words

PD 27 May 2004

SN Business Standard

SC BSTN

PG 8

LA English

LP The Andhra Pradesh government has formulated a Rs 2,500 crore package together with the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) for financing irrigation projects.

The state government is also drawing up a roadmap, which will see the involvement of oil majors like Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) and Reliance Industries, to make the state a major producer of bio-diesel.

TD Talking to a select group of reporters, Chief Minister, Y S Rajashekhara Reddy said the state would spend between Rs 6,000 crore and Rs 7,000 crore on irrigation projects during the current financial year. "Raising finances for irrigation projects is not a problem despite the debt burden. Andhra Pradesh has never failed in meeting its payment obligations so far," Reddy said.

"Raising this money will only affect our fiscal deficit and not our revenue deficit. In fact we are looking at ways to reduce the revenue deficit of about Rs 3,000 crore," he said. The Andhra Pradesh government has drawn up a massive irrigation project investment plan which will see it spend close to Rs 9,000 crore every year on irrigation projects and an estimated Rs 46,000 crore over the next five years.

In another major initiative, the government is planning to make the state the biggest producer of bio-diesel in the country and involve oil majors like Reliance and IOC in this initiative. "We

Page 20 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. are planning to bring between 40 and 50 lakh acres of land in seven to eight districts of the state under bio-diesel plantations and ensure that micro-irrigation is used in a big way in these areas. This will change the ecology of the area," Reddy said.

"We plan to involve oil companies in this initiative and expect them to invest so that we are able to cover districts in the Rayalseema, Telangana and Coastal Andhra region," Reddy noted. Bio-diesel plantations typically raise plants like `jatropha' and `pongamia' whose extracts are mixed with diesel to produce bio-diesel.

The chief minister also indicated that the government was all set to re-negotiate power purchase agreements (PPAs) with two power companies - Spectrum Power Generation Ltd and GVK Power - and the money saved would be used to subsidise power to the farmers.

"The Comptroller and Auditor General has itself pointed out that the state government was paying close to Rs 200 crore more than what was being paid to quasi-state controlled power generating units. We can save this immediately and will in the next two to three weeks re- negotiate these PPAs," he said.

AN Document BSTN000020040526e05r00018

HD GMR Industries net up 36% ; Following a significant...

BY Our Regional Bureau Hyderabad

WC 395 words

PD 27 May 2004

SN Business Standard

SC BSTN

PG 4

LA English

LP Following a significant drop in interest costs and borrowings, GMR Industries Limited, the manufacturing arm of the Rs 2,500-crore GMR group, has posted 36.2 per cent growth in net profit at Rs 11.09 crore for the financial year 2003-04. The company, formerly known as GMR Technologies and Industries, had reported a net profit of Rs 8.14 crore in the year 2002-03.

The board of directors of the company, which met here today, announced a dividend of 15 per cent.

TD Though, the total income rose marginally by 1.72 per cent to Rs 289.10 crore from Rs 284.19 crore, the company saw the interest costs decline by 48.7 per cent from Rs 26.96 crore to Rs 13.83 crore. The quantum of loans from banks and financial institutions, which was Rs 165 crore in March 2001, was brought down to Rs 92 crore by March 2004. The company managed to convert most of the term loans and working capital into foreign currency loans at London Interbank Offered Rate Index (LIBOR) rate of 5.3 per cent as against domestic interest rates of 11-12 per cent.

K Narayana Rao, managing director of GMR Industries, said the improvement in performance was mainly due to debt restructuring and conversion of loans into foreign currency loans at LIBOR rates. Apart from this, the company focussed on operational efficiency, laid thrust on exports, corporate governance practices and increased professionalism, he said. Elaborating on the operational efficiency, he said the company had been taking energy conservation

Stating that the outlook for all activities of the company was promising during the current financial year, he said turnover and net profit were expected to rise by 15 per cent and 25 per cent respectively.

Rao also said that the company was chalking out plans to foray into agri-related areas like bio diesel. It would not only grow jatropha and pongamia plants but also set up bio diesel plant.

CO gmrg : GMR Group

IN i8396 : Diversified Holding Companies | ibcs : Business/Consumer Services

NS c151 : Earnings | c15 : Performance | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

AN Document BSTN000020040526e05r0000k

HD GMR Industries net up 36% at Rs 11crore ; Following a significant...

BY Our Regional Bureau Hyderabad

WC 674 words

PD 27 May 2004

SN Business Standard

SC BSTN

PG 4

LA English

The board of directors of the company, which met here today, announced a dividend of 15 per cent.

Rao also said that the company was chalking out plans to foray into agri-related areas like bio diesel. It would not only grow jatropha and pongamia plants but also set up bio diesel plant.

On the company's change of name, he said: "The company has been rechristened GMR Industries Limited from GMR Technologies and Industries Limited to identify and align with its present line of activities and future plans." The company is structured into five divisions - sugar, co-generation, distillery, metallurgical and international trading.

On the future plans of the company, Rao said that the company would expand the cane crushing capacity of its sugar mill from the current 3,125 tonnes per day (tpd) to 5,000 tpd by 2007 with an investment of Rs 40 crore. The company will raise Rs 16 crore soft loan at six per cent interest from the Sugar Development Fund (SDF), Rs 20 crore from banks and financial institutions. Internal accruals would account for the remaining Rs 4 crore.

The company is at present setting up a distillery to manufacture 40 kilo litres of ethanol a day at an investment of Rs 20 crore. The company plans to source Rs 8 crore from the SDF, Rs 10 crore from Andhra Bank and raise Rs 2 crore internally to finance the project. The distillery will be operational by October this year.

The company also has a downstream project in the form of a cogeneration power plant with 16 mw. On the metallurgical division, Rao said that the ferro alloys plant, with a capacity of 25,000 tonnes, exported 75 per cent of its products to overseas customers. The exports touched the Rs 86 crore mark in 2003-04 as compared to Rs 26 crore in the year before.

The international trading division, which was originally set up to take care of export activities of the metallurgical division, has been turned into a full-fledged division. It will explore export opportunities in various avenues where the group has its core competence. It will also diversify into import activities, Rao added.

CO gmrg : GMR Group

IN i8396 : Diversified Holding Companies | ibcs : Business/Consumer Services

AN Document BSTN000020040526e05r0000e

SE CORPORATE

HD Rlys to make bio-diesel viable — Trains to run on vegetable, used frying oil

BY Kripa Raman

WC 717 words

PD 27 May 2004

SN Business Line (The Hindu)

SC BSNLNE

PG 03

LA English

LP Mumbai , May 26

IT will be a turning point in the use of non-conventional fuels when such a big diesel guzzler as Indian Railways runs its first train entirely on a blend of vegetable oil and `used frying oil', something that Railway officials say is only a year or so away.

TD The global increase in fossil fuel prices has in fact expedited their project.

Southern Railway is readying to run a locomotive on a 20 per cent blend of `bio-diesel' on August 10, International Bio-diesel Day.

"We will gradually increase the percentage of vegetable oil to run the locomotive entirely and permanently on bio-diesel," said Mr M. Jayasingh, Chief Workshop Manager, Loco Works, Chennai, who is in charge of the project. Indian Railways is ready to run every diesel locomotive on vegetable oil; what remains to be sorted out is a business issue - how to procure and produce vegetable oil in viable quantities and prices, said Mr Jayasingh.

In fact, availability alone was the reason why there was no progress after the first one-time run of the Amritsar-Delhi Shatabdi on a five per cent blend of bio-diesel in December 2002

Indian Railways has drawn up a long-term plan to overcome the fuel's shortage and unviability, according to Mr Jayasingh. At Chennai, a small plant under the bio-diesel project processes vegetable oil from the seeds of two plants - one the perennial shrub Jatropha curcas, and the other the tree Pongamia pinnata (known as ,Pongam in Tamil and ,Karanj in Hindi). This is supplemented with used `frying oil' acquired by the Railways by arrangement with the Sheraton group of hotels in Chennai.

"The processed bio-diesel from the former seeds costs almost Rs 30 per litre, more expensive than the current diesel price of around Rs 25 per litre, but which is certainly going to increase," said Mr Jayasingh. Used frying oil costs around Rs 6 per litre after processing. "As volumes increase the cost of bio-diesel will come down," he said.

What is produced currently keeps four road vehicles of his department running - one Mahindra Voyager, two Mahindra jeeps and one Tata Sumo. By the end of the month, a new plant of capacity 250 litres per day will come up in Chennai.

Supplies will increase with Indian Railways having already planted Jatropha (which is drought resistant as well) and Karanj in the thousands of acres along its tracks across the country. With the Railways there is no dearth of land, pointed out Mr Jayasingh. In two or three years, the plantations will start to regularly yield seeds. Indian Railways already have an arrangement with Indian Oil Corporation which will get the oil processed, a matter that the Lucknow-based Research, Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO) of the Railways is working upon.

Although bio-diesel currently does not appear very attractive on the cost front, there are other advantages such as the constancy of availability, lesser dependence on imports and better insulation from fluctuating prices, said Mr Jayasingh.

"It is a renewable resource. Emissions can be 60 per cent to 100 per cent lower than with diesel, and particulate matter 60 per cent less. Harmful constituents such as sulphur are not present at all."

According to Dr Udipi Srinivasa, Chief Programme Executive at SuTRA (Sustainable Transformation of Rural Areas), a research group of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, bio-diesel has 85 per cent of the calorific value of diesel and can replace diesel for almost all functions.

SuTRA, which has been a mover of sorts having made several presentations to the railways

"The tree can be grown everywhere in the country, from sea level up to a height of 1,500 metres," he said. For purposes of calculation, every 10 million hectares of Karanj tree cover can give 25 million tonnes of diesel substitute.

Figures issued by public sector oil companies say Indian consumption of diesel was officially at 7.36 lakh tonnes during the past year.

CO inrail : Indian Railways

IN i71 : Railroads | irailtr : Road/Rail Transport | itsp : Transportation/Shipping

NS c11 : Plans/Strategy | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

AN Document BSNLNE0020040526e05r0000l

HD Southern Bio's bio-diesel funding gets a boost ; The state government has recommended Southern Online Bio Technologies Limited's... BY K Balaram Reddy Hyderabad

WC 681 words

PD 5 May 2004

SN Business Standard

SC BSTN

PG 3

LA English

LP The state government has recommended Southern Online Bio Technologies Limited's proposal for external funding of its bio-diesel project to the Centre for its approval. The recommendation of the project is the first-of-its-kind by any state government.

The Rs 14.84-crore project is being appraised by a German financial institution, German Technical Cooperation (GTZ). Around Rs 6 crore is being raised through internal accruals, while Rs 9 crore is to be mobilised either through debt or equity. GTZ has linked any funding to the condition of an approval from the central government.

TD Southern Bio plans to set up the bio-diesel plant at Samsthan Narayanpur in Nalgonda district. The plant will produce 30 tonnes or 32,000 litres of bio-diesel per day from oil-bearing seeds such as pongamia pinnata, jatropha curcas, etc. Raw materials can also be acid oils, distilled fatty acids and animal fatty acids. The commercial operations are to commence in April 2005. The project is expected to be scrutinised by the Union government within a month.

The Environment, Forests, Science and Technology Department of Andhra Pradesh has informed the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests that "the Government of Andhra Pradesh is in full agreement with the environmental, social and sustainable development objectives of the project, and have assured the proponents of full support and co-operation to make this first commercial bio-diesel project a success... It is good for the environment, the country's economy, and for the tribal poor and small farmers in the state. Therefore, the

"The annual requirement of seeds for the plant is around 32,000 tonnes of seeds. However, the current availability of seeds in the state does not exceed 4,000 tonnes. Till such time there is total availability of seeds, the company would use other raw materials like acid oils, distilled fatty acids, animal fatty acids and non-edible vegetable oils like neem, rice brawn etc," Southern Bio managing director N Satish Kumar said.

He said that the company would shortly enter into memoranda of understanding (MoUs) with Andhra Pradesh Forest Development Corporation, the state forest department, Girijan Cooperative Corporation and AP Society of Elimination of Rural Poverty (Velugu) for procuring raw materials. Keeping in view the shortage of seeds, the company has also initiated negotiations with Saba Foundation of Malaysia to procure crude palm oil.

"Southern Bio has offered to purchase the seeds at Rs 4.50 per kg irrespective of quality of the material. In the case of fatty acids and acid oils, the company will procure them at Rs 15- 16 a kg as against the prevailing prices of Rs 12-14 a kg. The end product (bio-diesel) will be sold at 50 paise less than the prevailing high speed diesel (HSD)," he said.

The company has received expression of intent from various bodies to buy bio-diesel. The railways, which consume about two billion litres of HSD, plans to substitute five per cent of HSD with bio-diesel in the coming years. It expressed its interest in procuring bio-diesel from Southern Bio.

AP Lorry Owners Association offered to buy 12,500 litres per day of bio-diesel, while the Rig Owners Association of Andhra Pradesh expressed desire to procure 5,000 litres per day. Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation has also expressed its desire to buy 20,000 litres of bio-diesel per month from the company. Apart from being cheaper than HSD, bio-diesel will have to meet the quality norms of American Society of Testing Materials.

Meanwhile, the state government is also planning to persuade the Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC), Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad and the state secretariat to use bio-diesel for their fleet in a phased manner, Tishya Chatterjee, the principal secretary (environment & forests), stated in a letter to the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests.

IN ialtful : Alternative Fuels | i1 : Energy

NS c341 : Government Aid | c13 : Regulation/Government Policy | c34 : Competition Issues | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

AN Document BSTN000020040504e0550000p

SE REGIONAL

HD Country's first bio-diesel project to come up in State

BY By P.Vikram Reddy

WC 432 words

PD 4 May 2004

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

PG 04

LA English

LP The Southern Online Biotechnologies Limited , which is setting up the country's first bio-diesel project in Andhra Pradesh, is all set to sign MoU with several government bodies and non- governmental organisations in about a week's time, for procuring raw material like Pongamia Pinnata (Karanja or Kanuga) and Jetropha seed.

The oil extracted from this seed is used to produce what is called the bio-diesel, said to have characteristics like less pollution-causing and, possibly- improved mileage. Generally considered an eco-friendly, bio-degradable product, it can be blended with diesel in different proportions or used as a total replacement for conventional diesel.

TD Besides the Indian Railways, several organisations like the Andhra Pradesh Lorry Owners Association, and the Rig Owners associations have offered to buy the bio-diesel proposed to be produced by Southern Online subject to conditions.

The company is setting up the bio-diesel project at an estimated cost of Rs. 15 crores at Choutuppal in Andhra Pradesh, with technology from a German company named Lurgi. It expects to achieve financial closure by July this year, and commence commercial production by April 2005.The project is also under circulation with German Technological Co-operation (GTZ), a statutory body, for financial assistance.

According to sources, Indian Railways, which uses about 2 million kilo litres of diesel per annum, has shown interest in buying bio-diesel provided its price is less than conventional diesel and quality is as per American Society for Testing materials (ASTM) standards.

Southern Online expects to sign MoU with the Andhra Pradesh Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty (APSERP- Velugu), the Andhra Pradesh Forest Development Corporation, and the Vana Samrakshana Samithi (VSS) through the Forest Department. The expectation is that Velugu can procure about 400 tonnes, APFDC 900 tonnes and VSS another 450 tonnes. Though this is considerably less than the 32,000 tonnes per annum requirement of the company it is seen as an encouraging beginning. Rough estimates put the possibility of procurement at 8,000 tonnes per annum through these organisations. The amount of interest shown in developing such raw sources of raw material is reflected in the Government of India providing Rs.1,000 crores for raising and promoting Pongamia to produce bio-diesel oil.

The Lorry Owners Association, which consumes about 82 lakh litres diesel per day, has evinced interest in buying up to 12,500 litres per day of bio-diesel. The rig owners have shown interest in quantities up to 6,000 litres.

IN ialtful : Alternative Fuels | i1 : Energy

NS c23 : Research/Development | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

AN Document THINDU0020040503e0540003f

HD Southern Online to up bandwidth capacity ; City-based Southern Online Bio Technologies Limited, formerly Southern Online Services... BY K Balaram Reddy Hyderabad

WC 466 words

PD 22 April 2004

SN Business Standard

SC BSTN

PG 3

LA English

LP City-based Southern Online Bio Technologies Limited, formerly Southern Online Services Limited, is planning to increase its bandwidth capacity from the existing 44 mega bytes per second (mbps) to 75 mbps by April 2005. The company is the largest B-category internet service provider (ISP) in the country.

Of the 44 mbps capacity, the company sources 2 mbps from Dishnet DSL, 4 mbps from VSNL and 38 mbps from Bharti BT. "The company sees huge untapped potential for selling additional bandwidth in Hyderabad city itself. At present, negotiations are on with bandwidth providers," N Sathish Kumar, managing director of Southern Online Bio Technologies, told Business Standard. The company offers dial-up connections, leased lines, wireless hosting and cable services in three cities in the state -- Hyderabad, Karimnagar and Kakinada.

TD Sathish Kumar said that the significant fall in bandwidth prices from Rs 42 lakh per mbps in 1999 to Rs 12 lakh currently was helping ISPs attract new customers. He said the company was mainly focusing on the corporate segment which comprised 80 per cent of the total customer base.

Southern Online Services Limited recently announced plans to enter the biotechnology segment by acquiring a company Southern Biofe Bio Fuels Private Limited. It held an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders on March 25 which approved of the change of name from Southern Online Services Limited to Southern Bio Technologies Limited.

The EGM had approved of the proposal to raise authorised capital from Rs 6 crore to Rs 12 crore. The company has sought approval from Sebi for rights issue to allot 62,96,603 equity shares of Rs 10 each in the ratio of 1:1 to the shareholders. Of these shares, 3,43,097 equity shares will be issued to the shareholders of Southern Biofe Bio Fuels in exchange for purchase of shares of Southern Biofe Bio Fuels.

Southern Bio plans to set up a bio-diesel plant Samsthan Narayanpur in Nalgonda district. The plant will procure oil-bearing seeds such as Pongamia Pinnata, Jatropha Curcas etc by entering into buyback arrangements with farmers and tribals.

The bio-diesel project is estimated to cost Rs 14.84 crore. About Rs 6 crore is being mopped up through internal accruals and the remaining Rs 9 crore is yet to be mobilised either through debt or equity, Sathish Kumar said.

The bio-diesel plant project is being appraised by German Technical Cooperation (GTZ), a financial institution. The technology producing bio-diesel is to be sourced from LURGI of Germany, a leader in biotechnology, Sathish Kumar said. The company is currently holding talks with International Finance Corporation (IFC) and a few venture capital funds in Germany, he added.

IN i83944 : Internet Service Providers | iint : Internet/Online Services

NS c24 : Capacity/Facilities | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

AN Document BSTN000020040421e04m0000e

SE REGIONAL

HD Call to make IT, communication technologies affordable

BY By Our Special Correspondent

WC 485 words

PD 5 April 2004

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

PG 05

LA English

LP Make information and communication technologies more affordable to rural people and use them to drive business enterprises, Ashok Jhunjhunwala of the Indian Institute of Technology- Madras, told a group of the Institute's alumni on Saturday.

In a presentation on "Connecting Rural India — A business case," Prof. Jhunjhunwala spoke on how the setting up of an information kiosk and providing communication and Internet access to villagers could turn into a sustainable business enterprise.

TD A relay base station is first created at a taluk headquarters where a BSNL fibre connection exists. From there a wireless in local loop (CorDECT WLL) technology developed by TeNET (a company spawned by the telecom and networking group of IIT-M), is used to connect a series of kiosks located within a 20-km radius of the base station. The technology affords simultaneous telephone as well as Internet access. The developers of CorDECT incubated a company `n-Logue Communications,' with an innovative business model to act as an Indian rural Internet Service Provider (ISP).

The kiosk was equipped with a PC with Multimedia, Web camera, printer, power back-up and a suite of Local Language and video-conferencing software. The n-Logue finds a local entrepreneur to run the kiosks in the villages. The model would succeed if the kiosk provided

Prof. Jhunjhunwala said villagers had started using it for consulting doctors, veterinarians and agriculture experts online, using the web camera. The TeNET group was developing a satellite system (called Sparse Area Communication Systems or SACS) that could be used in remote and hilly areas, he said.

He said the kiosk and equipment could cost Rs. 50,000 and it would require Rs. 3,000 a month to sustain in the long run. "We are getting support from ICICI Bank to create a rural ATM machine that would cost only Rs. 40,000." He explained how the ordinary web camera could also be used for fingerprint recognition of individual users.

R. Natarajan, Managing Director, Entrepreneurship Promotion Institute of Chennai, explained some of the funding schemes available for potential entrepreneurs. He said bankers gave more importance to security offered by an entrepreneur against a loan rather than the viability of project reports. A 1969 batch B.Tech graduate, K. Sashidara Rao, gave an overview of an ongoing research into production of bio-fuels using the pongamia seed, which could be a substitute for diesel, and therefore a cheaper alternative to meet energy requirements in rural India. The bio-diesel production could be a sustainable business for village self-help groups, he said.

G. Sundararajan, president, IIT-M Alumni Association, and S. Narayanan, Dean, Academic Research, explained the role played by the Institute in encouraging entrepreneurship among students and staff of the Institute.

NS greg : Regional Politics | gcat : Political/General News

AN Document THINDU0020040404e0450003l

WC 325 words

PD 3 April 2004

SN The Gold Coast Bulletin

SC GCBULL

ED W - Weekender

PG W15

LA English

LP DON'T miss the chance to meet all the stars of the ABC's Gardening Australia when they appear at the RNA Showgrounds, Brisbane, at the weekend.

The Gardening Australia event has plants of all shapes and sizes, garden and landscape products, landscape displays, flowers and more.

TD But what really draws gardeners of all ages to these national events is the hosts and presenters.

Everybody wants to meet their favourite presenters, who include Queensland's very own Colin Campbell and Tassie's likeable larrikin Peter Cundall.

In this year's show garden category (garden-landscape display gardens) there are nine gardens to be judged and include last year's winner from Brisbane landscape architect Arno King and Gold Coast garden designer Phillip O'Malley, as well as an interesting offering from the Gold Coast Institute of TAFE's horticulture department.

Other categories will be the cut flower category and the nursery display.

The event will be open between 9am and 5pm. Entry is $16 for adults, $12 for seniors, aged and invalid pensioners, $5 for children and $37 for families. Free admission for children under two.

* * *

QUESTION: We are thinking of planting a small tree in our modest back yard. My husband is worried that the roots will cause foundation problems. Can you suggest a small tree that will make us both happy?

- Claire, Runaway Bay.

ANSWER: The majority of trees I use in landscapes for new duplex or townhouse developments are small to medium with non-invasive roots.

Try using: Ivory curl tree (buckinghamia celsissima); golden penda (xanthostemon chrysanthus); lemon scented myrtle (backhousia citriodora); or indian beech (pongamia pinnata).

It is a shame that the use of larger trees, other than on council reserves and parks, is on the decline. There just simply is no longer enough room in a standard domestic yard.

Houses are being designed to utilise as much living space as possible, leaving only minimal outdoor recreation areas.

IN i0100201 : Floriculture/Plant Nurseries | i0 : Agriculture/Forestry | i01002 : Horticulture

NS glife : Living/Lifestyle | gcat : Political/General News

RE austr : Australia | ausnz : Australia/Oceania

PUB Nationwide News Pty Ltd

AN Document GCBULL0020040404e0430006x

HD Two cos join in - Icrisat's venture.

BY By Our Bureau.

WC 269 words

PD 27 March 2004

SN Business Line (The Hindu)

SC BSNLNE

LA English

LP Hyderabad, March 26

BIOSEED Research India Pvt Ltd, a part of the Shriram Group, and Rusni Distilleries Pvt Ltd are the first two companies to give a kick-start to the agri-business incubator (ABI) at the International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (Icrisat).

TD The ABI, a collaborative venture between Icrisat and the Union Department of Science and Technology (DST), has launched commercial operations with these two private-sector clients.

Rusni Distilleries, the first client for ABI, will collaborate in generating extra-neutral alcohol, a raw material for producing potable alcohol and fuel alcohol that can be added to petrol from sweet sorghum varieties developed at Icrisat.

The collaboration will generate better value for sorghum, a crop of the semi-arid regions. Icrisat will help further increase the sugar content in the sorghum varieties.

Bioseed Research would work on research project related to the application of agricultural biotechnology for the development of superior cotton hybrids.

Icrisat will provide the technology assistance for using genetic tools to Bioseed Research.

Further, the seed company can make use of Icrisat's greenhouse space, biotechnology labs and agricultural land for testing its material.

The ABI Board of Governors met recently at the Icrisat. Mr William Dar, Director-General of the Icrisat said: "The ABI would provide entrepreneurs the necessary technological and infrastructure support to develop commercial ventures," an Icrisat release said.

Some of the technologies being considered for incubation include production of biodiesel from jatropha and pongamia, sugar production from sweet sorghum, product development from hybrid paddy and development of biopesticides.

PUB Kasturi & Sons Ltd

AN Document BSNLNE0020040326e03r0001l

HD Shedding complacency over oil.

BY By V. Anantha-Nageswaran.

WC 1,875 words

PD 1 March 2004

SN Business Line (The Hindu)

SC BSNLNE

LA English

LP Though it is often claimed that if wars of the 20th century were centred on oil and that conflicts of this century would be over water, the trigger could well be both. With the euphoria generated by reports of strong economic growth, India has its work cut out to meet the ever- growing demand for energy, particularly oil, says

V. Anantha-Nageswaran

TD , looking at the issue of oil and its poorly-understood price dynamics.

THE World Bank released its economic report on Russia on February 18 ( www.worldbank.org.ru). The report caught international attention because the Bank's researchers, adjusting for the mechanism of transfer pricing from industrial sectors to trading companies, found that the dependence of the Russian economy on oil was triple the official estimate. The share of the oil and gas sector rises from the estimate of 8.8 per cent based on official data to around 25.2 per cent, adjusted for transfer pricing.

The report correctly then warns Russia that such excessive dependence on one sector renders the economy vulnerable to any correction in oil price. However, it may well be a stroke of luck for Russia. Its heightened dependence on oil and gas could be a bonanza if, contrary to consensus expectations, the price of oil and gas rises in the years ahead or stays at high levels. The Russian economy, notwithstanding appropriate calls for diversified strength, may thus be counting itself lucky for its excessive oil and gas dependence!

Page 43 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. This paper is not about the Russian economy but about the issue of oil and how its price dynamics remains poorly understood. Although it was often claimed that wars in the 20th century centred on oil and that wars this century could be over water, it might well be possible that wars this century could be due to both oil and water, thus raising the unwelcome possibility that there could be more and not less wars.

Despite the euphoria generated by recent reports of strong economic growth, India has its work cut out. Indeed, sustained higher economic growth would bring in its wake higher demand, more generally for energy and particularly for oil.

Consensus is sanguine about oil supply, prices

The Energy Information Administration (EIA) of the US Department of Energy, in its International Energy Outlook published in May 2003 ( www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html) presents a sanguine picture of the outlook for the oil price in the decades ahead. This is despite the fact that the developing world would consume nearly 86 per cent of the world oil in 2025 compared to 64 per cent in 2001 amidst rising total consumption. The report states that `limits to long-term oil price escalation include substitution of other fuels (such as natural gas) for oil, marginal sources of conventional oil that become proved reserves (that is, economically viable) when prices rise, and non-conventional sources of oil that become proved reserves at still higher prices. Advances in exploration and production technologies are likely to bring down prices when such additional oil resources become part of the reserve base.'

Peter R. Odell, Professor Emeritus of International Energy Studies at Erasmus University, Rotterdam, in a presentation on the Global Energy Outlook for the 21st century, also reiterates the optimistic case.

In his words, `sustainability, equated with the elimination of energy poverty for all the world's 9 billion people by 2050, can be achieved and that previously expressed fears of global energy scarcity have all proved groundless'. Most oil added to reserves since the 1970s remained unused and that oil reserves were at an all-time high.

He expects hydrocarbon fuels to remain the dominant source of world energy supply until the 2070s and oil supply to increase slowly to peak in the year 2050. Given this, he expects the geo-political significance of oil to be high only for the next two decades and that it would become `just another source of energy' in a competitive energy market this century.

Sceptics marshal forceful arguments

Page 44 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Well-known environmental and anti-globalisation activist, George Monbiot, in an article written for The Guardian in December 2003 (`The Bottom of the Barrel'), is at the opposite end of the spectrum.

In contrast to the optimism expressed by both Prof Peter Odell and the World Energy Outlook of the EIA that non-OPEC oil production would remain competitive, Monbiot cites geophysicist Kenneth Deffeyes who told the `New Scientist' that he was `99 per cent confident' of the year of maximum oil production being 2004.

The caveat added by the EIA to its optimism on supply that there could be a significant overestimation of both proven and ultimately recoverable reserves has become more important in the light of the recent admission by Shell Petroleum that it would reduce its `proven oil and gas reserves' by 20 per cent (January 2004). Even if one were to skirt the debate on the extent of reserves available, there is more agreement between pessimists and optimists that the price of oil would be influenced by economic, political and environmental considerations. The cost of extracting the oil could prove to be intolerable.

A recent article in The New York Times (`Forecast of Rising Oil Demand Challenges Tired Saudi Fields', February 24) makes this case based on interviews with experts in Saudi Aramco the state-owned oil company.

An internal Saudi Aramco plan estimates total production capacity in 2011 at 10.15 million barrels a day, about the current capacity. But to meet expected world demand, the US Department of Energy's research arm says Saudi Arabia will need to produce 13.6 million barrels a day by 2010 and 19.5 million barrels a day by 2020.

That may be a daunting task. Saudi Arabia, the leading exporter for three decades, is not running out of oil. Industry officials are finding, however, that it is becoming more difficult or expensive to extract it.

Separately, the World Energy Council (WEC) takes exception to the optimism on non-OPEC oil production prospects. In doing so, it bolsters the pessimists' case for declining oil supply and consequent higher prices. Its `Reflections on the Dynamics of Oil and Natural Gas Markets' (Statement 2004) leaves no room for ambiguity: "Despite new oil production in non- OPEC countries using new exploration and production technology (such as deepwater, Caspian oil and the accelerated depletion of Russian fields), it is WEC's view that oil production outside the Middle East started to decline at the end of the 1990s. It appears that natural gas production in North America has now also peaked, and this could soon be the case in WesternEurope as well."

Page 45 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Interestingly, the WEC reckons that world GDP could grow at significantly less than 3 per cent per annum in the next three decades owing to `demographic trends, higher real energy prices and the failure to address institutional barriers to energy access in developing countries'.

The WEC expects this to affect supply more than demand leading to higher real energy prices.

Morgan Stanley raises oil price forecast

As though to underscore all of these rising concerns, Morgan Stanley, one of Wall Street's leading investment banks, has revised its oil price forecast for 2004 and 2005 (Morgan Stanley Global Economic Forum, February 27).

Economists Eric Chaney and Richard Berner state that `since 2000, markets have been engaged in a painful process of upward revision of very long-term equilibrium prices.'

According to them, three fundamental factors are at work: `strong demand from China and India, constraints on supply reflecting 15 years of insufficient investment, and OPEC's improved grip on markets.'

Their forecast for the price of crude oil per barrel in 2004 is revised to $30.4 per barrel and for 2005 to $29.9 from the previous estimate of $26.9. In summary, it is clear that the odds of a higher oil price is greater than even.

India has no time to waste

For India, all of the above underscore the need for being vigilant about the oil and energy supply situation and start working towards energy security. India depends on the international market for 70 per cent of its crude requirements (80 million tonnes were imported in 2001- 2002, and this year consumption is predicted to be around 85 million tonnes).

While two decades ago the country was able to meet around two-thirds of the needs of petroleum products domestically, the situation has radically changed today. India today barely manages to meet one-third of the demand for petroleum products indigenously. Even government estimates indicate that indigenous production would not exceed 32-33 million tonnes around the next few years ( http://www.observerindia. com/analysis/A018.htm).

In recent months, India had begun work to building up its own strategic petroleum reserve. According to the Observer Research Foundation, India is planning to shell out Rs 13 billion in the next two years to build strategic storage facilities for 15 days consumption of crude and oil

Page 46 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. products. It will be expanded to 45 days by the end of 2006. However, this is to ward off any short-term supply constraint. It does not reduce the dependence of the economy on hydrocarbon fuels.

Indigenous alternatives deserve support

Research at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, holds a lot of promise. `Sustainable Transformation of Rural Areas' (SuTRA) is a project of the ( http://www.apdap.com/sutra/aboutus.htm) Department of Mechanical Engineering.

This project aims to generate electricity locally by the use of non-edible vegetable oils from the seeds of trees such as Pongamia grown around the village. Power can be generated by using generator sets powered by Pongamia oil to enable supply to small communities for lighting and home industries. The same oil can be used as fuel for cooking. Pumpsets can also be run using Pongamia oil to supply potable water from borewells, and for lifting water from tanks during the off-season to enable women's self help groups grow flowers, vegetables, short duration and economically remunerative crops such as oilseeds and fruits like melons to generate additional income. The project does not lay emphasis on using this oil for transportation purposes.

Priority for new govt: Highways and new cars need fuel

As the country feels excited by the prospect of growing at 7-8 per cent in the years ahead, it is imperative to lift the level of preparation for making available the resources to sustain such a growth rate. Energy comes at the top of the list. In the short-term, the anticipated depreciation of the dollar against global currencies and the rupee, in particular, would help mitigate the rising price of oil in dollar in the years ahead. In the long-term, that provides scant comfort. Investment in energy conservation, reduction in the energy intensity of the economy, improvement in energy efficiency (cutting electric power transmission and distribution is a case in point) and diversification into alternative fuels (SuTRA research shows a path) should be the immediate priorities of the new government.

(The author is Director, Global Economics and Asset Allocation, Credit Suisse. The views are personal. Address feedback to [email protected]).

PUB Kasturi & Sons Ltd

AN Document BSNLNE0020040229e03100014

HD BIO DIESEL VENTURE IN ANDHRA PRADESH (the company intends to extract the oil from biodegradable products) CR The Hindu. Feb 26, 2004; vol. 127 ; iss. 48 pg 18

WC 127 words

PD 26 February 2004

SN Indian Business Insight

SC WIBI

VOL 0971-751X

LA English

LP Southern Biofe Bio Fuels, the first commercial venture promoted by Southern OnLine Services, is likely to undertake a Rs150 M bio diesel project at Choutuppal in Andhra Pradesh. The company intends to extract the oil from biodegradable products such as pongamia, jetropha, neem or rice brawn using technology from Lurgi of Germany, and blended with diesel in various proportions or used as a 100% replacement for conventional diesel. The bio diesel plant will have an initial capacity of 30 tonnes/day. The company expects to achieve its financial closure by Jun 2004, and commercial production by Apr 2005.

RF ABSTRACT|DAILY

IN i0 : Agriculture/Forestry | i13 : Crude Oil/Natural Gas | imet : Metals/Mining | i1 : Energy

AN Document WIBI000020040305e02q00037

HD Bio diesel venture in A.P.

BY By P. Vikram Reddy.

WC 210 words

PD 26 February 2004

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP HYDERABAD Bio diesel is generally accepted as an eco-friendly, bio degradable product, which has wide acceptance, and can be blended with diesel in varying proportions or used as a 100 per cent replacement for conventional diesel.

The first commercial venture of its kind in the country called Southern Biofe Bio Fuels is proposed to be set up in Andhra Pradesh. The plant will be extracting oil from inputs such as pongamia, jetropha, neem or rice brawn.

TD The company has been promoted by the Hyderabad based Southern OnLine Services (a listed company), and is planning a Rs. 15 crore bio diesel project with technology from Lurgi of German. With an initial capacity of 30 tonnes a day (upgradable), it will be located at Choutuppal in Andhra Pradesh.

N. Satish Kumar, Director of Southern Biofe, said the project proposal was under circulation with German Technological Co-operation (GTZ) for financial assistance. Sample test reports have been approved by Andhra Pradesh State Pollution Control Board. The board and the Environment Ministry sent recommendations to various departments to use the product and provide subsidies-cum-incentives, he said. The company hopes to achieve financial closure by June and commercial production by April 2005.

IN ialtful : Alternative Fuels | i1 : Energy

PUB Kasturi & Sons Ltd

AN Document THINDU0020040225e02q00068

HD SBBF to set up Rs 15 cr bio-diesel plant ; City-based Southern Biofe Bio Fuels (SBBF) is planning to set... BY Our Regional Bureau Hyderabad

WC 426 words

PD 26 February 2004

SN Business Standard

SC BSTN

PG 4

LA English

LP City-based Southern Biofe Bio Fuels (SBBF) is planning to set up a Rs 15 crore bio-diesel manufacturing plant near the city.

SBBF, founded by the promoters of city-based ISP (internet service provider) Southern Online Services, has entered into an alliance with German company Lurgi for technology transfer.

TD "In the first phase, we would like to set up the plant with a 30-tonne per day capacity which would be expanded to 300 tonne per day by the end of the fifth year," N Satish Kumar, managing director of Southern Online, told Business Standard.

"Ours will be the first commercial bio-diesel production unit in the country. We have entered into a tie-up with Lurgi, a German-based company, for obtaining the technology for the plant," Kumar said.

The company feels that the abundant availability of wastelands near the proposed plant site will make it easier for the procurement of oil-bearing seeds such as pongamia pinnata, jatropha curcas etc by entering into an arrangement with the local farmers and tribals. It has already acquired 10 acres of land to set up the plant near Choutuppal, 50 km from Hyderabad.

Explaining the advantages of bio-diesel, he said that it reduced pollution and increased the

Page 52 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. engine efficiency of the vehicles. "The production of bio-diesel brings wasteland under cultivation as production of bio-diesel requires oil producing vegetable seeds as raw material. This results in twin benefits - the green cover will increase and farmers can earn more," he said, adding, "Unlike conventional diesel, bio-diesel is non-flammable."

The fuel can be used in two forms - as a 100 per cent replacement to the normal fuel, which requires the fuel flowing rubber pipes to be replaced with Teflon pipes, and in the other form, the diesel can be mixed with the conventional diesel in the 20:80 ratio which requires no modification to the engines.

The company has already received an order from the Indian Railways for the proposed production of the fuel, subject to supplying it at a lower price than the conventional diesel. Additionally, SBBF's bio-diesel needs to conform to the American Society for Testing Materials Standards. Out of the proposed Rs 15 crore project cost, the promoters plan to bring in Rs 4 crore and the rest will be mobilised through a term loan from the German Technological Cooperation, a German financial institution.

IN ialtful : Alternative Fuels | i1 : Energy

NS c24 : Capacity/Facilities | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

AN Document BSTN000020040225e02q0000r

SE PERSPECTIVE

HD GUEST COLUMN / POVERTY REDUCTION; A little credit goes a long way

WC 956 words

PD 15 February 2004

SN Bangkok Post

SC BKPOST

PG P4

LA English

LP Poor women are being drawn into commercial economic activities for the first time, enabling them to take advantage of new opportunities

PHRANG ROY

TD The microfinance revolution started among rural women in Bangladesh in the 1970s. The revolution had its roots in the recognition that poor people needed credit and, more importantly, that they could use loans productively and responsibly. It showed that we were wrong in believing that poverty and a lack of collateral meant that poor people were not creditworthy. This belief was simply our own social prejudice.

When rural women were given the opportunity they proved that poor people were a good risk and efficient users of credit.

My own experience has led me to conclude that microfinance, with its combination of savings, loans, investment opportunities, insurance options and other financial services, combined with group solidarity, is a powerful instrument of social change, especially for women.

Microfinance has caused a shift in values and expectations that affects women's roles in society. In Bangladesh, for example, a study of experience in a project aided by the International Fund for Agricultural Development has found that women involved in

Page 54 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. microfinance not only change the way they manage household income, they also change their own roles and the roles of others in their families and communities.

Many women members of microfinance groups no longer believe they should be dependent or that they should remain confined to the home. They are more likely to send their daughters to school.

Through their involvement in microfinance, many women become leaders, instigating change in social practices and relationships and mobilising social action.

Women's status, both in their homes and communities, is improved when they are responsible for loans and for managing savings. When they generate and control their own income, women gain a level of power that means they can make decisions independently and command more respect.

WOMEN ARE GOOD RISKS

Poor women often have the best credit ratings. In Bangladesh, for example, women default on loans less often than men, and credit extended to women has a much greater impact on household consumption and quality of life for children.

But, in many traditional societies, especially in South Asia and in parts of East and Central Africa, women have been excluded from the market economy. Women in East Africa are expected to do all the farm work and look after the family, while any cash income is controlled mainly by men.

The pioneering women who first braved the market were criticised harshly. But today, with microfinance institutions spreading across large parts of Kenya and Uganda, it is widely accepted that rural women can play an important role in the rural economy.

It would be wrong to suggest that experience with microfinance has been universally positive. Nor can it be suggested that microfinance alone is responsible for change. In Bangladesh, the rapid growth of the garment manufacturing industry, which employs mainly women, and the activities of women's rights advocacy groups and movements have also had an impact.

Nevertheless, microfinance has drawn millions of women into commercial economic activities for the first time, enabling them to take advantage of new opportunities and develop new roles as cash income earners and economically active members of the community.

It represents a shift away from feudal patron-client relationships towards income-generating

In its early days, the microfinance revolution focused on lending. Loans were typically secured through the mutual guarantee of solidarity groups. The microcredit model pioneered by the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh was adapted in Latin America, Asia and Africa. While a minimum amount of savings was generally required before a loan was granted, in the early days less emphasis was placed on creating flexible and voluntary savings schemes that could be directly controlled by the group members.

Not until the 1990s did we begin to fully understand the key importance of savings by poor people. Significantly, a high rate of household saving has been the cornerstone of economic progress in the high-performing Asian countries. In particular, women's savings represent a significant economic power that extends well beyond local benefits. Women who manage their savings through microfinance institutions are developing attitudes and practices that are necessary for the shift from subsistence economies to economies based on accumulation.

RIPPLES INTO WAVES

The ripples of women's microfinance can build into waves of transformation, leading not only to greater self-confidence and new roles for women, but also to powerful institutions able to take on complex new tasks serving the whole of society.

The women's groups intrinsic to microfinance are now extending their activities well beyond financial services.

In India, for example, self-help groups of indigenous women now manage community-based projects, including the contracting of minor irrigation construction and soil conservation works.

Indigenous women's groups in a village in Andhra Pradesh, India, have invested in electricity generation, substituting pongamia seed oil for diesel oil and selling the saved carbon on the international market.

In Northeastern India, self-help groups in IFAD-funded projects play an important role in peace-making in communities affected by armed conflict and insecurity.

The impact of microfinance on women and their organisations shows that the Millennium Development Goal to promote gender equality is key to achieving the target of halving extreme poverty and hunger by 2015.

Women's microfinance groups can and should also be strategic agents for achieving the goals

- Mr Phrang Roy is the Assistant President, External Affairs Department of the International Fund for Agricultural Development, IFAD, a United Nations specialised agency

NS nedc : Commentary/Opinion | ncat : Content Types

AN Document BKPOST0020040215e02f0000w

BY By Helen Machin.

WC 584 words

PD 1 January 2004

SN Tamworth Herald

SC TAMHER

PG 6

LA English

LP And Mr Nirbhal Gill is also converting the seven acres of land at his Lea Marston home to an organic smallholding as a result of Jorawar's death from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease which Mr Gill describes as a 'man-made' illness.

Since Jorawar (known to his family as Jora), died on April 3 last year (2003), Mr Gill, his wife Jasbir and their other children, Jodhbir and Gurpreet, have struggled to come to terms with the death of their academically-gifted son and brother.

TD Now the family have set up the Jorawar Singh Gill Nature Foundation, a charity which aims to help poor villages in India.

Mr Gill's native village of Muggopatti in Punjab, India, will be the first to benefit from a scheme to plant millions of Pongamia Pinnata - or 'diesel trees' as they are informally known.

The seeds from the tree contain oil which can be modified for use in diesel engines and also to produce electricity and to pump water for the village. The oil cake can be used as an organic fertiliser.

Mr Gill hopes to plant a staggering 10 million of the Pongamia Pinnata trees across India.

He said: "Jora's memory will be with these trees for hundreds of years." Some have already been planted, but Mr Gill has been warned by doctors to postpone his next planned tree- planting trip on health grounds. Troubled by heart problems in recent years, which have been exacerbated by the stress of Jora's death, Mr Gill now faces a triple heart bypass.

But his ill-health has only made him more determined to achieve his goal.

Back home, in Kingsbury Road, Lea Marston, Mr Gill has registered his seven acres of land with the Soil Association and hopes to be able to produce organic vegetables in 2005.

It was in February 2001 that the family first noticed the symptoms of Jora's illness. He was studying for 'A' levels at Coleshill School when he began to have difficulty with balance and his speech became slurred. Initial hospital tests proved inconclusive, Mr Gill said: " Jora hoped to go to Leeds University and he wanted me to take him to the open day. At that time he could walk with sticks. But when it came time for his A levels his hands shook too much to write. He decided to delay his exams for a year. He never took them." By October 2001 Jora had lost his speech. The computer games which he had enjoyed became too frustrating for him. He was referred to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham for neurological tests but 12 months later there was still no diagnosis and he was referred to a neurological hospital in London where he underwent a biopsy test for vCJD. The test was positive.

Jora went home and was nursed by his family until his death.

Mr Gill told the Herald "When I sleep, when I sit down, even when I wash my face - everything still reminds me of Jora. It's very hard, but this work is letting me cope with it. I said to my doctor, I want to live to do these things in Jora's memory." "I am not criticising the Government or anything, but there are lessons to be learnt from Jora's death. It is 100 per cent against the laws of nature to feed cows to cows.

"It has caused the spread of vCJD."

PUB Northcliffe Newspapers Group Ltd

AN Document TAMHER0020040102e01100007

Page 59 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. HD Study of exhaust emissions from low heat rejection diesel engine with mixture of methanol and pongamia oil as alternate fuel BY Krishna M.V.S.M.; Prasad C.M.V.; Reddy Ch.V.R.; Gangadhar G.B.; Kiran M.K.; Jain R.R.

CR Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi Inst. of Technol.

WC 72 words

PD 25 November 2003

SN API EnCompass: Environment

SC APEN

LA English

AN Document APEN000020031125dzbp0002z

HD Transesterification — The magic solution for bio-diesel.

BY By B. S. Murthy.

WC 940 words

PD 8 October 2003

SN Business Line (The Hindu)

SC BSNLNE

LA English

LP THE recent press report regarding the automobile giant DaimlerChrysler and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) joining hands for a five-year partnership project to develop bio-diesel from the seeds of the jatropha plant must gladden many researchers working on engine studies using different vegetable oils, including jatropha.

Though the use of vegetable oil in engines is as old as Dr Rudolf Diesel himself, sustained interest in plant oils was not evinced in Europe or the US, as the fossil fuels were available from petroleum sources in spite of frequent "petro quakes" from West Asia.

TD In India, however, continuing research work on renewable energy sources, including vegetable oils, is underway in various laboratories starting from the classic work of, Prof H. A. Havemann, and his associates at the Indian Institute of Science from the early 1940s.

Compared to diesel oil, many vegetable oils have acceptable heat value and ignition quality, designated by the "cetane number" to qualify, with minor engine adjustments, as a fuel for diesel engines. But the major problem with the direct use of untreated (neat) vegetable oil is its higher viscosity. This clogs the nozzle-orifice, affects fuel injection and atomisation of the fuel, and results in incomplete combustion.

Besides this, longer engine trials have resulted in injector choking, more engine deposits, ring-sticking and thickening of the engine lubricant, polymerisation and partial oxidation during storage of the oil, causing an increase in viscosity.

Page 61 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. This experience lead to the use of modified vegetable oil by preconditioning the fuel. Among the many ways of adapting the fuel to the engine, transesterification is the most viable process that is used in commercial practice today.

Bio-diesel is the generic name for the family of diesel fuel alternatives produced by transesterification of oils from agricultural feedstock.

Vegetable oils are triglycerides, which are esters derived from long chain fatty acids and polyalcohol glycerol. R1, R2 and R3 in the equation are the hydrocarbon chains (CnHm) of the fatty acid and could be the same depending on the type of vegetable oil.

The normal chain length for plant oils is from 12 to 22 carbon atoms, with 0 to 3 double bonds that are responsible for the physico-chemical properties of the oil.

Transesterification is the magic trick that brings the physico-chemical properties of the neat oil close to that of diesel fuel. It refers to the conversion of an organic ester into another ester of the same acid.

The schematic shows the reactions taking place where one molecule of triglyceride (a plant oil, say, jatropha) reacts with three molecules of methanol to produce three molecules of methyl ester (bio-diesel), while one molecule of glycerol separates.

The reaction takes place at proper mixture ratios of reactants with a suitable catalyst at designated temperature (from 32(+0)C to 83(+0)C) in reaction vessels, with vigorous stirring. This is a batch process for small-scale production and is time-consuming.

In commercial practice, large-scale production is only feasible in continuous processes. Ethanol and butanol are also used to produce bio-diesel. Pure bio-diesel is biodegradable, non-toxic and essentially free from sulphur and aromatics.

It can significantly reduce emissions from diesel engines and could help improve air quality and mitigate environmental damage caused by combustion of fossil fuels. Home-grown vegetable-based fuels and lubricants could significantly reduce dependence on imported petroleum products.

The bio-diesel can be used without major modification of the engine. The transition from diesel fuel to bio-diesel can be smooth, as the engine can be switched to diesel fuel in case of disruption in the supply of bio-diesel. A 20 per cent blend of bio-diesel with regular diesel (called B20) can also be used as the first step in the transition.

Page 62 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. In the US, a low-level bio-diesel blend, known as premium diesel, was sold in high volumes. Bio-diesel has a high flash-point and low volatility, providing a high degree of handling safety. Although testing of bio-diesel has been successful, much work remains to be done. This work includes improving production efficiency through reductions in production time, greater consistency of fuel quality across all bio-diesel products, and studies of long-term performance.

Transportation, storage and dispensing systems are the same. But bio-diesel's solvent effect requires attention while storing in concrete tanks.

The king-size question is whether there is enough agricultural feedstock to meet the complete diesel oil replacement demand. Requirement of land, fertilisers, pesticides, farm equipment and water are to be studied with care. Cultivating the oil-producing plants can also decrease the biodiversity in a particular area.

Fortunately, India is a tropical country with diverse evergreen plants natural to our environment. These are lost because of deforestation caused, largely, by unplanned industrial growth. These trees must be saved and new plantations must be created with the dual purpose of environmental preservation and as a source for biofuels.

Besides relying on jatropha alone, oils from other plant sources such as karanji (Pongamia pinnata) trees, must be considered. There is also good potential in rice bran oil. With a suitable transesterification process, all these can be upgraded to diesel quality and mixed to standard diesel grade and marketed.

Tropical regions of the world with evergreen trees are best suited to study the development of bio-diesel technology. With great enthusiasm, experienced researchers in India look forward to a rewarding experience in this project.

(The author is a former professor of mechanical engineering at IIT Madras.).

CO damb : Daimler AG

IPC OPINION

PUB Kasturi & Sons Ltd

BY Seth, M.K.

WC 23,273 words

PD 1 October 2003

SN The Botanical Review

SC BORE

PG 321

VOL ISSN: 0006-8101; Volume 69; Issue 4

LA English

LP The biological and logical meaning of trees, which are one of the important woody plants of our ecosystem, are reviewed in this article. Trees are mostly used for timber purposes, but in the present article the utility of trees with respect to their importance in restoring, reclaiming and rejuvenating denuded and disturbed soils, their ecological, ecodevelopmental and environmental use, and their educational and recreational value in gardening, landscaping and bioesthetic planning is described. In addition, the importance of trees is discussed with reference to their value as a source of sustenance: food, sugars, starches, spices and condiments, beverages, fumitories, masticatories and narcotics, medicines, essential oils, fatty oils and vegetable fats, waxes, soap substitutes, vegetable ivory, fodder, fuel, bioenergy or biofuel, fertilizers, fiber, pulp and paper, tannins, dyes, rubber and other latex products, gums, resins and cork.

TD Lastly, the food plants of mulberry and non-mulberry silkworms, which feed on the leaves of many forest trees, are mentioned.

I. Abstract II. Introduction and Classification of Trees III. The Economic Importance of Trees A. Trees as a Source of Timber B. Trees in the Restoration, Reclamation and Rejuvenation of Denuded and Disturbed Soils C. Ecological, Ecodevelopmental and Environment Uses of Trees 1. Natural Purifiers of the Environment 2. Environment Screens 3. The Physical Environment 4. Wildlife

Page 65 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. 5. Urban and Rural Afforestation Programs 6. Road Safety 7. Protection of Road Surfaces D. The Educational and Recreational Value of Trees 1. Shade and Shelter (or Avenue Trees) 2. Ornamental Flowering Plants 3. Ornamental Foliage Plants 4. Ornamental Fragrance Plants 5. Ornamental Fruiting Plants 6. Ornamental Hedges 7. Live Screens and Fences 8. Sculpture and Topiary 9. Education 10. Landscaping and Bioaesthetic Planning 11. Veneration 12. Art and Culture E. Trees as a Source of Sustenance 1. Food 2. Sugars 3. Starches 4. Spices and Condiments 5. Nonalcoholic Beverages 6. Fumitories, Masticatories and Narcotics 7. Medicines 8. Essential Oils 9. Fatty Oils and Vegetable Fats 10. Waxes 11. Soap Substitutes 12. Vegetable Ivory 13. Fodder 14. Fuel, Bioenergy or Biofuel 15. Fertilizers 16. Fibers 17. Pulp and Paper 18. Tannins 19. Dyes 20. Rubber and Other Latex Products 21. Gums 22. Resins 23. Cork 24. Food for Silkworms IV. Conclusions V. Literature Cited

II. Introduction and Classification of Trees

Trees are important to humankind not only economically, environmentally and industrially but also spiritually, historically and aesthetically, for they sustain human life through direct and indirect gains by providing a wide range of products for survival and prosperity. However, it is not always easy to define "tree." A tree is a large, long-lived (i.e., perennial) woody plant that attains a height of at least 6 m (20 ft) at maturity in a given locality and usually--but not always--has a single main self-supporting stem called a "trunk" or a "bole," which gives off spreading branches, twigs and foliage to make a crown (Venkatesh, 1976; Panshin & de Zeeuw, 1980; Hawkins, 1986). Since the diameter at breast height (dbh) of trees is determined internationally at 1.35 m (4.5 ft) above the ground, a tree must be unbranched--i.e., with a single trunk--at

* Palms are typically unbranched trees with only one trunk (columnar stem), called the "caudex," which ends in a crown of large leaves.

* Bamboos are trees without a main trunk but with a cluster of culms arising from the underground rhizome. These culms are unbranched, with distinct nodes and internodes that give them a jointed appearance.

* The banana tree (plant) has only a thick false stem (pseudostem), which is not woody but made up of a central core of soft tissues concealed by the fibrous and sheathing bases of large leaves. Strictly speaking, the banana plant is a giant herb.

* Tree ferns like Cyathaea and Alsophila have erect rhizomes with generally unbranched trunks, topped by a crown of graceful, feathery fronds that form a rosette at the apex.

* Bonsai--i.e., tailored or humanmade miniature or dwarfed living trees that have been prevented from reaching their normal size--are grown in pots and kept in greenhouses, drawing rooms, etc. This technique was first perfected by the Japanese.

In addition to the above definitions, the scientific distinction between trees, shrubs, lianas and undershrubs or semishrubs is not always clear. For example, many species of trees--.g. Rhododendron spp., which are large under normal conditions--become shrubs when growing near their altitudinal and latitudinal limits. Woody plants in which several branches arise from near the base, giving the plant a bushy appearance, are called "shrubs." Likewise, certain species of figs (Ficus spp.) begin their life as woody climbers called "lianas" but eventually end up as trees; i.e., they become arborescent. Similarly, Grewia scabrophylla at times is an undershrub, when exposed to annual fires; in other places, however, it grows into a tall shrub (Panshin & de Zeeuw, 1980). The science dealing with the study of woody plants--i.e., trees and shrubs--is called "dendrology."

Trees can be classified in several ways: Depending upon their utility or end products, they may be called "avenue," "ornamental," "shade bearing," "fragrant," "fruit bearing," "medicinal" or "drug yielding," "timber yielding," "fodder yielding," "nitrogen fixing," "venerated," "fuel yielding," "fiber yielding," "multipurpose trees," etc. Those trees that remain green in their dormant season due to persistence of leaves are called "evergreen trees." In such trees all the leaves do not fall off simultaneously, and the plants are never leafless. Those trees in which all the leaves of a plant fall at the end of one growing season one by one or simultaneously, leaving the plant leafless in the dormant season, are called "deciduous trees." All cone-being trees are called "conifers" or "coniferous trees," and all trees that are not cone bearing but are flower bearing are called "flowering trees" or "broad-leaved trees." Whereas conifers have needle-shaped leaves, flowering trees have broad or flattened leaves.

Page 67 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. A conifer usually has a conical appearance and has an excurrent stem; i.e., its main stem is thickest at the base and gradually tapers toward the apex, with lateral branches in an acropetal succession. A flowering tree usually has a dome-shaped appearance and a deliquescent or decurrent stem in which the main trunk divides at some distance from the ground into several branches, which branch again and again, making the trunk appear to deliquese or melt away.

Ornamental trees that have showy flowers are called "ornamental flowering trees," and those with beautiful foliage and inconspicuous flowers are called "ornamental foliage trees." The former are usually deciduous; the latter, evergreen.

Those trees in which seeds are borne naked are called "gymnosperms" (from the Greek gymnos [naked] and sperma [seed]), and those trees in which seeds are enclosed within an ovary/fruit wall are called "angiosperms" (from the Greek angeon [vesicle] and sperma [seed]). The angiospermic trees are further classified into dicotyledonous or dicot trees, if they have two cotyledons in their seeds, and monocotyledonous or monocot trees, if they have only one cotyledon in their seeds. Both gymnosperms and angiosperms are sometimes placed under one division, called "spermatophyta," "siphonagama" or "phanerogams." "Spermatophytes" (from the Greek sperma [seed] and phyton [plant]) are those plants that are seed bearing. "Siphonagama" (from the Greek siphon [tube] and gamous [marriage]) are those plants in which fertilization occurs by means of a pollen tube. "Phanerogamous" (from the Greek phaneros [open] and gamous [marriage]) are those plants in which reproduction is not concealed or hidden but open; i.e., they bear flowers and produce seeds. Trees belonging to gymnosperms and angiosperms not only constitute the dominant component of any vegetation but also add to the biodiversity or biological diversity of any particular region.

III. The Economic Importance of Trees

Trees represent one of the important components of each and every terrestrial ecosystem and are a part of nature's precious gifts. Some are deciduous; others are evergreen. Some have beautiful flowers; others have beautiful fruits or foliage. Some are scented; others are ugly but economically very important. The welfare of humankind is affected not only by their density and diversity but also by their direct and indirect values, which are beyond estimation. In fact, each letter of the plural word "TREES" has a logical meaning (Seth, 2002):

T Timber, the first and the foremost use of trees

R Restoration, reclamation and rejuvenation of denuded and disturbed soils by using trees to control soil erosion and desertification, protect watersheds, improve soil nutrient status (by growing nitrogen-fixing trees) and retain moisture in the soil

E Ecological, ecodevelopmental and environmental use of trees for effective and efficient purification of the environment because trees act as oxygen banks and eliminate air pollutants; for abating or moderating temperature, noise and wind by planting

Page 68 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. trees as environmental screens, thus affecting the microclimate; for harboring wildlife; for maintaining biodiversity; and for conserving energy

E Educational and recreational value in gardening, landscaping, bioesthetic planning, art, culture and religion

S Source of sustenance; i.e., food, fuel, fodder, fertilizer, fiber, medicine, tannin, dyes, oils, etc.

A. TREES AS A SOURCE OF TIMBER

Trees are woody perennial plants, i.e. they are capable of producing wood through the meristematic activity of the vascular cambium. The latter gives rise to secondary xylem (nontechnically called "wood") toward its inner side and to secondary phloem (nontechnically called "bark") toward its outer side. Wood produced by cycads is called "manoxylic." It is not compact--i.e., it is loose, not dense--with wide rays, pith and cortex and thus useless commercially. Wood produced by conifers, taxads, Ginkgo biloba and dicots is called "pycnoxylic." It is compact and dense, with narrow rays, pith and cortex and hence commercially very useful. The commercially useful woods are called "timbers," and timber that is used for building purposes is called "lumber." Tectona grandis (teak) and Cedrus deodara (deodar) are, respectively, considered the best angiospermic and gymnospermic timbers in the world.

Woods obtained from timber trees are used for construction and other miscellaneous purposes like agricultural implements, boat and ship building, carts and carriages, carving and turnery, cooperage (barrel making), electric poles, engraving and printing blocks, furniture and cabinet work, matches and match boxes, mathematical instruments, musical instruments, packing cases and boxes, pencil and pen holders, picture framing, railway carriage and wagon building, railway sleepers, rifle parts, shoe heels and boot lasts, shuttles, sports goods, tea chests, toys, etc. For examples of these one may consult Anonymous (1970-1972, 1983) and Trotter (1940, 1944).

B. TREES IN THE RESTORATION, RECLAMATION AND REJUVENATION OF DENUDED AND DISTURBED SOILS

Planting trees on denuded and waste land, along roads, railway tracks, deserted areas, watersheds, etc. protects soil from erosion by wind or water by firmly binding it with roots and by diverting runoff during rains. The sides of the roads, railway tracks and watersheds can thus be protected. Desertification can likewise be controlled by planting trees. The trees also retain moisture in the soil, and if nitrogen-fixing trees are grown, the nutrient status of the soil can be enriched tremendously.

The sap of Cassia fistula (amaltas) leaves contains certain chemicals that have a purgative action on the digestive organs of grazing animals like goats, cows and buffalo, and thus amaltas is well suited for planting on wastelands. Wild fruit trees like Zizyphus jujuba (ber) and Morus alba (toot) can also be propagated on wastelands in and around villages.

C. ECOLOGICAL, ECODEVELOPMENTAL AND ENVIRONMENT USES OF TREES

1. Natural Purifiers of the Environment

Plants, including shrubs and trees, act as biological filters by helping cleanse the environment. They are the best natural purifiers of environment pollution; i.e., they improve the quality of the air we breathe. First, they act as the oxygen banks on this planet. They play an important role in maintaining the oxygen cycle, which is essential for the survival of all forms of life. Second, they may help reduce pollution. Leaves can absorb gaseous pollutants on their surfaces, especially if their surfaces are waxy, spiny or hairy. In addition, stems, branches and twigs can intercept particulates. Third, they reduce oxides of carbon in the air, can also fix atmospheric nitrogen, disintegrate waste and act as sinks of pollution or pollutant scavenges by absorbing and metabolizing toxic gases and heavy metals (Chakraverty & Jain, 1984).

Different species as well as individuals within a species can vary in their tolerance to pollutants. High concentrations of pollutants can damage and even kill many tree species. Trees that are particularly sensitive could be used as early warnings of high pollution levels.

2. Environmental Screens

When properly grown in urban and rural areas, trees act as wind barriers by decreasing the force of the wind and reducing the level of noise from highways and other sources. Even individual trees, if strategically planted around a house, can provide relief from noise and annoying lights at night. Trees thus reduce stress on human beings. Ecologically they act as wind breaks and shelter belts, thus providing protection against soil erosion and a defense against encroachment by seas, floods and deserts.

3. The Physical Environment

Trees help to reduce temperature by providing shade and by intercepting, absorbing and reflecting solar radiation, especially in warmer places, where there is year-round warmth and sunshine (Schubert, 1979). Trees also function as natural air conditioners by evaporating water from their leaves through the process of transpiration. A single large, well-watered city tree can transpire about 380 liters (100 gallons) of water in one day, thus producing the cooling effect of five average room air conditioners running 20 hours a day (Schubert, 1979). Trees thus improve the microclimate; i.e., they help control and stabilize the climate of the region and of the world as a whole. A single tree standing alone may not affect the overall surrounding much, but a belt or groups of trees or many trees scattered throughout the neighborhood can be quite effective (Schubert, 1979).

4. Wildlife

Trees, both native and ornamental, harbor wildlife. They directly feed and house the majority of world's creatures and animals like

Page 70 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. insects, birds, small mammals and reptiles, which we need in order to live. Thus they play a major role as one of the important components of natural and humanmade biodiversity.

5. Urban and Rural Afforestation Programs

Large-scale urbanization and industrialization have led to the development of severely eroded, barren and denuded areas, rocks, cliffs, etc. on which direct plantation of trees is difficult. In such cases shrubs act as the primary colonizers of denuded areas. The successful growths of shrubs create favorable conditions for tree growth by way of retaining moisture, increasing soil nutrient status and sheltering the trees from frost, wind and other biotic interferences through the process of secondary succession. The whole forest-management program can thus bring not only greenery to the Himalayas and other urban and rural regions of India but also stability to the environment by restoring the ecological balance (Maithani et al., 1991).

6. Road Safety

The presence of shrubs and trees along roadsides makes their edges and curves conspicuous, thus making a natural guide for safe driving, and for this purpose the lower portions of their stems are usually painted white (Chakraverty & Jain, 1984).

7. Protection of Road Surfaces

The semimelting of tar or bitumen in summers, cracking of road surfaces during hot weather and mechanical damage to road surfaces by heavy downpours and hailstorms can largely be prevented by growing roadside trees with thick crowns (Chakraverty & Jain, 1984).

D. THE EDUCATIONAL AND RECREATIONAL VALUE OF TREES

Increased urbanization and industrialization have resulted in isolating humans from nature. Trees can help make urban areas green, livable and beautiful. Trees with colorful flowers or foliage add extra attractiveness. They are the dominant elements of gardens and contribute substantially to the garden atmosphere.

According to Kohli (1996), the comfortable urban life needs better avenue trees and shrubs, because:

* An agricultural component is not feasible;

* Comfortable temperatures and microclimates for residents are needed;

* Pollutants that pose major problems are to be removed;

* Cool shade is needed in summer; and

* Dense populations need vegetation for gaseous exchange.

Trees are thus a source of pleasure and recreation when they are planted along roads and railway tracks and in botanical gardens, arboreta, city parks, squares, home gardens, public places, industrial areas, etc. The cultivation of trees for their aesthetic or recreational value is known as "arboriculture." In an ornamental garden they are usually planted either as specimen trees or in groups. The educational and recreational value of trees can be studied under the following headings:

1. Shade and Shelter (or Avenue Trees)

The concept of avenue planting is as old as the vedic period. It was during the period of Ashoka (260 B.C.) and later during the reign of Kanishka (A.D. 78-101) and the Mughals, however, that the foundations of proper roadside avenues were laid.

When properly grown, the tall, fast-growing and majestic trees with thick foliage along roadsides provide not only shade for pedestrians and travelers but also shelter for stray animals from scorching heat, wind, rain, etc. Species selected for such purposes should not be thorny or prickly (Chakraverty & Jain, 1984).

The other important factors for selection of roadside trees, according to Chakraverty and Jain (1984) and Randhawa (1961, 1965- 1983), are:

* The trees should be branchless up to 3-4 m above the soil surface so that vehicles can pass easily, particularly on narrow roads.

* On national highways or on very wide roads, two to three deep rows of large trees spaced 5-6 m apart should be planted. These trees should have good, dense crowns so they can provide adequate shade and protection from rain, sun and hail.

* Dwarf trees or medium-sized-to-large shrubs, preferably ever blooming in nature, should be selected for boulevards and road medians.

* The trees should not have spreading crowns that might obstruct the growth of trees in the opposite row.

* Trees on the two sides of the road should not be opposite each other; they should be planted alternately.

* Fuel-wood species and fodder species should not be chosen for the roadsides, because they are likely to be lopped, pruned and chopped by the neighboring inhabitants, thus destroying the landscaping and giving the avenue a shabby appearance.

* The root system of the trees should be neither very spreading nor very shallow. Trees with very robust and spreading root systems damage the masonry work of roads, foot paths and adjacent buildings. On the other hand, trees with shallow root system, like Millingtonia hortensis (mahanim), topple over in storms and obstruct traffic. Thus

* Trees like Ficus benghalensis (bat or barghad) have hanging aerial roots, which would obstruct traffic and pedestrians, so they should not be selected.

* Soft-wooded and brittle trees like Albizia lebbek, Cassia siamea, Eucalyptus spp., Eugenia jambolana, Ficus glomerata, Millingtonia hortensis and Sygyzium cumini should not be planted along roadsides, for they tend to break in storms and block traffic.

* During summers and rainstorms, protection from sun and rain are most needed, so trees that shed their leaves during these periods should not be planted. Moreover, fallen leaves in the rainy season make the road slippery and block the drainage system.

* Various species of Acacia, Zizyphus, etc., which are prickly or thorny, should not be planted because the fallen prickles or thorns cause trouble for pedestrians, animals and people and may also damage the tires of cycles and vehicles.

* The trees should have the ability to withstand winter lopping, when little shade is required. These loppings can be utilized as fuel wood (Singhal & Khanna, 1991).

* Too many species should not be mixed within short distances, particularly on roads away from cities and towns.

Randhawa (1965-1983) recommended avenue trees for planting purposes: as foliage trees for outer avenues for town roads, Albizia procera (safed siris), Anthocephalus cadamba (kadam), Averrhoea carambola (kamrak), Bassia latifolia (mahua), Callistemon lanceolatum (lal botal brush), Dalbergia sissoo (shisham), Eugenia operculata, Mangifera indica (mango), Melia azedarach (drek), Pithecolobium saman (rain tree), Platanus orientalis (chinar), Polyalthia longifolia (ashoka), Putranjiva roxburghii, Sterculia alata, Tamarindus indica (imli), etc; as flowering trees for inner avenues for town roads, Bauhinia purpurea (gulabi kachnar), B. variegata (kachnar), Cassia fistula (amaltas), Colvillea racemosa (kilbili), Gliricidia maculata (madre tree), Grevillea robusta, Jacaranda mimosaefolia (nili-gul- mohur), Lagerstroemia flosreginae (jarul, crepe flower), L. thorelli (barri sanwani), Peltophorum ferrugineum (ivalvagai), Poinciana regia (gul mohur), Spathodea nilotica (fountain tree), etc.

2. Ornamental Flowering Plants

Ornamental trees that have showy flowers are called "ornamental flowering trees." India has the largest number of flowering trees in the world, indigenous as well as exotic, that can be utilized for beautifying towns. Many trees bloom at a particular season and appear more effective when planted in groups.

In small and medium-sized gardens, ornamental trees should be planted only in the boundaries as foundation planting. An "arboretum" is a garden of trees. While planting a tree, beauty and utility should be combined deftly. The best time for planting trees is during the rainy

Dwarf ornamental flowering trees suitable for small compounds are Acacia auriculiformis, Alangium lamarckii, Bauhinia purpurea, B. variegata, Brownea ariza, B. coccinea, Butea frondosa, Cassia fistula, C. javanica, C. marginata, Cochlospermum gossypium, Cordia sebestena, Crataeva religiosa, Erythrina blakei, E. cristagalli, Gliricidia maculata, Guaicum officinale, Holarrhena antidysentrica, Jacaranda mimosaefolia, Kleinhovia hospita, Lagerstroemia thorelli, Mesua ferrea, Milletia auriculata, Plumeria alba, P. rubra, Pongamia glabra, Saraca indica, Solanum wrightii, Spathodea nilotica, Sterculia colorata, Tecomella undulata, Thespesia populnea, etc. (Cowen, 1950; Randhawa, 1965-1983).

For large compounds, some examples of beautiful flowering trees are Anthocephalus indicus, Bombax malabaricum, Cassia grandis, C. nodosa, Chorisia speciosa, Colvillea racemosa, Lagerstroemia flos-reginae, Millingtonia hortensis, Peltophorum ferrugineum, Poinciana regia and Sterculia colorata (Cowen, 1950; Randhawa, 1965-1983).

Trivedi (1983, 1987, 1996) recommended the following small trees for the hills: Acacia alata (with bright yellow flowers), A. dealbata (with light yellow flowers), Bauhinia variegata (with rose, purple and white flowers), Magnolia grandiflora (with white flowers), Prunus serrulata (with pink flowers), Rhododendendron arboreum (with crimson flowers) and R. campanulatum (with magenta flowers). Trivedi also recommends a few trees for cultivation on the plains.

3. Ornamental Foliage Plants

Ornamental trees with beautiful foliage but inconspicuous flowers are called "ornamental foliage trees." Common examples are palms, evergreen conifers, Acacia auriculiformis, Averrhoa carambola, Callisternon lanceolatum, Citharexylum subserratum, Diospyros embryopteris, Eucalyptus spp., Ficus infectoria, F. retusa, Kigelia pinnata, Phyllanthus emblica, Polyalthia longifolia, Putranjiva roxburghii, Tamarindus indica and Terminalia arjuna (Randhawa, 1961, 1965-1983).

Evergreen shrubs and trees provide a structure for the garden during winter months. Without them the garden will look bleak and dull, when the foliage of most herbaceous perennials disappears, leaving only bare stems and branches.

In temperate regions conifers constitute the most important and showy group of plants. Many varieties show symmetrical growth and are frequently used in formal gardens. They keep their ornamental effect even in winter, when most broad-leaved trees shed their leaves. Common examples of foliage trees in the hills are the species of Araucaria, Cryptomeria and Cupressus (Trivedi, 1983, 1987, 1996).

4. Ornamental Fragrance Plants

Many trees combine beauty with fragrance. Some trees that are commonly cultivated for scent or fragrance are Acacia podalyriaefolia, Anthocephalus indicus (kadam), Biota orientalis,

Page 74 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Citrus aurantifolium (lime), C japonica, C limon (lemon), Cymphomandra betacea, Gardenia lucida, G. latifolia, G resinifera (dekamali), Galphimia gracilis, Grewia asiatica, Luculia gratissima, Magnolia grandiflora (bara champa), Michelia champaca (champa or champak), Mimusops elengi (maulsari), Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (harsinghar), Plumeria tuberculata, Rhododendron formosum and Sambucus nigra (Randhawa, 1961). In home gardens these can be planted opposite windows and doors of bedrooms, so that one can enjoy their fragrance in the evening, particularly in summer months (Randhawa, 1961, 1965-1983; Trivedi, 1990).

Some examples of fragrant ornamental trees for large compounds are Dillenia indica, Mimusops elengi and Pterospermum acerifolium (Randhawa, 1965-1983).

Trees with snow-white, fragrant flowers against the background of dark green foliage are very delightful for moonlit gardens. Some common examples in this category are Bauhinia alba, Citharexylum subserratum, Crutaeva religiosa, Delonix regia, Dillenia indica, Erythrina variegata, Gardenia resinifera, Gliricidia alba, Holarrhena antidysentrica, Lagerstromia indica (white), Millingtonia hortensis, Mimusops elengi, M. hexandra, Plumeria acutifolia, P. alba, Prunus domestica and Wrightia tinctoria (Randhawa, 1961).

5. Ornamental Fruiting Plants

Trees commonly grown for their beautiful, attractive and colorful fruits are Citrus microcarpea, Hazara orange and other Citrus spp., papaya (Carica papaya), peach (Prunus persica), pineapple (Ananas cornosus), tree tomato (Cymphomandra betacea), banana (Musa paradisiaca), strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo), quince (Cydonia oblonga), loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), common spindle tree (Euonymus europeaus), gean (Prunus avium), pomegranate (Punica granatum) and jujube (Zizyphus jujuba) (Lunardi, 1987; Trivedi, 1983, 1987, 1996). Planting of trees in and around children's park can provide vitamins and nutrients to children when they eat the fruit as they play.

6. Ornamental Hedges

Hedges provide a natural background for a garden, as a frame does for a painting. The hedge may be external or internal. An external hedge- -live fence--is usually tall, measuring about 1.5-2.5 m (5-9 ft) high, and it may replace the compound wall; thus it demarcates the garden from the public road. It also serves as a protective screen against wind and noise pollution. Species selected for external hedges should be tall, fast-growing and evergreen, with thick and dense foliage from the base to the top. The blooms should not clash with the general color scheme. An internal hedge that separates parts within a garden is not as tall. It is usually 30-90 cm (1-3 ft) tall. Species that are capable of growing under adverse conditions and require minimal maintenance are selected for both types of hedges.

Species of Biota, Cupressus, Ilex, Juniperus, Thuja, etc. are used for evergreen hedges. The following flowering trees may be used for making colorful hedges: Bauhinia acuminata, Bougainvillaea spp., Erythrina indica, Hibiscus spp., Meyenia erecta, Plumbago capensis, Sesbania aegyptica, Strobilanthes spp. and Tecoma stans (Randhawa,

7. Live Screens and Fences

In cities and towns trees can be utilized for screening the premises of adjacent houses and thus maintaining privacy. Servants' quarters and other unsightly views like manure pits, potting areas, etc. in large gardens can also be screened by growing closely spaced, small trees. Species with prickles or spines or having stiff branches or both with nonedible leaves should be preferred, according to the requirements. Ideally, the species selected for this purpose should be fast growing, of medium height, long-lived, capable of growing under adverse conditions and with minimal maintenance requirements (Singhal & Khanna, 1991).

8. Sculpture and Topiary

Topiary is an art of shaping hedges--shrubs--and trees into an ornamental form like a ball, spiral, table, cube, etc., into a figure like a bird, beast or human or into a theme such as a farmer with a pair of bullocks. A formal garden is most suitable for topiary work because it creates an Old World appearance. The most common examples used for such purposes are Buxus sempervirens, Cupressus macropoda, Murraya exotica and Taxus baccata (Randhawa, 1961, 1965-1983).

9. Education

Ornamental trees are not only a source of recreation and pleasure but also educate people, when visitors in gardens and travelers along roadsides wish to know the names and uses of such trees. If roads and gardens are named after some dominant shrub and tree species, the work of making them familiar to the public becomes easier (Chakraverty & Jain, 1984).

10. Landscaping and Bioaesthetic Planning

Shrubs and trees improve the landscape. For example, trees along roadsides are a source of beauty not only to the road but also to the length and breadth of the area through which the road runs. Along roads, fuelwood, fodder and thorny species should not be chosen. Shrubs and trees constitute two of the most important components of landscaping and bioaesthetie planning of urban cities and towns. Many species bloom at a particular season and appear more effective when planted in groups (Randhawa, 1961, 1965-1983).

As far as possible, native species should be selected, because, apart from their aesthetic value, scenic beauty and immediate utility, these trees involve reduced maintenance costs, preserve biological diversity and prevent species extinction. They are also a valuable national asset and a reserve of timber and fuel in case of emergency. It is estimated that India has the largest number of flowering trees in the world, indigenous as well as exotic, that can be utilized for beautifying cities and towns.

It may he mentioned here that bioaesthetic planning of ornamental trees has a close relationship with plant ecology. Plants must be

Page 76 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. planted only in those localities or habitats that are similar to their natural habitats or surroundings, because the texture of the soil, the availability of water resources, the amount of rainfall, the presence of rivers, canals and tanks and the temperature play an important role in the growth and survival of the trees (Randhawa, 1965-1983).

Trees must be planted in habitats that are similar to their natural surrounding--i.e., that have approximately the same edaphic and climatic conditions--otherwise either dwarfing may occur or the species will not be able to survive. Some examples of ornamental flowering trees suited to moist localities are Amherstia nobilis, Bauhinia purpurea, Brownea ariza, B. coccinea, Cassia javanica, C. marginata, C. nodosa, Colvillea racemosa, Guaicum officinale, Lagerstroemia flos-regine, L. thorelli, Milletia auriculata, Poinciana regia, Peltophorum ferrugineum, Pithecolobium saman, Saraca indica and Solanum wrightii (Randhawa, 1965-1983).

Examples of ornamental flowering trees suited to dry localities are Acacia auriculiformis, Butea frondosa, Cassia fistula, Cochlospermum gossypium, Cordia subestena, Erythrina blakei, E. indica, Jacaranda mimosaefolia, Melia azadirachta, Plumeria alba, Pongamia glabra, Spathodea campanulata, S. nilotica, Sterculia colorata, Tecomella undulata and Thespesia populnea (Randhawa, 1965-1983).

Drought-resistant trees suitable for arid regions are Albizia lebbek (siris), Butea frondosa (dhak), Cassia fistula (amaltas), Casuarina equisetifolia (beefwood tree), Eucalyptus citriodora (safeda), Melia azedarach (Persian lilac, bakain), Morus indica (mulberry), Phoenix daetylifera (khajoor), Prosopis juliflora (mesquite bean), Salvadora persica (pilu), etc. (Randhawa, 1965-1983).

Some examples of salt-resistant trees are Azadirachta indica (neem), Butea frondosa (dhak), Bassia latifolia (mahua), Eucalyptus citriodora (safeda), Phoenix dactylifera (khajoor), Phyllanthus emblica (amla), Psidium guava (amrood), Tamarix articulata (farash) and Thespesia populnea (bhendi) (Randhawa, 1965-1983).

Trees for swamps and marshy areas are Eucalyptus rostrata, Salix tetrasperma (willow), S. babylonica, Sapium sebiferum (makhan), Tamarix articulata (farash), plantain, etc. (Randhawa, 1965-1983). Sapium sebiferum, known as Chinese tallow tree, is a medium-sized, deciduous tree whose leaves display lovely autumn tints. It is used for stream training in the Kangra district of Himachal Pradesb.

11. Veneration

From one end of the world to the other we can trace the extreme power of trees over the minds of humans. Christmas trees, May trees, pomegranates, Ginkgo biloba, bo trees, etc. can be cited as occupying a place in the religious and ceremonial activities in diveve cultures throughout the world. In India alone 99 trees are venerated (Bennet et al., 1992). In ancient times rishis worshiped several trees as Vrikshadevta and Vanadevta. Groves of trees and flower gardens were tended with loving care and were called "vrikshavatika" and "pushpavatika," respectively. Several such protected forest groves or gardens, including Ashoka Vatika, Chitrakoot and Panchvatti, were

12. Art and Culture

A tree laden with flowers and/or fruits is a great joy to the beholder. Native trees have a special place in Indian folk songs. Immortal poets and writers like Valmiki and Kalidasa have sung songs in praise of trees. Even folktales have celebrated the importance and beauty of trees in India (Randhawa, 1961, 1965-1983).

Indian trees have a personality of their own. The beauty of Indian trees has been sketched or painted by many artists (Randhawa, 1961, 1965-1983), like Bireshwar Sen and his wife, Lakshmi, Sarbjeet Singh, Ganga Singh, Anil Roy Chowdhry, Gopal Ghosh, Manishi Day, Madhava Menon, Devyani Kanwal Krishna, Sudhir Khastgir, Francis Brunell, Madame Sass Brunner and her daughter Elizabeth, A. K. Gohel, R. A. Eklund, E. Blatter, P. N. Sharma, A. K. Sharma, H. Smith, Margaret Thacker, G. Millard (Lady Kinnear), Sister Marychionia, Lady Douie, S. H. Prater, H. Robinson and H. N. Wandrekar. Many of their works have been included in books on Indian botany (Seth et al., 2002).

Kalidasa observed that the women of Alkapuri rubbed the dust of lodhra flowers on their cheeks, maghya flowers decorated their temples, kuruvaka flowers hung from the knots of their hair and sirisha flowers decorated their ears. Elsewhere, in the monsoon kadamba flowers glorified women's heads. The women carried pink lotuses in their hands, decorated their tress knots with white champaka, wore bracelets of jasmine around their wrists and wore garlands of jasmine and bela (Randhawa, 1961, 1965-1983).

India's vast, rich Sanskrit literature contains the names of several trees, including the ornamental trees arjuna (Terminalia arjuna), asoka (Saraca indica), champaka (Michelia champaca), chuta (Mangifera indica), devadaru (Cedrus deodara), gandharaja (Gardenia florida), kadamba (Anthocephalus cadamba), kamikara (Pterospermum acerifolium), ketaki (Pandanus odoratissimus), kimsuka (Butea frondosa), kovidara (Bauhinia purpurea), kunda (Jasminum pubescens), kuravaka (Lawsonia alba), lodhra (Symplocos racemosa), mandara (Erythrina indica), naga kesara (Mesua ferrea), narikela (Cocos nucifera), parijataka (Nyctanthes arbortristis), punnaga (Calophyllum inophyllum), sala (Shorea robusta), krishna sirish (Albizia amara), pitsirish (Albizia lebbek), tala (Borassus flabelliformis) and vakula (Mimusops elengi) (Randhawa, 1961; Anonymous, 1986; Dwivedi, 2000).

E. TREES AS A SOURCE OF SUSTENANCE

Trees are one of the major sources of sustenance: food; sugars; starches; spices and condiments; beverages; fumitories, masticatories and narcotics; medicines; essential oils; fatty oils and vegetable fats; waxes; soap substitutes; vegetable ivory; fodder; fuel, bioenergy or biofuel; fertilizers; fiber; pulp and paper; tannins; dyes; rubber and other latex products; gums; resins; and cork. These are described separately under the following headings:

1. Food

Page 78 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Trees as a source of food include edible fruits, vegetables and tree legumes. Botanically, a fruit is a matured or ripened ovary, along with its contents and adhering accessory structures, if any. The seeds inside the fruits are the fertilized ovules. Sometimes seeds are formed without fertilization. This phenomenon is called "agamospermy," a kind of parthenogenesis. A fruit that matures without seed formation is called "parthenocarplc fruit." Fruits are eaten raw. Vegetables are edible plants that store reserve food mainly carbohydrates--in roots, stems, leaves or fruits and that are eaten either cooked or raw. Legumes--or pods--are the proteinaceous fruits of family Leguminosae. Some of these are edible. The important food-yielding trees are depicted in Table I.

2. Sugars

Sugar is a plant product surpassed in importance only by cereals and potatoes. It is one of the most important reserve food supplies, not only for the plant in which it is found but also also because it serves as the most necessary food source of energy--for humans. Sugar in plants may occur in the form of sucrose (a disaccharide of glucose and fructose that, to humans, tastes sweeter than either of its constituent monosaccharides) or cane sugar, glucose or grape sugar and fructose or fruit sugar. It occurs in roots (beets, carrots, parsnips, etc.), stems (sugarcane, maize, sorghum, sugar maple), flowers (palms), bulbs (onion) and many fruits. The important trees yielding sugars of commercial interest are shown in Table II.

3. Starches

Starch, a complex carbohydrate, is a polymer of glucose units linked by alpha bonds. It exists in two forms in plants: unbranched or linear polymers called "amyloses," in which hundreds of glucose molecules form coiled molecules of starch; and branched polymers called "amylopectins," in which only 40-60 glucose molecules that form branched chains do not coil.

Soluble starch (starch grains soaked in hot water until they burst and form a thin, clear solution or paste) is used in the textile industry for strengthening fibers and cementing loose ends together, making the thread smoother and easier to weave and thus giving a finish to the goods. It is used as a mordant in calico printing and a thickener or vehicle for colors. It is also used in laundry work, in toilet powders, in medicine, as a sizing agent in the paper industry, as binding material for china clay and many derivatives or products like dextrin, glucose, industrial alcohol and nitrostarch.

Starch is one of the main reserve foods for green plants, which store it in thin-walled cells in the form of grains of different sizes, shapes and microscopic and physical characteristics. The chief sources of commercial starch are maize, potato, wheat, rice, sago, cassava and arrowroot, of which the last two are obtained from shrubs and sago is obtained from trees.

Arrowroot starch is obtained from the tubers of many tropical plants, including: Maranta arundinacea (Marantaceae), yielding Indian arrowroot; Canna edulis (Cannaceae), yielding Queensland arrowroot; Curcuma angustifolia (Zingiberaceae), yielding East Indian arrowroot;

Sago starch is obtained from the starchy pith of the stems of Metroxylon sagu, of the family Arecaceae. Other important species that yield sago starch are: Arenga saccharifera, Borassus flabellifer, Caryota urens, Metroxylon koenigii, M. leave and M. rumphii, all Arecaceae; Manihot esculenta, of the family Euphorbiaceae; and Cycas species, of the family Cycadaceae, a gymnosperm. Starchy pith is removed after the trees are cut, and, after washing, the starch is freed by sedimentation. Dried, it is known as "sago flour"; it is made into a flour and then dried in the sun or in ovens to obtain shiny, granular starch, called "pearl sago." Both are used almost entirely for food purposes, like khir, kanji, payasam, kesari, uppuma, vaangibath, sago curd bhath, vadam (pappad), macaroni and spaghetti.

4. Spices and Condiments

Spices and condiments are flavoring agents obtained from plants. They are difficult to distinguish, so the terms are used interchangeably. Because they have little nutritive value, they are not classified as foods. They contain essential oils, which impart flavor and aroma to food and add greatly to the pleasure of eating. They stimulate the appetite and increase the flow of gastric juices. For these reasons they are often referred to as "food accessories" or "adjuncts." The important spice- and condiment-yielding trees are shown in Table III.

5. Nonalcoholic Beverages

Beverage plants are those plants which yield beverages or drinks-- nonalcoholic or alcoholic--that are palatable and refreshing. Nonalcoholic beverages usually contain caffeine, an alkaloid, which has stimulating and refreshing qualities. Alcoholic beverages are those that contain one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups; e.g., ethanol (C[H.sub.3]-C[H.sub.2]-OH). They may be fermented or distilled. Fruit juices and other beverages that contain neither caffeine nor alcohol are called "soft drinks." They have a high sugar content and thus are a good source of energy. The important nonalcoholic-beverage woody plants are shown in Table IV.

6. Fumitories, Masticatories and Narcotics

Some narcotic substances are smoked or chewed by humans for pleasure or to seek a "world full of new sensation or some flight from reality." Narcotic substances that are used for smoking purposes are called "fumitories," and those that are used for chewing purposes are called "masticatories." They have a distinct stimulating or even narcotic effect due to the presence of various alkaloids. They are also used in religious ceremonies. The important woody plants of these categories are shown in Table V.

7. Medicines

Several trees are a source of important drugs. These are obtained from the bark of Bauhinia variegata (kachnar), Barringtonia

Page 80 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. acutangula (hijjal), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (dalchini), C. calisaya, C. ledgerina, C. officinalis, C. robusta, C. succirubra (all yielding quinine), Mimusops elengi (maulsari), Myrica nagi (kaiphal), Symplocos racemosa (lodh), Saraca indica (ashok), Terminalia arjuna (arjun) and Toddalia asiatica (kanj). The stems and wood of Acacia catechu (katha), Pinus roxburghii (chir) and Santalum album (safed chandan) yield drugs. Drugs are also obtained from the fruit of Aegle marmelos (bael), Cassia fistula (amaltas), Emblica officinalis (amla), Terminalia bellerica (bahera) and T. chebula (harar). The seeds of Croton tiglium (jamalgota), Pongamia pinnata (karanja), Ricinus communis (arand) and Strychnos nux-vomica (kuchla) are also used for obtaining drugs.

8. Essential Oils

Like all other necessities of humans, oils are one of the main necessities of daily life. India holds a prominent position in the world oil industry. Oils are of two types: essential, volatile or distilled oils; and fatty, nonvolatile, expressed or fixed oils. These two types of oils can be distinguished in Table VI.

Essential oils are by-products of carbohydrate and fat metabolism and occur in some 60 families. The important ones are Apiaceae (= Umbellifereae), Asteraceae (= Compositae), Fabaceae (= Leguminosae), Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae (= Labiatae), Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Poaceae (= Graminae) and Rutaceae. They occur in small concentrations, from minute traces to as much as 1-2%, or even more, in specialized cells, glands or ducts, either in one particular organ of the plant or distributed over many parts. They may be present in flowers (e.g., roses), fruits (e.g., oranges), leaves (e.g., eucalyptus), bark (e.g., cinnamomum), roots (e.g., ginger), woods (e.g., cedar) or seeds (e.g., cardamon) and many resinous exudations.

The utility of essential oils to the plant itself is obscure. The characteristic aroma and flavor they impart to flowers, fruits and seeds probably attract insects and other animals, which play an important role in pollination and/or in the dispersal of fruits and seeds. When essential oils are present in high concentrations, the unpleasant odor may serve to repel enemies like parasites, animals and insects. The essential oils may have antiseptic and bactericidal properties and may thus act as a wound fluid. They affect transpiration and other physiological processes by minimizing the effect of heat on transpiration. They play a vital role as hydrogen donors in oxido-reduction reactions as potential sources of energy.

Because of their odor and high volatility, essential oils are also put to a variety of uses by humans. They are extensively used in the manufacture of perfumes, sachets, soaps and other toilet preparations. The perfumes are stored in closed, compactly filled containers since they deteriorate due to oxidation and polymerization when they come into contact with air. In confectionary and aerated waters they are used as flavoring materials or essences for ice creams, candies, cordials, liqueurs, nonalcoholic beverages, tobacco, etc. They are very valuable in medicine, dentistry and pharmaceuticals because of their therapeutic, antiseptic and bactericidal properties. They are used as insecticides and deodorants, as solvents in paint and varnish industries and in the manufacture of several synthetic odors and flavors, such as attars

Page 81 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. and scents. Some of the essential oils (e.g., clove oil) are used as clearing or cleaning agents in histological work. They are also used in such diversified products as chewing gum, toothpaste, dhoop, agar batis, incense, shoe polish, library paste and fish glue. The important essential oil-yielding trees are listed in Table VII.

9. Fatty Oils and Vegetable Fats

Vegetable fatty oils are called "fixed oils" or "nonvolatile oils" because they do not evaporate or become volatile like the essential oils. They are also called "nondistilled oils" because they cannot be distilled without being decomposed.

Chemically, fatty oils consist of glycerin in combination with a fatty acid. The so-called fats or tallows are solids at ordinary temperatures and contain stearic or palmitic acid. Their iodine number (the number of grams of iodine absorbed by 100 g of the fats in a medium in which it is soluble) is below 70. On the other hand, oils are liquids at ordinary temperatures and contain oleic acid.

Oils are of three types: drying, semidrying and nondrying. The drying oils are able to absorb oxygen and, on exposure, dry into thin elastic film. They are used mainly in the paint and varnish industry. Their iodine number is higher than 150. The semidrying oils absorb oxygen slowly and only in limited amounts. They form a soft film only after long exposure. Their iodine number is between 100 and 150. The nondrying oils remain liquid at ordinary temperatures and do not form a film. Their iodine number is between 70 and 100.

The fatty oils are insoluble in water but soluble in various organic solvents. When a fat is boiled with an alkali, it decomposes, and the fatty acid unites with the alkali to form soap. If soda is used, a hard soap is obtained; and if potash or lye is used, a soft soap is obtained.

When fats break down, they yield fatty acids and glycerin, of which they are composed, and usually develop a rancid odor and taste. The fatty oils are bland (balmy) and lack the strong taste, odor and antiseptic qualities of essential oils. Thus they are available as indispensable articles in human food. Important species that yield fatty oils and vegetable fats are listed in Table VIII.

10. Waxes

Waxes are quite similar to fats but are esters of monohydric alcohols rather than glycerides. They are harder than fats and have a high melting point. They are less easily hydrolyzed and do not become rancid. Waxes are usually found on the epidermis of leaves and fruits. They serve to prevent excessive loss of water through transpiration, because of their impervious character. The commercially important waxes obtained from trees are shown in Table IX. Wax is also obtained from the leaves of the raffia and licuri palms, sugarcane and esparto.

11. Soap Substitutes

Page 82 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Saponins are a group of water-soluble glucosides that yield soap froth in water, form emulsions with oils and fats, and are capable of absorbing large amounts of gases such as carbon dioxide. Because of these properties they are used for cleansing and other purposes, both at home and in industry. The important saponin-containing trees are listed in Table X.

It may be added here that leaves of a familiar garden plant, bouncing bet or soapwort (Saponaria officinalis, family Caryophyllaceae), when placed in water, produce a lather that is utilized for washing and imparting luster to silk and woolen fabrics. Similarly, bulbs of the Californian soaproot (Chlorogalum pomeridianum, family Liliaceae) yield a good lather, which is utilized for washing fabrics.

12. Vegetable Ivory

The seeds of Phytelephas macrocarpa, in the family Arecaceae, commonly called "ivory nut" or "tagua palm tree," is the chief source of vegetable ivory. It is extensively used as a substitute for true ivory. It can be carved and used in the manufacture of buttons, chess pieces, poker chips, dice, knobs, inlays, billiard balls, toys, etc. Metroxylon amicarum, in the Arecaceae family, can likewise be used for these purposes.

13. Fodder

The leaves of trees and shrubs are rich in calcium and phosphorus. Although considered inferior to grasses, trees in different parts of India are lopped for fodder, especially when grasses are scarce. The important fodder-yielding trees are Acacia nilotica (= A. arabica), A. catechu, Acer spp., Aegle marmelos, Bauhinia variegata, Celtis australis, Dendrocalamus strictus, Ficus glomerata, F. religiosa, Grewia spp., Helicteres isora, Kydia calycina, Leucaena leucocephala, Melia azedarach, Millettia auriculata, Morus australis, M. serrata, Ougeinia oojeinsis, Populus ciliata, Quercus glauca, Q. incana, Zizyphus mauritiana and Z nummularia (Singh, 1982; Anonymous, 1983).

14. Fuel, Bioenergy or Biofuel

Bioenergy is the energy available from biological sources, both living and immediate remains. Fuel is any material that burns readily in air. Biofuels are materials of biological origin that are used for producing heat and other forms of energy. Fuel is a great necessity of modern life. Wood, peat and coal, which represent three stages in the carbonization of the original woody plant tissue, are important fuel substances.

Because their moisture content is lower than that of green wood, seasoned or oven-dried wood makes excellent fuel: 99% of it is combustible, so it leaves only a small amount of ash. Hardwoods, such as ash, beech, hickory, maple and oak, which burn for a longer time and provide more uniform heat than does gymnospermic wood, are excellent fuelwoods. The mean calorific value of oven-dried Indian hardwoods is about 9000 btu. The different forms of energy that can be obtained from wood are shown in Table XI.

Page 83 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. The qualities needed for fuelwood are physical properties of the wood as well as environmental and silvicultural properties of the species. Small-diameter, thornless shrubs and trees, which are easy to cut with primitive tools and easy to transport, are generally preferred. Likewise, fuelwood that is easy to split and either has a low moisture content or dries rapidly is preferred over other wood, because considerable heat is lost in burning moist wood. Such wood is also nontoxic and produces less smoke. For health reasons, too, these are important fuelwoods: ventilation is poor in village houses. While burning, wood should neither split nor spark. Wood density is positively correlated with the calorific value of fuelwood. A negative correlation also exists between wood density and growth rate, so fast-growing species generally have inferior burning properties. The best fuelwood species burn slowly and produce good heat from glowing charcoals. Acacia and Casuarina spp. are regarded as the best fuelwood species (Singhal & Khanna, 1991).

Some common fuelwood species of India are Acacia catechu, A. leucocephala, A. nilotica var. cupressiformis, A. nilotica var. indica, Albizia amara, A. lebbek, Anogeissus latifolia, Azadirachta indica, Borassus flabellifer, Carrissa spinarum, Dalbergia sissoo, Delonix elata, Eucalyptus spp., Euphorbia spp., Leucaena leucocephala, Mangifera indica, Melia azedarach, Moringa tinctoria, Morus serrata, Pithecellobium dulce, Prosopis juliflora, P. spicigera, Psidium guajava, Sesbania sesban, Syzygium cuminii, Tamarix indica, Thespesia populnea, Zizyphus mauritiana, etc. (Singhal & Khanna, 1991).

15. Fertilizers

Several species of nitrogen-fixing bacteria of Rhizobium, including R. leguminosarum, R. lupini, R. meliloti and R. phaseoli, live inside the root nodules of leguminous trees. Similarly, Frankia, a nitrogen- fixing mycelial bacterium, is associated symbiotically with the root nodules of several nonlegume plants, including Alnus, Casuarina, Coriaria, Myrica and Rubus. Both Rhizobium and Frankia are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. When the roots of these plants decay, they enrich the soil with nitrogen salts.

16. Fibers

Botanically, a fiber is a special type of cell (sclerenchymatous) that has thick walls, a narrow lumen and tapering ends. Chemically, it is made up of cellulose and lignin. Commercially, a plant fiber is a strand consisting of one or hundreds of cells that varies in length from a fraction of a millimeter to 2 meters or more. Depending on how fibers are used, they can be classed as textile fibers (for fabrics, netting, cordage), brush fibers, plaiting and rough weaving fibers (for hats, sandals, baskets, chairs, etc.), filling fibers, natural fabrics and papermaking fibers.

The important fiber-yielding woody plants, including trees and shrubs, are Abroma angusta, Abutilon spp., Acacia leucocephala, Ananas comosus, Antiaris toxicaria, Boehmeria nivea, Borassus flabellifer, Butea monosperma, Caryota urens (leaves), Cordia dichotoma, C. rothii, Ficus bengalensis, F. cunia, F. religiosa, Grewia glabra, G. elastica, G. optiva, G. tiliaefolia, G. vestita, Hardwickia binata, Hibiscus spp., Malachra capitata, Marsdenia

Page 84 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. volubilis, Pandanus spp. (leaves), Sterculia foetida, S. urens, S. villosa, Trema orientalis and Urena lobata. Most fibers are obtained from the bark of these plants. Silky flosses produced in the fruits of Bombax ceiba, Ceiba pentandra and Cochlospermum religiosum are also used as fibers for filling purposes. The well-known coir fiber is obtained from the fibrous mesocarp of the coconut palm, Cocos nucifera. It is coarse, stiff, buoyant and elastic and is therefore used for ship ropes, mats, brushes, ropes, etc. (Watt, 1889-1893; Anonymous, 1983; Maithani et al., 1991).

17. Pulp and Paper

An important use of fibers is in the manufacture of paper, which is playing an increasingly important role in modern civilized society. It can be divided into two categories: cultural paper (printing and writing paper) and industrial paper (packing and wrapping papers and boards).

The word "paper" comes from the Latin papyrus (the name of Cyperus papyrus of the family Cyperaceae), a sedge plant, the pith of which was used for paper in Egypt as early as 2400 B.C. The Chinese, however, were the first to actually make the paper. In 1799 Louis Robert of France invented the papermaking machine, which was improved by Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier of London in 1803.

The important and major raw materials of the pulp and paper industry are wood fibers (furnishing more than 90% of all the paper produced in the world), cotton and linen rags (yielding fine grades of paper, because of their high cellulose content), agricultural residues (bamboo, bagasse, straw, etc.) and waste paper (for recycled paper). Raw materials of minor importance are esparto grass (Stipa tebnacissima, family Poaccae), textile fibers (jute, hemp, coir, ramie, sisal hemp, sunn hemp, etc.), bast fibers of paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera, family Moraceae) and fibers of papyrus (Cyperus papyrus), baobab (Adansonia digitata) and Daphne cannabina. Chinese and Japanese rice paper is made from Tetrapanax papyriferum, Edgeworthia tomentosa and Wickstroemia canescens.

Generally, softwood tracheids are preferred over hardwood fibers for papermaking because the tracheids of conifers are longer (about 2-4 mm) than are hardwood fibers (0.5-1.5 mm). Spruce wood is the most important raw material for pulp. Its fibers are long and strong, with a maximum content of cellulose. Almost free of resins, gums and tannins, it is light colored, sound and usually free of defects. The important species used are Picea rubens (red spruce), P. glauca (white spruce), P. sitchensis (sitka spruce), etc.

The other important raw materials for pulp are pines, other conifers and hardwoods, like Pinus australis (yellow pine), P. banksiana (jack pine), Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock), T heterophylla (western hemlock), Abies balsamea (balsam fir), A. concolor (white fir), Larix laricina (tamarack), Populus tremuloides and P. grandidentata (aspens), Fagus grandifolia (beech), Acer saccharum (sugar maple) and Betula lutea (birch).

Although ancient Indian written records are on the leaves of the tree called "bhojpatra" (Betula alnoides, family Betulaceae), the art of

Page 85 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. papermaking in India started with the installation of first papermaking machine at Serampore in West Bengal in 1830. The main fibrous raw materials for papermaking are Bambusa arundinacea, Boswellia serrata, Dendrocalamus strictus, Eulaliopsis binata (Sabai grass) and Pinus roxburghii. These are followed by Abies pindrow, Adansonia digitata, Agave americana, Arundo donax, Bambusa polymorpha, B. tulda, Broussonetia papyrifera, Daphne papyracea, Dendrocalamus giganteus, D. hamiltonii, Eucalyptus citriodora, E. globulus, Ochlandra truvancorica and Populus ciliata. The following Indian hardwood species are used for making bleachable pulp: Albizia lebbeck, Anogeissus latifolia, Chloroxylon swietenia, Gmelina arborea, Lannea coromandelica, Prosopis chilensis, Pterocarpus marsupium, Sesbania grandiflora, Sterculia urens, Tectona grandis and Terminalia bellerica.

18. Tannins

Tannins are soluble, astringent, bitter and complex phenolic substances of plant origin. These are glycosidal in nature and acidic in reactions. They may be hydrolizable or condensed in nature. Whereas hydrolyzable tannins are easily split into alcohols and acids by water, condensed tannins are not, for they are made up of polymers of cyclic compounds. Tannins may be present in individual cells or in special containers known as "tannin sacs." In individual cells, tannins are found in the cell sap or are impregnated in the cell's walls, often accumulating in large quantities in dead tissues such as cork or present in bark, wood, leaves, roots, fruits and galls.

The biological functions of tannins are not very clear. It is thought that tannins protect the protoplast against desiccation, decay and injury by animals. It may be concerned with the formation of cork or with protection of the plant. Economically, tannins are important in various ways. They have the ability to unite with certain types of proteins, such as those in animal skins (hides), to form a strong, flexible, resistant and insoluble substance known as "leather." The process and art of converting raw hides and skins of animals into leather, usually through the use of certain chemicals, is called "tanning." Tannins react with salts of iron to form dark blue, blue- black or greenish black compounds, which are the basis of tannin or writing inks. Tannins are also useful in medicine, because of their astringent nature. Tanning materials are often utilized in oil drilling to reduce the viscosity of the drill without reducing the specific gravity. Tannins may be obtained from the different parts of the trees, as shown in Table XII.

19. Dyes

Dyes are colored compounds (pigments) that are capable of being fixed to fabrics permanently; i.e., they neither fade on exposure to light nor wash out with soap. Therefore, a colored organic substance is not necessarily a dye. For example, trinitrotoluene, which is yellow in color, cannot fix to a cloth and therefore is not a dye. On the other hand, picric acid, which is also yellow in color, can fix to a cloth and therefore is a dye. A large number of plants secrete or contain pigments, but only about 150 are commercially important. In addition, synthetic or aniline dyes are now obtained from coal-tar products. These are cheaper, brighter, more permanent and easier to use, and they offer a wider range of colors. Among the chief uses of dyes is

Page 86 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. in coloring fabrics in the textile industry, where they are used with weak salt solutions of various metals like iron, chromium, aluminum or tin. A fine layer of metallic oxide, which forms an insoluble compound with the dye, is deposited on the cloth. Such salts of metals that increase the adherence of various dyes to the fabrics are called "mordants." These actually form a chemical bridge between the fiber molecules and the dye. Dyes are also used for coloring paints, varnishes, leather, ink, paper, wood, furs, food, cosmetics and medicines. A partial list of important dye-yielding trees in given in Table XIII.

20. Rubber and Other Latex Products

Rubber is obtained from the milky juice or latex of various tropical or subtropical woody plants. Latex is a gummy white liquid full of minute globules, a mixture of water, hydrocarbons, resins, oils, proteins, acids, salts, sugars and caoutchouc, a substance used as a source of rubber. Rubber is a polyterpene consisting of a long chain of thousands of isoprene (hydrocarbon) units. The tissue containing latex is called "laticiferous tissue." It consists of latex cells or latex coenocytes and latex vessels, the latter being formed by the fusion of many latex cells. Laticifers occur in bark, leaves and other softer parts of trees.

Laticifers are not known in gymnosperms. They are present in a large number of species and genera belonging to about 20 families, mostly dicotyledonous. Important rubber plants belong to Apocyanaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Moraceae.

Latex performs five functions in plants: healing of wounds; protection (warding off the attack of animals) because of the presence of bitter or poisonous alkaloids; storage of food reserve (for nutrition); formation and storage of excretory products; and transport of materials (conduction or translocation or as a fluid reservoir).

Joseph Priestley, the discoverer of oxygen, coined the term "rubber," owing to the fact that it could be used for removing pencil marks. In 1839 Charles Goodyear discovered the vulcanization process, in which sulphur is added to rubber to cross-link the molecules of isoprene chains. This process makes the latex impervious to weather conditions and improves its elasticity. Rubber is one of the best insulating and dielectric materials available. The important rubber-yielding woody plants are shown in Table XIV.

21. Gums

Gums contain large amounts of sugars and are closely allied to pectins. They are colloidal in nature and have the ability to dissolve in water and form a viscid solution (viscous liquids) or to absorb water and swell to form a gelatinous paste. On exposure to air these pastes dry to hard, clear, glassy masses by losing their water. Gums are insoluble in alcohol and ether.

Gums exude naturally or in response to wounding from the stems and are formed by disintegration of internal tissues, mostly from the decomposition of cellulose through a process known as "gummosis."

Gums are used in a variety of ways. The finer grades are utilized in finishing silk, clarifying liqueurs and preparing high-quality watercolors. The intermediate grades are used in printing inks, in sizing, finishing and dyeing textile fabrics, in confectionery and in the pharmaceutical industry. The cheaper grades are used as adhesives, in calico printing, in sizing of paper and in the paint industry. In the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries gums act as emollients or demulcents or serve to bind or emulsify mixtures in lotions, ointments and creams. They may add body and bulk to foodstuffs like commercial ice creams.

Commercial gums are dried exudations of dry-region plants belonging to the Anaeardiaceae, Combretaceae, Fabaceae, Meliaceae, Rosaceae and Rutaceae. One hundred or more species of Acacia alone are known to yield gum. The important gum-yielding trees are shown in Table XV.

22. Resins

Although resins resemble gum in superficial appearance, they differ in origin and chemical composition. Some resins are sticky, viscous liquids; others are hard, brittle, amorphous solids, generally clear or transparent but sometimes opaque. Important resin-yielding families, differences among three main types of resins and resin- yielding trees are presented in Tables XVI, XVII and XVIII, respectively.

Resins represent oxidation products of various essential oils. They are complex and varied in their chemical composition. Chemically, they are polymerized terpenes that are usually mixed with volatile oils. Unlike gums, resins are insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, ether, turpentine, spirit, carbon disulphide and other solvents. The latter property is utilized to form varnishes; when applied in thin films, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind a hard, waterproof layer of resin. Resins are fusible; that is, when heated they first soften and then melt to a more or less clear, sticky fluid. They are resistant to most reagents and to decay but, when ignited, burn with a smoky flame.

Resins are very important in industry. Two types are used in manufacturing varnishes and lacquers. The first type comprises resins that, after melting, can be combined with linseed oil or turpentine and utilized for forming amber, copal and other oil varnishes. Oil varnishes are superior but costly.

The word "copal" is of Mexican origin. In England many of the harder copals are known as "animes." The copals are resins of recent semifossil or fossil tropical and subtropical tree species. They contain almost no oil and yield a hard, elastic varnish, which is much used for outdoor work.

The second type of resins comprises those that dissolve in alcohol, turpentine or other volatile solvents. They are utilized for forming spirit varnishes, such as rosin, damar, sandarac, mastic and elemis. Spirit varnishes are less expensive and more easily prepared and applied. They produce brilliant, transparent finishes. All damars are

Page 88 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. used chiefly in spirit varnishes and in the manufacture of nitrocellulose lacquers. Damar varnishes are softer, less durable and adhere better. They are used mainly for varnishing paper because of their luster and light color. They are also used for indoor work and in histology. "Elemi" is a collective name for several oleoresins of different origin that exude as clear, pale liquids. Most tend to harden on exposure, but some may remain soft.

Resinous substances have been used for waterproof coatings and also for decorative coatings for ages. The ancient Egyptians varnished their mummy cases, and the Incas utilized resins in their embalming mixtures. Resins are also used in the preparation of soap--they dissolve in alkali to form soap--and in medicine, for sizing paper, as a stiffening material for mats, in the preparation of fixatives, incenses, perfumes, tobacco flavorings, sealing wax, plastics, linoleum, oilcloth, printers' ink, adhesives, etc. Their combustible properties are utilized for making torches; their waterproofing qualities, for making boats.

Resins tend to lessen the amount of water lost from the tissues of plants. Because of their antiseptic properties, resins prevent decay, and, when present in wood, add strength and durability.

Resin is secreted in plant tissues in specialized canals or cavities called "resin ducts," which are lined with a special layer of secretory cells, called the "epithelial layer," that secrete resin into the cavity through a thin cuticular layer. Resin ducts may be present in leaves, wood and bark of stems. They normally ooze out through the bark and harden on exposure to air. Commercial resins, however, are extracted from artificial wounds or fossil materials.

23. Cork

Commercial cork is obtained from the outer bark (phellem) of cork oak, Quercus suber, an evergreen tree of the family Fagaceae. It is native to the western Mediterranean region: about 70% of the world's commercial cork comes from Portugal alone. Cork is nothing more than thin-walled but strong cellulosic cell wails, which are heavily coated with suberin, a substance that is impervious to water. Cell lumens, which represent nearly 53% of the total cork volume, are filled with air, thus making cork very light--its specific gravity is 0.15-0.25.

Cork is buoyant, light and highly compressible, but it is resilient, chemically inert to moisture and common liquids, resistant to deterioration, an excellent insulator, a nonconductor of electricity, a low thermal conductor and impervious to water and other liquids. It imparts no flavor or odor to substances, is slow to catch fire, absorbs sound and vibrations and has a high coefficient of friction. All of these properties render commercial cork invaluable in the world market, and it is used either as natural cork or as composition cork, the latter as linoleum, linotiles, binder-coated cork and cork (insulation) boards. Cork is used in the preparation of stoppers, hats and helmets, tips for cigarettes, carburetor floats, fishing-net floats, golf-club handles, penholders, fishing rods, life preservers, floats and life jackets, surf balls, seals for jars, sealing liners, shoe insoles, sporting goods, picture frames, small cork balls in referees' whistles, etc.

24. Food for Silkworms

Mulberry silk accounts for 95% of the world's silk production. It is produced by Bombyx mori L., which feeds on the leaves of mulberry plants. Morus is the Latin word for "mulberry" (French: muries; Italian: gelso; Japanese: lewwa). It belongs to the family Moraceae, of the order Unisexuales or Urticales. The following species of Morus are known in the world: acidosa, arabica, atropurpurea, australis, bombycis, boninensis, cathayama, celtidifolia, cordatifelia, indica, glabrata, insignis, japonica, kagayamae, laevigata, latifolia, lhou, macroura, microphylla, miyabean, mizuho, mollis, mongolica, mosozygia, multicaulis, nigra, nigriformis, notabilis, pabularia, philippinensis, rotundifolia, rubra, serrata, sinensis, tiliaefolia and yoshimurai (Seth & Lal, 2002).

Tasar silk is the product of the secretion from the silk glands of Antheraea proylei and A. mylitta, the temperate and tropical tasar silkworms, respectively. Although Antheraea species are polyphagous in nature, the food plants of first choice are known as "primary" and others, as "secondary." The three main food plants of tropical tasar silkworms are: Terminalia alata, syn. T. tomentosa, vern. asan; Terminatia arjuna, vern. arjun; and Shorea robusta, vern. sal. In addition to the three main food plants, the tasar silkworm may feed on the following (Seth, 2000a):

* Anogeissus latifolia; axlewood, vern. dhawa, dhaura, dhaunta; family Combretaceae, order Myrtales

* Bauhinia variegata; vern. kachnar; family Caesalpiniaceae, order Rosales

* Bombax ceiba, syn. Salmalia malabarica, Bombax malabaricum, Gossampinus malabarica; silk cotton tree, vern. semul, shembal, raket-senbal, kaanti sembal, pagun; family Bombacaceae, order Malvales

* Canthium dicoccum, syn. C. didymum, Plectronia didyma; vern. rangruri; family Rubiaceae, order Rubiales

* Capadessa fruiticosa: vern. nalbali; family Meliaceae, order Geraniales

* Careya arborea; kumbi, vern. kumbi; family Lecythidaceae, order Myrtales

* Carissa carundus; karunda, vern. karumcha, karaunda; family Apocynaceae, order Gentianales

* Celastrus paniculatus; vern. malkangni; family Celastraceae, order Celastrales

* Chloroxylon swietenia; East Indian satinwood, vern. bhirra, girya; family Rutaceae, order Geraniales

* Dodonaea viscosa; vern. aliar, sinatha; family Sapindaceae, order Sapindales

* Ficus benjamina; family Moraceae, order Unisexuales or Urticales

* Ficus religiosa; peepal, vern. pipal, pipli; family Moraceae, order Unisexuales or Urticales

* Ficus retusa; vern. kamrup, chilkan; family Moraceae, order Unisexuales or Urticales

* Ficus tsiela; vern. jari; family Moraceae, order Unisexuales or Urticales

* Ficus tsjakela; family Moraceae, order Unisexuales or Urticales

* Hardwickia binata; anjan, vern. anjan; family Caesalpiniaceae, order Rosales

* Lagerstroemia indica; common crape myrtle, vern. saoni; family Lythraceae, order Myrtales

* Lagerstroemia parviflora; landau, vern. Sida, dhaura, Bali, Sidi; family Lythraceae, order Myrtales

* Madhuca indica, syn. M. latifolia, Bassia latifolia; mahua, mowra, illipe, butter tree, vern. mahua, mohwa, mauwa; family Sapotaceae, order Sapindales

* Melastoma malabathricum; vern. phutki; family Melastomataceae, order Myrtales

* Ricinus communis; castor, castor seed, vern. erandi, bharenda; family Euphorbiaceae, order Euphorbiales

* Shorea roxburghii, syn. S. talura; lac tree of South India; family Dipterocarpaceae, order Parietales

* Syzygium cuminii, syn. Eugenia jambolana, E. cuminii; jaman, jambolan, blackplum, java plum, vern. jamun, jam; family Myrtaceae, order Myrtales

* Tectona grandis; teak, vern. sagun, sagwan; family Verbenaceae, order Lamiales

* Terminalia bellerica; belleric myrobalan, bahera, vern. bahera; family Combretaceae, order Myrtales

* Terminalia catappa; Indian almond tree, vern. deshibadam; family Combretaceae, order Myrtales

* Terminalia chebula; chebulic myrobalan, vern. haritaki, harar; family Combretaceae, order Myrtales

* Terminalia coriacea, syn. T. tomentosa var. coriacea; leathery murdah, vern. tani; family Combretaceae, order Myrtales

* Terminalia crenulata, syn. T. tomentosa var. crenulata; vern. karu maruthu, tehmbava; family Combretaceae, order Myrtales

* Terminalia paniculata; flowering murdah, kindal, vern. kinjal; family Combretaceae, order Myrtales

* Zizyphus jujuba, syn. Z. sativa, Z. vulgaris; vern. pitni ber, ban ber, beri; family Rhamnaceae, order Celastrales

* Zizyphus mauritiana, syn. Z. jujuba; Indian jujube, common jujube, vern. ber, hevi; family Rhamnaceae, order Celastrales

* Zizyphus rugosa, vern. bhand, churna; family Rhamnaceae, order Celastrales

* Zizyphus xylopyra, including Z. glaberrima santapau; katber, kathber, ghont; family Rhamnaceae, order Celastrales

The introduction of two oak tasar silkworms, Antheraea proylei and A. pernyi, has enabled India to produce oak tasar silk. The main food plants of oak tasar silkworms belong to Quercus species, the oaks of the family Fagaceae, order Fagales. The other food plants of temperate tasar belong to genera like Castanopsis and Lithocarpus, of the family Fagaceae, order Fagales, and Salix, of the family Salicaceae, order Salicales. The different species of these food plants are (Seth, 2000b):

* Castanopsis hystrix, syn. C. rufescens; vern. katus, hingori

* Castanopsis indica; Indian chestnut, vern. bank katus, serang

* Lithocarpus dealbatus, syn. Quercus dealbata

* Quercus aegilops; valonia oak

* Quercus acutissima, syn. Q. serrata

* Quercus borealis; American red oak

* Quercus castaneaefolia; chestnut-leaved oak

* Quercus cerris; turkey oak

* Quercus coccinea; scarlet oak

* Quercus crispula

* Quercus dentata

* Quercus dilatata; green oak, moru oak, vern. moru, tilonj

* Quercus floribunda

* Quercus frainetto; Hungarian oak

* Quercus glauca; blue Japanese oak, vern. bran, siri, inai

* Quercus griffithii; vern. dingim

* Quercus hispanica var. lucombeana; lucombe oak

* Quercus ilex; evergreen oak, holly or holm oak, vern. bechur, iri

* Quercus infectoria; gall oak, Dyer's oak, vern. majuphal, mazu, muphal

* Quercus lamellosa; vern. buk, shalshi

* Quercus lanata, syn. Q. lanuginosa; woolly oak, vern. ranj, kiani

* Quercus lanceaefolia, syn. Castanopsis lanceaefolia; vern. siri, shingra

* Quercus leucotrichophora, syn. Q. incana; ban oak, gray oak, vern. ban, rin, vari, iri

* Quercus libani; Lebanon oak

* Quercus lineata; vern. phalut

* Quercus lusitanica; Lusitanian oak

* Quercus mongolica

* Quercus myrsinaefolia

* Quercus palustris; pin oak

* Quercus petraea; sessile oak

* Quercus prinus

* Quercus reticulatum; net leaf oak

* Quercus robur; English oak

* Quercus rubra

* Quercus semecarpifolia; brown oak of Himalaya, kharsu oak, vern. karshu, kharshu

* Quercus semiserrata; vern. schop

* Quercus suber; cork oak

* Quercus undulata

* Salix viminalis; English willow, osier, basket willow, vern. bibsu, kumanta

Eri silk, also known as "errandi" or "endi," is produced by the eri silkworm Samia ricini, syn. Philosamia ricini, Attacus ricini. It belongs to the family Saturniidae, order Lepidoptera. Being polyphagous, it may feed on the leaves of a large number of plants (Seth, 2000c):

* Ricinus communis; castor, castor seed, vern. erandi; family Euphorbiaceae, order Euphorbiales

* Ailanthus altissima, syn. A. glandulosa; ailanto, tree of Heaven, vern. barkessuru, barpat; family Simaroubaceae, order Geraniales

* Ailanthus excelsa; vern. maharuk, barkessuru; family Simaroubaceae, order Geraniales

* Ailanthus grandis; family Simaroubaceae, order Geraniales

* Ailanthus triphysa, syn. A. malabarica; vern. guggal dhup, family Simaroubaceae, order Geraniales

* Caricapapaya; papaya, papaw tree, vern. papeeta; family Caricaceae, order Geraniales

* Cinnamomum cecidodaphne; family Lauraceae, order Laurales

* Coriaria nepalensis; vern. masuri, makola; family Coriariaceae, order Sapindales

* Evodia fraxinifolia; vern. payam; family Rutaceae, order Geraniales

* Gmelina arborea; gumhar, vern. gambhar, gumbhar, kambhari; family Verbenaceae, order Lamiales

* Heteropanax fragrans; vern. kesseru, tarla; family Araliaceae,

* Hodgsonia heteroclita; vern. thebow; family Cucurbitaceae, order Passiflorales

* Jatropha curcas; physic nut, purging nut, vern. botera, bagbherenda, jangliarandi, safedarand; family Euphorbiaceae, order Euphorbiales

* Jatropha multifida; coral plant, vern. bhotera; family Euphorbiaceae, order Euphorbiales

* Manihot eseulenta, syn. M. utilissima, M. aipi, M. dulcis, M. palmata; cassava, manioc, tapioca, vern. simul-alu; family Euphorbiaceae, order Euphorbiales

* Ricinus virdia; family Euphorbiaceae, order Euphorbiales

* Sapium eugeniifolium; vern. korha, family Euphorbiaceae, order Euphorbiales

* Sapium sebiferum; Chinese tallow tree, vern. pippal-yang, vilayati- shisham, paharishisham; family Euphorbiaceae, order Euphorbiales

* Zanthoxylum armatum, syn. Z. alatum; vern. darmar, Nepali dhaniya, tejphal, tumru; family Rutaceae, order Geraniales

* Zanthoxylum limonella, syn. Z. budrunga, Z. rhetsa; vern. bazramani; family Rutaceae, order Geraniales

* Zizyphus mauritiana, syn. Z. jujuba; Indian jujube, common jujube, vern. baer, ber; family Rhamnaceae, order Rhamnales

Muga silk is produced by the muga silkworm Antheraea assama Westwood, syn. A. asamensis Helf., A. mejankari Moore. It belongs to the phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta, order Lepidoptera and family Satumiidae. The muga silkworm is polyphagous (Seth, 2000d). Its primary food plants are:

* Machilus bombycina; vern. som; family Lauraceae, order Laurales

* Litsaea monopetala, syn. L. polyantha; vern. soalu, meda, ketmarra, patoia, kakuri; family Lauraceae, order Laurales

Its secondary food plants are:

* Actinodaphne angustifolia, syn. A. hookeri; pisa, vern. petarichawa; family Lauraceae, order Laurales

* Cinnamomum glanduliferum; cinnamon, vem. dieng-puin-waith, dieng- sing, gonhorai, gonhorai-arong, gonsalu, gonsarai, malligiri, marisgiri; family Lauraceae, order Laurales

* Cinnamomum obtusifolium, syn. Actinodaphne obovata; vern. patichanda, patihanda; family Lauraceae, order Laurales

* Gmelina arboraea; gumhar, vern. bambari; family Verbenaceae, order Lamiales

* Litsaea cubeba, syn. L. citrata; vern. mezankari, sittimbar; family Lauraceae, order Laurales

* Litsaea nitida, vern. kothalua; family Lauraceae, order Laurales

* Litsaea salicifolia; vern. dighleti, digloti; family Lauraceae, order Laurales

* Magnolia pterocarpa, syn. M. sphenocarpa; vern. panchapa; family Magnoliaceae, order Magnoliales

* Michelia champaca; champak; family Magnoliaceae, order Magnoliales

* Michelia oblonga; family Magnoliaceae, order Magnoliales

* Machilus odoratissima; machilus, vern. kawala; family Lauraceae, order Laurales

* Symplocos grandiflora; family Symplocaceae, order Ebenales

* Symplocus paniculata, syn. S. crataegoides; sapphire berry, sweet leaf, vern. ludh; family Symplocaceae, order Ebenales

* Symplocos ramosissima; vern. lodh; family Symplocaceae, order Ebenales

* Zanthoxylum armatum, syn. Z. alatum and its var. planispinum, Z. planispinum; vern. darmar, Nepali dhaniya, tejphal, tumru; family Rutaceae, order Geraniales

* Zanthoxylum limonella, syn. Z. budrunga, Z. rhetsa; vern. bazramani; family Rutaceae, order Geraniales

* Zizyphus jujuba, syn. Z. sativa, Z. vulgaris; vern. ber, pitni ber; family Rhamnaceae, order Rhamnales

* Zizyphus mauritiana, syn. Z. jujuba, Indian jujube, common jujube, vern. bear, ber; family Rhamnaceae, order Rhamnales

A large number of wild silkworms are known in nature. They, too, produce silk by feeding on the leaves of a number of plants. However, the silk they produce is not of good quality. The food plants of these wild silkworms are: Acer campbellii, A. caudatum, Actinodaphne sikkimensis, Anacardium occidentale, Ardisia species, Artemisia vulgaris, Bischofia javanica, Careya arborea, Cedrella serrata, C.

Page 96 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. toona, Clerodendron infortunatum, Coriaria nepalensis, Cydonia oblonga syn. C. vulgaris, Dalbergia sissoo, Dillenia indica, D. pentagyna syn. D. pentagynia, Emblica officinalis syn. Phyllanthus emblica, Eugenia fruiticosa, Glochidion hohenackeri syn. G. lanceolarium, G. velutinum, Juglans rigia, Lagerstroemia speciosa syn. L. flos reginae, Lannea coromandelica syn. Odina wodier, Leucosceptrum canum, Litsaea glutinosa syn. L. sebifera, Lyonia ovalifolia syn. Pieris ovalifolia, Machilus odoratissima, Mangifera indica, Melastoma malabathricum, Meyna laxiflora syn. Vangueria spinosa, Microcos paniculata syn. Grewia microcos, Mimusops elengi, Mitragyna rotundifolia syn. Stephegyne diversifolia, Ocimum spp., Phyllanthus lanceolaria, Prunus cerasoides syn. P. puddum, Pterospermum semisagittatum, Pyrus communis, P. pashia, Salix babylonica, S. tetrasperma, Sapium insigne, Schleichera oleosa, syn. S. trijuga, Symplocos paniculata, syn. S. crataegoides, S. racemosa, Syzygium cuminii syn. Eugenia jambolana, Terminalia alata syn. T. tomentosa, Turpinia nepalensis, T. pomifera, Wendlandia thyrsoidea syn. W. notonia, Zanthoxylum acanthopodium and Z armatum syn. Z. alarum (Seth, 2000e).

IV. Conclusions

As discussed above, trees are of great importance to people, not only economically and ecologically but also ornamentally and bioaesthetically. Because trees meet the needs of humans, the primary objective of any afforestation, biodiversity, ecodevelopment, bioaesthetic or landscape plan must be both to protect native tree- growing areas from further destruction and to plant trees in large areas. For any society, planting and care of trees serve as important endeavors and symbolize hope for the future. Multipurpose trees and shrubs have the capacity to provide for a variety of end uses while reversing the process of land degradation.

Most of our environmental problems can be solved to a great extent if we grow more trees, especially in urbanized localities and cities. Because people in different parts of the world have become aware of the needs of trees and forests, many countries have started celebrating annual "Forest Festivals" or "Tree Festivals" or "Greening Weeks" or "Arbor Days." In India, too, tree planting has been adopted as a national policy. The first successful tree-planting week was celebrated in Delhi in July 1947, with the participation of national leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Rajendra Prasad and Abdul Kalam Azad, among many others (Randhawa, 1961, 19651983). In 1950 the celebration was renamed "Vana Mahotsava" (Grand Festival of Forests [or Trees]) (Seth et al., 1962).

Table I Trees as a source of food

Common name Genus and species

Tree legumes Algaroba Prosopis chinensis, P. juliflora Carob bean Ceratonia siliqua Honey locust Gleditsia triacanthus Tamarind or imli Tamarindus indica Rain tree or vilaiti sirris Samanea saman Nittas Parkia biglobosam P. filicoidea, P. roxburghii

Nuts with high fat content Brazil nut, "neggertoes," Bertholletia excelsa "cream nuts" Cashew nut or kaju Anacardium occidentale Coconut or nariyal Cocus nucifera Filbert Corylus avellana Hazelnut Corylus americana, C. cornuta, C. colurna Hickory Carya ovata Pecan nut Carya illinoensis Pilinut Canarium ovatum Pine nut Pinus edulis, P. gerardiana (Chilgoza), P. kesiya, etc. Walnut Juglans nigra, J. regia European beech Fagus sylvatica Jangli badam Terminalia catappa Queensland nut Macadamia turnifolia Macadamia nut Macadamia turnifolia, M. integrifolia

Nuts with high protein content Almond Prunus amygdalus Beechnut Fagus grandifolia, F. sylvatica Pistachio nut, green almond Pistacia vera Acorn Quercus spp. Chestnut Castanea dentata

Fruit vegetables Avocado, alligator pear Persea americana Breadfruit Artocarpus altilis Jackfruit, kat-hal Artocarpus heterophyllus

Pome fruits Apple, vern. seb Malus pumila, syn. M. domestica Pear, vern. nakh Pyrus communis Quince Cydonia vulgaris Chinese pear or sand pear, Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta vern. nashpati Medlar Mespilus germanica

Stone fruits Apricot, vern. khurmani Prunus armeniaca Cherry, sweet Prunus avium Cherry, sour, vern. gilas Prunus cerasus Cherry, Himalayan Prunus cerasoides Cherry, Himalayan bird Prunus cornuta Cherry, European bird, Prunus padus vern. jaman Peach, vern. aru Prunus persica Plum, vern. alucha, Prunus domestica alu-bukhara

Citrus fruits Sweet orange, musambi Citrus sinensis Sour orange, khatta Citrus aurantium Mandarin orange, santara Citrus reticulata Pomelo, grapefruit Citrus paradisi Lemon, bara (pahari) nimbu Citrus limon

Other fruits Emlic, amla Emblica officinalis Pineapple, ananas Ananas comosus Mulberry, tut, shahtoot Morus alba, M. australis, M. nigra, M. rubra, etc. Money jack, lakoocha, Atrocarpus lakoocha barhal, dahrua Chinese date, jujube, her, Zizyphus mauritiana badara Limeberry, chini narangi Triphasia trifolia Cherimoya, Hanuman phal, Annona cherimolia Lakshman phal Jambolan, jamun, jambaba Syzygium cumini Wild jujube, jharber Zizyphus nummularia Carambola, karmal Averrhoea carambola Bael, bilva Aegle marmelos Custard apple, sweet sop, Annona squamosa sharifa Date, pind khajur Phoenix dactylifera Fig Ficus carica Guava, amrood Psidium guajava Jujube, ber Zizyphus mauritiana Litchi Litchi chinensis Loquat Eriobotrya japonica Mango, aam Mangifera indica Olive Olea europaea Papaya, papeeta Carica papaya Pomegranate, anar Punica granatum Sapodila, sapota, chiku Manikara achras Kumquat Fortunella japonica Wild date, khajur Phoenix sylvestris Gorgan nut, makhana (seeds) Euryale ferox Phalsa Grewia subinaequalis Durian Durio zibethinus Granadilla, passion fruit Passiflora edulis, P. incarnata, P. lauri-olia, P. lingularis, P. mollissima, P. quadrangularis Rose apple, gulabjaman Syzygium jambos Japanese persimon, kaki Diospyros kaki

Common name Family

Tree legumes Algaroba Mimosaceae Carob bean Caesalpiniaceae Honey locust Caesalpiniaceae Tamarind or imli Caesalpiniaceae Rain tree or vilaiti sirris Mimosaceae Nittas Mimosaceae Manila tamarind or jangal Mimosaceae jalebi

Nuts with high fat content Brazil nut, "neggertoes," Lecythidaceae "cream nuts" Cashew nut or kaju Anacardiacae Coconut or nariyal Arecaceae Filbert Corylaceae

Page 99 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Hazelnut Corylaceae Hickory Juglandaceace Pecan nut Juglandaceae Pilinut Burseraceae Pine nut Pinaceae Walnut Juglandaceae European beech Fagaceae Jangli badam Combretaceae Queensland nut Proteaceae Macadamia nut Proteaceae

Nuts with high protein content Almond Rosaceae Beechnut Fagaceae Pistachio nut, green almond Pistaciaceae Acorn Fagaceae Chestnut Fagaceae

Fruit vegetables Avocado, alligator pear Lauraceae Breadfruit Moraceae Jackfruit, kat-hal Moraceae

Pome fruits Apple, vern. seb Rosaceae Pear, vern. nakh Rosaceae Quince Rosaceae Chinese pear or sand pear, Rosaceae vern. nashpati Medlar Rosaceae

Stone fruits Apricot, vern. khurmani Rosaceae Cherry, sweet Rosaceae Cherry, sour, vern. gilas Rosaceae Cherry, Himalayan Rosaceae Cherry, Himalayan bird Rosaceae Cherry, European bird, Rosaceae vern. jaman Peach, vern. Aru Rosaceae Plum, vern. alucha, Rosaceae alu-bukhara

Citrus fruits Sweet orange, musambi Rutaceae Sour orange, khatta Rutaceae Mandarin orange, santara Rutaceae Pomelo, grapefruit Rutaceae Lemon, bara (pahari) nimbu Rutaceae Lime, nimbu or kaghzi nimbu Rutaceae Shaddock, chakotra Rutaceae

Other fruits Emlic, amla Euphorbiaceae Pineapple, ananas Bromeliaceae Mulberry, tut, shahtoot Moraceae Money jack, lakoocha, Moraceae barhal, dahrua Chinese date, jujube, her, Rhamnaceae badara Limeberry, chini narangi Rutaceae

Page 100 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Cherimoya, Hanuman phal, Annonaceae Lakshman phal Jambolan, jamun, jambaba Myrtaceae Wild jujube, jharber Rhamnaceae Carambola, karmal Averrhoaceae Bael, bilva Rutaceae Custard apple, sweet sop, Annonaceae sharifa Date, pind khajur Arecaceae Fig Moraceae Guava, amrood Myrtaceae Jujube, ber Rhamnaceae Litchi Sapindaceae Loquat Rosaceae Mango, aam Anacardiaceae Olive Oleaceae Papaya, papeeta Caricaceae Pomegranate, anar Punicaceae Sapodila, sapota, chiku Sapotaceae Kumquat Rutaceae Wild date, khajur Arecaceae Gorgan nut, makhana (seeds) Euryalaceae Phalsa Tiliaceae Durian Bombacaceae Granadilla, passion fruit Passifloraceae Rose apple, gulabjaman Myrtaceae Japanese persimon, kaki Ebenaceae

Common name Remarks

Tree legumes Algaroba Flowers a source of honey; pods used as stock feed Carob bean Dried pod edible Honey locust Pods eaten by animals Tamarind or imli Pods used for tart; fruits pulp used for chutney or sauce Rain tree or vilaiti sirris Sweet pulp of black pods excellent food stock Nittas Pods and seeds edible Manila tamarind or jangal Aril edible jalebi

Nuts with high fat content Brazil nut, "neggertoes," Contain 65-70% fats and 17% proteins "cream nuts" Cashew nut or kaju Swollen peduncle, thalamus and cotyledons edible Coconut or nariyal Endosperm edible Filbert Kernels edible Hazelnut Kernels edible Hickory Kernels edible Pecan nut Kernels edible Pilinut Seeds edible Pine nut Cotyledons edible Walnut Cotyledons edible European beech Jangli badam Queensland nut Macadamia nut

Page 101 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Nuts with high protein content Almond Seeds edible Beechnut Seeds edible Pistachio nut, green almond Seeds edible Acorn Eaten by animals Chestnut Seeds edible

Fruit vegetables Avocado, alligator pear Fruits edible Breadfruit Fruits edible Jackfruit, kat-hal Fruits edible

Pome fruits Apple, vern. seb Fleshy thalamus edible Pear, vern. nakh Fleshy thalamus edible Quince Fleshy thalamus edible Chinese pear or sand pear, Fleshy thalamus edible vern. nashpati Medlar Fleshy thalamus edible

Stone fruits Apricot, vern. khurmani Seeds edible Cherry, sweet Seeds edible Cherry, sour, vern. gilas Seeds edible Cherry, Himalayan Seeds edible Cherry, Himalayan bird Seeds edible Cherry, European bird, Seeds edible vern. jaman Peach, vern. Aru Seeds edible Plum, vern. alucha, Seeds edible alu-bukhara

Citrus fruits Sweet orange, musambi Glandular hairs arising from endocarp edible; fruit is hesperidium Sour orange, khatta Glandular hairs arising from endocarp edible; fruit is hesperidium Mandarin orange, santara Glandular hairs arising from endocarp edible; fruit is hesperidium Pomelo, grapefruit Glandular hairs arising from endocarp edible; fruit is hesperidium Lemon, bara (pahari) nimbu Glandular hairs arising from endocarp edible; fruit is hesperidium Lime, nimbu or kaghzi nimbu Glandular hairs arising from endocarp edible; fruit is hesperidium Shaddock, chakotra Glandular hairs arising from endocarp edible; fruit is hesperidium

Other fruits Emlic, amla Fruit rich in tannin and vitamin C; commonly pickled and used as medicine; epicarp and mesocarp of drupe edible Pineapple, ananas

Page 102 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Mulberry, tut, shahtoot Succulent perianth and fleshy axis edible Money jack, lakoocha, barhal, dahrua Chinese date, jujube, her, Epicarp and mesocarp of drupe edible badara Limeberry, chini narangi Cherimoya, Hanuman phal, Juicy mesocarps of individual berries Lakshman phal edible Jambolan, jamun, jambaba Epicarp and mesocarp of drupe edible Wild jujube, jharber Epicarp and mesocarp of drupe edible Carambola, karmal Bael, bilva Inner fleshy layer of pericarp and placentae edible Custard apple, sweet sop, Inner fleshy layer of pericarp and sharifa placentae edible Date, pind khajur Pericarp edible Fig Fleshy receptacle or thalamus edible Guava, amrood Inferior (or false) berries (i.e.. pericarp is fused with thalamus); epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp edible Jujube, ber Epicarp and mesocarp edible Litchi Aril edible Loquat Fruit is a pome where thalamus is enlarged to form fleshy, edible part; pericarp is cartilaginous and encloses seed-bearing loculi Mango, aam Fleshy mesocarp edible Olive Epicarp and mesocarp edible; commercial olive oil is obtained from fruit pulp and seeds Papaya, papeeta Pomegranate, anar Seeds with juicy testa edible Sapodila, sapota, chiku Kumquat Wild date, khajur Only one carpel develops into a one-seeded edible berry Gorgan nut, makhana (seeds) Seeds edible Phalsa Durian Granadilla, passion fruit Rose apple, gulabjaman Epicarp and mesocarp of drupe edible Japanese persimon, kaki

Table II Sugar-yielding trees

Common name Genus and species Family

Sugar and sap from sweet sap of maples

Sugar maple Acer saccharum Aceraceae Black maple Acer nigrum Aceraceae

Sugar from unopened inflorescences of palms

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Aceraceae Wild date palm Phoenix sylvestris Aceraceae

Page 103 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Palmyra palm Borassus flabellifer Aceraceae Coconut palm Cocos nucifera Aceraceae Toddy palm Caryota urens Aceraceae Gomuti palm Arenga pinnata Aceraceae Honey palm Jubaca chinensis Aceraceae Nipa palm Niga fruticans Aceraceae

Glucose, dextrose or grape sugar

Fructose, levulose or fruit sugar

Manna or mannose

Manna ash tree Fraxinus ornus Oleaceae

Nectar

Gulabi kachnar Bauhinia purpurea Caesalpinae Bottle brush Callistemon lanceolatum Myrtaceae Horse chestnut Aesculus indica Hippocastanaceae Jamun Eugenia jambolana Myrtaceae Neem Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Shisham Dalbergia sissoo Fabaceae Soapnut Sapindus spp. Sapindaceae Tun Cedrela toona Meliaceae Barna Crataeva religiosa Capparidaceae Chinese tallow Sapium sebiferum Euphorbiaceae

Common name Remarks

Sugar and sap from sweet sap of maples

Sugar maple Incisions are made through the bark into the Black maple sapwood or large roots and sap is collected, usually in March and April, when temperatures reach 25[degrees]F at night and 55[degrees]F during the day; sugar is sucrose

Sugar from unopened inflorescences of palms

Date palm In wild date palm sugar is obtained from Wild date palm tender upper portions of the stem; the tips of Palmyra palm inflorescences or stems are cut and sweet sap Coconut palm that oozes out and collected is called "toddy"; Toddy palm its sugar content is about 14%; it is boiled Gomuti palm and cooled to obtain hard crude sugar called Honey palm "jaggary," and it can be fermented to make the Nipa palm beverage called "arrack"; sugar is sucrose

Glucose, dextrose or Present in edible fruits of many trees and grape sugar shrubs

Fructose, levulose or Present in edible fruits of many trees and fruit sugar shrubs

Manna or mannose

Manna ash tree The juice oozes out from slits made in the bark and dries into flake-like a sweet substance called "manna," used mainly in medicine

Nectar

Gulabi kachnar Secreted by attractive flowers of many species Bottle brush in various families; mainly sucrose, with some Horse chestnut glucose and fructose; main food of bees, which Jamun partially digest it; it is thus converted into Neem honey; containing 70-75% invert sugar, Shisham proteins, mineral salts and water, honey is an Soapnut excellent food for humans and is used in Tun medicine, in the tobacco industry and in the Barna preparation of mead, a fermented beverage Chinese tallow

Source: Information on nectar-yielding trees is from Randhawa, 1965-1983.

Table III Spice- and condiment-yielding trees

Common name Genus and species Family

Cassia, vern. tejpat Cinnamomum cassia, syn. Lauraceae C. tamala Dalchini or Ceylon Cinnamomum zeylanicum Lauraceae cinnamon Sassafras Sassafras albidum Lauraceae Cloves Syzygium aromaticum Myrtaceae Allspice Pimenta dioica Myrtaceae Juniper berries Juniperus communis and Cupressaceae other species Star anise or anasphal Illicium verum Apiaceae Nutmeg (seed or kernel) Myristica fragrans Myristicaceae and mace (aril) Sweet bay or laurel Laurus nobilis Lauraceae

Common name Part used

Cassia, vern. tejpat Bark Dalchini or Ceylon Bark cinnamon Sassafras Root bark Cloves Unopened flower buds Allspice Fruits Juniper berries Mature cones Star anise or anasphal Fruit Nutmeg (seed or kernel) Seeds and mace (aril) Sweet bay or laurel Leaves

Table IV

Common name Genus and species Family

Coffee Coffea arabica, C. canephora, Rubiaceae C. liberica, C. robusta, C. stenophylla Cocoa or chocolate Theobroma cacao Sterculiaceae Mate or Paraguay tea Ilex paraguariensis Aquifoliaceae Guarana Paullinia cupana Sapindaceae Cola Cola nitida Sterculiaceae Cassine Ilex vomitoria Aquifoliaceae Yoco Paullinia yoco Sapindaceae Coca and cocaine Erythroxylon coca Erythroxylaceae

Caffeine Common name Part used content (%)

Coffee Coffee seeds called "beans" 1-1.5 Cocoa or chocolate Seeds Mate or Paraguay tea Leaves Guarana Seeds 3-4.5 Cola Seeds 2 Cassine Fresh or dried leaves and shoots Yoco Bark 3-4 Coca and cocaine Dried leaves

Table V Trees used as fumitories and mascatories

Common name Genus and species Family

Bidi or tendu Diospyros melanoxylon Ebenaceae Areca, betal nut or supari Areca catechu Arecaceae Catechu, katha, khair or Acacia catechu Mimosaceae khadira Cola or kola nuts Cola nitida Sterculiaceae

Common name Remarks

Bidi or tendu Dried leaves used for wrapping the tobacco and as a fumitory Areca, betal nut or supari Betal nuts (drupes) chewed along with pan (leaves of Piper betle) Catechu, katha, khair or Katha obtained from heartwood applied to khadira pan (leaves of Piper betle) Cola or kola nuts Seeds of cola tree used as a masticator in tropical Africa; it contains 2% caffeine, essential oil and a glucoside, chelonian, which is a heart stimulant

Table VI Differences between essential and fatty (fixed) oils

Essential oils Fatty (fixed) oils

They evaporate or volatilize in They do not evaporate or become contact with air and hence are volatile when they come into called "volatile oils" contact with air and hence are

They can be readily removed from They cannot be distilled without the plant tissues without any being decomposed and hence are change in their composition called "expressed oils" and hence are called "distilled oils"

They possess a pleasant taste, They do not possess a strong taste have a strong, aromatic odor or odor and are colorless and may be colored

They are typically liquids At normal (room) or high temperatures they are either liquids or fluids and are called "oils"; at normal or cold temperatures they may be solids or semisolids and are called "fats." Quite obviously, what is an oil in a warm climate may be a fat in a cold climate.

They are very complex in their Chemically these vegetable fatty chemical composition. The two oils are close to animal fats. principal groups are terpenes, They consist of glycerine and which are hydrocarbons, and fatty acid, which is an oleic acid oxygenated and sulphuretted oils. if it is an oil but stearic or palmatic acid if it is a fat.

They have antiseptic qualities They generally do not possess antiseptic properties

They are used for diverse Most of them are edible and are purposes, but not as food available as food for humans

Soap is not formed when they are When a fat is boiled with an treated with an alkali alkali, it decomposes and the fatty acid unites with an alkali to form soap. If potash or lye is used, a soft soap is obtained; if soda is used, a hard soap is obtained.

They can be obtained by They can be obtained by a distillation, expression or combination of expression and extraction extraction, but not by distillation

Table VII Essential-oil-yielding trees

Common name Genus and species Family

Ylang-ylang Cananga odorata Annonaceae

Neroli: true oil of Citrus aurantium Rutaceae neroli or neroli

Neroli Portugal Citrus sinensis Rutaceae

Mandarin oil Citrus reticulata Rutaceae

Petitgrain oil Citrus spp.; in India, Rutaceae C. aurantium, C. limettoides

Orange oil Citrus spp.; in India, Rutaceae C. aurantifoli, C. reticulata

Bergamot Citrus aurantium subsp. Rutaceae bergamia

Mexican linaloe Bursera penicillata, Burseraceae B. glabrifolia

Mysore linaloe Bursera penicillata Burseraceae

Cayenne linaloe Aniba panurensis Lauraceae

Brazilian bois de rose Ariba rosaeodora var. Lauraceae amazonia

Sandalwood oil, vern. Santalum album and Santalaceae safed chandan related spp.

Champaca oil Michelia champaca Magnoliaceae

Camphor, camphor gum, Cinnamomum camphora Lauraceae mushkapur, camphor oil

Cedarwood oil Juniperus virginiana Cupressaceae

Deodar oil Cedrus deodara, Junipe- Pinaceae, Cupres- rus macropoda saceae

Clove oil, vern. Syzygium aromaticum Myrtaceae loungka-tel

Oil of turpentine, Pinus spp. Pinaceae pine oil

Cinnamon oil Cinnamomum zeylanicum Lauraceae

Eucalyptus oil Eucalyptus citriodora, Myrtaceae E. diver, E. globulus, etc.

Nutmeg oil Myristica fragrans Myristicaceae

Macassar oil Schleichera trijuga Sapindaceae

Agar oil, agar attar Aquillaria agallocha Thymelaeaceae

Keora oil, attar of Pandanus tectorius Pandanaceae kewda, attar keora, (= P. odoratissimus) keora water, sandali

Cajeput oil Melaleuca leucadendron Myrtaceae

Elengi oil Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae

Common name Remarks

Ylang-ylang Oil is extracted from flower petals. Cananga oil is used in some of the finest perfumery creations in France; cheaper grades are used in soap making.

Neroli: true oil of Oil is extracted from flowers of the sour neroli or neroli orange bigarade

Neroli Portugal Oil is extracted from flowers of the sweet orange

Mandarin oil Oil from peels is used in confectionery, toilet products and pharmaceutical preparations

Petitgrain oil Oil extracted from leaves and twigs is used to add a pleasant bouquet to scents, cosmetics, skin creams and soaps

Orange oil Oil extracted from ripe peels is used to add a pleasant bouquet to scents, cosmetics, skin creams and soaps

Bergamot Greenish oil extracted from ripe peels has a soft, sweet odor and is used for scenting toilet soaps, in mixed perfumes and as a clearing agent

Mexican linaloe Very aromatic oil extracted from the wood is widely used in perfumes, soaps, cosmetics, etc. and for flavoring food and beverages

Mysore linaloe Very aromatic oil extracted from husks of berries is widely used in perfumes, soaps, cosmetics, etc. and for flavoring food and beverages

Cayenne linaloe Very aromatic oil is widely used in perfumes, soaps, cosmetics, etc. and for flavoring food and beverages

Brazilian bois de rose Very aromatic oil extracted from the wood is widely used in perfumes, soaps, cosmetics, etc. and for flavoring food and beverages

Sandalwood oil, vern. Oil extracted from the wood is largely used safed chandan as a perfume and in soaps, face creams and toilet powders. In medicine it has cooling,

Page 109 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. diaphoretic, diuretic and expectorant properties. An excellent fixative, it is much used in blends. The sweet-scented wood is utilized for boxes and chests.

Champaca oil One of the most famous perfumes of India, it is used for various purposes

Camphor, camphor gum, Camphor is solid with tough, white, mushkapur, camphor oil translucent granule-like masses at ordinary temperatures. Extracted from the wood, twigs and leaves, it is used in the manufacture of celluloid, nitrocellulose compounds and expensive perfumes and in medicine for inflammations, rheumatic pains and sprains, as a cardiac stimulant and to relieve diarrhoea. The by-product is called "safrole."

Cedarwood oil Oil extracted from the heartwood is valuable as a clearing agent in the preparation of permanent microscopic mounts and for use with oil-immersion lenses because of its high refractory index. It is also used in soaps, perfumes, liniments, deodorants and cleaning and polishing preparations and as an adulterant of geranium and sandlewood oils. Because of its insecticidal properties it is utilized as a moth repellent and in fly sprays.

Deodar oil The variants of cedarwood oil used in India are obtained from chips, sawdust or wood of Cedrus deodara and from the shavings and sawdust of Juniperus macropoda

Clove oil, vern. Oil extracted from flower buds is used in loungka-tel perfumes, soaps, confectionery and medicine, as a stimulant, carminative and in flatulence and as a clearing agent in histological work for microscopy

Oil of turpentine, Oil from resins is used in the manufacture of pine oil varnishes, lacquers, disinfectants, paints, linoleum, sealing wax, oilcloth, lubricating compounds, inks, etc.

Cinnamon oil Oil from chips and waste bark is used in the preparation of cinnamon quills and as denitifrices and perfumes

Eucalyptus oil Oil from the leaves and terminal branchlets is a source of citronellal, citronellol and menthol. It is widely used in perfumery, as a mosquito repellent, germicide and disinfectant and in medicine in the

Nutmeg oil Oils from nutmeg (the aromatic kernels) and mace (the arils) of the fruits of Myristica fragrans (vern. jaiphal) are used externally to treat rheumatism and in soaps and perfumes. Oil obtained from the leaves is used in the preparation of chewing gum, flavoring essences and cosmetics.

Macassar oil Extracted from seeds of the gum-lac tree (vern. gausam), the oil has a valuable stimulating and cleansing effect on the scalp, promoting hair growth. It is also used to cure skin diseases, itches, rheumatism and headaches.

Agar oil, agar attar Agar oil, from resinous portions of the wood, is pale yellow to brownish yellow or dark amber in color. It is used in perfumery and as an incense. True agar is heavier than water.

Keora oil, attar of Screwpine flowers are unusually large: a kewda, attar keora, single flower weighs up to 150 g. The oil is keora water, sandali used in the preparation of fragrant hair attar, kewda or oil oils, perfumes, etc. kewda

Cajeput oil Oil extracted from fresh leaves and twigs is used in pharmaceuticals as throat lozenges, gargles, etc. and in medicine as a remedy for colds, throat diseases, headaches, etc.

Elengi oil The essential oil, from bulletwood flowers, is a pale yellow, mobile liquid with a very delicate, sweet and tenacious floral odor. It is used in the manufacture of perfumes.

Table VIII Fatty-oil- and vegetable-fat-yielding trees

Common name Genus and species Family

Drying oils from seeds

Tung oil Aleurites fordii, Euphorbiaceae A. montana

Kekuna, candle nut, Aleurites moluccana Euphorbiaceae lumbang oil

Walnut oil Juglans regia Juglandaceae

Laurelwood oil Calophyllum inophyllum Guttiferae

Margosa oil Azadirachta indica Meliaceae

Oiticia oil Licania rigida Rosaceae

Nondrying oils from seeds

Castor oil Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae

Olive oil Olea europaea Oleaceae

Vegetable fats

Coconut oil Cocos nucifera Arecaceae

Palm oil, palm-kernel oil Elaeis guineensis Arecaceae

Mahua oil, mowra or bassia Madhuca indica Sapotaceae fat; mahua or illipe butter

Phulwara butter Diplokneura butyracea Sapotaceae (= Madhuca butyracea)

Carapa oil Xylocarpus moluccensis Meliaceae

Nutmeg butter Myristica fragrans Myristicaceae

Pongam oil Pongamia pinnata Papilionaceae

Babassu oil Orbignya martiana, Arecaceae O. oleifera

Cohune oil Orbignya cohune Arecaceae

Licuri oil Syagrus coronata Arecaceae

Murumuru oil Astrocaryum murumuru, Arecaceae A. tucuma, A. vulgare

Cocoa butter Theobroma cacao Sterculiaceae

Shea butter Butyrospermum parkii Sapotaceae

Borneo tallow Shorea aptera Dipterocarpaceae

Chinese vegetable tallow Sapium sebiferum Euphorbiaceae

Macassar oil Schleichera oleosa Sapindaceae

Ucuhuba butter, otoba Virola spp. Myristaceae butter

Common name Remarks

Drying oils from seeds

Tung oil Used in the paint and varnish industry; also used for waterproofing wood, paper and fabrics, and therefore valuable for

Kekuna, candle nut, Used in making paint, varnish, lacquer, lumbang oil linoleum and soft soap

Walnut oil Mature and old kernels yield a drying oil. An edible oil, it is also used for white paint, artists' oil paints, printing ink and soap.

Laurelwood oil Used as an illuminant, for soap making and to treat rheumatism

Margosa oil Used as an antiseptic and for burning purposes

Oiticia oil Used in the paint and varnish industry; also used in making linoleum and printing inks and for improving the elasticity of rubber products

Nondrying oils from seeds

Castor oil Used as a purgative, a lubricant and an illuminant; also used in soaps, the textile industry, typewriter inks, perfumes, varnishes and paints

Olive oil Used mainly as salad and cooking oil; also used in soap making, as a lubricant and in medicine

Vegetable fats

Coconut oil Dried coconut meat yields oil. Refined coconut oil is edible. Used for cooking, confectionery, making candy bars, soap, cosmetics, shaving cream, shampoo and other toilet preparations and also as an illuminant.

Palm oil, palm-kernel oil Extracted from the fibrous pulp of nuts and from kernels. Used in making soap and margarine and as a fuel for diesel engines; also used for making glycerin, shampoo, soap and candles.

Mahua oil, mowra or bassia Oil obtained from seeds is used mainly in fat; mahua or illipe the manufacture of laundry soap and also butter in making candy, in the jute industry, and to treat skin diseases, rheumatism, headache, constipation, piles, etc.

Phulwara butter Oil obtained from seeds is used mainly in the manufacture of laundry soap and also in making candy, in the jute industry, and to treat skin diseases, rheumatism,

Carapa oil Oil obtained from seeds is used for soap and as an illuminant

Nutmeg butter Seeds contain about 40% of a yellow fat, used in soap, ointment, perfumes and candles and also to treat rheumatism

Pongam oil Oil obtained from seeds is used for soap making, as an illuminant, and in the treatment of skin diseases and rheumatism

Babassu oil Oil obtained from nuts is used as a substitute for coconut oil and for making bullet-proof glass, explosives and lubricants

Cohune oil Oil obtained from nuts is used as a substitute for coconut oil and for making bullet-proof glass, explosives and lubricants

Licuri oil Oil obtained from nuts is used as a substitute for coconut oil and for making bullet-proof glass, explosives and lubricants

Murumuru oil Oil obtained from nuts is used as a substitute for coconut oil and for making bullet-proof glass, explosives and lubricants

Cocoa butter Fat obtained from beans is used for cosmetics and perfumes, as a base for ointments and as a lubricant for massaging

Shea butter The fat is edible and is used as a substitute for cocoa butter and in making soap and candles

Borneo tallow Fat from kernels is used for soap making and as a substitute for cocoa butter

Chinese vegetable tallow Obtained from a thick layer of hard, white fat on seeds, it is used in soap, cosmetics and candles. Seeds yield drying oil, used for paints, varnishes and plastics and as an illuminant.

Macassar oil Oil from seeds is used in cooking, as a hair oil and for illumination

Table IX Wax-yielding trees

Common name Genus and species Family

Carnauba wax Copernicia cerifera Arecaceae

Wax tree Ceroxylon andicola Arecaceae

Myrtle wax Myrica pensylvanica, Myricaceae M. cerifera

Japanese wax Rhus succedanea Anacardiaceae

Common name Remarks

Carnauba wax The most important vegetable wax from the wax palm tree (the "tree of life" in Brazil), it occurs as an exudation on leaves and is used in the manufacture of candles, soap, high-luster varnish, paint, car wax, shoe polish, carbon paper, batteries, insulation, phonograph records, salve, sound film, ointment, etc.

Wax tree Used as a substitute for carnauba wax

Myrtle wax Berries are covered with thick layer of wax, used for the manufacture of soap and candles with a pleasant fragrance

Japanese wax Berries yield wax, used in the manufacture of candles, wax matches, pencils, leather, furniture polish, soap and lipstick and in the vulcanization of rubber

Table X Saponin-yielding trees

Common name Genus and species Family

Soap nut or soap Sapindus emarginatus, Sapindaceae berries, vern. S. mukorossi, ritha S. saponaria

Soapbark Quillaja saponaria Rosaceae

Common name Remarks

Soap nut or soap Used as a soap substitute for washing hair and berries, vern. woolen, silken and other delicate fabrics; also ritha used in the preparation of hair tonic

Soapbark Dried inner bark contains 9% saponin, used for washing delicate fabrics, cleaning lenses and precision instruments, as an expectorant and emulsifying agent in medicine and in the manufacture of shampoo, cosmetics and hair tonic

Table XI

Process Form of energy

Direct burning Heat, fire Gasification Producer gas Carbonization (the process of Charcoal (has twice as much heating wood and converting it heating power as wood and burns into carbon) without flame or smoke) Pyrolysis Charcoal, gas, oil Hydrolysis, fermentation Ethanol Gasification, synthesis Methanol

Table XII Tannin-yielding trees

Common name Genus and species

Tannins obtained from bark Mangrove Aegiceras corniculatum, Bruguiera conjugata, B. cylindrica, B. parviflora, Rhizophora candelaria Wattle Acacia dealbata, A. decurrens, A. leucocephala, A. mearnsii, A. mollis, A. nilotica, A. polyacantha Avaram Cassia auriculata Konnai bark Cassia fistula Sumac Rhus mysurensis Arjun Terminalia arjuna Indian almond Terminalio catappa Jujube Zizyphus mauritiana, Z. nummularia, Z. oenophlia Ceriops Ceriops roxhurghiana Cuddaph almond Buchanania lanzan Casuarina Casuarina eguisetifolia, C. suberosa Sal Shorea robusta Pomegranate Punica granatum Hog plum Spondias pinnata Oak Lithocarpus densifora, Quercus alba, Q. borealis, Q. infectorea, Q. leucotrichophora, Q. montana, Q. velutina Mallet Eucalyptus occidentalis Hemlock Tsuga canadensis, T. heterophylla European larch Larix decidua Norway spruce Picea abies Tanekaha bark Phyllocladus trichomanoides

Tannins obtained from wood Chestnut Castanea dentata, C. sativa Quebracho Schinopsis balansae, S. lorentzii

Tannins obtained from leaves Sumac Rhus copallina, R. glabra, R. mysurensis, R. punjabensis, R. succedanea, R. typhina Smoke tree, Indian sumac Cotinus coggyria Gumghatti, dhawa sumac Anogeissus latifolia Sicilian sumac Rhus coriaria

Tannins obtained from fruits Myrobalan Terminalia bellerica, T. catappa, T. chebula, T. citrina, T. tomentosa Emblic myrobalan Emblica officinalis Divi divi Caesalpinia coriaria, C. digyna Wild jujube Zizyphus xylocarpa Pomegranate Punica granatum Tora Caesalpinia spinosa Algarobilla Caesalpinia brevifolia Valonia Quercus macrolepsis

Tannins obtained from roots Palmetto Sabal palmetto

Common name Family

Tannins obtained from bark Mangrove Rhizophoraceae Wattle Mimosaceae Avaram Caesalpiniaceae Konnai bark Caesalpiniaceae Sumac Anacardiaceae Arjun Combretaceae Indian almond Combretaceae Jujube Rhamnaceae Ceriops Rhizophoraceae Cuddaph almond Anacardiaceae Casuarina Casuarinaceae Sal Dipterocarpaceae Pomegranate Punicaceae Hog plum Anacardiaceae Oak Fagaceae Mallet Myrtaceae Hemlock Pinaceae European larch Pinaceae Norway spruce Pinaceae Tanekaha bark Podocarpaceae

Tannins obtained from wood Chestnut Fagaceae Quebracho Anacardiaceae

Tannins obtained from leaves Sumac Anacardiaceae Smoke tree, Indian sumac Anacardiaceae Gumghatti, dhawa sumac Combretaceae Sicilian sumac Anacardiaceae

Tannins obtained from fruits Myrobalan Combretaceae Emblic myrobalan Euphorbiaceae Divi divi Caesalpiniaceae Wild jujube Rhamnaceae Pomegranate Punicaceae Tora Caesalpiniaceae Algarobilla Caesalpiniaceae Valonia Fagaceae

Tannins obtained from roots Palmetto Arecaceae

Common name Remarks

Tannins obtained from bark Mangrove Bark is very hard and heavy and contains 22-33% tannin; extract is the cheapest source of tanning material Wattle Wattles contain 40-50% tannin. Bark, removed when trees are 5-15 years old, is ground to a powder. Pods also contain tannin. Wattles yield a very firm, pink leather, used for soles. Avaram Contains 18-23% tannin; used for tanning Konnai bark Contains 10-12% tannin; used for tanning Sumac Used for tanning Arjun Contains 20-24% tannin; used for tanning Indian almond Used for tanning Jujube Used for tanning Ceriops Bark contains 20-37% tannin; leaves, 9-15% Cuddaph almond Used for tanning Casuarina Used for tanning Sal Bark contains 3-9% tannin; used for tanning Pomegranate Bark and fruit used for tanning Hog plum Used for tanning Oak Bark contains 6-30% tannin; used for tanning Mallet Bark contains 35-50% tannin Hemlock Bark contain 8-30% tannin; used for tanning European larch Norway spruce Tanekaha bark Tannins obtained from wood Chestnut Wood contains 30-40% tannin Quebracho Wood, known as "axe breaker," is one of the hardest known woods; its specific gravity is 1.30-1.40. Wood contains 40-60% tannin; used for tanning. Tannins obtained from leaves Sumac 10-25% tannin in leaves/leaf galls; used for tanning Smoke tree, Indian sumac Used for tanning Gumghatti, dhawa sumac Leaves contain 32-39% tannin; used for tanning Sicilian sumac Leaves contain 20-35% tannin Tannins obtained from fruits Myrobalan Nuts contain 30-40% tannin; used for tanning Emblic myrobalan Tannin content 28% in fruit, 21% in twigs, 8-9% in stems, 22% in leaves

Tora Fruits contain 43-51% tannin; used for tanning and making ink and as a black dye Algarobilla Used for tanning Valonia Sun-dried acorn cups contain 45% tannin; used for tanning Tannins obtained from roots Palmetto Tannin content in roots is low (10%)

Table XIII Dye-yielding trees

Common name Genus and species

Dyes obtained from wood Logwood Haematoxylon campechianum Cutch Acacia catechu, A. catechuoides, A. sundra Sappan wood, Brazil wood, Caesalpinia echinata, C. sappan Braziline Red sandalwood, red Pterocarpus santalinus sanderswood, santaline Fustic Chlorophora tinctoria Osage orange Maclura pomifera Camwood Baphia nitida Barwood Pterocarpus erinaceous, P. soyauxii Artocarpus Artocarpus heterophyllus, A.lakoocha

Dyes obtained from leaves Lodh Symplocos crataegoides Chlorophyll a ([C.sub.55] [H.sub.72][O.sub.5] [N.sub.4]Mg), Chlorophyll b ([C.sub.55] [H.sub.70][O.sub.6] [N.sub.4]Mg); all green plants

Dyes obtained from roots and tubers Indian mulberry Morinda angustifolia, M. bracteata, M. citrifolia, M. tinctoria

Dyes obtained from bark Bishopwood Bischofia javanica Teak Tectona grandis Quercitron Quercus velutina Lokao, buckthorn Rhamnus globosa, R. utilis

Dyes obtained from flowers Flame of the forest, dhak Butea monosperma Tree of sorrow Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Sweet indrajao Wrightia tinctoria

Dyes obtained from fruits Kamla, kamela Mallotus philippinensis

Dyes obtained from seeds Annatto Bixa orellana Dharauli Wrightia tomentosa

Dyes obtained from different parts Gum resin, gamboge Garcinia cambogia, G. cowa, G. hanburyi, G. morella, G. xanthochymus

Common name Family

Dyes obtained from wood Logwood Caesalpiniaceae Cutch Mimosaceae Sappan wood, Brazil wood, Caesalpiniaceae Braziline Red sandalwood, red Papilionaceae sanderswood, santaline Fustic Moraceae Osage orange Moraceae Camwood Fabaceae Barwood Papilionaceae Artocarpus Moraceae

Dyes obtained from leaves Lodh Symplocaceae Chlorophyll a ([C.sub.55] [H.sub.72][O.sub.5] [N.sub.4]Mg), Chlorophyll b ([C.sub.55] [H.sub.70][O.sub.6] [N.sub.4]Mg); all green plants

Dyes obtained from roots and tubers Indian mulberry Rubiaceae

Dyes obtained from bark Bishopwood Euphorbiaceae Teak Verbenaceae Quercitron Fagaceae Lokao, buckthorn Rhamnaceae

Dyes obtained from flowers Flame of the forest, dhak Papilionaceae Tree of sorrow Oleaceae Sweet indrajao Apocyanaceae Red cedar Meliaceae

Dyes obtained from fruits Kamla, kamela Euphorbiaceae

Dyes obtained from seeds Annatto Bixaceae

Dyes obtained from different parts Gum resin, gamboge Guttiferae

Common name Remarks

Dyes obtained from wood Logwood Heartwood contains purplish red dye; with iron salts it becomes black; used for making inks and in histological work as a stain; also used for dyeing Cutch Heartwood contains 44-69% catechin; used as a dyeing stuff, as a masticatory and in medicine; cutch is the by-product Sappan wood, Brazil wood, Heartwood yields a red dye; used for Braziline dyeing cotton and wool and for preparing red ink Red sandalwood, red Heartwood yields a red dye; used for sanderswood, santaline dyeing cotton and wool and for preparing red ink Fustic Natural yellow, brown and olive dyes obtained from heartwood are used for dyeing Osage orange Bright orange wood yields orange- yellow, gold and green dyes Camwood Redwood dye is obtained Barwood Yields shades of brown, red and violet dyes Artocarpus Yields bright yellow dye; used by Buddhist monks

Dyes obtained from leaves Lodh Yellow dye is obtained Chlorophyll a ([C.sub.55] Used for coloring food, soap and [H.sub.72][O.sub.5] similar products [N.sub.4]Mg), Chlorophyll b ([C.sub.55] [H.sub.70][O.sub.6] [N.sub.4]Mg); all green plants

Dyes obtained from roots and tubers Indian mulberry Roots yield red and yellow dyes

Dyes obtained from bark Bishopwood Red and tan dyes are obtained Teak Yields yellow dye for coloring baskets Quercitron Yields bright yellow dye used for dyeing Lokao, buckthorn Yields green dye used for dyeing silks and cottons

Dyes obtained from flowers Flame of the forest, dhak Yields yellow dye used in Holi

Page 121 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. festivals Tree of sorrow Yields orange dye used for coloring silk and cotton Sweet indrajao Yields blue dye Red cedar Yields yellowish red dye used for dyeing cotton

Dyes obtained from fruits Kamla, kamela Yields red dye used for dyeing silk

Dyes obtained from seeds Annatto Used for coloring foodstuffs as well as wools, paints, varnishes and soaps Dharauli Yields yellow dye

Dyes obtained from different parts Gum resin, gamboge Pith, flowers, leaves and fruits yield a yellow emulsion used for making watercolors and gold-colored spirit varnishes for metals

Table XIV Rubber-yielding trees

Common name Genus and species Family

Elastic rubber Hevea or Para rubber Hevea brasiliensis Euphorbiaceae Castilla or Panama rubber Castilla elastica Moraceae Caucho rubber Castilla ulei Moraceae Ceara or Manicoba rubber Manihot glaziovii Euphorbiaceae Assam or India rubber Ficus elastica Moraceae Mangabeira Hancornia speciosa Apocyanaceae Chilte rubber Cnidosceolus spp. Euphorbiaceae

Nonelastic rubber Gutta-percha Pelaguium ellipticum, Sapotaceae P. gutta, P. polyanthum Balata Manilkara bidentata Sapotaceae Jelutong Dyera costulata Apocyanaceae Chicle, sapodilla, naseberry Manilkara achras Sapotaceae Sorva, leche caspe Couma macrocarpa Apocyanaeae

Common name Remarks

Elastic rubber Hevea or Para rubber 98% of the world's rubber comes from this tree, which is native to Amazonia; in India it is a plantation crop in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka Castilla or Panama rubber Native to Mexico and Central America Caucho rubber Native to Amazonia Ceara or Manicoba rubber Native to Brazil; also grown in

Page 122 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. India Assam or India rubber Native to northern India and Malaysia; of low grade and little commercial value Mangabeira Native to Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay Chilte rubber

Nonelastic rubber Gutta-percha Obtained from grayish white latex of this Malaysian tree; latex, present in sacs that occur in the cortex, phloem, pith and leaves, is used for insulation, submarine cables, golf balls, waterproofing and adhesives and as a substitute for chicle Balata Native to Trinidad and South America; used for insulation, submarine cables, golf balls, waterproofing and adhesives and as a substitute for chicle Jelutong A Malayasian tree; used as a substitute for chicle Chicle, sapodilla, naseberry Native to the Yucatan Peninsula, cultivated in India; latex contains 20-25% gutta-percha-like gum called "chicle," which is the basis of the chewing gum industry; also used in making surgical tape and dental supplies Sorva, leche caspe A large Amazonian tree; used as a substitute for chicle

Table XV Gum-yielding trees

Common name Genus and species

Gum arabic, kumta Acacia senegal Khair Acacia catechu Babul, acacia, kikar Acacia nilotica Acacia Acacia modesta Son khair, kaiger Acacia ferruginea Karaya, kandya, katira, Sterculia urens, S. villosa kuteera, katillo, kullo, India or sterculia gum Gum ghatti Anogeissus latifolia Gum locust, carob Ceratonia siliqua Cellulose gum, caboxy- methyl cellulose gum; green plants -- Limonia acidissima Hog gum Cochlospermum religiosum Cycas gum Cycas circinalis Larch gum Larix occidenialis

Page 123 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Mesquite gum, kabuli kikar Prosopis chilensis, P glandulosa, P. juliora Cherry gum Prunus cerasoides, P. cerasus East Indian copal Canarium bengalense Gum benzoin, benjamin Styrax benzoin Jhingan gum Lannea coromandelica Malabar kino gum Pterocarpus marsupium Bengal kino Butea monosperma -- Astragalus prolixus Garmezu Astragalus strobiliferus Gum neem Azadirachta indica Wood apple, kut bel Feronia limonia Bialam Anisoptera scaphula Cowa Garcinia cowa Semla gond Bauhinia retusa Albizia gums Albizia chinensis, A. lebbek, A. odoratissima, A. procera Bauhinia gums Bauhinia purpurea, B. racemosa, B. variegata -- Chloroxylon swietenia Mango Mangifera indica -- Terminalia bellerica -- Terminalia tomentosa

Common name Family

Gum arabic, kumta Mimosaceae Khair Mimosaceae Babul, acacia, kikar Mimosaceae Acacia Mimosaceae Son khair, kaiger Mimosaceae Karaya, kandya, katira, Sterculiaceae kuteera, katillo, kullo, India or sterculia gum Gum ghatti Combretaceae Gum locust, carob Caesalpiniaceae Cellulose gum, caboxy- methyl cellulose gum; green plants -- Rutaceae Hog gum Cohlospermaceae Cycas gum Cycadaceae Larch gum Pinaceae Mesquite gum, kabuli kikar Mimosaceae Cherry gum Rosaceae East Indian copal Burscraceae Gum benzoin, benjamin Styracaceae Jhingan gum Anacardiaceae Malabar kino gum Papilionaceae Bengal kino Papilionaceae -- Papilionaceae Garmezu Papilionaceae Gum neem Meliaceae Wood apple, kut bel Rutaceae Bialam Dipterocarpaceae Cowa Guttiferae Semla gond Mimosaceae Albizia gums Mimosaceae Bauhinia gums Mimosaceae -- Rutaceae Mango Anacardiaceae

Common name Remarks

Gum arabic, kumta Gum obtained from bark; used for all purposes mentioned in the text Khair Gum obtained from bark; used for all purposes mentioned in the text Babul, acacia, kikar Gum obtained from bark; used in confectionery Acacia Used in medicine and in printing calico Son khair, kaiger Gum obtained from bark; used for all purposes mentioned in the text Karaya, kandya, katira, Gum obtained from heartwood; used as a kuteera, katillo, kullo, substitute for gum tragacanth, also India or sterculia gum in the cosmetic and cigar industries in several emulsions, lotions, pastes and as a laxative; forms a strong adhesive gel with a little water Gum ghatti Used as a substitute for gum arabic; also used in ceramics, foods and the petroleum industry, as a drilling mud conditioner, and in the explosives industry Gum locust, carob Not a true gum because it is obtained not from wounded woody tissues but from the endosperm of seeds; was used by Egyptians as an adhesive for binding mummies, now used in the food industry and for other purposes mentioned in the text Cellulose gum, caboxy- Prepared by mixing purified cellulose methyl cellulose gum; with sodium monochloroacetate in an green plants alkaline medium; extra whitening and brightening of detergents is due to this gum; also used in the paper, textile, food and paint industries -- Substitute for gum arabic Hog gum Substitute for gum arabic; is edible Cycas gum Larch gum Gum obtained from wood chips; used as a substitute for gum arabic Mesquite gum, kabuli kikar Gum obtained from stems; used for printing calico Cherry gum Used as a substitute for gum arabic East Indian copal Gum obtained from stems; used as a hard-drying varnish Gum benzoin, benjamin Source of benzoic acid Jhingan gum Used in printing calico and as sizing in the paper and textile industries Malabar kino gum Valuable medicine in diarrhea and dysentery Bengal kino Valuable medicine in diarrhea and dysentery -- Gum obtained from stems; used in cosmetics, printing calico and confectionery Garmezu Gum obtained from stems; used in confectionery Gum neem

Page 125 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Wood apple, kut bel Gum obtained from trunk and branches; used as a substitute for gum arabic Bialam Cowa Gum obtained from trunk and branches; used for preparing yellow varnish Semla gond Substitute for gum arabic; used for sizing cloth and paper and for water-proofing terraced roofs Albizia gums Used for various purposes Bauhinia gums -- Yields amber or reddish brown gum Mango Substitute for gum arabic -- Contains crystals of calcium carbonate -- Used as incense

Table XVI Resin-yielding families

Family Resin

Gymnosperms

Pinaceae Calophony, balsam, Canada balsam, kauri-resin, manil copal, oleo-resin, sandarac Fossil conifers Amber (from Pinus succinifera)

Angiosperms

Anacardiaceae Mastic Apiaceae Ammoniacum, asafoetida, galbanum Berberidaceae Podophyllum Burseraceae Elemi, frankincense, myrrh Caesalpiniaceae Copal Convolvulaceae Jalap, seamony Dipterocarpaceae Dammars Guttiferae Gamboge Hamamelidaceae Storax Liliaceae Acaroid resin, aloes, dragons blood Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Balsam of perum, Congo copal, copaiba balsam, Peru balsam, tolu balsam Styracaceae Benzoin Zygophyllaceae Guiacum

Table XVII Differences among three main types of resins

Hard resins Oleo resins

Little, if any, essential oil Considerable essential oils as well as resinous materials

Usually solid, more or less More or less liquid in nature transparent, brittle substances

No particular odor or taste Distinct aroma and flavor

Nonvolatile and very poor Volatile essential oil component conductors of electricity but become negatively electrified

Common examples: copals, Common examples: balsams, damars elemis, turpentines

Hard resins Gum resins

Little, if any, essential oil Mixture of both true gums and resins, thus contain small amounts of essential oils and traces of coloring matter

Usually solid, more or less Occur naturally as milky exudations, transparent, brittle collected as tears or irregular substances masses

No particular odor or taste May have an aroma and flavor

Nonvolatile and very poor conductors of electricity but become negatively electrified when friction is applied; readily fusible and burn in air with a smoky flame

Common examples: copals, Common examples: anmoniacum, damars asafoetida, galbanum

Table XVIII Resin-yielding trees

Common name Genus and species Family

Hard resins Zanzibar copal, Trachylobium verrucosum Fabaceae Madagascar copal, Mozambique copal Inhambane copal Copaifera conjugata Fabaceae Congo copal, Angola Copaifera aemeusii, Fabaceae copal C. mopane Sierra Leone copal Copaifera copallifera, Fabaceae C. salikounda Accra copal, Benin Daniella ogea Fabaceae copal South American copal, Hymenaea courbaril Fabaceae Demerara copal, Para copal Manila copal Agathis alba Araucariaceae Kauri copal, kauri Agathis australis Araucariaceae gum Damar mata kuching Hopea micrantha Dipterocarpaceae Damar penak Balanocarpus heimii Dipterocarpaceae Damar temak Shorea hypochra Dipterocarpaceae Sal damar, guggal Shorea robusta Dipterocarpaceae dhuma, ral dhuma, lal dhuma Kala damar Shorea tumbuggaia Dipterocarpaceae White damar, piney Vateria indica Dipterocarpaceae resin, Indian

Page 127 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. copal, dhupa Black damar Canarium strictum Burseraceae Batavian damar Shorea wiesneri Dipterocarpaceae Rock damar Hopea odorata Dipterocarpaceae Amber Pinus (= Pinites) Pinaceae succinifera (principal source) Amber Hymenaea spp., Copaifera Fabaceae spp. (other sources) Lacquer Rhus verniciflua, R. Anacardiaceae succedanea Burmese lacquer, Melanorrhoea usitata Anacardiaceae thitsi Shellac Butea monosperma, Papilionaceae Cajanus cajan Shellac Schleichera oleosa Sapindaceae Shellac Zizyphus xylopyrus Rhamnaceae Shellac Ficus religiosa Moraceae Shellac Acacia nilotica Mimosaceae Acaroid or grass-tree Xanthorrhoea hastilis, Liliaceae resins X. tateana, X. australis Sandarac Tetraclinis articulata, Cupressaceae Callitris quadrivalvis Chios mastic Pistacia lentiscus Pistaciaceae Bombay mastic Pistacia cabulica Pistaciaceae Malbar, gum or Indian Pterocarpus marsupium Fabaceae kino West African kino Pterocarpus erinaceus Fabaceae Bengal kino Butea monosperma Fabaceae Gum kino Eucalyptus camaldulensis Myrtaceae Gum kino Dipteryx odorata, Coc- Polygonaceae coloba uvifera Lesch Antiaris toxicaria Moraceae Oleoresins Turpentine, birja, Pinus australis, P. Pinaceae biroja, lisha, caribaea, P. ponderosa lassa (in America); P roxbur ghii, P. wallichiana, P. merkusii, P. insu- laris, P. kesiya (in India); P. pinaster, P. maritima (in France); P. pinaster, P. halepensis, P. nigra, P. pinea (in Spain); P. pinaster, P. pinea (in Portugal); P. halepensis (in Greece); P. sylvestris (in Russia, Poland and Germany) Venetian turpentine Larix decidua Pinaceae Bordeaux turpentine Pinus pinaster Pinaceae Strasbourg turpentine Abies alba Pinaceae Jura turpentine Picea abies Pinaceae Canada balsam Abies balsamea Pinaceae Oregon balsam Pseudotsuga taxifolia Pinaceae Spruce gum Picea rubens Pinaceae Balsam of Peru Myroxylon pereirae Fabaceae

Page 128 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Balsam of Tolu Myroxylon balsamum Papilionaceae Levant styrax or Liquidamber orientalis Hamamelidaceae storax American styrax Liquidamber styraciflua Hamamelidaceae Siam benzoin, Styrax benzoides, Styraceae balsamic resin S. tankinense Sumatra benzoin Styrax benzoin Styraceae Copaiba, Copaiba Copaifera spp., espe- Fabaceae balsam, capaiva cially C. officinalis, C. reticulata Gurjan balsam Dipterocarpus alatus, Dipterocarpaceae D. indicus, D.turbintus Illurin balsam, Daniella oliveri, Fabaceae African copaiba, D. thurifera Sierra Leone frankincense Manila elemi Canarium luzonicum Burseraceae African elemi Boswellia frereana Burseraceae Mexican elemi Amyris balsamifera, Rutaceae A. elemifera Brazilian elemi Bursera gummifera, Burseraceae Protium heptaphyllum Mecca balsam Commiphora opabalsomum Burseraceae Mexican linaloe Bursera penicillata Burseraceae Salai gum, Indian Boswellia serrata: Burseraceae olibanum Gum resins Ammoniacum Dorema ammoniacum Apiaceae Herabol myrrh Commiphora myrrha Burseraceae Bisabol, sweet myrrh Commiphora erythraea Burseraceae Gum resin Commiphora caudata Burseraceae Frankincense of Boswellia carteri Burseraceae olibanum Indian frankincense, Boswellia serrata Burseraceae luban Opopanax Commiphora kataf Burseraceae Opopanax Opopanax chironium Apiaceae Ceylon gambose, Garcinia hanburyi, Guttiferae Indian gamboge G. morella Madar Calotropis gigantea, Asclepiadaceae C. hamiltonii

Common name Remarks

Hard resins Zanzibar copal, Hardest of all copals except amber; living, Madagascar copal, semifossil or fossil in nature; yellowish Mozambique copal to brownish red Inhambane copal Congo copal, Angola Living as well as fossil in nature; light copal yellow Sierra Leone copal Light yellow

Accra copal, Benin Locally called "ogea gum" in Liberia, Ghana copal and Nigeria South American copal, Softest of all copals Demerara copal, Para copal Manila copal Living, semifossil or fossil in nature; yellow

Page 129 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Kauri copal, kauri Living, semifossil or fossil in nature; gum yellow Damar mata kuching Damar penak Damar temak Sal damar, guggal Used as an ingredient of "samagri," which is dhuma, ral dhuma, burned in religious ceremonies lal dhuma Kala damar Used as an incense and in marine yards as a substitute for pitch White damar, piney Used in medicine to treat chronic resin, Indian bronchitis, diarrhea and rheumatism copal, dhupa Black damar Used as a substitute for burgundy pitch in medical plasters Batavian damar Rock damar Used in varnishes Amber Fossilized terpenoid resin occurring on the shores of the Baltic Sea, it is the only jewel of plant origin. It is exceedingly hard, brittle, yellow to brown or even black, transparent or opaque with a characteristic aromatic odor; when rubbed, it takes a high polish and becomes negatively charged. Used for beads, ornaments, mouthpieces of pipes and holders for cigars and cigarettes, etc. Sometimes organisms of the past are embedded in it. Amber Fossilized terpenoid resin occurring on the shores of the Baltic Sea, it is the only jewel of plant origin. It is exceedingly hard, brittle, yellow to brown or even black, transparent or opaque with a characteristic aromatic odor; when rubbed, it takes a high polish and becomes negatively charged. Used for beads, ornaments, mouthpieces of pipes and holders for cigars and cigarettes, etc. Sometimes organisms of the past are embedded in it. Lacquer Natural varnish exuded from Asiatic trees, it affords protection because it remains unchanged by acids, alkalis, alcohol or heat up to 160[degrees]F Rhus succedanea yields liquid resin from the mesocarp of fruits, which is used in ointments, wax varnishes, etc. Burmese lacquer, Affords protection because it remains thitsi unchanged by acids, alkalis, alcohol or heat up to 160[degrees]F Shellac Not strictly a plant product but a resinous substance secreted on the twigs of many trees by the sap-feeding stick lac insect Tachardia lacca ("lacca" is derived from the Sanskrit word laksha, meaning "lakh").

Page 130 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Used in the manufacture of phonograph records, high-grade insulators, spirit varnish, sealing wax, drawing ink, watercolors, nitrocellulose lacquers and as sizing in paper and stiffening in felt hats. Shellac Not strictly a plant product but a resinous substance secreted on the twigs of many trees by the sap-feeding stick lac insect Tachardia lacca ("lacca" is derived from the Sanskrit word laksha, meaning "lakh"). Used in the manufacture of phonograph records, high-grade insulators, spirit varnish, sealing wax, drawing ink, watercolors, nitrocellulose lacquers and as sizing in paper and stiffening in felt hats. Shellac Not strictly a plant product but a resinous substance secreted on the twigs of many trees by the sap-feeding stick lac insect Tachardia lacca ("lacca" is derived from the Sanskrit word laksha, meaning "lakh"). Used in the manufacture of phonograph records, high-grade insulators, spirit varnish, sealing wax, drawing ink, watercolors, nitrocellulose lacquers and as sizing in paper and stiffening in felt hats. Shellac Not strictly a plant product but a resinous substance secreted on the twigs of many trees by the sap-feeding stick lac insect Tachardia lacca ("lacca" is derived from the Sanskrit word laksha, meaning "lakh") Used in the manufacture of phonograph records, high-grade insulators, spirit varnish, sealing wax, drawing ink, watercolors, nitrocellulose lacquers and as sizing in paper and stiffening in felt hats. Shellac Not strictly a plant product but a resinous substance secreted on the twigs of many trees by the sap-feeding stick lac insect Tachardia lacca ("lacca" is derived from the Sanskrit word laksha, meaning "lakh"). Used in the manufacture of phonograph records, high-grade insulators, spirit varnish, sealing wax, drawing ink, watercolors, nitrocellulose lacquers and as sizing in paper and stiffening in felt hats. Acaroid or grass-tree Resin collected around the bases of old resins leaves is yellow from the first species and red from the other species. Used in making sealing wax and spirit varnishes and as a substitute for rosin in paper sizing and ink; also as a source of picric acid and in medicine. Sandarac Secreted in the form of small tears on the

Page 131 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. bark, it is hard, white and rather brittle. Used for coating labels, negatives, cardboard leather and metal and in dental cement, incense and fumigating powder. Chios mastic Excreted from the bark in the form of long, ovoid, pale yellow, brittle tears. Used for coating metals and both oil and watercolor pictures; in the preparation of transparent varnishes and in chewing gum; also used in perfumery, medicine, lithographic work and as a cement for dental work. Bombay mastic Dull, milk-colored resin. Used for coating metals and both oil and watercolor pictures; in the preparation of transparent varnishes and in chewing gum; also used in perfumery, medicine, lithographic work and as a cement for dental work. Malbar, gum or Indian Used in medicine for throat troubles and in kino tanning West African kino Red resin, used in medicine for throat troubles and in tanning Bengal kino Used in medicine for throat troubles and in tanning Gum kino Secreted between the wood and the bark Gum kino Secreted between the wood and the bark

Lesch White resin, used for poisoning arrows and in medicine Oleoresins Turpentine, birja, Exuded from coniferous trees as a viscous, biroja, lisha, honey-like liquid or a soft, sticky lassa substance called "pitch." On distillation it yields essential oil (called "oil" or "spirit of turpentine") and rosin (the residue). The oil is used in the paint and varnish industry, in printing cotton and wool, as a solvent for rubber and guttapercha, in medicine and in the manufacture of pine oil, terpineol, camphor, pine tar, vormeol, voneol acetate and other chemicals. The rosin, or colophony, is a brittle, friable, faintly aromatic, solid used in the manufacture of soap, varnish, paint, oilcloth, linoleum, sealing wax, adhesives, printers' ink, floor and roof coverings, rubbers, drugs, plastics, etc. and as a sizing material for paper. Rosin oil is used as grease, a lubricant and a solvent. Venetian turpentine Used in histology, lithographic work, varnishes and veterinary medicine; yellowish or greenish liquid with a characteristic taste and odor Bordeaux turpentine The residue, called "Burgundy pitch," is a stimulant and counterirritant and is used in plastics, ointments and

Page 132 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. pharmaceuticals Strasbourg turpentine The residue, called "Burgundy pitch," is a stimulant and counterirritant and is used in plastics, ointments and pharmaceuticals Jura turpentine Canada balsam True turpentine (oleoresin) from the balsam fir, it is a viscid, yellowish or greenish substance used as a mounting medium for microscopic work and a cement for optical lenses; also used as an irritant, stimulant and antiseptic, as a component in collodion and many plasters and as a fixative for soap and perfumes. Technically, balsams are aromatic oleoresins that contain benzoic or cinnamic acid and are less viscous and contain less oil than turpentines. On distillation balsams yield essential oils that are used in medicine and as fixatives in the perfume industry. Oregon balsam A viscid, yellowish or greenish substance used as a mounting medium for microscopic work and a cement for optical lenses; also used as an irritant, stimulant and antiseptic, as a component in collodion and many plasters and as a fixative for soap and perfumes Spruce gum Obtained from wood and bark, the oleoresin is thin, clean, bitter and sticky, hardens on exposure to air and has a pleasing, resinous taste. Used as a masticatory because it softens in the mouth and becomes reddish. Balsam of Peru A dark, reddish brown, thick, viscous, syrupy liquid obtained by wounding the tree. Used in medicine for treating slow-healing wounds and skin diseases (especially during World War II) and, because of its stimulating and antiseptic effect on mucous membranes, for treating coughs, bronchitis, etc.; also used as a substitute for vanilla, as a fixative in perfumes and in the soap industry. The common name is a misnomer because the tree grows in Central America, not in Peru. Balsam of Tolu A brown or yellowish brown, plastic substance with a pleasant aromatic taste and odor; used for almost the same purposes as balsam of Peru Levant styrax or A semiliquid, sticky, grayish brown, opaque, storax aromatic substance obtained from inner bark by wounding the tree; used in cosmetics, soap, adhesives, lacquers and incense as a fixative, in perfumes and in

Page 133 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. medicine for the treatment of coughs and scabies American styrax A clear, thick, brownish yellow semisolid or solid substance obtained from inner bark by wounding the tree; used in cosmetics, soap, adhesives, lacquers and incense; as a fixative in perfumes; and in medicine for the treatment of coughs and scabies. India imports it from France. Siam benzoin, Yellowish or brownish, pebble-like hard and balsamic resin brittle tears with a milky white center and a strong, vanilla-like aroma; used as incense and in medicine as a stimulant, diuretic, carminative and expectorant; in the manufacture of perfume, soap, toilet water, lotion, tooth powder and fumigating materials; a source of benzoic acid Sumatra benzoin Reddish or grayish brown tears that aggregate to form blocks or lumps; used as incense and in medicine as a stimulant, diuretic, carminative and expectorant; in the manufacture of perfume, soap, toilet water, lotion, tooth powder and fumigating materials; a source of benzoic acid Copaiba, Copaiba Obtained by boring holes into heartwood, it balsam, capaiva is a thin, clear, colorless liquid that turns yellow and viscid with age, is aromatic and has a bitter taste; used in making lacquer, varnish and tracing paper, as a fixative in perfume and soap; in photography for half-tones and shadows and in medicine as a laxative, disinfectant, diuretic and mild stimulant Gurjan balsam Thick, opaque and grayish, it is used in medicine and for caulking and varnishing boats Illurin balsam, Thick, very fragrant, pungent, pepper-like African copaiba, oleoresin Sierra Leone frankincense Manila elemi Oozes from trunk bark in fragrant, white masses on tree trunks; used locally for torches, for caulking boats, in lithographic work, in the manufacture of cements, adhesives and ink, in perfume, in medicine, in plastics and ointments, and in the varnish industry to make products tough and elastic African elemi Mexican elemi Brazilian elemi Mecca balsam A greenish, turbid oleoresin with an odor of rosemary; used in incense, perfumes and medicine

Page 134 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Mexican linaloe Obtained from the aromatic fruits; used in perfume Salai gum, Indian Used as an incense, in medicine for olibanum rheumatism, nervous diseases and ointments and as a fire lighter Gum resins Ammoniacum Exudes from stems and flowering branches as a milky juice that hardens on exposure to form brittle, brownish yellow tears, which occur singly or in masses; used in perfumery and in medicine as a circulatory stimulant Herabol myrrh Oozes from stems as a pale yellow liquid that hardens to form brown or black tears; used in perfumery, as a constituent of mouthwash and dentifrices and in medicine as a tonic, stimulant and antiseptic Bisabol, sweet myrrh Used in incense, perfumes and embalming and as a constituent of Chinese joss sticks Gum resin A pale yellow liquid that gradually solidifies and turns brown or black; used in medicine, as incense and for embalming Frankincense of Exudes from bark as a clear, yellow resin olibanum that hardens into small yellow grains; used in incense and perfumes and as a fixative for face powders, pastilles and fumigating powders Indian frankincense, Obtained from bark, the oleo-gum-resin luban contains: oily, turpentinic liquid, used as a substitute for turpentine oil; a rosin-like resin, used in the soap industry; and gum, used in printing calico Opopanax Used in perfumery and in medicine Opopanax An herb used in perfumery and in medicine Ceylon gambose, Yellow emulsion obtained from the pith, Indian gamboge leaves, flowers and fruits; used in preparing watercolors and gold-colored spirit varnishes and in medicine as a violent cathartic Madar Used as a substitute for gutta-percha

V. Literature Cited

Anonymous. 1970-1972, 1983. Indian forest utilization. Comp. & ed. Forest Research Institute and Colleges, Dehra Dun. 2 vols. Manager of Publications, Delhi.

--. 1983. Forests of Himachal Pradesh. Department of Forests, Farming and Conservation, Himachal Pradesh, Kunihar, India.

--. 1986. The useful plants of India. CSIR, New Delhi.

Page 135 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Bennet, S. S. R., P. C. Gupta & R. V. Rao. 1992. Venerated plants. Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, New Forest, Dehra Dun, India.

Chakraverty, R. K. & S. K. Jain. 1984. Beautiful trees and shrubs of Calcutta. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, India.

Cowen, D. V. 1950. Flowering trees and shrubs in India. Thacker & Co., Bombay.

Dwivedi, B. 2000. Environmental vaastu. Diamond Pocket Books, New Delhi.

Hawkins, R. 1986. Encyclopedia of Indian natural history: Centenary publication of the Bombay Natural History Society, 1883-1983. Oxford University Press, Delhi.

Kohli, R. K. 1996. Needs and planning for avenue trees in cities: A Chandigarh experience. Pp. 39-50 in P. K. Khosla, D. K. Uppal, R. K. Sharma, R. K. Kohli & Y. C. Jain (eds.), Ecofriendly trees for urban beautification. Indian Society of Tree Scientists, Solan and National Horticultural Board, Gurgaon, India.

Lunardi, C. 1987. Simon & Schuster's guide to shrubs and vines and other small ornamentals. Simon & Schuster, New York, London.

Maithani, G. P., V. K. Bahuguna, J. D. S. Negi & S Nautiyal. 1991. Handbook of some important Himalayan shrubs. ICFRE-1, FRI, Dehra Dun, India.

Panshin, A. J. & C. de Zeeuw. 1980. Textbook of wood technology: Structure, identification, properties, and uses of the commercial woods of the United States and Canada. Ed. 4. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Randhawa, M. S. 1961. Beautiful trees and gardens. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.

--. 1965-1983. Flowering trees. National Book Trust, New Delhi.

Schubert, T. H. 1979. Trees for urban use in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, [New Orleans, LA].

Seth, M. K. 2000a. Food plants of tasar silkworms. Pp. 761-777 in H. O. Agrawal & M. K. Seth (eds.), Sericulture in India, vol. 4. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, India.

--. 2000b. Food plants of oak tasar silkworms. Pp. 835-842 in H. O. Agrawal & M. K. Seth (eds.), Sericulture in India, vol. 4. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, India.

--. 2000c. Primary and secondary food plants of eri silkworms. Pp. 879-885 in H. O. Agrawal & M. K. Seth (eds.), Sericulture in India, vol. 4. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, India.

--. 2000d. Food plants of muga silkworms. Pp. 887-893 in H. O. Agrawal & M. K. Seth (eds.), Sericulture in India, vol. 4. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dan, India.

--. 2000e. Food plants of wild silkworms. Pp. 913-414 in H. O. Agrawal & M. K. Seth (eds.), Sericulture in India, vol. 4. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, India.

--. 2002. The logical meaning of shrubs and trees. The Botanica. Communicated.

-- & C. Lal. 2000. Food plants of mulberry silkworms with particular reference to the morphology and wood anatomy of Morus serrata Roxb. Pp. 349-371 in H. O. Agrawal & M. K. Seth (eds.), Sericulture in India, vol. 4. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, India.

--, M. B. Raizada & M. A. Waheed Khan. 1962. Trees for Van Mahotsava. Forest Research Institute and Colleges, Dehra Dun, India.

--, S. Sharma & R. Thakur. 2002. Pictorial guide to some common shrubs of Himachal Pradesh, vol. 1. Communicated.

Singh, R. V. 1982. Fodder trees of India. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi.

Singhal, R. M. & P. Khanna. 1991. Multipurpose trees and shrubs. ICFRE-16, FRI, Dehra Dun, India.

Trivedi, P. P. 1983, 1987, 1996. Home gardening. ICAR, New Delhi.

--. 1990. Beautiful shrubs. ICAR, New Delhi.

Trotter, H. 1940. Manual of Indian forest utilization. Oxford University Press, London.

--. 1940, 1944 (reprinted 1958-1960). The common commercial timbers of India and their uses. Manager of Publications, Delhi.

Venkatesh, C. S. 1976. Our tree neighbours. National Council of Educational Research and Training, New Delhi.

Watt, G. 1889-1893. A dictionary of economic products of India, vols. 1-4. Cosmo Publications, Delhi.

M. K. SETH

Department of Bio-Sciences

Himachal Pradesh University

PUB New York Botanical Garden

AN Document BORE000020040422dza100001

HD Meet on ethanol on Sept 26.

BY By Our Bureau.

WC 382 words

PD 23 September 2003

SN Business Line (The Hindu)

SC BSNLNE

LA English

LP Hyderabad, Sept. 22

Apitco Ltd is organising a national conference on `Prospects of Ethanol - A Sustainable Bio- fuel' on September 26 to showcase the potential for bio-fuels as alternate fuel for transportation; disseminate the latest information on technical, environmental, financial as well as policy issues including the role of Government.

TD Considering the recent hike in world oil prices coupled with ever-growing demand for oil, according to the Apitco Managing Director, Mr S. Srinivasa Rao, blending of ethanol & bio- diesel must be explored more seriously as a long-term alternative fuel option. Accordingly, viable strategies need to be formulated and implemented so that environmental, economic and social benefits are reaped.

In a press release, he stated that in India, the demand for petroleum would be doubled over the next decade, which meant higher demand for ethanol to be used in blending with petrol and diesel. Opportunity for bio-diesel was also tremendous, which needed to be explored seriously to reduce the consumption of conventional fuels. Bio-diesel could be extracted from tree borne oil seeds such as Jatropha, Pongamia and Karanja and could be mixed with conventional diesel oil. India has vast tract of degraded lands, mostly in areas with adverse agro-climatic condition, where hardy tree borne-oilseeds species such as Jatropha, Karanja, Mahua, Ratnajoth, Neem, Kusum, Pilu, Tumba, Sal, Kokum, Jojoba and Chullu could be grown easily.

Page 139 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Stating that fuel ethanol production worldwide had reached historic levels, Mr Rao said that bio-fuels would reduce harmful air pollution and dependence on oil import. The report submitted by the Planning Commission had estimated that if the country progressively moved towards using ethanol as a substitute for gasoline & bio-diesel for petrol and diesel, as much as Rs 830 crore in foreign exchange could be saved annually.

Bio-fuels would also provide consumers with energy diversification and added fuel choice. Since bio-fuels were produced form biomass such as sugarcane, molasses, sweet sorghum, grains and oil seeds, their wide spread use in the US, Europe, Brazil and China had led to higher biomass yield, rural employment and growth in industry.

The present strategy worldwide was to opt for cleaner fuels, which are renewable as well as environment-friendly, he added.

IN ialtful : Alternative Fuels | i1 : Energy

NS genv : Environmental News | gcat : Political/General News

IPC STATES

PUB Kasturi & Sons Ltd

AN Document BSNLNE0020030922dz9n0002q

HD New areas earmarked for Corpn. sapling planting programme.

BY By P.Oppili.

WC 261 words

PD 16 September 2003

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP CHENNAI The Chennai Corporation's proposed sapling planting programme will cover new areas on Anna Salai, Poonamallee High Road, Radhakrishnan Salai and Grand Northern Trunk Road, Waltax Road and Perambur High Road.

Unlike the earlier programmes, this time the Corporation officials have made a few changes in the programme. They have reduced the number of saplings to the bare minimum (a total of 18,000 only). This, they say, will help in providing better protection and assured growth to saplings. Also, the `casualty replacement' will be five per cent instead of 10 per cent. Similarly, the cost is also much less compared to recent greening programme done by the State Forest department with funds from the Union Pollution Control Board.

TD Phelto phorum, Tabubia, Delonix regia and Pongamia are some of the important species selected for planting. The officials are also looking for few more flowering species. Instead of planting a variety of species on arterial roads, the authorities will plant one particular species on both sides of the road. This will improve the aesthetic look of the road, when the flowers bloom, they say.

Yet another speciality of this programme is that the protection work will be entrusted to a private agency. They will have to replace the casualty, estimated at around 1,000 saplings. On earlier occasions, the Forest department has fixed its targets at a few lakhs, which ultimately failed to take off. Many of the saplings were planted without any assured protection, just to complete the work.

IPC CITY/REGIONAL

PUB Kasturi & Sons Ltd

AN Document THINDU0020030915dz9g0003q

HD Experts' meeting to focus on uses of oil-bearing plants.

WC 471 words

PD 9 September 2003

SN BusinessWorld

SC BSWRLD

PG 20

LA English

LP Agriculture Secretary Luis Lorenzo will open an experts' meeting on Thursday, Sept. 11, on Philippine indigenous energy plants and trees as feedstock for bio-diesel, further complementing the coco-diesel plants.

The feedstock potentials of indigenous oil-bearing plants such as the jatropha and moringa varieties - champions in the African model - will be one of the focus of the round-table experts meeting to be held at the Bureau of Plant Industry conference hall starting at 2 p.m.,Tomas Claudio, president of the Philippine Association of Agriculturists, (PAA) said.

TD A popular moringa plant in the Philippines is malungay while a good example of jatropha is tubang-bakod. Malungay is backyard-propagated and used extensively as vegetable and partly as medicinal plant. Tubang-bakod is most commonly used and cultivated in towns as a hedge, thus its name.

There are other plants and shrubs that need to be examined such as jatropha gossypifola or tuba-tuba; the eurporbia atoto forst, the pongamia pinnata plants, among others. The hanga tree or phytoleum tree will likewise be discussed. Early studies on this plant show that a kilo of fresh nuts of the hanga produces 50 grams of oil.

Hosted by the National Agricultural and Fishery Council, the Bureau of Plant Industry, the Philippine Association of Agriculturists and D1 Oils (UK) Ltd., the conference will tackle the African Rural Bio-Diesel Development Model using jatropha and moringa as one of the anchors of Africa's sustainable development program in view of their oil qualities.

Jatropha and moringa plants have been found in Africa as a possible solution to resolving the region's problems of renewable energy, edible oil, animal feedlots, pharmaceutical products, among others.

Conference director and PAA vice-chairman Felix Velasquez says the African model will be presented by Mark LM Quinn, managing director, D1 Oils (UK) and David Sonnenberg, director, D1 Oils (South Africa) and will be assessed on its Philippine application possibilities.

The introduction of relatively lesser-known seed-bearing plants capable of growing on marginal soils can play a vital role in bridging the wide gap between supply and demand of food and feed in many developing countries, a study of the Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics of the University of Hohenheim reports in its Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics studies.

"Jatropha and moringa can sustain agricultural development when small-and medium-sized farmers cooperate closely to produce, process and market their crops; neither jatropha nor moringa competes with areas targetted as food as both grow on marginal land," the University report said.

(For the conference, please contact the joint secretariat c/o Mr. Apollo Domingo or Ms. Maribel Vidamo at: 524-0963 or send e-mail to D1 Oils [email protected].).

AN Document BSWRLD0020030909dz9900016

HD The zodiac connection.

WC 808 words

PD 12 August 2003

SN Business Standard

SC BSTN

PG 6

LA English

LP Surinder Sud

Back to nature. As part of this move, Indian farm scientists are now evolving a novel form of eco-friendly, chemical-free agriculture which is different from and, in a way, more natural than even organic farming. Christened "biodynamic agriculture", this mode of farming is based on performing different farm operations according to a crop calendar based on zodiac principles. The underlying idea is to gainfully harness natural energies of the cosmos, including those of the earth, animals and plants. The soil and plant health is maintained through the use of materials derived from plants and animals.

TD The experiments on biodynamic farming in the past three years have shown encouraging results, prompting the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) to begin formally promoting it as a method of sustainable clean agriculture. The nodal agency for research and development work on biodynamic farming is the ICAR's Lucknow-based Central Institute of Subtropical Horticulture (CISH).The National Horticulture Board has come forward to support a project for popularising the production of fruits through biodynamic agriculture.

The term biodynamic is derived from the Greek words "Bios" (life) and "dynamics" (energy). The basic hypothesis (which is claimed to have been upheld by the results of field trials) is that the 12 zodiac signs are divisible into four groups of constellations, each of which has certain influences on farm operations and plant life and that these influences are also related to the movement of the moon. The whole thing is, in turn, related to the four basic elements - earth, water, fire and air.

Accordingly, the group consisting of Taurus, Virgo and Capricorn is deemed to be related to earth and, hence, influences the development of roots; that of Gemini, Libra and Aquarius concerns air and light and affects flowering; the Cancer, Scorpio and Pisces group is related to water and influences leaf development and Aries, Leo and Sagittarius panel concerns fire and affects the development of fruit and seed.

Elaborating further on this, the literature generated by CISH points out that during the ascending state of moon, the earth "breaths out", activating the forces of light and energy. Therefore, the developments occur in the upper parts of the plant during this period. Thus, this phase is suitable for sowing of seeds, foliar applications of different health-boosting concoctions and plant propagation activities. Even crop harvesting is recommended for this period.

On the other hand, during the descending phase of moon, the earth is supposed to "breath in" and, therefore, the developments occur below the ground at the root level. As such, this stage is suitable for land preparation and manure application, transplanting of seedlings, top- working of tree and harvesting of root crops (like potato and onion).

This apart, the emerging science of biodynamic agriculture also borrows several farm practices from the Vedic era, some of which have already found place in modern organic farming (such as the use of earthworms, cowdung and cow urine for soil fertility enhancement and plant health) and a few other wholly novel ones (like the use of cow horn manure and cow horn silica).

Thus, biodynamic farming follows a fixed agricultural calendar for activities like sowing and transplanting, crop modelling through pruning and training (in the case of vines), crop combination and maintenance of optimum moisture. Application of organic manure and composts produced with the help of earthworms and microbes is recommended to improve soil fertility and ensure sustained soil health. Some specific biodynamic yield enhancers prepared by using cow horns have also been evolved. Besides, the use of de-oiled cakes of locally available plants like mahuwa, karanj, castor and groundnut is resorted to for augmenting the soil's plant nutrient reserves. Moreover, proven practices like green manuring (ploughing in leguminous crops to enrich soil fertility), mulching (covering the soil with vegetative or other material) and vermi-inoculation (releasing concentrated potion of earthworms into the soil), too, form part of the biodynamic agriculture.

Chemical pesticides have been replaced in this mode of agriculture with biodynamic insecticides and fungicides prepared from the leaves of leguminous trees, neem, castor and other plants (like pongamia and caliotropis) that have medicinal and pesticidal properties.

Page 146 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Another innovation is the biodynamic tree paste made by mixing cow dung, bentonite (clay) and sand. This paste helps seal cut portions to prevent infection and hasten healing of plant wounds.

According to CISH sources, about 100 farmers in Azamgarh (Uttar Pradesh) have already adopted biodynamic production of medicinal crops like basil and ashwagandha exclusively for export to the US and Europe. CISH has been organising regular training courses in biodynamic farming in the past couple of years. An ad hoc scheme for promotion of organic and biodynamic production of horticultural products in Mizoram, Meghalaya and Sikkim has recently been launched under the technology mission mode project of the ICAR.

NS glife : Living/Lifestyle | gcat : Political/General News

PUB Business Standard Limited (India)

AN Document BSTN000020030912dz8c000ka

HD Dream zone for birdwatchers.

BY By PRINCE FREDERICK.

WC 686 words

PD 17 July 2003

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP NORTH ZONE

The Simpson Industrial Estate in Sembium is a fine example of how environmental beauty can remain intact despite industrial activity.

TD WHEN THE crepuscular sky is all set to throw its blanket over the Simpson Estate in Sembium, the egrets make a beeline for the trees there. Soon, the battle lines are drawn - between the crows and the egrets. In point of fact, it is only the crows that are on the offensive. No, they do not bring the egrets to any harm. They just heckle them; but this spirited effort to raise the egrets' hackles comes unstuck. The egrets on their part wage a war of indifference - judiciously, as one learns later. As more and more egrets hunker down on the trees, the crows quietly fade from the scene. They (crows) know they have been outnumbered and wisely give up the fight.

"The crows are just bullying the egrets; they know they are waging a losing battle. Nevertheless, they perform the `ritual' every day when the egrets come to roost," says Sudhakar Reddy, field naturalist, Simpson Estate.

As you walk around the sylvan estate, you have about 20,000 trees and over two lakh plants to take in. This probably is nothing much to write home about, but for the fact that the Simpson Estate houses a few industrial units. Under "normal" circumstances, industrial estates are a blot on the landscape and a smear on the environment. But this abundant greenery and bio-diversity save the Simpson Estate from such a common fate.

"They are much habituated to human presence," says P. Sivaramamurthy, manager, Simpson Estate. "Even when the 3-tonne pseudo-hammer is put to work at a factory near the estate, the birds do not exhibit any alarm. The same goes for sirens."

You notice a shikra hawk streaming across a pond. The crows give a playful chase. The pond is called the APC pond, because it is located near the Addisons Paints and Chemicals work station.

"This pond, which is nine feet deep, is an example of what can be achieved by rainwater harvesting," says Reddy.

The moorhen are the permanent residents of this pond. The pond is fringed with neem, bauhunia, pongamia and gulmohar trees. After a short walk, you find yourself looking down at another pond. This one is called the Lily Pond. It is green with moss. As you drink in the scenery, a dabchick dives in and resurfaces in another place with a squish. Two other birds seem to be gliding lockstep. They look as different as chalk and cheese. One is dark in colour and has a red beak, the other looks light in colour. They are both moorhen - the dark one is an adult bird and the other one is a juvenile moorhen. A white-breasted kingfisher alights upon a wetland rush.

When the water level scrapes the bottom, the pond will be swathed in lilies and lotuses. The lily pond is tasselled all around with subabul trees.

"About 23 to 24 species of butterflies are to be found in the foliage around the pond," says Sivaramamurthy.

A portion of land is partitioned off for what is called "social forestry". Here, mango, tamarind, tabebuia, raintree (thunghu munghi maram in Tamil) and peepul trees proliferate.

"When the breeding season is at hand, the birds collect nest material from here," says Sivaramamurthy.

Manure for the trees is made in the estate's backyard itself; dry leaves and twigs are recycled as manure. "We do not touch inorganic manure even with a barge pole," says Sivaramamurthy.

A grilled enclosure stands testimony to the fact that there were deer in the estate, a few years ago.

Page 149 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. "We used to have 50 spotted deer. A prodigious quantity of vegetable waste from our canteen would go to feed these deer. We gave them away to the Guindy National Park a couple of years ago," says Sivaramamurthy.

Such a faunal presence would indeed have added to the estate's value as a bio-diversity zone. Nevertheless, the avifaunal variety quite makes up for this loss.

NS genv : Environmental News | gcat : Political/General News

IPC METROPLUS

PUB Kasturi & Sons Ltd

AN Document THINDU0020030716dz7h0000o

HD Sterling resort at Mahabalipuram to focus on ayurveda.

BY By Nina Varghese.

WC 278 words

PD 19 June 2003

SN Business Line (The Hindu)

SC BSNLNE

LA English

LP CHENNAI, June 18

STERLING Holiday Resorts India Ltd has opened a new ayurvedic resort, Sterling Mahabalipuram, opposite the Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram.

TD Mr Steve Borgia, President and CEO of Sterling Holiday Resorts, said that the mid-segment boutique resort is on rent from the Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC). The company pays Rs 2 lakh a month as rent to TTDC, he said.

Mr Borgia said that the company had participated in the open bid floated by TTDC to manage its camping site. TTDC also has another beachfront build up property at Mahabalipuram.

Sterling Mahabalipuram has been developed as a 30-room resort with a central focus on ayurveda. Mr Borgia said that the company has invested Rs 30 lakh to renovate the property and it has been positioned as a family getaway.

This property, which used to be a camping site, has around 100 Pongamia Glabra trees on it. The resort is on one single floor and all the rooms are air-conditioned.

Besides its proximity to a world heritage site, the resort offers its visitors ayurvedic treatment and massage. The company has tied up with the same vaidyashala, which operates the ayurvedic centre at the company's other heritage resort - Sterling Swamimalai.

Page 151 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Mr Borgia said that the resort has been operational for the past two months. The tariff is around Rs 2,500 per room per night for those paying in the local currency and for the dollar paying ones, it is $100.

The resort also has a museum which hosts a variety of artefacts, which would be of interest to the heritage buffs.

CO sterhr : Sterling Holiday Resorts (India) Limited

IN i77001 : Travel Agencies | ilea : Leisure/Arts

NS gcat : Political/General News | gtour : Travel

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | india : India | indsubz : Indian Subcontinent | sasiaz : Southern Asia IPC STATES

AN Document bsnlne0020030618dz6j000mo

HD PMC mulls over 'green' diesel.

WC 281 words

PD 5 June 2003

SN The Times of India

SC TOI

LA English

LP PUNE: The Pune Municipal Corporation's garden department plans to cultivate karanja trees (Pongamia Pinnata) to tap the potential of karanja oil as a diesel substitute.

Speaking to TNN, PMC garden superintendent Y.S. Khaire said he recently visited the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, to study the subject. Meanwhile, a demonstration of karanja oil as a diesel substitute, organised by citybased non-governmental organisations (NGOs) Ranwa and Vanrai on Monday, generated an enthusiastic response in the city.

TD Dr U. Shrinivasa from the IISc used karanja oil in a generator to produce electric power. According to Ranwa project officer Ankur Patwardhan, the NGO has suggested that the PMC use the karanja plantation as a theme park.

"We have also suggested the use of karanja oil in Pune Municipal Transport (PMT) buses to reduce vehicular pollution in the city," he said. Elaborating on the use of oil, Shrinivasa said the buses could be fitted with indigenously manufactured converter kits before using karanja oil.

"The bus should be started on diesel first, and once the engine heats up, it could be switched over to karanja oil," he explained. Refined karanja oil has a longer shelf life, he added.

According to Ranwa, oil seeds of seven karanja trees will be needed to run a PMT bus for a day. To run all its 800 buses on karanja oil, PMT would need to plant karanja trees on 68 sq.km.

"This does not seem feasible, but at least the old buses should be converted to karanja

Page 153 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. mode," Patwardhan said. Members of the transport business and the Tribal Training Research Institute (TRTI) and environmentalists have shown interest in karanja cultivation.

AN Document toi0000020030605dz650012y

HD PROMOTION OF OIL-SEEDS BASED BIO-DIESEL (Government of India has identified oil of certain tree origin as useful fuel) CR Chemical Weekly. Jun 3, 2003; vol. 48 ; iss. 41 pg 110

WC 88 words

PD 3 June 2003

SN Indian Business Insight

SC WIBI

LA English

LP The Government of India is working out an action plan to set up pilot plants in different states in India, to promote bio-diesel as an alternative fuel. The Government has identified oil of certain tree origin plants like Jatropha curcas and Pongamia Pinnata, as useful fuel and has initiated wasteland plantation of such plants.

RF ABSTRACT|WEEKLY

IN i0 : Agriculture/Forestry | i13 : Crude Oil/Natural Gas | imet : Metals/Mining | i1 : Energy

NS gpol : Domestic Politics | gcat : Political/General News

AN Document WIBI000020030618dz6300082

WC 65 words

PD 3 June 2003

SN Chemical Weekly

SC CHEWEE

PG 110

LA English

NS c13 : Regulation/Government Policy | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

IPC India | regulations and rulings | 2869300

PUB Elsevier Science Ltd.

AN Document CHEWEE0020030618dz630002y

HD Dreams that flit.

BY By R.K. RAO.

WC 519 words

PD 31 May 2003

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP Fragile though they look, butterflies are needed for the smooth rotation of the cycle of life.

HYDERABAD

TD How would you like to go on a safari where you can see butterflies flitting from flower to flower, and even perhaps hovering around you? Then go ahead to the Nehru Zoological Park and see the butterfly safari, the latest feature in the zoo. The butterflies offer a kaleidoscope of colours and designs.

The zoo authorities manage to maintain a thriving population. The secret of this lies in the management of the habitat, which are the surroundings in which the creatures live. The key elements are water, food and shelter. If there is a balance of all three, then all is well. Butterflies need plants on which they lay their eggs, generally under the leaves. The eggs hatch into larvae, called caterpillars. After feeding on the leaves, the caterpillar may grow to a size two thousand times more than the larvae. It is the caterpillar's voracious appetite that damages some of our food crops. After a while, the caterpillar completes its growth, attaches itself to a twig, sheds the outer skin and changes into a pupa (called the chrysalis), a process completed in a few hours. After two or more weeks, the adult butterfly comes out of the pupa. Butterflies live for a few days or a few weeks, depending on the species. They feed on nectar from the flowers. This helps in cross-pollination and in the survival of plants. The caterpillar is the feeding stage, the pupa the sleeping stage and the adult is the breeding stage in the life cycle of the butterflies. For having a good population of butterflies, the habitat should have food plants, nectar plants, groves of flowering trees along with open areas and flowerbeds

Page 157 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. and wild patches with weeds. The safari park has plants such as Asoka, Lantenna, citrus, sweet potato and kanuga (pongamia) over an area of two acres. It has a roundabout circular path for visitors to go around and reach all corners. There is plenty of water, which provides humidity and moist patches. The rows of trees and open areas provide cool shade in the afternoons and bright sunlight in the mornings and afternoon, conditions in which the butterflies increase in number.

Unlike the safaris and animals in the zoo, the butterflies in this safari are not captive creatures. Some of the varieties of butterflies found in the park are Plain Tiger, Striped Tiger, Blue Tiger and the Common Crow. Over 20 varieties of butterflies have been recorded in the Park. Because of large scale building activity in cities, changing farm practices like the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and growing of single instead of multiple crops, butterflies are on the decrease. This is unfortunate because they are very good biological indicators, that is, their presence is an important indication of a healthy environment. Butterflies belong to the group of insects, which form 95 per cent of the animal kingdom. Human survival is closely linked with the survival of all these magnificent creatures.

IN i97412 : Theaters/Entertainment Venues | ilea : Leisure/Arts

NS genv : Environmental News | glife : Living/Lifestyle | gcat : Political/General News

IPC IN AND AROUND

PUB Kasturi & Sons Ltd

AN Document THINDU0020030530dz5v00006

HD LAST DAYS OF CJD STUDENT.

BY By FIONNUALA BOURKE.

WC 357 words

PD 18 May 2003

SN Sunday Mercury

SC SUNMER

PG 19

LA English

LP Now heatbroken dad may sue government over son's death

This photograph is one of the last ever taken of the young man from Sutton Coldfield, whose death was revealed last month by the Sunday Mercury.

TD Straight-A student Jorawar had battled the illness for two and a half years, growing weaker every day until he slipped away - one of 10 Midland people to die from the disease.

Now factory worker Mr Gill is considering legal action against the British government for the part he believes they played in his son's untimely and unnecessary death.

'If we had stayed in India or if we had moved to Canada or the US, I know that Jorawar would still be alive today,' he said.

'His death is the fault of the British government for permitting farmers to work against nature and feed their cattle offal instead of providing them with enough grass.

'We want answers as to why this was allowed to happen and we have not ruled out legal action in the future. This is all I can do for my son, who should be living here now.

'We are a vegetarian family and we have never cooked beef in our house. Jorawar rarely ate

'We believe he must have contracted this illness through gelatin - a meat protein used in products like yoghurt and alcohol.

'Jorawar was also failed by the health service. Doctors did not diagnose the illness until a year after he became ill.'

Mr Gill is also to create a permanent memorial to his son by setting up a nature foundation in his name.

He is in discussions with the Charities Commission about setting up the Jorawar Singh Gill Nature Foundation, which would promote the benefits of natural products and green farming both in the UK and the Punjab.

Mr Gill plans to use the family farmland to plant the Pongamia Pinnata tree which produces oil that can then be refined to make natural fuel.

He is also to develop farmland he owns in the Midlands to produce organic crops for sale in local supermarkets.

NS gcat : Political/General News

RE eecz : European Union Countries | eurz : Europe | uk : United Kingdom | weurz : Western Europe IPC 19 | Features

AN Document sunmer0020030521dz5i0000z

HD SHGs SIGN BIO FUEL PACT WITH GERMAN FIRM (to sell 900 tonnes of emission reduction bio fuel to the German company) CR DECCAN CHRONICLE

WC 72 words

PD 17 April 2003

SN Indian Business Insight

SC WIBI

PG 17

LA English

LP Self-help groups (SHGs) of Chalbadi village in Kerameri mandal of Andhra Pradesh will sell 900 tonnes of emission reduction bio fuel to a German company. They signed an agreement with the German company to this effect. The fuel will be extracted from Kanuga (Pongamia pinnata) trees.

RF DECCAN-CHRONICLE

NS e51 : Trade/External Payments | e512 : Physical Trade | ecat : Economic News

PUB Informatics (India) Ltd.

AN Document wibi000020030421dz4h0000c

HD Summer shades.

BY By CHITRA RADHAKRISHNAN.

WC 260 words

PD 17 April 2003

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP Trees such as neem and odayam are ideal for summer.

TD Waiting to bloom.

HORTICULTURISTS GROUP flowering trees into those that bloom in summer and those that bloom in the cool season. Both neem or margosa (Azadirachta indica) and odayam or odina wodier (Lannea coromandelica) are summer flowering trees.

Neem trees start shedding leaves before the cool season is over and as summer nears, the tree sheds almost all its leaves. By the time summer arrives the tree would have produced its pleasant green leaves and like green umbrellas they are ready to give the much-needed shade from the scorching sun. Flowers appear almost along with the new leaves.

Odina wodier, on the other hand, sheds its leaves on the arrival of the warm weather. By the time the temperature shoots up, the tree would be bare and presents numerous light green tassels with minute yellowish green flowers that hang down from bare branches. The tree casts very little shade in summer and it is only after the flowers have fallen at the end of summer that it sprouts and covers itself with its leaves. In the colder months the tree is very leafy and provides good shade.

Trees can be planted for various reasons - flowers, fruits, or shade. If shade is the criteria, trees that are fully covered with leaves in summer such as neem or `punyam' (Pongamia pinnata) should be chosen. If flowers are the necessity, flowering trees like the golden shower

NS gcat : Political/General News | genv : Environmental News | glife : Living/Lifestyle

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | india : India | indsubz : Indian Subcontinent | sasiaz : Southern Asia IPC METROPLUS

AN Document thindu0020030416dz4h000bc

HD Summer shades.

BY By CHITRA RADHAKRISHNAN.

WC 319 words

PD 8 April 2003

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP Trees such as Neem and `Odayam' are ideal for summer with the former providing shade and the latter offering a colourful bouquet of blooms.

TD Bare branches of the `Odayam.'

HORTICULTURISTS GROUP flowering trees into those that bloom in summer and those that bloom in the cool season. Both Neem or Margosa Azadirachta indica and `Odayam' Odina wodier (Lannea coromandelica) are summer flowering trees.

Neem trees start shedding leaves before the cool season is over and as summer nears the tree sheds almost all its leaves. By the time summer arrives the tree would have produced its pleasant green leaves and like green umbrellas they are ready to give the much-needed shade from the scorching sun. Flowers appear almost along with the new leaves.

Odina wodier on the other hand sheds its leaves on the arrival of the warm weather. By the time the temperature shoots up the tree will be bare and presents numerous light green tassels with minute yellowish green flowers that hang down from bare branches. The tree casts very little shade in summer and it is only after the flowers have fallen at the end of summer that the tree produces and covers itself with its leaves. In the colder months the tree is completely leafy and provides good shade.

Trees can be planted for various reasons-flowers, fruits or shade. If shade is the criteria, trees that are fully covered with leaves in summer such as Neem or `punyam' Pongamia

Page 164 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. pinnata should be chosen. If flowers are the necessity flowering trees like the Golden shower Cassia fistula or Gul mohur Delonix regia can be the choice.

Neem in flower

Both the trees like Odina wodier are almost leafless in summer but they will later present an eye-catching show with their gorgeous flowers.

So add a few of these to provide the required shade in the garden this summer.

NS gcat : Political/General News | genv : Environmental News | glife : Living/Lifestyle

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | india : India | indsubz : Indian Subcontinent | sasiaz : Southern Asia IPC METROPLUS

AN Document thindu0020030407dz480005t

WC 90 words

PD 3 April 2003

SN Northern Territory News

SC NORTHT

PG 4

LA English

LP Workers started removing 48 trees along Darwin's Gilruth Ave yesterday.

Half of the trees will be relocated as part of a $1 million upgrade of the road.

TD The trees include coconut palms, bismarkia palms and pongamia trees.

Darwin City Council acting design team leader Shane Smith said trees would be relocated on-site where possible.

"Some of them are just virtually walking across the road," he said.

"Some of the larger palms are getting relocated behind the tennis courts.

"The pongamias will be moved to Lake Alexander."

NS gcat : Political/General News | genv : Environmental News

RE ausnz : Australia/Oceania | austr : Australia

IPC 004 | News

AN Document northt0020030402dz430000a

HD `Paradise tree' promises immense potential.

BY By A.D. Rangarajan.

WC 683 words

PD 6 March 2003

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP TIRUPATI Though the Government had long back set its eyes on exploring greener avenues for boosting the economy, it surely would have been cursing itself for having virtually ignored a tree growing right in its backyard for over half a decade.

The tree's hidden potential in giving a push to the rural economy could not have seen light at a more appropriate time, given the acute drought in the State. Compared to Pongamia (Kanuga), that has already made a mark in parts of the State as the `bio-diesel' and managed to hog attention, its lesser known cousin, Simarouba, continued to be in the dark.

TD Simarouba (Simarouba Glauca for botanists), also known as "Paradise tree", is a native of El Salvador in Latin America that was introduced first in the country in Amravati (Maharashtra) in 1966. It was being grown in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Orissa for green cover or as part of avenue plantation and no specific significance was attached to it. However, its potential to be the `tree of the future' was uncovered only recently.

Though an agriculture-centric country, the wide demand-supply gap forced India to import millions of tonnes of vegetable oils every year. Given the increase in population, the prospects of achieving self-sufficiency in edible oils could remain a distant dream, unless some kind of `intervention' is made to stem the pattern. It is where Simarouba could help.

Syamasundar Joshi, a scientist in the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, who had taken up elaborate study on the tree, believes that the Simarouba would provide this much-needed intervention. Its seeds are found to be economically important as they contain

Page 167 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. 60-75 p.c. oil, compared to the 45-50 p.c. in Indian groundnut variety and hence can be used in making vegetable fat or margarine. Apart from edible purposes, it could be a promising ingredient in the manufacture of soaps, lubricants, paints, polishes and pharmaceuticals.

Not only the seed, every part of the tree is useful in some way. The oilcake makes a valuable organic manure as it is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. The shells form the raw material for the hardboard industry. The fruit pulp can be used in the beverage and fermentation industry as it contains 11 p.c. sugar. The leaf and bark contain Simarubin, a chemical used in curing amoebiasis, diarrhoea and malaria. The insect-resistant wood is okay for light furniture industry, toys, packing material, paper pulp and matches.

Even the leaf litter, which yields 20 kg per tree a year, makes a good manure. The highlight is that it grows even on barren land, irrespective of soil and climatic conditions. In fact, it had even surprised the scientists initially when it got adapted to the Indian atmosphere with ease.

The Forest Department's Biotechnology Research Centre (Biotrim) at Tirupati has been growing the tree for the last six years on a demonstration plot, without actually knowing its potential.

Suddenly, all eyes are set on the 200 plus trees being grown in its Srinivasavanam Research Station at Kukkaladoddi, 27 km from here skirting the Cuddapah border.

Coincidence or otherwise, the trees have come to the flowering stage just now, when their benefits have come to light. And it is now an open book, providing one the chance to verify the claims.

The only thing that can hamper its growth is the tastes and preferences of the consumer. While the oil consumption pattern differs throughout the country, it is not known whether this oil will be okay for the Indian tastebuds. However, it is learnt that it was widely accepted when it entered the Latin American market in 1950 under the trade name of `Nieve'.

Even if not for its numerous advantages, mass plantation of the tree has to be taken up at least for wasteland reclamation. Given the perennial drought in the State, it may not be difficult to believe that this tree, which absolutely requires no maintenance, has much in store for the uplift of the rural poor.

NS gcat : Political/General News | genv : Environmental News

AN Document thindu0020030305dz36000tm

HD Strategy to produce bio-fuel.

BY By Our Bureau.

WC 79 words

PD 11 February 2003

SN Business Line (The Hindu)

SC BSNLNE

LA English

LP BANGALORE: A city-based non-profit organisation has prepared a strategy to produce biofuel from non-edible oilseeds in Tumkur, Raichur and Shimoga districts.

Samagra Vikas, the voluntary organisation, has roped in local farmers' associations, cooperative societies, research institutions, rural development institutions and village forest committees in the three districts for the collection and marketing of non-edible oilseeds such as Pongamia and neem and production of bio-fuel.

IN i1 : Energy | ialtful : Alternative Fuels

NS c23 : Research/Development | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | india : India | indsubz : Indian Subcontinent | sasiaz : Southern Asia IPC STATES

AN Document bsnlne0020030215dz2b0028v

HD Bio-fuel project planned in 3 districts.

BY By Nagesh Prabhu.

WC 638 words

PD 9 February 2003

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP BANGALORE In an attempt to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and lessen the cost of farming, Samagra Vikas, a Bangalore-based non-profit trust, has chalked out a strategy to produce bio-fuel from non-edible oilseeds in Tumkur, Raichur, and Shimoga districts.

Samagra Vikas has roped in local farmers' associations, cooperative societies, research institutions, rural development institutions, and village forest committees in the three districts for the collection and marketing of non-edible oilseeds such as Pongamia (honge) and neem, and production of bio-fuel.

TD The President of Samagra Vikas, Y.B. Ramakrishna told The Hindu that the three districts had been identified for two reasons - availability of non-edible oilseeds to produce bio-fuel and barren land to plant Pongamia trees.

Non-edible oilseeds are abundantly available in Tumkur District and farmers bring nearly eight trucks of Pongamia seeds to the weekly fair at Sira. In association with Bharat Institute for Rural Development (BIRD) in Tumkur, Samagra Vikas has conducted demonstrations to educate villagers on the use of bio-fuel in domestic and farming operations.

Raichur and Shimoga districts have adequate barren land, active cooperative societies, and plenty of neem trees.

In Sindhanur taluk of Raichur District, a cooperative bank has agreed to provide financial assistance to farmers to grow trees producing non-edible oilseeds. The Karnataka Milk

Page 171 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Federation (KMF) branches in Raichur have agreed to collect seeds from farmers in 160 villages. Talks are on with the Agriculture Department on the use of 2,000 acres of barren land in the taluk, Mr. Ramakrishna says.

Pongamia grows in inhospitable agro-climatic and soil conditions. Nearly 1,100 saplings can be planted in a hectare of land and each tree will give an average yield of 10 kg of seeds in a season, generally from March to July. Nearly 2.77 tonnes of bio-fuel can be produced from 11.11 tonnes of Pongamia seeds. "One kg of Pongamia oil can be obtained from four kg of seeds at a cost of Rs. 10.50, which is cheaper than diesel," he says.

"We get 25 per cent oil and 75 per cent cake from Pongamia seeds." The cake is a good fertilizer, costs about Rs. 5 a kg and is cheaper than chemical fertilizer, according to Udipi Shrinivas of SuTRA, Indian Institute of Science (IISc.), Bangalore.

"This route is a good way of supplementing the irregular electricity supply in the villages. Bio- fuels are a source of energy for heating, cooking, and farm activities," Prof. Shrinivas says. Besides generating power, bio-fuel will help rural people generate extra income from barren land, provide employment during the dry season, increase the green cover and reduce dependence on trees as source of firewood for fuel.

A core group on bio-fuels which was set up after a two-day national seminar on non-edible oil seeds here has recommended a nine-point strategy for the Union and State governments to increase the use of bio-fuels, according to K.V. Raju, convenor of the bio-fuel policy development team.

The major recommendations include setting up of a national mission on bio-fuel, formulation of an action plan in a decentralised manner involving all stakeholders, incentives to use biofuel at all levels, design of pilot schemes in 30 districts in the first phase, and establishment of an information and resource centre for bio-fuel.

The core group is likely to hold discussions with the Centre and the State Government by end of February.

It is estimated that the country can produce 35 million tonnes of bio-fuel and over 100 million tonnes of organic manure annually by using existing resources.

The core group comprises experts from the Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), IISc., and Samagra Vikas.

Page 172 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. IN i0 : Agriculture/Forestry | i01001 : Agriculture | i0100132 : Oilseed/Grain Farming | i1 : Energy | ialtful : Alternative Fuels NS c13 : Regulation/Government Policy | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

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AN Document thindu0020030210dz290001l

HD Ethanol-blended petrol - for more States by June.

BY By Our Bureau.

WC 436 words

PD 2 February 2003

SN Business Line (The Hindu)

SC BSNLNE

LA English

LP An MoU for technology transfer on higher blends in fuels has been signed with Brazil, a pioneer in the field.

BANGALORE, Feb. 1

TD FIVE more States and four Union Territories will be covered under the supply of ethanol- blended petrol by June 30.

The second phase of the ethanol blend exercise will cover Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana and the Union Territories of Pondicherry, Chandigarh, Daman & Diu and Dadra Nagar Haveli, the Petroleum & Natural Gas Minister, Mr Ram Naik, said today.

These States could not be covered from January as planned due to lower ethanol supplies from the sugar industry. The Centre had to restrict the supply of 5 per cent blend to AP, Maharashtra, UP and Punjab.

After the implementation of second phase, the nine States and 4 UTs which consume gasoline of 4.6 million tonnes a year would require around 350 million litres of ethanol. Ethanol supply bids will also be decided by April 1, he said.

Once the entire country is covered in phase 3, the mix in petrol will be raised to 10 per cent, Mr Naik said. He was addressing a two-day seminar on national policy on using non-edible vegetable oils as biofuel.

Faced with a Rs 78,000-crore oil import bill of 2001-02 to meet 70 per cent of the domestic requirement and the current tension in the Gulf, Mr Naik said the Government is urgently exploring ways to find low-cost substitutes and bio-blends for diesel, which forms 80 per cent of the domestic auto fuel consumption.

Thanks to the ethanol experience, the oil industry, too, is open-minded about blends and it would support any successful model in adding bio-diesel substitutes such as pongamia or jatropha oil.

The Planning Commission is also considering a national mission on jatropha curcas, which includes large-scale plantation, seed collection and production of bio-diesel.

The third phase of the exercise will also include ethanol-laced diesel for which a Rs 4-crore R&D project is under way.

An MoU for technology transfer on higher blends in fuels has been signed with Brazil, a pioneer in the field.

The Ministry is also exploring coal bed methane as another option and has given also eight blocks in West Bengal, Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh.

The two-day conference, organised by the IISc arm SuTRA and Samagra Vikas Trust will discuss modalities of generating the oils, their distribution and sales to be used as diesel blends by involving rural entrepreneurs and agencies.

IN i1 : Energy | i25 : Chemicals | i2512 : Basic Organic Chemicals | ialtful : Alternative Fuels

AN Document bsnlne0020030213dz22000mx

HD Draft policy highlights need - for a biofuel movement.

BY By Madhumathi D.S.

WC 670 words

PD 31 January 2003

SN Business Line (The Hindu)

SC BSNLNE

LA English

LP The draft argues that besides fuel security for the country, the spin-offs can mean improved rural incomes and jobs, environment-friendly mechanisms and a better carbon trading position as biofuels sequester atmospheric carbon.

BANGALORE, Jan. 30

TD A DRAFT national policy on non-edible oils as biofuels has suggested a massive national campaign, some substitution in diesel and fiscal incentives to agencies that promote the generation, sale and use of these oils.

The use of biofuels should be encouraged on the lines of ethanol-laced petrol. They should form 5 per cent of diesel in the next three years and gradually increased to 20 per cent by 2010, says the draft put into limited circulation by SuTRA of Indian Institute of Science (IISc) and Samagra Vikas Trust.

The document will be taken up at the all-India seminar on a national policy for biofuels being organised here on February 1 and 2 at the behest of the Union Ministry for Rural Development. Union Minister for Petroleum & Natural Gas, Mr Ram Naik, is slated to open the two-day seminar.

SuTRA (Sustainable Transformation of Rural Areas), an arm of the IISc's Department of Mechanical Engineering is a key proponent of pongamia oil as a biofuel and has demonstrated it for some years in a cluster of villages near Tumkur.

According to Prof. Udipi Shrinivasa, Chief Programme Executive of SuTRA, and one of the authors of the policy, biofuels are relevant to India and can greatly mitigate its staggering oil import bill of Rs 90,000 crore. In 2000, 64 per cent or 90 million tonnes of the oil consumed domestically oil required was imported against a home production of 32 million tonnes.

The draft argues that besides fuel security for the country, the spin-offs can mean improved rural incomes and jobs, environment-friendly mechanisms and a better carbon trading position as biofuels sequester atmospheric carbon.

With the Gulf oil sources prone to wars and the country's crude reserves estimated to last only another 21 years, votaries of biofuels say these can be the future of the country and a beginning should be made now.

Many countries are working on such projects, says Dr Shrinivasa. In a model but expensive way, New Zealand has totally done away with oil import and makes its own petrol from natural gas. With two-thirds of Indians being land-based, he says it makes sense to go the biofuel way as both demand and supply can be local. Diesel needs to be substituted because the petrol - diesel consumption is in a 1:8 ratio.

Apart from pongamia, other non-edible oilseeds like mahua, jatropha and rubber are also available in plenty in the country. These need to be grown and processed in a focussed, systematic way. They should be treated as a farm produce and all activities like processing and marketing should be given a ten-year tax holiday by both the Centre and the States, the document has suggested.

FIs and the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (Nabard) should treat this as a priority-lending sector. Educative campaigns should be made in local languages to rope in women, village level diploma and graduate entrepreneurs and gram panchayats into the biofuel movement.

The core of the proposed action plan include:

a National Promotion Council for biofuels from non-edible oils;

Separate provisions outside Rural Development Ministry;

Role for Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the main beneficiary, in substitution;

Organised growing of these oilseeds on private fields, wastelands, canals, tank bunds,

Coffee, tea, rubber boards and Khadi agencies should encourage planting on unused tracts and processing;

Full tax exemption for 10 years on production, distribution and processing mechanisms of these oilseeds by both Centre and the States;

Tax relief for industries involved in biofuel related activities; and

Processing and sale of biofuels to be promoted under a national entrepreneurship scheme.

IN i1 : Energy | i14 : Petroleum/Coal Products | i14001 : Petroleum Refining

AN Document bsnlne0020030212dz1v000ry

HD Bio-fuels, a greener alternative to diesel.

BY By Alladi Jayasri.

WC 547 words

PD 22 January 2003

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP BANGALORE It turns out that Rudolf Diesel, who invented the diesel engine, had as early as in 1899, experimented with the by-products of coal distillation and coke plants, such as tar and creosote oils. And he came to the conclusion that it was possible to burn vegetable and animal oils without difficulty.

In 1912, he wrote "...the first trials were made in 1900 with earth-nut oil; it is certain that motor power can still be produced from the heat of the sun which is always available for agricultural purposes, even where all our natural stores of solid and liquid fuels are exhausted".

TD A hundred years on, diesel may still be the wonder fuel it was touted to be, but its effect on the air quality and the health of a city has assumed alarming proportions, and the search for clean, green fuels continues.

And then there was E.F. Schumacher, who wrote in the foreword to Forest Farming, Prosperity for India, "Travelling through India, I came to the conclusion that there was no salvation for India except through trees."

In 1952, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research declared, "It can be safely stated, therefore, that when running diesel engines on vegetable oils without any appreciable change in design, it is possible to get similar, or superior, efficiency to that obtained when using mineral oil."

Page 179 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Much diesel has been burned since then and, hearteningly, the search for bio-fuels has not been flagging. Scientists and technologists are now talking of a national policy on non-edible vegetable oils as bio-fuels.

SuTRA (Sustainable Transformation of Rural Areas), Indian Institute of Science, and the Samagra Vikas Trust have planned a seminar on the subject on February 1. The retired bureaucrat V. Balasubramanian, who is the convener of the seminar, has said that a committee chaired by K.V. Raju, Institute of Social and Economic Change, has drafted a national policy after a series of consultations. The draft is being circulated among various agencies and organisations for their inputs.

The Samagra Vikas Trust president, Y.B. Ramakrishna, says the trust has joined hands with SuTRA to popularise and promote the technology to extract bio-fuels from non-edible oils. SuTRA has been successfully running a demonstration of the holistic benefits of the technology at Ungura, a village in Kunigal, near Bangalore, for many years now.

It has been very successful in promoting the honge (pongamia) oil as a diesel substitute to run generators to produce electricity to pump water. It has also been shown that diesel-run automobiles can be run on these non-edible oils.

There is also ample opportunity for socio-economic development of the rural community that can be centred on honge cultivation and production of honge oil, the Samagra Vikas Trust's Vaman Acharya points out.

We are closer than we think to what Joshua Tickell, writing in From the Fryer to the Fuel Tank visualises: "As you roll down your window to let in some fresh air, you notice the sweet smell of French fries... you turn your diesel off, and wonder why nobody believed you when you told them that you were going to run your car on French fry oil."

IN i353 : Motor Vehicle Parts | iaut : Automobiles | iveheng : Vehicle Engine/Engine Parts

NS gcat : Political/General News | genv : Environmental News

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | india : India | indsubz : Indian Subcontinent | sasiaz : Southern Asia IPC REGIONAL

AN Document thindu0020030121dz1m0005w

HD IISc ARM SHOWS THE WAY TO BIOFUELS (SuTRA chalking out a national draft policy to promote the use of non-edible vegetable oils as biofuels) CR Business Line

WC 157 words

PD 15 January 2003

SN Indian Business Insight

SC WIBI

PG 17

VOL ISSN Number: 0971-7528

LA English

LP Sustainable Transformation of Rural Areas (SuTRA), an arm of the Department of Mechanical Engineering of Indian Institute of Science (IISc) at Bangalore, is putting in place a national draft policy and an action plan for promoting the use of non-edible vegetable oils as biofuels. According to SuTRA, non-edible oils such as pongamia can substitute hydrocarbon fuels. There exists a potential to produce about 200 million tonnes of non-edible oils per year that can be used as biofuel. This can save the country crores of rupees in terms of foreign exchange, as India imports about 60 million tonnes of crude oil. SuTRA is organising a national seminar on non-edible oils as biofuels in Bangalore, along with Samagra Vikas Trust and BAIF Institute of Rural Development.

RF Business-Line

AN Document wibi000020030118dz1f0004t

HD IISc arm shows the - way to biofuels.

BY By Madhumathi D.S.

WC 626 words

PD 15 January 2003

SN Business Line (The Hindu)

SC BSNLNE

LA English

LP BANGALORE, Jan. 14

FOR six years, they worked with the humble pongamia oil and showed how the poor man's fuel could light up villages, pump safe water through pipes into rural homes, run village enterprises and irrigate parched fields in the countryside.

TD Now the big time may just be around. Armed with several happy experiences from burning 25 lakh litres of biofuels and installing 1.8-MW power capacities across the country, SuTRA or Sustainable Transformation of Rural Areas, an arm of IISc's Department of Mechanical Engineering, is now at the forefront of generating a draft national policy and action plan to promote the use of non-edible vegetable oils as biofuels.

According to Dr Udipi Shrinivasa of IISc, who is the Chief Programme Executive for SuTRA, non-edible oils such as pongamia can easily be substituted for hydrocarbons that are getting scarce worldwide and save the country crores of rupees in foreign exchange. "There is a potential to produce about 200 million tonnes a year of non-edible oils that can be used as biofuel, compared to our import of 60 million tonnes of crude imports," he says.

This is 70 per cent of the total national annual consumption of oil valued at Rs 90,000 crore. The cost is only headed upwards due to the vagaries of international prices and supply, increased consumption and decreasing domestic sources.

SuTRA was recently asked by the Union Minister of State for Rural Development, Mr Anna

Page 183 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Saheb Patil, to come up with a one-year action plan and provide inputs for a draft national policy on promoting biofuels. SuTRA, along with the Bangalore-based Samagra Vikas Trust and BAIF Institute of rural Development, Tiptur, is organising a national seminar on `non- edible oils as biofuel' on February 1 and 2. The seminar will discuss the mechanism and policy changes needed to make biofuels a way of Indian life. Some 150 scientists, voluntary organisations, policy makers and entrepreneurs will be participating.

SuTRA and the Trust have begun consultations on production, trade and use of bio oils and will come out with a draft later this month.

The seminar is supported by the Union Ministries of Rural Development, Urban Development & Poverty Alleviation, Petroleum & natural Gas, Non-conventional Energy Sources, ICAR and the Planning Commission.

SuTRA's biofuel venture started in 1997 with Rs 3-crore, five-year pilot project in a group of villages 50 km from Bangalore.

Pongamia oil was used in trucks, tractors and to power irrigation pumps. The project was supported by the MNES and Karnataka's Rural Development & Panchayati Raj Department. Through various projects, SuTRA has provided comprehensive power, water and irrigation solutions in a cluster of Karnataka villages, electrified three villages in Adilabad in AP, set up 15 expellers in north Karnataka and Adilabad and demonstrated it in Kanchipuram. A project for six villages in Rajasthan has been cleared and an irrigation project in Bihar is in the pipeline.

"We have been pushing biofuels for five years and we have been asked to collect inputs for a draft national policy," Dr Shrinivasa told Business Line. "Economically, growing non-edible oil trees can be akin to having sugarcane plantations or foodgrains. It needs to get the whole economic mechanism going, from starting plantations in rural wastelands (to grow non-edible seeds) to collection, trade in seeds and distribution of the oil." The most important thing in this, according to him, is the will to implement all this.

The biofuel field activity, he said, would be different from the petroleum front as it would be mainly rural; but it could not be ignored as a main fuel in the long run.

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AN Document bsnlne0020030115dz1f0019k

HD Tapping trees for `diesel'.

BY By Our Special Correspondent.

WC 257 words

PD 9 November 2002

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP Hyderabad Diesel from a tree! And commercial production? Sounds strange, but Andhra Pradesh has decided to go in a big way with the successful experimentation of extracting "diesel-like" oil from "gaanuga" tree whose botanical name is Pongamia pinneta.

Tucked away in forests where electricity supply was ruled out due to practical problems and helped by some scientists/researchers, tribals in Adilabad district have been resorting to tapping this tree for oil. The efforts are richly rewarded. Today, they have power supply from generators run on this "tree oil" with which lighting is available during nights even in thandas (tribal hamlets) and agriculture pumpsets are operated for growing crops.

TD The Chief Minister, N. Chandrababu Naidu, recalled this triumphant extraction in Adilabad forests at the conference of district Collectors here today, and called for immediate emulation in other similar districts. He asked the district heads to formulate schemes using funds under various welfare programmes for encouraging "gaanuga oil" as substitute for diesel. According to information available with him, all costs on the extraction works out to Rs. 12 per litre. He wanted "gaanuga" gardens grown in massive blocks in districts like Anantapur, Mahabubnagar and Cuddapah where certain remote areas still suffer for want of power. For this, stocks of seed could be kept ready by May-end to facilitate sowing from June when the monsoon would set in. Mr. Chandrababu Naidu also asked the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, A. K. Das, to draft plans for growing neem trees also.

NS gcat : Political/General News | genv : Environmental News

AN Document thindu0020021108dyb9000d6

HD Naidu okays pilot - projects for - kanuga trees.

BY By Our Bureau.

WC 189 words

PD 14 October 2002

SN Business Line (The Hindu)

SC BSNLNE

LA English

LP HYDERABAD, Oct. 13

THE Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister, Mr N. Chandrababu Naidu, has sanctioned two pilot projects for the cultivation of kanuga (pongamia pinnata) trees in Anantapur and Chittoor districts.

TD He has requested the officials of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) to provide the requisite technical and seed support in this regard.

Kanuga trees, grown in most parts of the State, yield 30-50 kg of seed from which oil can be extracted.

The oil extracted and filtered can be directly used as bio-diesel in oil engines.

This was brought to the notice of the Chief Minister by Ms Sashi Mishra, Additional Secretary, Department of Agricultural Research and Education, Dr Mangala Rai, Deputy Director- General of ICAR and Mr K. N. Kumar, Director of ICAR. The ICAR team, accompanied by the Andhra Pradesh State Finance Corporation Chairman, Mr M. Gopalakrishna, and the State Commissioner of Agriculture, Mr S. Bhattacharya, met the Chief Minister on Wednesday.

Following this, Mr Naidu advised Mr Bhattacharya to prepare suitable schemes in consultation with ICAR officials for cultivation of kanuga trees.

AN Document bsnlne0020021013dyae0000b

HD Meet on efficacy of `kanuga' oil - for fuel.

BY By Our Staff Reporter.

WC 177 words

PD 13 October 2002

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP HYDERABAD A workshop on the efficacy of kanuga oil (botanical name: pongamia pinnata) as bio-diesel was organised by the State Financial Corporation here.

A demonstration on the use of the oil in a diesel engine was made on the occasion.

TD The oil is extracted from the seed of the kanuga tree and is considered the closest in composition to diesel. It can straightaway be used in oil engines and diesel generators. After purification and removal of furo-flavones, it can be directly used as diesel.

Shashi Mishra, Additional Secretary, Department of Agricultural Research and Education, Delhi, emphasised the need to create awareness about cultivation of kanuga trees to prevent degradation of soil, fix nitrogen, generate employment and improve rural economy, particularly in drought-prone areas.

Mangala Rai, Deputy Director General, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, said the value of the tree was added by its high protein and fat content. The tree can be grown in drought-prone areas, saline lands and waterlogged conditions.

IN i1 : Energy | ialtful : Alternative Fuels

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AN Document thindu0020021013dyad0000i

HD BIOFUELS CAN SAVE RUP 40 BN IN OIL IMPORT BILLS (by replacing 5% of petroleum products by biofuels) CR Chemical Weekly

WC 151 words

PD 1 October 2002

SN Indian Business Insight

SC WIBI

PG vol. 48 ; iss. 6 pg 114

LA English

LP A high-powered task force set up to study the potential of biofuels in India has reported that the country can save about Rs40 bn/y in its oil import bill by replacing 5% of petroleum products by biofuels. The task force is to submit its report to the Prime Minister in Nov 2002. The task force is currently examining the options of using both bio-ethanol and bio-diesel. The task force has estimated that the 5% use of fossil fuel with bio-fuels is possible by 2010 and that 10% substitution can be brought about by 2015. Bio-diesel can be produced by trans-esterification of non-edible oil seeds got from trees such as Jatropha carcus (Ratan jot), Pongamia pinnaat (Karanj) and Hevea braziliensis (rubber tree).

RF Chemical-Weekly

AN Document wibi000020021015dya10001t

WC 140 words

PD 1 October 2002

SN Chemical Weekly

SC CHEWEE

PG 114

LA English

LP A high-powered task force set up to study the potential of biofuels in India has reported that the country can save about Rup 40 bn/y in its oil import bill by replacing 5% of petroleum products by biofuels. The task force is to submit its report to the Prime Minister in Nov 2002. The task force is currently examining the options of using both bio-ethanol and bio-diesel. The task force has estimated that the 5% use of fossil fuel with bio-fuels is possible by 2010 and that 10% substitution can be brought about by 2015. Bio-diesel can be produced by transesterification of non-edible oil seeds got from trees such as Jatropha carcus (Ratan jot), Pongamia pinnaat (Karanj) and Hevea braziliensis (rubber tree).

IN i1 : Energy | i14 : Petroleum/Coal Products | i14001 : Petroleum Refining | i257 : Pharmaceuticals NS c11 : Plans/Strategy | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

AN Document chewee0020021016dya100004

HD Replacing 5% petrol with bio-fuels can save India Rs 40 bn.

WC 518 words

PD 22 September 2002

SN The Press Trust of India Limited

SC PRTRIN

LA English

LP New Delhi, Sep 22 (PTI) A high powered taskforce to study the potential of bio-fuels in the country has estimated that India can save upto Rs 40 bn per year in its oil import bill if five per cent of petroleum fuel is replaced by bio-fuel.

The taskforce which is likely to present its final report to Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee next month has also estimated that five per cent substitution of fossil fuel with biofuel by 2010 and 10 per cent by 2015 is feasible.

TD Speaking to PTI, D N Tiwari, member of Planning Commission and chairman of the taskforce said the options of using both bio-ethanol and bio-diesel were being examined by the taskforce.

The main source of bio-diesel in India would be the non-edible oil yield by trees such as Jatropha carcus (Ratan jot), Pongamia pinnaat (Karanj) and Hevea braziliensis (Rubber tree), he said.

"It is expected that these plantations within a period of five to six years would be able to yield enough oilseeds to produce bio-diesel through trans-esterification process to substitute the requirement of diesel to the extent of five per cent," he said adding that at current prices the extent of import substitution of fossil fuel would be Rs 40 bn per annum.

Page 195 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Several researches conducted world over have shown that bio-diesels are more environmentally sound than diesel, Tiwari said pointing out that bio-diesel had been registered as a fuel and fuel additive with the US Environment Protection agency and designated as an alternative fuel by the Department of Energy and Department of Transportation of USA.

Tiwari also pointed out that according to the Indian Institute of Petroleum, bio-diesel had several advantages including very low sulphur content, no net carbon dioxide emissions, 99.6 per cent bio-degradability within 21 days and renewability.

Bio-diesel also has socio-economic advantages such as utilisation of waste/arid land, employment generation and providing alternative fuel in diesel scarcity regions.

The main source of ethanol would be sugarcase based alcohol for which Ministry of Petroleum has already initiated steps by identifying three factories, Tiwari said.

Ethanol blended petrol will be introduced by the end of 2002 in eight sugar producing states and thereafter in the rest of the country in a phased manner during the Tenth Five year plan period, he said adding that estimates showed that total molasses produced in the sugar industries were sufficient for five per cent blend of ethanol with petrol on a nation-wide basis.

Tiwari further pointed out that the petroleum ministry after several pilot project trials had concluded that encouraging the use of gasoline blended with upto six per cent level with anhydrous ethanol as a motor fuel did not require any modification in the engine designs.

IN i1 : Energy | ialtful : Alternative Fuels

AN Document prtrin0020020923dy9m000xl

HD Replacing 5% petrol with bio-fuels can save India Rs 40 bn.

WC 517 words

PD 22 September 2002

SN The Press Trust of India Limited

SC PRTRIN

LA English

TD Speaking to PTI, D N Tiwari, member of Planning Commission and chairman of the taskforce said the options of using both bio-ethanol and bio-diesel were being examined by the taskforce.

The main source of bio-diesel in India would be the non-edible oil yield by trees such as Jatropha carcus (Ratan jot), Pongamia pinnaat (Karanj) and Hevea braziliensis (Rubber tree), he said.

In this context the oil companies would be required to set-up trans-esterification facilities and the Bureau of Indian Standards will need to develop standards for bio-diesel with necessary support from Indian Institute of Petroleum. Several researches conducted worldover have shown that bio-diesels are more environmentally sound than diesel, Tiwari said pointing out

Page 197 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. that bio-diesel had been registered as a fuel and fuel additive with the US Environment Protection agency and designated as an alternative fuel by the Department of Energy and Department of Transportation of USA.

Bio-diesel also has socio-economic advantages such as utilisation of waste/arid land, employment generation and providing alternative fuel in diesel scarcity regions.

The main source of ethanol would be sugarcase based alcohol for which Ministry of Petroleum has already initiated steps by identifying three factories, Tiwari said.

IN i1 : Energy | ialtful : Alternative Fuels

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AN Document prtrin0020020923dy9m000xe

HD Kerala university develops organic package for cashew.

BY By G.K. Nair.

WC 403 words

PD 24 August 2002

SN Business Line (The Hindu)

SC BSNLNE

LA English

LP KOCHI, Aug 23

SCIENTISTS at the Kerala Agriculture University's Cashew Research Station, Madakkathara, have developed an organic package of technologies for cultivating cashew.

TD The group of scientists led by Dr Abdul Salam, Associate Dean, College of Agriculture of KAU at Padannakkad in Kerala's Kasargode district, have identified suitable varieties and worked out a farm management practice such as optimum spacing, season, method of planting, post-planting care, soil and water conservation, weed management, intercropping, crop protection, manuring and harvesting.

"We have developed such a technique given the ever-growing demand for organic food products in global market. Organic cashew fetches a premium price in the international market and by adopting organic package of technologies it is possible to sustain on a long- term," he told Business Line.

A number of improved varieties such as Anakkayam-1, Madakkathara-1 and 2, Kanaka, Dhana, Priyanka, Dhanasree, Sulabha, Amrutha, Anagha and Akshaya had been found ideal for this ecologically sound approach, he said.

He said the square or triangular system of planting could be adopted for high density planting. June-July or September-October was the best season for planting.

The field has to be kept free of undesirable vegetation. Intercrops such as tapioca, goundnut, banana, pulses and vegetables can be raised in the first 3-4 years.

The young plants, Dr Salam said, should be protected against tea mosquito bug and stem borer using eco-friendly strategies.

Tea mosquito bug could be repelled by smoking the garden with organic residues during flushing, flowering and fruiting seasons and by resorting to spraying with pongamia oil (two per cent) during the same phases of development.

The use of biocontrol agents such as weaver ant may help in checking the tea mosquito bugs.

Besides, the use of botanical insecticides such as neem could effectively check the stem borer, he said.

Coal tar and kerosene mixed in 1:2 ratio, could be used to sway the tree trunks for up to a meter from the ground in September at an interval of 60 days twice. Mud slurry or neem oil could also be used for swabbing the trunks.

Mechanical extraction of the grubs would also prove to be rewarding, he said..

NS gcat : Political/General News | gedu : Education

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AN Document bsnlne0020020911dy8o001uv

HD Organic technologies for cashew.

BY By Our Agriculture Correspondent.

WC 643 words

PD 8 August 2002

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP Organically grown nuts and apples are free of toxic residues.

SCIENTISTS AT the Cashew Research Station (CRS) of the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) at Madakkathara have developed an organic package of technologies for raising cashew. "Organic cashew fetches a premium price in the international market. By adopting the organic package of technologies, it is possible to sustain cashew production on a long- term," says Dr.M.Abdul Salam, Associate Dean, College of Agriculture of KAU at Padannakad in Kasaragodu district.

TD An expert in organic cashew production, Dr.Abdul Salam and his team have identified suitable varieties, and worked out the optimum spacing, season, method of planting, post- planting care, soil and water conservation, weed management, intercropping, crop protection, manuring and harvesting.

A number of improved varieties of cashew such as Anakkayam-1, Madakkanthara-1, Madakkanthara-2, Kanaka, Dhana, Priyanka, Dhanasree, Sulabha, Amrutha, Anagha and Akshaya, have been found ideal for this ecologically sound approach, according to Abdul Salam.

A spacing of 7.5 m x 7.5 m has been recommended for poor soils, and for rich, deep and coastal sandy soils a wider spacing of 10 m x 10 m is prescribed. In sloppy regions, the rows may be kept 10-15m apart and the distance between trees within a row can be maintained between 6 and 8 m.

The square or triangular system of planting can be adopted for high density planting. June- July or September-October is the best season for planting. The grafts of elite varieties should be planted in pits of 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm, and pits should be filled up with ripe organic manure. Regular irrigation in the early years will help in bringing up the plantation in good health.Adequate care should be taken to ensure soil and water conservation. The field should be kept free of undesirable vegetation. Intercrops such as tapioca, groundnut, banana, pulses and vegetables can be raised in the first 3-4 years.

The young plants should be protected against tea mosquito bug and stem borer using eco- friendly strategies. The tea mosquito bug can be repelled by smoking the garden with organic residues during flushing, flowering and fruiting seasons, and by resorting to spraying with Pongamia oil (2 per cent) during the same phases of development. The use of bio-control agents such as weaver ant may help in checking the tea mosquito bugs.

Practising sound crop hygiene, and the use of botanical insecticides such as neem can effectively check the stem borer. Coal tar and kerosene mixed in 1:2 ratio, may be used to swab the tree trunks for up to a metre from the ground in September. This has to be repeated twice at an interval of 60 days. Mud slurry or neem oil can be also be used for swabbing the trunks. Mechanical extraction of the grubs will also prove to be rewarding, according to Salam.

A number of cultural practices such as weeding, training and pruning can contribute to the reduction in the pest population.

Liberal application of the organic manure can adequately meet the nutrient requirement of the trees. An adult tree needs 50 g each of nitrogen and potash and 250 g of phosphorus for sound establishment.

This can be met by the addition of about 50 kg farmyard manure and incorporation of leaf litter and other organic amendments in the soil.

Vertical mulching and vertical trenching will help in conservation of soil and retention of moisture in the root zone. The fruits will be ready for harvest in about two months after fertilization of the flowers.

The ripe fruits will drop off to the ground, which can be collected manually. The nuts can be separated from the apple, dried for two days and stored till they are dispatched to the markets.

NS gcat : Political/General News | glife : Living/Lifestyle

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | india : India | indsubz : Indian Subcontinent | sasiaz : Southern Asia IPC SCIENCE/TECHNOLOGY

AN Document thindu0020020808dy8800012

Page 203 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. HD Suppression of nitrification and N(sub)2O emission by karanjin - Anitrification inhibitor prepared from karanja (Pongamia glabra Vent.) BY D. Majumdar

CR Affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Inst. Sci./Technol. Adv. Stud./Res.

WC 269 words

PD 1 June 2002

SN API EnCompass: Environment

SC APEN

VOL API No. L200212843; ISSN 0045-6535

LA English

LP From: Chemosphere --

Nitrification and N(sub)2O emissions in an alluvial, sandy loam soil (typic ustochrept), fertilized with urea and urea combined with nitrification inhibitors (karanjin and dicyandiamide (DCD)) were investigated.

TD Karanjin (a furanoflavonoid from the karanja (Pongamia glabra Vent.) seeds) and DCD were incorporated at the rate of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% of applied urea-N (100 mg/kg soil), to the soil (100g) adjusted to field capacity moisture content.

Mean N(sub)2O flux was reduced upon the addition of the inhibitors with urea.

Amounts of nitrified N (i.e., (NO(sub)3/(sup)- + NO(sub)2/(sup)-)-N) in total organic N (i.e., (NO(sub)3/(sup)- + NO(sub)2/(sup)- + NH(sub)4/(sup)+)-N) in soil were much lower with the addition of karanjin with urea (2-8%), compared to urea and DCD (14-66%).

This indicated that karanjin was a more potent nitrification inhibitor than DCD.

Nitrification inhibition was appreciable on the application of different levels of karanjin (62- 75%) and DCD (9-42%).

Cumulative N(sub)2O-N loss was 0.5-8% of the nitrified N.

Application of karanjin resulted in higher mitigation of total N(sub)2O-N nitrification emission (92-96%), compared with DCD (60-71%).

3 tables, 3 graphs and 21 references

RF The publication date on this document has been adjusted in processing. Chemosphere 47/8 845-850 (June 2002) IN iewm : Environment/Waste Management

NS gcat : Political/General News | genv : Environmental News

RE namz : North America | usa : United States

HD A soothing sight for the summer weary.

BY By Alladi Jayasri.

WC 479 words

PD 18 May 2002

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP BANGALORE The rain god may have failed Bangalore, and given the people a torrid time this summer. But the painted storks that have decided to vacation en famile at Veerapura, 95 km from Bangalore, near Gudibanda, on Bangalore-Bellary Highway, are a sight for the summer weary indeed.

The INCERT (Institute for Natural Resources Conservation Education and Training), a Bangalore-based conservation group, has stumbled on a large flock of the painted storks at Veerapura, a hamlet that has been long-favoured by them for the nesting season. They come with unfailing regularity sometime around January and build nests in the trees around the village. And Veerapura residents, used to this annual visit, welcome them gladly. This year, the villagers are joyous. A record number of 5,000 storks arrived in batches and are currently busy nest building and raising their chicks.

TD Say INCERT's S.Sridhar and S.Shreyas, avid birdwatchers who have also inspired many Bangaloreans to take to this absorbing hobby, "this time, there are over 800 nests on 21 trees such as the tamarind, the peepul, the acacia and pongamia, and there are two or three chicks to a nest."

The birds, they say, make a pretty picture as they go about collecting twigs, dipping into the water to quench their thirst, and feeding their babies. Many storks in a semi-circular formation, occasionally poise in unison to swoop down and fish in the Gudibanda and Veerapura tanks. It turns out that the villagers and the storks go back a long way. For about 30 years until 1982, the storks were regulars at Veerapura. That year, they suddenly abandoned their favourite

Page 206 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. nesting spot, and this was put down to heavy logging of trees, poaching of eggs, and the sudden proliferation of predatory bonnet monkeys. There was no nesting activity for nearly five years. The painted storks returned in 1988, and since then, their numbers have steadily increased.

The vigilant villagers make every effort to protect their precious guests, and this year's record arrivals, is for them ample testimony that their troubles haven't gone to nought.

In the State, painted storks nest in two other colonies. The other being Kokrebellur near Maddur, and Kaggaladu in Sira.

Close to Veerapura in neighbouring Andhra Pradesh, Telineelapuram, Abarjipet tank, Manjira Island, Uppalapadu, Gantavaram and Etirapattu, attract nearly 100 painted stork pairs each. These birds occur only in South East Asia and are distributed in India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, etc.

According to Wetlands International, there are less than 10,000 painted storks in South East Asia, and 15,000 in South Asia, and the population is shrinking. Just now, Veerapura is harbouring a third of this population, and the credit, surely goes to the Veerapura villagers and their ceaseless work in making them at home.

NS gcat : Political/General News | genv : Environmental News

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | india : India | indsubz : Indian Subcontinent | sasiaz : Southern Asia IPC REGIONAL

AN Document thindu0020020519dy5i0000z

WC 188 words

PD 9 February 2002

SN Innisfail Advocate

SC INNADV

PG 5

LA English

LP A group of orphaned cassowary chicks being reared by Miriwinni ostrich farmers are in need of natural cassowary bush food.

Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service Innisfail district senior ranger Rusty Smith said the five chicks - one four-month-old, three 16-month-old siblings and a 12-month-old chick - were found abandoned in areas from Coquette Point to Mourilyan Harbour.

TD Mr Smith said the chicks were being reared at the ostrich farm until they were ready for release into the wild.

With food supplies diminishing he has urged residents to lend a hand by donating the necessary varieties of the cassowaries' natural foods to ensure the chicks receive food essential to their everyday growth.

Food in need includes fruits of the black palm, river cherry, cassowary plum, apricot satinash, native ginger, freshwater mangrove, water gum, native olive, canary beech, native mangosteen, banana fig, silver quandong, pongamia, native breadfruit, lady apple, nutmeg, figwood, black bean, white beech, buff beech, cassowary satinash and the wait-a-while.

Anyone with food donations can leave them at the QPWS in the Rising Sun Arcade on Owen St, Innisfail.

NS gcat : Political/General News | genv : Environmental News

RE ausnz : Australia/Oceania | austr : Australia

PUB News Ltd

AN Document innadv0020020304dy290005s

HD Cashew farmers urged to take organic route.

BY By Our Staff Reporter.

WC 756 words

PD 16 December 2001

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP THRISSUR, DEC. 15. Adopting strict organic farming methods can be a reliable way out from the crisis that the cashew farmers are facing now in the wake of the falling prices of their produce and the extreme competitive atmosphere caused by the WTO regime, according to a study.

The study prepared by Dr. M. Abdul Salam, the Head of the Cashew Research Station of the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU), Madakkathra, near here, has a special significance in the context of the recommendations of the Government-appointed committee to desist from spraying Endosulfan on the cashew plantations of Kasaragod district.

TD The study points out that quality, competitiveness, efficiency, environmental safety and sustainability form the key slogans in today's production process and new strategies of production and marketing will have to be evolved in accordance with these changes.

Emphasising that there is a great demand for organically produced food stuffs like cashew and spices, especially from the Western countries, Dr. Salam says these changes have made organic cashewnut production, processing and marketing immensely potential areas for exploitation. Organic cashews can well fetch a premium price.

In India, cashew is being grown in an area of 7.2 lakh hectares with an estimated production of 4.5 lakh tonnes with a productivity of about 850 kg raw nuts per hectare. An encouraging aspect of cashew farming in India is that a large portion of it - almost 90 per cent - is being done without the involvement of chemicals and pesticides which means that the country's

But the absence of the approved certifying agencies is hindering the prospects in effectively exploiting this potential of India as the producer of large quantity of organic cashew. However, regulatory procedures are now being evolved by the Government to certify production, processing and marketing of organic cashew.

Pointing out that organic cashews are the ones produced without using any sort of chemicals, fertilizers or pesticides, Dr. Salam says such cashew nuts will be free of residues of any chemicals or fertilizers and their kernels may possess better quality in terms of nutritional profile and taste.

Since the growing of organic cashew involves no artificial inputs, there can be a chance of increased cost of production due to high cost of organic inputs and there is a possibility of decrease in yield in certain years due to pest damage and diseases. However, this yield decrease can be compensated by the premium price expected from the organic produce, the study said. The cost reduction due to elimination of chemical inputs will also be advantageous to the farmer.

The study has also attempted to evolve a package of practice for the production of organic cashew, whose critical aspect involves replacement of plant protection chemicals with organic inputs and chemical fertilisers with organic manures.

The study discloses that the trials conducted so far indicate that pineapple is the most profitable intercrop in cashew plantation in the early stages of growth. Tapioca, groundnut and banana can also be cultivated during the first three to four years. However, both the crops, the cashew and intercrops, should be manured separately.

Pointing out that Tea Mosquito Bug (TMB) and Stem Borer (SB) are the two major pests that affect cashew, the study gives some details of the management of these pests using organic methods. For example, smoking the plantation with organic wastes during flushing, flowering and fruiting phases will not only keep the TMB away but will also help maintain a high level of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere which will increase the carbon dioxide assimilation by plants.

Spraying of Pongamia oil during flushing, flowering and fruiting phases can also minimise the TMB damage. There are also reports that weaver ant can be used as a bio-agent to check TMB. In the case of SB, maintenance of plantation hygiene by proper weeding, close monitoring of the plants for early detection of the onset of pest attack and removal of severely infected trees from the plantation are some of the measures that have been suggested in the

On the nutritional requirement of the cashew plantation, the study says that about 50 kg of farm yard manure can meet half the requirement of the tree. The remaining requirements of the nutrients can be met through organic recycling from the tree itself.

AN Document thindu0020020111dxcg001l0

HD IOC to shut feeder unit at Koyali refinery SINGAPORE.

WC 1,013 words

PD 24 August 2001

SN Business Line (The Hindu)

SC BSNLNE

LA English

LP Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) plans to shut a hydrocracker feeder unit at the Koyali refinery from mid-September for planned repairs, a company official said on Thursday.

"The feed preparation unit (FPU) would be shut down for repairs in the second half of September. It will be shut for two weeks," the official said.

TD The outage would lower the refinery's diesel output as the FPU prepares feedstock for the hydrocracker, he said. The FPU has an annual processing capacity of 2.25 million tonnes.

The refinery, located in the western state of Gujarat, has an installed crude processing capacity of 13.65 million tonnes per year, or 280,480 barrels per day (bpd), but has been running below that level due to flagging domestic demand for products.

He said the refinery had been processing about 30,000 tonnes per day of crude since mid- July instead of a usual daily rate of 38,000 tonnes following closure of one of five atmospheric units.

"Its still uncertain when (the atmospheric unit) will be put back into operation," he added.

The atmospheric unit closed has a capacity of three million tonnes per annum.

Aluminium output capacity likely to rise

LONDON: Primary aluminium and alumina production capacity is projected to rise through to June 2004, with developing regions seeing a higher rate of increase, the International

It said that total aluminium capacity would reach 23.972 million tonnes by June 2004 from 22.760 million tonnes in June 2001.

Alumina capacity is expected to rise to 55.004 million tonnes from 51.797 million. The IAI data showed production capacity rising from 1.535 million tonnes to 1.882 million tonnes in Africa and from 2.283 million to 2.525 million in Asia.

In developed regions, the increases will not be so large. In North America, by comparison, capacity will rise from 7.038 million tonnes to 7.181 million and in Western Europe from 3.897 million to 4.089 million.

A similar pattern is evident in alumina. Production capacity in Africa is seen jumping from the June 2001 level of 650,000 tonnes to one million tonnes by June 2004, while Asia will witness an increase from 5.055 million tonnes to 5.862 million.

But North American capacity will rise to 6.929 million tonnes from 6.423 million and Western European to 6.315 million from 6.026 million.

Pongamia oil, a potential diesel substitute

NEW DELHI: The oil obtained from the seed of Pongamia Pinnata (Honge oil) has the potential for use as fuel in place of diesel, according to a report of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.

The power output of the diesel engine remains almost the same though the caloric value of the oil is slightly lower. The initial problems especially relating to choking of filters while using honga oil could be easily overcome, an official release said.

Though the oil could be an ideal substitute for diesel as a fuel, its availibility could nowhere be near diesel. As it could not be made available in large quantities, it could still come to the rescue of farmers and small users in meeting their daily energy requirements like running pump sets, provided large scale plantation of pongamia was undertaken, the release said.

According to the the data available with Botanical Survey of India, pongamia can be cultivated even in areas like Rajasthan. The Pongamia tree is highly resistant to termites and the it also has high tolerance to salinity and can be grown along road sides.

Norilsk restarts nickel smelter

MOSCOW: Russian metals giant Norilsk Nickel has restarted work at its key nickel plant which was halted after an accident on Sunday, a Norilsk spokesman said on Thursday.

"The third smelting furnace started working at 0400 local time (2000 gmt) on August 23," Mr Yevgeny Yerokhin said. "By this time another two furnaces had already started working. The plant will fully restore its production volumes by the end of the day on August 24," he added.

The smelting division of the nickel plant, in the Norilsk region on the northern Siberian Taimyr peninsula, was halted on Sunday after a leak of melted metal damaged water cooling systems and electricity supply lines.

The plant, which has both smelting and refining facilities, operates four smelting furnaces, but one of them is normally under maintenance while the remaining three produce metal.

Mr Yerokhin said the furnace from which the leak had sprung was now undergoing repair.

The plant's management has promised to catch up with the output arrears stemming from the accident within a month.

The nickel plant, which also has refining facilities, was commissioned in 1943. It was halted for about a day on August 1 because of a small fire.

Norilsk says it produces 20 per cent of world nickel output, but it never discloses its production figures.

COMEX copper ends up

NEW YORK: COMEX copper prices closed higher on Wednesday with the impetus for gains provided by knock-on effects of the Federal Reserve's quarter-point interest rate cut on Tuesday, which bolstered US stocks and undercut the dollar, said copper traders.

Dealers in New York took their cue initially from higher prices from London markets, where copper and euro currency traders took a positive view of the Fed's interest rate cut.

COMEX September futures remained higher throughout the session to close up 0.60 cent at 67.75 cents a lb. It set a higher range between 67.00 and 68.25 cents.

Next-active December copper ended up 0.50 cent at 68.65.

Chartists said copper will run into tough resistance in the 69 to 70 cents area basis September.

LME copper inventories fell 1,175 tonnes on Wednesday to 665,075 tonnes. COMEX copper stocks rose 220 short tons to 181,714 on Tuesday. - Agencies

COMMODITIES CAPSULE.

NS ncat : Content Types | nsum : News Digest

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | india : India | indsubz : Indian Subcontinent | sasiaz : Southern Asia AN Document bsnlne0020010827dx8o0020j

HD Science institute finds diesel substitute.

WC 230 words

PD 23 August 2001

SN Business Standard

SC BSTN

PG 2

LA English

LP Our Economy Bureau New Delhi

The Indian Institute of Science has found a substitute for diesel oil. A report of the institute says that the oil obtained from the seed of Pongamia pinnata (Honge oil) has the potential for use as fuel in place of diesel.

TD The oil has to be pre-heated for use since the viscosity of the oil is much higher than that of diesel at room temperature. The power output of the diesel engine remains almost the same though the calorific value of Honge oil is slightly lower. The initial problems especially relating to choking of filters while using Honge oil can, however, be overcome easily, said an official press release.

In terms of quantity, the production of this fuel can be nowhere near that of diesel, however, it can still be used by farmers and small users in meeting their daily energy requirements like running pump sets, etc. provided large-scale plantation of Pongamia can be undertaken.

As per the data available with the Botanical Survey of India, Pongamia can also be cultivated even in states like Rajasthan. Though there is no managed or organised cultivation of Pongamia in the country, a plant in Jodhpur produces Pongamia seeds. The Pongamia tree is highly resistant to termites and is also highly tolerant of salinity and can be grown along the roadsides.

HD PLATT'S - Indian Pongamia oil could be substitute for diesel - study.

WC 172 words

PD 22 August 2001

ET 10:13 GMT

SN Platts Commodity News

SC PLATT

LA English

LP Singapore (Platts)-22Aug2001/610 am EDT/1010 GMT Honge oil obtained from the seeds of the Pongamia pinnata, fruit of the Pongamia tree, in India has the potential to be used a fuel in place of diesel, according to a report from the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. The oil has to be pre-heated for use since the viscosity of the oil is much higher than that of diesel at room temperature. The power output of diesel engine running on Honge oil remains almost the same though the calorific value of the oil is slightly lower. Initial problems, especially relating to the choking of filters while using Honge oil, can however be overcome easily, the institute said. "Though this oil can be an ideal substitute for diesel as a fuel, its production/availability can nowhere be near diesel." Since Honge oil cannot be made available in huge quantities, it can only be used by light users, the report said.

NS gcat : Political/General News | gsci : Science/Technology

RE asiaz : Asia | seasiaz : Southeast Asia | singp : Singapore

PUB Platts, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies

AN Document platt00020030729dx8m005by

HD Earth spirituality - A new eco-social paradigm.

WC 2,863 words

PD 8 April 2001

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP Misuse of the earth and its resources has led to the present civilisational crisis. Mankind now faces problems like poverty, pollution, drought, famine ... the list is endless. Reiterating our commitment to the earth and nurturing the bonds that connect man with Nature is the first step in putting ourselves back together, says SIDDHARTHA.

THE premise of this piece is that the vocation of each human being is to be pro-human and pro-earth at the same time. Poverty, industrial pollution, climate change, acute water scarcity, population explosion religious conflict, and the commercialisation of values - these are the major challenges of the 21st Century. Where do we find the vision and the political will to deal with these awesome tasks. As our secular ideologies appear to flounder, there are many who believe that the earth, from whom we have evolved, is likely to give us the strength to deal with our many afflictions.

TD This is hardly a new idea although, as we shall see further on, modern evolutionary theory has come forward to give it firm scientific backing. The dalit poet Siddalingiah recently spoke to me of an old Kannada folk song.

pre Walking at dawn Whom should I remember with reverence? My first thought goes to mother earth Who grows sesame and cumin. /pre

In 1854, from another part of our planet, the native American Chief Seattle, was asked by the American President to sell him some land. It was a strange question to put to a red man for whom the earth was sacred, beyond buying or selling. In an inspired rejoinder, amounting to a rebuke, Chief Seattle purportedly told the President, "... the earth is our mother. Whatever befalls the earth befalls the sons of the earth. If men spit upon the ground, they spit upon

Page 220 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. themselves. This we know. The earth does not belong to man; man belongs to the earth. This we know. All things are connected like the blood which unites one family."

The notion of dependent co-arising, or pattica samuppada, which is central to Buddhism, reaffirms the idea of interconnectedness. It suggests that no one is an island, that we are all "interwoven threads in the intricate tapestry of life." Using the image of the jewelled Net of Indra to explain these interconnections, Buddhist writer Joanna Macy says, "In the cosmic canopy of Indra's Net, each of us, each jewel at each node of the net, reflects all the others and reflects the others reflecting back. This is what we find when we listen to the sounds of the Earth crying within us - that the tears that arise are not ours alone; they are the tears of an Iraqi mother looking for her children in the rubble; they are the tears of a Navajo uranium miner learning that he is dying of lung cancer."

Interexistence does not mean that we have no identity, that we are merely part of an undifferentiated whole. What it means is that we are autonomous being and parts of a larger whole at the same time.

A new vision: An influential body of opinion all over the world is now stressing that the cause of our civilisational crisis lies in our disconnectedness with nature. We have forgotten where we come from. We see the Earth, from which we have evolved, as little more than a mere "resource", a storehouse of minerals and other raw materials, inert matter which we need to use in the furtherance of our physical and material needs. The earth is a mere producer of food and a garbage dump, not our larger body. Obviously, nothing could be further from the truth; nothing can exist as an outsider, in isolation. Quantum theory has revealed that even subatomic particles are not things but connections between things.

What is needed is a change in our cosmovision to see the earth as our mother, as indigenous peoples all over the world have done from the beginning of time. There is no doubt that we have deviated from our nature by exclusively worshipping the technological creations that so passionately stir and preoccupy us. Science and technology are not inherently wrong but, if we humans do not encapsulate them in the right vision, we will use them to manipulate and exploit the earth and other fellow beings. We already see the emergence of an aggressive win-lose mindset, where some are positioned to win and others are fated to lose.

We can veer away from this malaise through the recovery of the nurturing bonds that connect us to the natural world. Each day that we walk on the grass, on the hills, through verdant fields, desert wastes and even on our garbage-strewn city pavements, we are walking on our mother. Walking is, thus, a respectful and mediative act, where we reiterate our commitment to the earth. If the earth is our mother, it follows that we cannot violate her or her human and non-human offspring.

Two contemporary thinkers, Thomas Berry and Brain Swimme, have attempted to build a new cosmovision through integrating evolutionary theory and a spirituality of connectedness with the earth and the universe. As already mentioned, this spirituality is not new; most tribal societies are even today familiar with it. What is new is the integration for evolutionary theory with it in a new teleological paradigm.

Let me paraphrase Miriam MacGilis from Genesis farm, New Jersey, who has attempted to summarise these evolutionary ideas: The universe came into being 15 billion years ago. First there was hydrogen, which was around only for about seven seconds. From the union of hydrogen atoms came helium. From helium came carbon. The process of differentiation continued. Our earth was formed about five billion years ago. This is a long time ago. For purposes of elucidation, let us say that five billion years equals 12 months. Then, in these 12 months of the earth's existence life appeared only in the last four months. From single-celled organisms the process evolved and differentiated into more and more complex forms of life. Again, this took a long time. If the earth was born 12 months ago the human came into being only on the last day, in the last 24 hours. We hardly know anything about these 24 hours. Most of it is buried in a great tribal age where no detailed record exists. We only have some information on the last 5000 years or so - the period of the great civilisations. In the 24 hours that the human has been around, our great civilisations are only 30 minutes old. And our modern scientific age is only about a couple of minutes old. Several significant conclusions may be drawn from this explanation. We have evolved from the earth and earth is therefore our primary mother. Nothing in the scheme of evolution has stated that there is a hierarchy in the universe. If at all there is a reason for according the human a special place it is because it is through the human that the earth has finally attained consciousness of itself.

This places a serious responsibility on the human - to be true to the consciousness that is given him. The possession of this consciousness necessarily means that the ontological vocation of the human is to enhance the journey of the universe through time.

By polluting and violating the biosphere the human is going against the unfolding of the universe. This violation is not only against the earth but to all her human and non-human offspring. Enhancing the journey of the universe means that we move away from a linear and mechanical understanding of progress and market fundamentalism, and the false values of consumerism that tell us that one is human only in the measure that one can buy, sell and accumulate.

Earth spirituality may be the only way out. The sense of fulfilment that accompanies a reverential relationship to the earth may give us the strength to step back from our man-made world of gadgets and consumer seduction and see their serious limitations. In 2000, the world

Page 222 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. spent $435 billion in advertising. Advertising deludes us into believing that unless we buy what is being advertised we are condemned to be lesser human beings. The power of advertising is such that many millions of people now feel that we can be free and democratic only if commercial advertising is curtailed and governed by ethical norms.

Earth spirituality does not imply that we turn our backs on the scientific and modern world. That would be futile and uncreative, apart from being regressive. But modern science and technology can find their true purpose only when they enhance the journey of the universe. This means being pro-human and pro-earth simultaneously. The failings in our present cosmovision do not allow us the conviction to align with this journey. One may argue that the origin of the present global crisis does not stem from inherent human weakness or human evil. The roots lie in a serious defect of vision that allows us to be callous to the earth and our fellow human beings.

The journey of the universe further tells us that we must be humble and accept that all our gods and religions are only about 50,000 years old, or half an hour in the life of our planet (i.e. if we take five billion years, the age of the earth, to be one year, as mentioned earlier). We will have little or no justification to wage religious wars when we realise that human beings have been around for hundreds of thousands of years before our present religions were formed. The human is much older than our present gods and religions! Besides, the universe journeys from simplicity to complexity, from single-celled organisms to more differentiated life forms. Religious intolerance is therefore wrong because it goes against the diversity principle of the unfolding universe.

Religions and ecology: The major religions are not unequivocal in their appreciation of our interconnectedness with the universe, but all of them offer valuable insights and experiences. Thai Buddhist monk, Buddhadasa Bhikku, said: "The entire cosmos is a cooperative. The sun, the moon, and the stars live together as a cooperative. The same is true for humans and animals, trees, and the earth. When we realise that the world is a mutual, interdependent, cooperative enterprise ... then we can build a noble environment. If our lives are not based on this truth, then we shall perish." A Western Buddhist has referred to Buddhism as a "religious ecology".

The Hinduism of the Vedic period is replete with texts and rituals that celebrate the earth (bhu), the atmosphere (bhuvah) and sky (sva). Gods and goddesses are also associated with the earth (Prithvi), with water (Ap), with fire (Agni) and wind (Vayu). These Vedic insights were later formalised into the mahabhuta (the five great elements). They were earth (prithvi), water (jal), fire (tejas), air (vayu) and space (akasa). The tree was considered sacred from very early on. From the Indus valley seals to the edicts of Ashoka to the Chipko movement, the tree was nurtured and protected. Many families and communities have their own sacred trees and

Page 223 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. show particular attention and reverence to them. My friend Dr. Shivsankar, an agronomist, tells me that his family venerates the pongamia tree. He has two of them now growing in his garden.

More than any other tradition, the thinking of indigenous peoples all over the worldwide is permeated with the notion, so eloquently expressed by chief Seattle, that "all things are connected." In 1933 Luther Standing Bear, Lakota thinker, wrote: "All this was in accordance with the Lakota belief that man did not occupy a special place in the eyes of Wakan Tanka, the grandfather of us all. I was only a part of everything that was called world." Commenting on Standing Bear's reflections John Grim (Bucknell University, the U.S.) states that, "to distinguish the human 'camp' is not an ontological separation of beings, or an ethical judgment about superior and inferior relations between species. To think of human, animal, plant, and mineral bodies as separated by consciousness or personality is a category error." Not only did the human not occupy a special place but the human is also not separate from the earth and the universe.

There are many who think that we are veering to the brink of ecological and social disaster. The collapse of the United Nations Conference on Climate Change (The Hague, November 13-24, 2000) is another indication that we do not have the will to steward our planet. Is this because we are inherently hedonistic and licentious as a species or does the problem again lie in a defect of vision, where we have lost the essential connections that underlie our humanity? A North American conference on Christianity and Ecology had a poem as a report. An extract reads:

pre How much of earth's atmosphere must we contaminate? How many species must we abuse and extinguish? How many people must we degrade and kill with toxic wastes before we learn to love and respect your Creation, before we learn to love and respect our home? /pre

Tree cemeteries: My brother died several years ago after a prolonged depression. He was an agnostic and he would not have wished to be buried in a cemetery. I had him cremated and, a few days later in the presence of his friends, we journeyed to my father's farm and placed his ashes in a freshly dug pit. Some of his friends reminisced fondly about him and one planted a sturdy sapling over his ashes. The tree is now eight-years-old. I have nursed it with devotion, putting a row of prickly bush around to prevent goats from eating the branches. My brother now lives in the tree and I spend a few moments beside it every time I am on the farm. The tree has also made the farm invaluable to me; I could never think of selling the farm and parting from my brother's tree.

A writer friend from Kerala tells me that, in her community, they follow the practice of planting

Page 224 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. a tree over the dead. It is probably a practice as old as life itself. Planting a tree over one's body or ashes has other meanings as well. It recognises one's primordial bonds with the earth, our primary mother. From an ecological angle, it rejuvenates the life-systems of the earth, serving as a carbon sink, converting carbon dioxide into life sustaining oxygen. (Obviously, this is only a short-term solution. Very soon, we need to go to the heart of the problem and eliminate the toxic gases that threaten life on the planet). It also prevents soil erosion and desertification.

Instead of cold tombstones and expensive samadhis, we could have living trees commemorating our lives. We are now one thousand million people in India. I presume about four million of them die each year. If even a quarter of that number left instructions that a tree should be planted over their remains we would have a million new trees each year. If the same proportion carried out the practice worldwide, we would have over a billion new trees each year. What better gesture to the significance of our lives than this act of greening the earth and connecting with our primordial mother.

On the subject of death, French philosopher Pierre Teilhard De Chardin wrote: "Blessed be you, mortal matter: you who one day will undergo the process of dissolution within us and will thereby take us forcibly into the very heart of that which exists."

From individualism to inter-existence: Extreme forms of selfish individualism now combine with aggressive commercial pursuits to create a world view that may lead to human self- destruction. Gregory Bateson has referred to this alarming individualism as the epistemological error of western civilisation. How does one move from this corrosive individualism to the healing influence of interexistence? It seems likely that we will have to fall back on the immanent intelligence of the earth if we are to radically change course and return to the state of interconnectedness with non-humans and humans. The human does not make sense outside this connectedness. Ideologies alone, however open and non-dogmatic, cannot lead us from self-destruction. Even altruism may be unnecessary, for interconnectedness implies that when we do good to another human being or the earth we are only doing good to ourselves, to our larger body.

Only the common spiritual field of our inter being with the natural world can give us the fulfilment necessary to distance ourselves from the over-determination of material and technological props. Lamenting our tendency to neglect the natural world and to "participate almost exclusively with other humans and with our human made technologies' philosopher David Abram writes, rather provocatively, "we are human only in contact, and conviviality, with what is not human." He means that our humanity can be completed only through a sensuous and fulfilling relationship with nature.

NS gcat : Political/General News

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | india : India | indsubz : Indian Subcontinent | sasiaz : Southern Asia AN Document thindu0020010715dx48002mf

HD A case for Honge oil as substitute for diesel.

BY By S.K.Ramoo.

WC 723 words

PD 6 April 2001

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP BANGALORE, APRIL 5. The Sustainable Transformation of Rural Areas (SuTRA), a programme unit of the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, has lately done commendable groundwork and research to demonstrate the potential of Honge oil as an effective substitute for diesel in the operation of diesel engines in rural areas.

Honge oil is extracted from the seeds of the Honge tree (whose Latin name is Pongamia Pinnata) which is grown in all parts of the country. In several States, its leaves are used as green manure, its seed cake is employed as fertilizer and its oil endowed with fungicidal properties is traded as non-edible vegetable oil.

TD According to Prof. U.Shrinivasa, Chief Programme Executive of SuTRA, who is the Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, IISc, India possessed 300 varieties of oil seed trees. He said extensive experimentation and field trails by SuTRA had demonstrated that Honge oil could be a low-cost, appropriate bio-fuel in the operation of diesel engines.

He said that the performance of diesel engines using Honge oil was found to be satisfactory, meeting scientific parameters. This was notwithstanding the higher carbon residue, when compared to diesel. The performance of diesel engines after 650 hours of running, equivalent to 30,000 km of travel, was found to be up to the mark.

According to him, the oil's higher viscosity could easily be corrected by pre-heating it before use. He claimed that the output of diesel engine remained the same although the calorific value was slightly lower, compared to the output when run on diesel. The distinct advantage

Page 227 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. of using the oil was that it was cheaper and highly economical in the long run as it only cost Rs.10.50 a kg. It would result in foreign exchange savings.

According to him, raising Honge plantations in rural areas will be both remunerative and beneficial to farmers as a hectare of Honge plantation with an yield of 10 tonnes of seeds will fetch an income of Rs.40,000.

He said that as a biofuel it offered a lot of advantages as it would fetch substantial additional income to farmers. Its oil extraction would provide employment in rural areas. He said that its use as biofuel in diesel power-generating plants would lead to de-centralisation of power supply in rural areas.

The other advantages would be drastic reduction in transmission and distribution losses and improvement in power supply reliability, even in remote rural areas. Its cost of production could be drastically reduced by raising large number of Honge trees.

According to foresters, Honge was a versatile tree which could be grown in all parts of the country, including the saline-soiled coastal belt, with care and nursing. Its output could be increased with scientific methods of cultivation, including grafting, gooting and use of green house and mist chambers.

The Karnataka Rural Development Department had promised assistance for raising Honge plantations by farmers in the State.

A discussion held recently on the IISc Campus was of the view that greater awareness required to be created among farmers and felt that they be educated about financial advantages from raising Honge plantations.

It wanted that research be conducted involving 300 varieties of oil-bearing seed trees for identifying ones which offered similar potential as the Honge oil. The meeting was of the view that more scientific data be generated relating to the performance of diesel engines using Honge oil as substitute. It constituted a Committee of Experts to popularise the use of Honge oil as it would result in saving precious foreign exchange.

According to Prof. Shrinivasa, about a hundred years ago, Rudolph Diesel used peanut oil to run engines. Interestingly, far back in 1930s at Calcutta (now Kolkata), 11 vegetable oils, including Honge oil, were used as substitutes for diesel in a study. It was not sustained as fossil fuels were found cheaper at that time.

Interestingly, an industrial unit, M/s. Dandeli Ferroalloys, by employing Honge oil as diesel

Page 228 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. substitute was saving lakhs of rupees. According to its spokesperson, it could be an effective substitute for diesel without being a deterrent to the performance of diesel engines. What is required is a strategy for a multi-pronged approach to popularise Honge oil.

IN i1 : Energy | i13 : Crude Oil/Natural Gas

NS c22 : New Products/Services | c23 : Research/Development | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | india : India | indsubz : Indian Subcontinent | sasiaz : Southern Asia IPC BANGALORE

AN Document thindu0020010715dx4600315

HD Beseeching the sky.

WC 2,157 words

PD 5 November 2000

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP Broken promises, greedy moneylenders, chemical fertilizer ... these, in addition to poverty, comprise the life of marginal farmers. Neglected by the government, the dryland farmers' only hope is the monsoon which assures them a better harvest. PUSHPA SURENDRA writes on their life, and struggles that seem endless.

TD THIS year the rains have continued to play hide and seek. Last year the first showers came in the last week of April itself. When the rains continued for a week into the month of May, the farmers around Yelwal were confused by this unexpected bounty of nature. Fields were ploughed in a great hurry. Newspapers "predicted" an early and normal monsoon. The next couple of weeks saw the whole village busy. Nobody had any time to create trouble for settlers like me, by tampering with my fence to steal coconuts and fruits. There was a tremendous shortage of male farm labour for orchard owners but there was nothing to do except wait for the labour to be available. Manja who works on my farm was absent for several days on end. He boasted that this year his family would be able to harvest two crops. He was already dreaming of the extra money this would bring.

Manja's family owns seven acres of land. As the only teenage son of elderly parents, he was required to help with the ploughing, sowing and weeding work on his land as well as earn some money by doing wage labour. Boys his age were unavailable for farm work as they worked in construction sites in nearby Mysore and earned twice as much they would earn by doing agricultural work. Manja often complained to me his difficulties in not having a brother to share the burden of work and handle the village bullies as well. He and his parents were still paying debts incurred for the marriage of his older sisters. His younger sister was of some help to the family as she cut grass for the cattle, cooked food and carried it to the fields for her parents during the work season. She had come of age recently and it was not proper to send

Page 230 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. her to the fields anymore. It was not the practice in these villages to not send girls who have come of age to work outside mainly because of the fear that they might be molested. Erappana Koppalu and Karakanahalli are only 18 kms from the city!

Manja works on my farm as a permanent labourer, except for the couple of weeks during the rains. Again he was off for a month during summer, walking several miles a day in the hot sun doing the "business" of buying tamarind and pongamia seeds for one rupee a seer and selling it at the auction in Mysore for double the amount. During summer he sometimes had as much as Rs. 500 in his pocket and showed off to by asking me if I needed money urgently. He earned enough to buy seeds to sow when the rains came. I also own seven acres of land like Manja and he never lost an opportunity to remind me of it whenever I pulled him up for one thing or the other. The difference between the educated, new settler farmers like me and Manja was that he had no money to invest in a pumpset and no capital to make major investments on the land. And hence totally dependent on the monsoon, so typical of dryland farmers. The land records system is so pathetically complicated that he would never be able to avail bank loans. Even if he could, villagers like him are wary of borrowing from the bank, though the interest rates charged by moneylenders are much higher than bank interest rates. Most villagers feel more comfortable borrowing from the known village money lenders without the bother of paperwork and other formalities. The moneylenders who lend to people like Manja, use their gold as surety and borrow money from the nationalised banks at lower rates of interest and use it to lend to the villagers as usurious rates of interest.

As an organic farmer growing fruit crops with the benefit of round-the-year irrigation, I find the farming practices of my neighbours in total contrast to my way of farming. Sometimes I wonder whether the more illiterate a farmer is, the more "modern" he is. The state institutions are making "modern" farmers out of the illiterate. If crop loans are to be availed by farmers, half the loan is available in the form of chemical fertilisers and pesticides. There is absolutely no question of it being available for cow dung and organic fertilisers. Even if this policy were to change in the future it is very likely that subsidies will be available only for purchase of branded organic fertilisers which will be expensive and make the farmer dependent on the fertilisers companies. Subsidies to farmers are only to subsidise industry and not the farmers directly.

The farming practices of my neighbours have evolved as a result of their dependence on chemical fertilisers. At the very sight of the first heavy rains land is ploughed several times and dried cow dung manure incorporated into the soil. This operation is more a ritual because the quality of the cow dung exposed to the elements during the summer months loses much of its value by the time it is ploughed into the soil. Though it can be enriched with green leaves of trees such as pongamia which abounds in the area, few of them take the trouble to add this vital organic bulk into the soil. Not many of them are aware of the conditions under

Page 231 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. which cow dung has to be stored. Fields are ploughed several times, with the purpose of softening the soil as well as killing all weed growth. Weed roots are once again manually removed before sowing the seeds. The land is robbed of all organic content by constant removal of weeds. After this follows a regimen of applying chemical fertilisers when the crop is a few weeks old followed by the spraying of pesticides done routinely whether there is a pest problem or not. In the case of cotton, fertilisers are applied just as the seeds are sown.

When all this was done last year, the rains suddenly stopped followed by a spell of very hot weather shattering Manja's dreams of harvesting two crops. The villagers did not seem to complain of this misfortune as much as I did. They took it in their stride. Manja happily told me his family had enough ragi stored that would last for a year while a fellow orchard owner with glee in his voice told me that the labour situation has improved for him and looked forward to a good year with cheap labour available for agricultural work. After all how many people can be employed in the construction industry? When the rains showed no signs of returning, my neighbours started ploughing several times to prevent the soil from hardening, turning over the scorched crop and removing them.

At the end of July it started raining again, enabling the farmers to grow and harvest only one crop.

The withdrawal of fertiliser subsidies has been generally applauded as a step in the right direction. It is widely believed especially among those opposed to chemical farming that the higher prices of fertilisers will discourage farmers from buying chemical fertilisers and that is indeed welcome. It would of course encourage the rural rich to switch over to organic farming. Among those who are aware of the trends in international agriculture and popularity of organic food products, there is a marked shift to organic farming. The Mysore Pinjrapole Society, an old and well-known institution run by the Jain community, set up with the intention of protecting stray and abused animals, especially cows, supports itself financially by the sale of cow dung. Its customers for cow dung are mainly the coffee planters from nearby Coorg district and Kerala. By March this year, the society had run out of cow dung and it needed some time for their cows to replenish their stock! Those who are buying cow dung by lorry loads are mainly supplementing the chemical fertilisers. This kind of mixed farming is encouraged by the agricultural departments and the horticultural departments through their extension programmes and so on. The "modern" farming ie., chemical farming they advocated at one time has become outdated by their own standards. With regard to the workings of the government, the situation reminds me of a statement made by a member of the Representative Assembly of erstwhile Mysore State who said "the government has neither a face nor a body that we can kick". No one need take responsibility for making the "traditional" Indian farmer "modern". The ultimate loser in this game is the small farmer who will be the last one to figure out that what is now "modern" is in fact traditional, age old

The small dryland farmer who has lost his skills and traditional knowledge may have to be retrained in the wisdom of his forefathers in such basics as the methods of storage of cow dung and the advantages of incorporating organic bulk into the soil and natural methods of pest control. The educated and the well-to-do farmer will be able to make the shift to organic easily, also because of availability of water throughout the year. There seems to be no plan of action at the taluk and panchayat level to make the farmers understand the shift from chemical to organic methods of farming, that is becoming necessary for a variety of reasons. Rainwater harvesting is another issue that is gaining some acceptance by the government but unless the poor and marginal farmer is helped with financial incentives, it is very likely to remain a low priority work. The rainy season is short in dryland farming areas and the typical farmer has so much work to do that digging rainwater harvesting pits with the distant promise of a higher water table is not motivation enough for them to invest their time and meagre financial resources. Half their time is gone grazing cattle, mainly done by women and children or the old while men are ploughing. Taking care of cattle, so that they do not stray into the cultivated fields may seem like underemployment to those not familiar with the burden of farming in dryland areas. There is anyway so little to graze for the cattle, if they are left unattended for a length of time they eat up not only the grass but the mud too, if they are tied to posts. The problems of farming families in dry zones are also that all work has to be done in that short period when the rains come; with smaller families, and some male members working in the cities for wage labour, the families simply cannot manage to complete all their routine work before the rains.

The agricultural and horticultural department have no clue about the ground realities. They apply their experience of government farms managed with the financial resources of the State with abundant labour to all farmers and deplore the "ignorance" and "inefficiency" of the farmer. Field visits are most uncommon. In cases of emergencies such as a pest attack, the officers have to be brought to the site by the farmers at their own expense. I had a taste of official arrogance and total lack of concern when some of my coconut trees were attacked by red palm weevil.

The slogan of yesteryears "jai jawan, jai kisan" is being revived for all kinds of opportunistic reasons. The government is forced by circumstances to take notice of the jawan but the kisan can be forgotten, though the jawan on the battle front out of uniform is the kisan on the farm front. Our politics has little means of understanding such ground realities and we sacrifice them without any care or compassion on both fronts. The kisan parties do not amount to much these days and do not have the political clout they once had. The political parties can ignore the mainstream farmer's movements and organisations that are rife with internal problems and struggles for leadership. They reflect the preoccupations of the mainstream

Page 233 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. political parties. With globalisation, it is the multinational companies that direct the agricultural policies of the government rather than any internal considerations.

The present government can afford to ignore the farmers of the country, because they have ceased to matter to their political interests. It is in such a scenario that grandiose national agricultural policies are formulated. For Manja and others like him, their life of toil and being at the mercy of the rain gods and local moneylenders will go on.

NS gcat : Political/General News

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | india : India | indsubz : Indian Subcontinent | sasiaz : Southern Asia AN Document thindu0020010818dwb500sww

HD Allergic trees - Contact Tree Courts for relief.

BY By Staff Reporter.

WC 432 words

PD 19 September 2000

SN The Times of India

SC TOI

LA English

LP BANGALORE: The forest department has stopped planting silk cotton trees (Bombax mulbarica) in urban spaces, informed Chief Conservator of Forests (Urban Division) Kanwarpal, on Monday. He clarified that the recent felling of silk cotton trees in Banashankari II Stage was because residents had complained that for years they had been unable to open their windows and doors due to the fermented smell of withered cotton and also the allergies caused by the pollen from these flowers.

The residents of Banashankari stressed that they intend to decorate the area with useful shrubby plants on the day of "Vijaya Dashami". Eco-friendly and shrubby trees belonging to Pongamia, Bhovania, Saraca, Phylanthus and other species are largely grown in urban spaces.

TD Be it for the heavy rains or the recent tree felling episode, the forest department is back in the news. The department claims it is doing the "odd but inevitable" job of felling a few trees to avert further damage to the public.

The procedure goes thus. Applicants desirous of eliminating "problem trees" have to essentially appeal to tree courts, according to the Karnataka Tree Preservation Act of 1976. Once the appeal is addressed to the Deputy Conservator of Forests (D.C.F), also known as Tree Officer, the range forest officer inspects the spot and recommends it to the D.C.F for final approval.

The Forest Department appoints tree wardens from among the public, with a view to provide

Page 235 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. transparency in the tree-cutting issue. Tree wardens work on voluntary basis. Sources from the Aranya Bhavan say that there are 251 tree wardens in the city.

The Tree Court meets on the first and third Saturday of every month when the D.C.F finally decides about the go-ahead for tree felling. Token deposits and insurance certificates pledged in favour of the Forest Department are then collected from the applicants and the money is used by the Department for further tree planting.

If the trees are to be felled in the B.C.C jurisdiction, the Forest Department gives the go- ahead to the Horticulture Department.

Dr Kanwarpal, Conservator of Forests (Bangalore Division) said that the Forest Department is working with the Bangalore City Corporation and the Bangalore Development Authority to grow more trees. Besides planting over 40,000 saplings, the Forest department has given around 75,000 seedlings to the City Corporation this year, he maintained.

With a few exceptions, soft wood trees will not be planted because they cannot usually withstand the stormy winds during rainy season, Kanwarpal said.

NS gcat : Political/General News | genv : Environmental News

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | india : India | indsubz : Indian Subcontinent | sasiaz : Southern Asia IPC MBAN

AN Document toi0000020010818dw9j00r7r

Page 236 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. HD Performance evaluation of non-edible vegetable oils as substitute fuels in low heat rejection diesel engines BY C.M.V. Prasad; M.V.S.M. Krishna; C.P. Reddy; K.R. Mohan

CR Affiliation: Sri Venkateswara Engineering College, Nalgonda District; Mechanical Engineering Department, Chaitanya Bharati Inst. of Technol.; Mechanical Engineering Department, Vijaynagar Engineering College; Mechanical Engineering Department, VNR Vignan Jyothi Engg. College WC 325 words

PD 31 July 2000

SN API EnCompass: Automotive

SC APAU

VOL API No. L200009428; ISSN 0954-4070

LA English

LP From: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering --

Search for renewable fuels, such as vegetable oils, particularly non-edible vegetable oils, has become more pertinent in the context of the fossil fuel crisis and vehicle population explosion.

TD Non-edible vegetable oils, such as Pongamia oil and Jatropha curcas oil were used as substitute fuels in the low heat rejection diesel engine.

Esterification, preheating, and increase in injection pressures were performed for effective utilization of the vegetable oils.

Performance parameters, such as brake specific energy consumption and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) for varying magnitudes of brake mean effective pressure with different non-edible oils as substitute fuels were presented.

Esterified Jatropha curcas oil was an effective substitute fuel for use in the compression ignition (CI) engine on the basis of technical evaluation and socio-economic aspects, except for higher smoke levels.

Preheating resulted in improved energy efficiency with the non-edible vegetable oils.

The NO(sub)x levels decreased with all the three non-edible vegetable oils (Pongamia oil, Jatropha curcas oil, and crude Jatropha) compared with diesel fuel.

The combustion parameters were within reasonable limits, indicating that the non-edible vegetable oils can be used as substitute fuels in the LHR CI engine.

2 diagrams, 4 tables, 4 graphs, and 7 references

RF Processing date is used as the publication date for some annuals. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 214/2 181-187 (2000) IN i1 : Energy | i14 : Petroleum/Coal Products | iaut : Automobiles

HD TreeBute - Umbrella-shaped tree.

WC 326 words

PD 18 July 2000

SN The Times of India

SC TOI

LA English

LP Common name: Karanj or Pongam; Biological name: Pongamia Pinnata; Local Name Marathi: Karanj or Karanja; Tamil: Pongam; Malyalam: Pungu

A fairly common tree along the city roads, especially along the Bank Street opposite the Stock Exchange. It grows naturally in and around the city, wherever it gets hold of a small patch of land. In the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, this medium sized, nearly evergreen tree prefers to grow along the forest streams and it is also seen along the wooded seacoast, in the suburbs. In fact, it is popular as avenue tree planted for shade, which its umbrella-shaped crown provides. Cattle and goat find leaves of this plant distasteful and hence leave it alone. In the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, a valley is called the Pongam valley, where these trees grow abundantly.

TD It is evergreen almost throughout year, but in dry places it may shed its leaves for a short period. However, soon there is flush of bright green, shining leaves to provide shelter in the scorching April-May heat. This is the time when it starts flowering. This tree is a lovely sight when it blooms profusely displaying its purple-tinged white flowers that are mildly fragrant. While the tree flowers, the entire area below is carpeted with fallen flowers. The flowers attract a variety of butterflies, moths, bees and other insects. Butterflies like the Cerulean and Brown Awl lay their eggs on this plant. With a lot of insect activity around this tree, insect eating birds too prefer this tree to feed, roost and nest. A research survey has shown that birds prefer this tree the most.

So do not miss Kanranj, if you want to attract birds in your garden. Pods ripen by May-June, and are collected to extract reddish brown oil from the seeds. The oil is used as an illuminant and as a lubricant for engines.

Issac Kehimkar

PRO, Bnhs

[email protected].

NS gcat : Political/General News | genv : Environmental News

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | india : India | indsubz : Indian Subcontinent | sasiaz : Southern Asia AN Document toi0000020010818dw7i00c3d

HD Summer's here.

WC 557 words

PD 11 May 2000

SN The Times of India

SC TOI

LA English

LP It is early summer with the day temperatures already rising to 40 C. Koels, Orioles, Crimson Breasted Barbets can be heard from their shady perches. Deciduous trees like Red Silk Cotton (Salmalia Malbarica/Ceiba Bombax), Coral Tree (Erythrina Indica) having shed their leaves, stand out with their bright flowers providing much-needed colour to the otherwise drab cityline of Mumbai. On these trees can also be found a large congregation of Rosy Pastors and Drongos.

TD Life is not the same in the Borivali National Park with a variety of trees like Flame of the Forest (Ibutea Monosperma), Bonfire Tree (Firminia colorata), Ghost Tree (Sterculia Urens) other than the afore-mentioned trees blooming in the park. There are also Kusum (Schleichera Oleosa), standing out with its Crimson leaves, and Kino (Pterocarpus Marsupium), Monkey Biscuit (Holoptelia Intergrfolia) among other seeds standing out on the bare trees. These trees have been attracting a large number of birds like Black Headed Oriole, Racquet Tailed Drongo, Common Grey Hornbills among other birds. Cicadas can be heard calling throughout the forest. The forest may be silent for a few seconds and suddenly, the next minute, you hear one cicada calling to another, quickly joined by others enmasse till the orchestra reaches a crescendo.

A walk in the forest around this time is quite rewarding for lovers of wildlife as among its deciduous trees, birds can be spotted at ease and with reduced water levels sighting for large mammals like Leopard, Spotted Dear, Sambar, Barking Deer, etc is also easier during early mornings and late evenings.

Come monsoon and the whole forest floor will be abuzz with activity. Seeds lying dormant till then, start germinating and bare branches start sprouting leaves. Cranium lilies spring at

Page 241 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. places which till then, were a dry lake bed. They emerge within the first week of showers and disappear without a trace in two weeks time. Also emerge Wild Turmeric (Curcuma Pseudomontana) and insects, which were hitherto drab, to camouflage with the dry surroundings. These will now have turned green to go with the lush green undergrowth.

In the city, this is the time which nature lovers are looking forward to. A time when the BMC, Friends of the Trees and other NGOs, distribute saplings. The most common saplings distributed around this time are Gulmohar (Delonix regia), Rain Tree (Samanea Saman), Copper pod (peltophorum Pterocarpum), Ashoka (Polyalthia Longifolia). These are not necessarily good for our native soil.

Instead the above mentioned organisations would do better by distributing seeds or saplings of Devil's Tree (Alstonia Scholars), Kanaka Champa (Pterospermum Acerifolium), Karanj (Pongamia Pinnata), Kadamba (Anthocephalus Kadamba), Neem (Azadirachta Indica), etc, as all these trees are very good shade-giving trees. Queen's Flower/Pride of India (Lagerstromia Speciosa) - which also happens to be the State Flower of Maharashtra, Persian Lilac (Melia Azadirach), Jacaranda (Jacaranda Mimosifolia), Indian Cork Tree (Milingtonia Hortensis), African Tulip Tree (Spathodea Campanulata), Cannon Ball (couropita Guanensis) locally known as Kailashpati - all these trees are known for their beautiful flowers. These trees can be interspersed with Red Silk Cotton (Salmalia Malbarica), Yellow Silk Cotton (Cochlospermum Reliogosum), Singapore Cherry (Muntingia Calabura), different varieties of Coral Trees like White Coral (Erythrina Alba), different varieties of Cassias and, of course, the Indian Laburnum (Cassia Fistula).

Sanal R Nair

(Member, BNHS).

NS gcat : Political/General News | genv : Environmental News

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | india : India | indsubz : Indian Subcontinent | sasiaz : Southern Asia AN Document toi0000020010819dw5b00okx

HD Summer's here.

WC 557 words

PD 11 April 2000

SN The Times of India

SC TOI

LA English

On these trees can also be found a large congregation of Rosy Pastors and Drongos.

Come monsoon and the whole forest floor will be abuzz with activity. Seeds lying dormant till

Page 243 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. then, start germinating and bare branches start sprouting leaves. Cranium lilies spring at places which till then, were a dry lake bed. They emerge within the first week of showers and disappear without a trace in two weeks time. Also emerge Wild Turmeric (Curcuma Pseudomontana) and insects, which were hitherto drab, to camouflage with the dry surroundings. These will now have turned green to go with the lush green undergrowth.

Sanal R Nair

(Member, BNHS).

NS gcat : Political/General News

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | india : India | indsubz : Indian Subcontinent | sasiaz : Southern Asia AN Document toi0000020010819dw4b00hi7

HD IIS offers honge seed as alternative fuel to diesel Girish Rao.

WC 487 words

PD 17 January 2000

SN The Economic Times

SC ECTIM

LA English

LP BANGALORE 16 JANUARY

EVEN as Karnataka remains at the centrestage of the Cogentrix crisis, the Indian Institute of Science (IIS), Bangalore, has come up with an alternate fuel to power generation - using honge seed (scientific name: pongamia pinnata) as fuel.

TD Sources associated with the programme said that the proposal, designed largely for electrification of rural areas, had been put up before the chief minister's office. The latter is understood to have advised the department of non-conventional energy to examine it.

Offered as the eco-friendly substitute for diesel, honge seed has been used in some villages in a pilot project for some time now. The venture is being spearheaded by Professor U Shrinivasa, chief programme executive, Sustainable Transformation of Rural Areas (Sutra), Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIS. The project has successfully used honge seed to generate electricity for lighting and pumping drinking water in villages of Kunigal taluk, Tumkur district.

Sutra has used a regular generator set and substituted diesel with a non-edible vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the locally available honge tree. Sources say with the cost of diesel moving up, honge seed offers an interesting alternative.

According to the proposal, the cost of generation, which is estimated at over Rs 4 per unit, depends largely on the expenses incurred in procuring honge seeds. While the cost of generating power may be more than the price incurred by state utilities like KPTCL at present from conventional sources of generation, it is expected to be cheaper than systems involving

Page 245 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. diesel as fuel. The one-time cost of installing a generating set to energise a village will not be more than Rs 1-2 crore. One hectare of land will be needed to plant about 200 trees, each yielding 80 kg of seed. Four kilos of seed in turn will provide one kg of oil which can be used to run a village field pump for one hour, alternately it can generate three kwh of power.

Besides, a comparative study between diesel and honge done by Sutra indicates that most farmers can grow enough honge seed to meet their fuel requirements, unlike diesel which is imported in significant quantities. Honge fuel is renewable and a locally available resource in villages whereas diesel is a non-renewable fossil resource which is likely to be exhausted in the not so distant future.

The honge fuel price is free from any foreign exchange risks, and is cost-effective when extensively used as compared to other commercially available energy sources.

On the environment front, extensive use of honge will not contribute to global warming since the tree fixes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere which goes back on use of the oil while fossil fuels (through which diesel is sourced) which are mined add CO2 to the atmosphere on combustion.

IN i1 : Energy | i16 : Electricity/Gas Utilities | i16101 : Electric Power Generation | i163 : Electric Power Generation - Alternative Energy NS c23 : Research/Development | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | india : India | indsubz : Indian Subcontinent | sasiaz : Southern Asia AN Document ectim00020010807dw1h00f7g

HD Honge oil, a viable substitute for diesel.

BY By Our Staff Reporter.

WC 729 words

PD 3 October 1999

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP oil extracted from Honge (Pongamia) tree in operating diesel engines, the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, has put forth a viable strategy to phase out the import of diesel saving vital foreign exchange.

What's more, India could also export this "alternative diesel" if its recommendations are taken seriously and implemented forthwith, according to the IISc.

TD Billed as eco-friendly, the strategy involves growing of millions of Honge trees or any other species of oil-seed bearing trees to extract oil to replace diesel. The oil thus extracted is known as vegetable oil.

Sooner or later, the country will have to look for such a viable alternative as diesel is a non- renewable energy source on the one hand, and its price is shooting up in the international market on the other, it has been pointed out. The price of a barrel of crude oil in the international market has gone up to over $20 from $10.5 a few months ago.

Unless the Union Government hikes subsidy on diesel, its price is likely to double.

The possibility of self-reliance in diesel should cheer the policy-makers who can now take major initiatives in this direction, says Prof. Udipi Shrinivasa, who is heading this project of the IISc.

"Honge will be the cheapest of the renewable energy sources besides being indigenous," he

Page 247 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. said. Honge is vastly grown in the southern parts of the country. It is known as Ganaga in Telugu, Pungu in Tamil, Karanj in Hindi and Indian Beach Tree in Australia.

Experiments at the IISc have shown that the 1.1 litre of Honge oil can produce the same energy produced by one litre of diesel.

Vegetable oils can be locally extracted, filtered and used, as the experiments of the IISc in a cluster of five villages near Bangalore, have shown. When oil is used in bulk, units can be set up for filtering it.

In the villages where field trials are going on, power generation for supplying electricity and water to over 500 houses are being run mainly on Honge oil. The oil is also used to supply water through pumps to irrigate farm lands. Honge is being grown on a vast expanse of Government land to produce adequate Honge seeds to cater to the energy needs of the area in the future, including pumping water for irrigation.

This is part of a Rs. 257-lakh project funded by the Union Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources and the Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj of the State Government.

It is estimated that 100 trees can be grown per hectare, yielding 10 tonnes to 15 tonnes of seeds per hectare on maturing. The seeds contain about 25 per cent to 30 per cent oil. Thus, every 10 million hectare of tree cover can provide 25 million tonnes to 30 million tonnes of diesel substitute. The 70 million tonnes of cake that will be produced, could substitute an equivalent quantity of Indian coal.

Prof. Shrinivasa says that the annual produce from 30-million hectare can completely replace current use of fossil fuels - both liquid and solid which is required in mining - at a cost that the country can afford (extraction of one litre of oil in villages costs Rs. 6).

The wasteland available in the country is estimated at 70 million hectares to 130 million hectares. If 30 million hectares of this can be used, the country will have used about 25 per cent to 35 per cent of the wasteland in a meaningful way.

If the country launches a large scheme for mass production of vegetable oil seeds, which can help phase out import of diesel, it may not get any positive response from the world. Many countries may oppose it, it is said. Countries which benefit from trading in oil (not being the producers) may prefer to have countries importing diesel.

All over the world, thrust is on to grow more firewood keeping in view its shortage. In fact, the

Prof. Shrinivasa says countries such as India need not grow firewood as it is not in short supply. Rather, it can encourage growing of oil-seed bearing trees to help save vital foreign exchange.

IN i41 : Food/Beverages/Tobacco | i411 : Vegetable Oils

NS c22 : New Products/Services | c23 : Research/Development | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | india : India | indsubz : Indian Subcontinent | sasiaz : Southern Asia AN Document thindu0020010912dva30080t

BY H S Arathi; K N Ganeshaiah; R Uma Shaanker; S G Hegde

WC 64 words

PD 1 May 1999

SN American Journal of Botany

SC IABO

PG 659-662

VOL Volume 86, Issue 5; ISSN: 0002-9122

LA English

LP In Pongamia pinnata only one of the two ovules develops into a seed in most of the pods. Since pollen was not found to be limiting and reduced fertilization could not completely explain the observed frequency of seed abortion, it implied an effect of postfertilization factors.

IN i0 : Agriculture/Forestry | i01002 : Horticulture | i0100201 : Floriculture/Plant Nurseries

NS gcat : Political/General News | genv : Environmental News | gsci : Science/Technology

IPD Feature | Seeds | Flowers & plants | Pollen | Evolution

AN Document iabo000020010827dv510001s

SE SCIENCE SCOPE

HD TECHNOLOGY: DEAD COMFORTABLE

BY K.M. THOMAS, STEPHEN DAVID AND SUBHADRA MENON

WC 514 words

PD 5 April 1999

SN India Today

SC INTY

PG 61

LA English

LP TECHNOLOGY Dead Comfortable

TD Keeping the dead for relatives and friends to arrive is always a dreaded experience because of the sheer indignity of a public morgue. Now, people may have a choice: porgues, or portable morgues. Shanthakumar of the Chennai-based Flying Squad Ambulance service has come up with a simple solution. He has built an air-conditioned coffin of sorts, with a built-in heavy duty one-tonne compressor, cooling coil, fan and stabiliser, all fixed at the bottom of a big box. The 68-kg porgue can work on main powerlines or a genset and the body can be preserved for several days, so long as there is power supply. Carrying dead bodies preserved in ice can be a messy job, and there is no way a body can remain intact for more than 10 hours. The porgue has an air- tight lid and a glass-topped portion from where the body can be viewed. Hiring the equipment for a day costs Rs 1,500 and it can be bought for Rs 1.5 lakh. According to Shanthakumar, the demand for his invention is growing and he now intends to patent and mass-produce the porgue.

FEAR THE SUMMER

After the scorching, record-breaking heat of 1998, this year promises to be worse. Some cities are already hotter than they were last year. In Bhubaneswar, Orissa's ground zero last

AGRICULTURE Hack the Males!

It is something that always nags papaya growers -- they cannot tell the male plants from the females. That is vital for a good harvest since male plants do not bear fruit. Only once the females bear fruit do the farmers know. Which means the space, effort and fertiliser that the males guzzle goes waste. So, a DNA-based method developed by scientists at the National Chemical Laboratory in Pune might prove useful. They have located a specific fragment of DNA found only in male papayas. Yanking DNA from the leaf cells, scientists chop it up using restriction enzymes and amplify the fragments. If the special male fragment is detected, farmers can AXE that particular tree without a second thought. Of course, it may be some time before the laboratory-scale work will be upscaled for commercial use.

ADVANCES

RINGS SO LIGHT: Scientists at the National Physical Laboratory in Delhi have worked out a way to make life happier for India's 10 million polio-affected children. They have developed carbon rings to replace steel rings used in the Illizarov fixator that corrects limb deformities. The carbon rings are ten times cheaper and make the fixators 25 per cent lighter. Some rings.

SEED POWER: Diesel engine generators powered by oil from a seed? It is happening in Tumkur, Karnataka, where engineers from Bangalore's Indian Institute of Science have put honge oil from seeds of the Pongamia tree to use. It is efficient, say the scientists. Three cheers for the humble honge.

AN Document inty000020010828dv45000dj

HD Sheesham trees dying due to water logging.

BY By R P Nailwal.

WC 448 words

PD 13 January 1999

SN The Times of India

SC TOI

LA English

LP The Times of India News Service

DEHRA DUN:Large tracts of sheesham (dalbergia sissoo) forests in north India are dying and lakhs of trees in Bihar, UP, Haryana and Himchal Pradesh will have to be eventually uprooted posing a problem for the foresters of the respective states.

TD " This sisoo mortality in the entire northern belt is due to prolonged rainfall last year and this year too,"says J.K. Rawat, director of Forest Research Institute ( FRI) here.

According to him, sheesham is known to come up naturally in areas where the soil is light- textured, providing adequate aeration and drainage. However, when it is raised on unsuitable sites, where the soil is clayed or stiff and waterlogging conditions prevail or where the water table is sufficiently high, sheesham fails to withstand anaerobic conditions and the trees invariably die. The roots of such trees are subsequently colonised by "fusarium", a soil borne fungus.

The main areas identified in Bihar and Haryana, where a team of the FRI experts had been sent for an on the spot study are: Muzaffarpur, Champaran, Gopalgang and Siwan (all Bihar) and Girinar and, Virtapu (Haryana). Sissoo forests in Yamunanagar in Haryana adjoining the Doon valley area are also believed to be dying though the FRI is yet to make an on the spot assessment.

Sheesham forests in eastern Uttar Pradesh and the Doon valley are in the grip of fusarium

Page 253 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. fungus which is spreading fast. It is said that this fungus, under the available moisture conditions caused by prolonged rains, spread from the Champaran forests in Bihar to Gorakhpur, Deoria and finally Gonda in eastern UP.

According to some experts, excessive use of urea led to the excessive growth of this fungus. " Under moist conditions, the feeder root of sissoo get chocked. Such roots are attacked by "Fusarium",says M.D. Malhotra, head of the pathology division of FRI, who headed the three- member experts' team to Bihar and Haryana.

The FRI has recommended to the Bihar government that only mixed species should be cultivated near the water bodies and not monoculture of sheesam. Among such species could be neem, eucalyptus, pongamia pinnata,jamun, albizia, arjun, and trewia. Similar advice would be given to the Haryana and UP governments.

" The sheesham cycle is between 45 and 50 years. This means that it will take at least as many years for a sheesam tree to replace the uprooted one," points out R.C. Thapliyal of the seed division of the FRI. Besides, "one cubic feet of sheesham costs between Rs 300 and Rs 400," Mr Rawat added.

NS gcat : Political/General News | genv : Environmental News | grisk : Risk News

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | india : India | indsubz : Indian Subcontinent | sasiaz : Southern Asia AN Document toi0000020010912dv1d016ir

HD Growing a shade garden.

WC 999 words

PD 17 May 1998

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP SHADE in the garden for some gardeners is a problem. To others who are fond of shade- loving plants which include the commonly displayed house plants, shade is a blessing.

In a warm and sunny place like Chennai (Madras), the sun allows a good number of plants to flourish. Many annuals and flowering shrubs including Bougainvilleas thrive in the sun but when they come under shade they fail to grow and flower well.

TD Shade is cast in the garden by trees, buildings and tall structures. Tress planted with no consideration to their size when full grown, and with highrise buildings unexpectedly springing up in the next compound are hurdles in the cultivation of plants that need direct sun. When faced with the question of shade in the garden, an experienced gardener will change over to plants meant for the shade like Hostas, Alocasias, Diffenbachias, Monsteras, Aglaonemas, Calatheas, Syngoniums etc. They greenery and beauty of foliage plants are appealing to the eye though comparatively they are not as colourful as flowering plants in direct sunlight.

Try growing shade plants in pots or on the ground. The filtered sun coming through the canopy of tall trees or the open light between buildings is enough for the well being of most shade plants.

When placing plants in the shade, care should be taken about seasonal changes of sunlight falling on them. In summer, when intensity and warmth of sunlight increases, transfer the plants to protected areas if they are grown in pots. Leaves of some Philodendrons and Syngoniums and even palms that got used to living indoors or in semishady places become `burnt' when direct sunlight falls on them. If the water is slightly brackish (as is the case in many areas in Chennai) stop sprinkling water on the leaves. Chlorine and other chemicals in

Rain water is the best for plants and some of it could be collected and stored when it rains in the monsoon months of June-July or November-January. A little quantity of cow's milk added to the water for cleaning the leaves gives them a sparkling look.

Though most of the faliaceous garden plants do not bear colourful flowers, there are some that help gardners to break the manotonous green of the shade garden. Anthuriums, Spathiphyllums, Amaryllis, Spider Lilies (crinums and Hymenocallis) the many species and hybrids of Impatiens (J. Walleriana and J. Walleriana `Holstii etc.) are flowering shade plants.

In Chennai, the hardier varieties of Anthuriums do flower if well looked after. The Spathe Lily or Peace Flag Spathiphyllum flowers in the cooler months and early summer and it produces Anthurium-like white flowers. Hymenocallis speaciosa is often found growing in Chennai unaided in shade and fully clad in foliage flowering in the beginning of summer.

`The much hybridised Impatiens plants often go under the common names of Sultan's Balsam and Busy Lizzie and they produce pink, white, mauve, arrange, and purple flowers. They are tender but tenacious plants that spring up all over the garden in the second year. Amaryllis belladonna the True Amaryllis or Naked Lily produces colourful blooms in the summer when they are without leaves.

Gardeners consider Ferns a synonym of the shade garden. Ferns like Boston Fern Nephrolepis exaltata bostoniensis and the Hart's tongue phyllitis scolopendrium do well in Chennai but the more beautiful Maindenhair Fern Adiantum raddianum (=A. cuneatum) and other species are for the cooler places and green houses on the hills. The Stag Horn Fern Platycerium bifurcatum is also a difficult plant in Chennai.

The variously coloured Coleus (now called Solenostemon) loves to grow in semishade. In Chennia, at the height of summer, most of them dry up and die. If cuttings are taken before the onset of summer, rooted in sand and kept in the shade till the heat subsides, some varieties can be saved to start a Coleus display in the cooler months.

Too much shade will rob Coleus blumei of their colour and the plants will show signs of etiolation. Flowers of Coleus (for which they are not grown) are to be nipped to keep the leaves larger and brighter. A little time added to the soil increases the colour of leaves. A study of trial and error will convince you about the right place for Coleus in the shade garden.

Among the foliaceous plants, Money Plant Scindapsus aureus and its garden forms,

Page 256 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Chlorophytums, Tradescantias, Dichondra reopens, Hemigraphis colourata, Setcreasia purpurea are also selections for a Chennai shade garden. All of them can also be grown as groundcovers.

Plants growing under trees not only face the problem of too little light but also competition from roots of trees. Trees like Gul Mohr and Rain Tree produce many superficial roots. Roots of species of Ficus and Pongamia go spreading in search of water and produce `mats' in moist places like plant beds. Occasionally cutting the roots, digging them up and manuring the beds to a certain extent, help the shade plants grow under trees. It is advisable to keep plants in pots under trees if the roots of the trees are disturbing the plants. The tree roots will even enter the pots through the drainage holes in which case, the pots should be removed and repotted with new soil.

Shade is associated with coolness and moisture and shade-loving plants love to grow in leafmould that in nature collects under trees. A gardener can easily make leafmould-based potting mixture by adding equal quantities of sand, loam and dry and powdered cowdung to decomposed leafmould. The leaves of Pungam, Rain Tree, Coral Tree and Bauhinia etc., often seen growing in large gardens make good leafmould.

It is a story of relationship that explains how plants that grow in the shade of trees thrive on the mulch created by the fallen leaves.

O. T. RAVINDRAN.

NS gcat : Political/General News

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | india : India | indsubz : Indian Subcontinent | sasiaz : Southern Asia AN Document thindu0020010928du5h009t7

SE Gardening

HD Shade tree meant for city living

BY Lam Peng Sam

WC 804 words

PD 25 April 1998

SN The New Straits Times

SC NSTRAT

ED Life and Times; 2*

PG 10

LA English

LP THE family Leguminosae (bean or pea family) has some of the most glorious of flowering and ornamental trees and shrubs and a good number of creeping vines as well.

Many are tropical and subtropical plants. There are some 270-330 species occurring in the lowland and mountain forests of Peninsular Malaysia, and so are an important group of the country's flora.

TD They ought to be considered for our urban centres, especially. With the expansion of cities and new highways, there is an ever-increasing need for shade and for the "beautification" of concrete buildings.

Researchers have shown that road surfaces, depending on the paving material, are capable of reflecting 25 to 45 per cent of sunlight, and cement walls, up to 60 per cent, partly as light and the rest as heat.

Plants can have a great moderating effect on the environment. In the tropics, dense foliage is capable of absorbing about 60-70 per cent of the sun's rays (it reflects some 15-17 per cent and transmits 13 per cent).

Sensibly sited and suitably chosen, plants of the Leguminosae family, which have both a functional and aesthetic value, will go a long way in helping people take pleasure in their environment.

The Pongamia pinnata is one such plant. It makes a lovely avenue tree when spaced out, maintains a round canopy shape with little grooming, and can withstand pollution well.

This versatile tree, known commonly as Mempari or Seaside Mempari, was introduced to urban planting in the 1960s when an all-out effort was made to look for evergreen hardy trees that could withstand the harshness of the city centre.

There are a few species of this plant which can be found from India to Fiji, but Peninsular Malaysia has just one type. These occur naturally in sea-shore areas, and can also be found a little inland along riverbanks and riverine areas.

The tree is deciduous, which has led many to view them as being a little untidy during the hot dry periods when they shed most of their leaves.

Just before most of the new leaves emerge, the flower buds unfurl against a background of pinkish green young foliage.

The flowers are lilac-pink to light purple and can be quite a welcome sight after the older green leaves have fallen off. When in flower, the blossoms look spectacular and the ground below gets a pinkish carpet.

The inland variety has a more definite and darker hue of lilac-purple blossoms in bunches on short stalks.

This plant has a lot of uses in local medicine. Juice from the plant and oil extracted from the seeds have been used to treat skin diseases. An oil extracted from the seeds is much used as a liniment for rheumatism. The seeds also contain a chemical that is used as fish poison.

A lot of Pongamia pinnata have been planted in parks and gardens in city centres since the 1960s and many fine specimens can still be seen, for example at the Lake Gardens and alongside some roads in Kuala Lumpur, such as the stretch of Jalan Tun Razak in front of the National Library.

Pongamia has a very strong rooting system. Its roots have the characteristic habit of running on the soil surface, forming a woody and very hard and uneven layer on top.

The trees are medium gravers and will maintain a good upright posture without having to rely on staking.

Pongamia pinnata belongs to the sub-family of Papilionaceae of the main Leguminosae family. It is a medium-sized tree that can grow to 25 metres, with a fairly dense rounded crown and light shiny green leaves.

The tree has a smooth, dull grey trunk. Its roundish, compact canopy shape fits very well in confined gardens in the city centre.

The tree can withstand hard pruning to keep growth within bounds, especially where there are overhead service lines.

Leaves are 15cm-30cm long and glabrous. Each leaf consists of two pairs of leaflets with one terminal leaflet 8cm-18cm by 5cm-10cm broad. Each is ovate or broadly elliptical. The leaf laminae is thinly leathery, having a waxy appearance. Leafstalk is short.

Flowers, which are finely silky, are 1.2cm long, with racemes of 10cm- 20cm arising from the axils of leaves. The calyx-cups are pinkish to dull red.

Seed pods are formed freely, each measuring 3.7cm-6.5cm. They are oblong and glabrous, flattened but with thick, woody walls.

Each pod ends with a slight curved point at the tip. The fruit is subtended by a short slender stalk, maturing to light brown. A pod usually has one seed; very rarely does it have two.

ART Caption: Pongamia pinnata ... Medium sized ornamental tree good for landscaping.

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | malay : Malaysia | seasiaz : Southeast Asia AN Document nstrat0020010918du4p00bx9

HD IISC experimenting with fuel oil from herbs.

BY By M Ahmed NEW DELHI.

WC 515 words

PD 16 March 1998

SN Business Standard

SC BSTN

PG 12

LA English

LP After the herbal petrol hoax, a bio-fuel is on the horizon. Oil extracted from the seed of the pongamia plant found in the Western Ghats region of Karnataka has been identified as a potential substitute for diesel.

The Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore is experimenting with the oil in generators installed to power water supply pumps in certain hamlets of the region. While the pongamia oil is not claimed to be a replacement for diesel in motor vehicle engines, it works well in low efficiency generators used to power irrigation pumpsets.

TD While the experimental validity of pongamia oil has been proven, its commercial validity is still a long way from being established.

However, there is much promise as a potential diesel substitute. Experiments with using the oil in a tractor engine have been successful with the machine running for 15 hours. No modification was done either to the engine or fuel injection system. The power output and exhaust were within acceptable limits. IISc sources said despite the encouraging results, it would be too premature to claim suitability in motorvehicle engines.

The experimental project is being coordinated by Application of Science and Technology in Rural Areas (Astra), a specialised wing of the IISC. IISC sources said they were working on it for over an year to find a low cost substitute for diesel in low efficiency generators.

In yearlong experiments, the pongamia oil, at Rs. 3 a litre was proving a cost effective substitute for even subsidized diesel supplied to villages at Rs. 9 a litre. An Astra study has revealed that an hectare of pongamia trees can yield upto 36 tonnes of oil and 10 tonnes of oilcake as fertiliser.

The raw oil is filtered and thinned before using in the irrigation generator. The extraction and processing is a low cost operation and can be performed by a medium scale vegetable oil extraction plant.

The sources said they wanted to conduct many more experiments before declaring the pongamia oil as a diesel substitute in some applications. "We do not want to end up as the herbal petrol disaster," they said.

They needed to study its effects on the engine in extreme heat and cold. Vegetable oils have a relatively higher cooling point as compared to mineral oil and lose certain properties when exposed to extreme heat.

The effect on engine casing, fuel delivery systems and injectors over a long period was a major consideration in using it as a diesel substitute. "At least a two or three years research was needed with a number of motor vehicle engines and varying climatic conditions to test long term engine response to the new bio-fuel," the sources said.

Pongamia oil, popularly known as "honge" in Karnataka is used in parts of the state in irrigation pumpsets by mixing it with diesel. The Astra project took the cue from there to find a refined version of the oil so that it could be used as a proper diesel substitute.

RE asiaz : Asia | devgcoz : Emerging Market Countries | india : India | indsubz : Indian Subcontinent | sasiaz : Southern Asia AN Document bstn000020030726du3g00jdk

WC 64 words

PD 7 October 1997

SN HAPPI (Household and Personal Products Industry)

SC HAPPIH

PG 156

LA English

LP Quest International has appointed Brooks Industries of South Plainfield, NJ, US, as the exclusive agent in the US for the sale of its cosmetic ingredients including Questamide H ceramide analog, Ceramide II skin lipid, Questice cooling agent and pongamia extract for UV protection.

HAPPI, Household & Personal Products Industry, Vol. 34, No. 8

TD (c) Royal Society of Chemistry 1997.

CO brkind : BROOKS INDUSTRIES INC | ici : Imperial Chemical Industries plc

IN i25 : Chemicals | i258 : Cosmetics/Toiletries | icnp : Consumer Products

NS ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

RE namz : North America | usa : United States | usaz : Arizona | usw : Western U.S.

AN Document happih0020011001dta7000an

WC 58 words

PD 7 October 1997

SN Drug and Cosmetic Industry

SC DRGCI

PG 68

LA English

LP Brooks Industries Inc has been chosen by Quest International to exclusively sell and distribute Quest International's cosmetic ingredients in the US. Its speciality product range includes Questice, Pongamia Extract, Questamide H and Ceramide II.

Drug and Cosmetic Industry (DCI), Vol. 161, No. 2

TD (c) Royal Society of Chemistry 1997.

CO brkind : BROOKS INDUSTRIES INC | ici : Imperial Chemical Industries plc

IN i25 : Chemicals | i258 : Cosmetics/Toiletries | icnp : Consumer Products

NS c33 : Contracts/Orders | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

RE namz : North America | usa : United States | usaz : Arizona | usw : Western U.S.

AN Document drgci00020011001dta70002k

WC 54 words

PD 16 September 1997

SN Manufacturing Chemist

SC MCHMDI

PG 39

LA English

CY Copyright Miller Freeman 1997

LP An agreement has been reached between Quest International and Brooks Industries whereby Brooks will sell and distribute Quest cosmetic ingredients, including Ceramide II, Qestamide H, Pongamia extract (UV protection) and Questice (cooling agent) in the US.

Manufacturing Chemist, Vol. 68, No. 9

TD (c) Royal Society of Chemistry 1997.

CO brkind : BROOKS INDUSTRIES INC | ici : Imperial Chemical Industries plc

IN i25 : Chemicals | i258 : Cosmetics/Toiletries | icnp : Consumer Products

NS ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

RE namz : North America | usa : United States | usaz : Arizona | usw : Western U.S.

AN Document mchmdi0020011002dt9g00061

WC 11,433 words

PD 1 August 1996

SN Cosmetics and Toiletries

SC CSTL

PG 79

VOL Vol. 111, No. 8, ISSN: 0361-4387

LA English

LP Ingredients ACRYLAMIDOPROPYLTRIMONIUM CHLORIDE/ACRYLAMIDE COPOLYMER

Trade name: Salcare SC60

TD Properties: Solid-grade, cationic copolymer; provides conditioning properties to skin and hair products; efficient at low concentration; readily soluble in water for clear products; good compatibility with anionics.

Applications: Facial cleansers, liquid shower soaps, hair shampoo, hair conditioners, liquid hand soaps

Source: Allied Colloids

ACRYLATES/CETETH-20 ITACONATE COPOLYMER

Trade names: Structure 3000; Structure 3001

Properties: An associative, alkali-swellable thickener supplied as an aqueous emulsion; well- suited for use in two-component hair-care formulations because of its efficacy, viscosity response to pH and shear and compatibility with salts, surfactants and solvents.

Applications: Principally hair colors, relaxers and permanent waves; also hair gels, some shampoos, skin creams and lotions

ACRYLATES COPOLYMER

Trade name: Luvimer

Properties: Polyacrylate based on unique dispersion technology; provides strong setting effect and long-lasting hold; cost efficient; available as powder (Luvimer 100P), aqueous dispersion (Luvimer 36 D and Luvimer Low VOC) and ethanolic solution (Luvimer 30 E).

Applications: Hair-styling products, aerosol and pump sprays, setting lotions, mousses

Source: BASF AG

ACRYLATES COPOLYMER PROPYLENE GLYCOL

Trade name: Salcare FP2

Properties: Copolymer that performs as a binder and film-former in a variety of skin-and hair- care formulations; designed to enhance formulations by helping prevent transepidermal water loss.

Application: As a film-former, it functions well in color cosmetics, hair-, skin- and sun-care products

Source: Allied Colloids

ACRYLATES/STEARETH-20 ITACONATE COPOLYMER

Trade names: Structure 2000; Structure 2001

Properties: An associative, alkali-swellable thickener supplied as an aqueous emulsion; well- suited for use in two-component hair-care formulations because of its efficacy; viscosity response to pH and shear; and compatibility with salts, surfactants and solvents.

Applications: Principally hair colors, relaxers and permanent waves; also hair gels, skin creams, lotions, some shampoos

Source: National Starch & Chemical

Trade name: Hypan Hydrogels

Properties: Thixotropic; temperature- and shear-stable; tactile modifier; emulsifier; waterproofer; useable across entire pH range; easily dispersed; available as anionic (SS-201) or amphoteric (SA 100H and SR 150H).

Applications: Creams, lotions, gels, hair-care products

Source: Lipo Chemicals

ALKYL GLUCOESTERS

Trade name: Eucarol AGE

Properties: Derived from natural, renewable raw materials; mild, high-foaming, good- cleansing surfactants; good solubilizing and conditioning properties; sulfosuccinate, citrate and tartrate esters available; low odor; biodegradable; good skin-feel.

Applications: Cosurfactant for added mildness in shampoos, body washes and facial cleansers

Source: Pilot Chemical

ALOE BARBADENSIS

Trade name: Aloe Vera

Properties: Cold-processed whole leaf aloe vera; only aloe on the market that is FDA approved and has an NDC code; may be prescribed as medication; covered by Medicaid in Texas; patented.

Applications: For skin and body care, topical and internal use

Source: Coats Aloe

ALOE BARBADENSIS GEL

Trade name: Aloe Gel Enzyme Active

Properties: Enzyme-active Aloe barbadensis; lignin fibers removed for smooth formulations; stable for cosmetic preparations yet with the enzyme activity retained by nonpasteurization.

Applications: Shampoos, creams, lotions, any application where penetration is important

Source: Aloe Vera Enzyme Active

ALUMINUM-ZlRCONIUM TETRACHLOROHYDREX-GLY/PG

Trade name: Rezal 36 GPG

Properties: White to off-white powder with the good solubility characteristic in glycols and monohydric alcohols.

Applications: Reduced-residue suspenoid stick compositions; optically clear antiperspirant- stick formulations

Source: Reheis

AMMONIUM LACTATE

Trade name: Lexalt AL

Properties: The product is a stable, buffered [Alpha]-hydroxy acid (AHA) solution containing 60% w/w synthetic d/l lactic acid USP, buffered to pH 5.2 with ammonium hydroxide; minimal polylactate content.

Applications: Low-irritation AHA skin-treatment products, promotes exfoliation and provide gradual AHA release.

Source: Inolex Chemical

BEHENAMIDOPROPYL HYDROXYETHYL DIMONIUM CHLORIDE

Trade name: Incroquat Behenyl HE

Properties: Naturally derived, cationic surfactant and mildness enhancer; improves wet combing and gives hair soft, dry feel; can be used directly from a shampoo; 50% active amidoamine quaternary; water-dispersible, biodegradable and compatible with anionics.

Applications: 2-in-1 conditioning shampoos, leave-in conditioners, conventional hair- conditioning products, skin care

Source: Croda, Inc.

BETA CAROTENE

Trade name: Caroquest O

Properties: Natural carotene from palm oil; 30% suspension in vegetable oil; slightly yellower and brighter than many synthetic carotenes; opaque, orange/red viscous liquid.

Applications: Coloring emulsions or oil systems, such as lipstick

Source: Quest Int'l.

BETA CAROTENE

Trade name: Caroquest P

Properties: Natural carotene from palm oil; 3% encapsulate in starch powder; readily disperses in aqueous systems; orange color.

Applications: All products where yellow to dark orange color is required, dispersible in most polar/aqueous systems

Source: Quest Int'l.

BISHYDROXYETHYL BISCETYL MALONAMIDE

Trade name: Questamide H

Properties: A synthetic analogue of ceramides; off-white, waxy powder; odorless; 98% minimum purity; easy to incorporate into the oil phase of an emulsion; compatible with detergents; patented molecule; reduces transepidermal water loss; helps with skin feel; reinforces the intercuticular cohesion of hair.

Application: Skin and hair care

CAMELLIA OLEIFERA EXTRACT

Trade name: Actiquench GTP 20

Properties: A stabilized polyphenol derived from Japanese green tea; a natural antioxidant that rapidly quenches free radicals.

Applications: Creams, lotions, foundations, sun-care and hair-care products

Source: Active Organics

CARBOMER

Trade name: Carbopol Ultrez 10 Polymer

Properties: A crosslinked polyacrylic polymer that has been modified for easy dispersing; highly efficient thickening and good clarity, suspended power and emulsion stability with a non-tacky feel; simply pour onto water without lumping; wets out rapidly in room temperature water with little or no mixing.

Applications: Formulating and processing

Source: BF Goodrich Specialty Chemicals

CASSIA AUGUSTIFOLIA BETAGLUCAN

Trade name: Indinyl CA

Properties: Long-lasting moisturizing effect; soothing; smoothing; protector.

Applications: Face products, eye contour, body care

Source: Laboratories Serobiologiques

CERAMIDE 3

Trade name: Ceramide III Powder

Applications: Skin treatment, specialty products

Source: Cosmoferm, Centerchem

CERAMIDE 3B

Trade name: Ceraclear

Properties: Improves skin structure and texture, specifically the lipid lamellar structure of the stratum corneum.

Applications: Skin treatment, specialty products

Source: Cosmoferm, Centerchem

CHITOSAN GLYCOLATE/CHITOSAN

Trade names: Hydagen CMF; Hydagen CMFP

Properties: High molecular weight biopolymer; active ingredient with high film-forming ability for advanced skin protection; improves skin flexibility, sonsorical effects and performance of neo-active ingredients.

Applications: Skin care preparations, emulsions, tonics, deo-products and after-shave preparations

Source: Henkel KGaA

COFFEE OIL

Properties: Used by cosmetic companies in hair and skin care formulas; used in sunscreens to absorb UV light; useful as an anti-inflammatory in creams and lotions.

Applications: Sun-care products, creams and lotions

Source: Arista Industries

Trade name: Crodasone Cystine

Properties: Copolymer of the amino acid cystine with a silicone; exhibits pernetration, covalent disulfhide bonding and polmerization with hair, subsequently influencing mechanical properties.

Applications: Hair care, particularly permanent waves, speciality hair treatments, shampoos and conditioners

Source: Croda Chemical

DIMETHICONECOPOLYOL AMINE

Trade name: Silamine C-300

Properties: A 90% aqueous solution of a reactive conditioner; functions like amodimethicone; because it is not an emulsion, it offers increased formulation latitude with regards to HLB of the formulations in which it is a component.

Applications: Hair conditioners

Source: Siltech

DIMETHICONE COPOLYOL

Trade names: Silsoft 900

Properties: Silsoft 900 is a linear ABA structure; use as a dispersant for pigments and fine solids; stabilizes dispersions; [H.sub.2]O barrier; detackifier; substantive.

Applications: Ti[O.sub.2]-containing sun care, color cosmetics

Source: Witco/OSI Specialties Group

DIMETHICONE COPOLYOL MEADOWFOAMATE

Trade names: Fancorsil LIM-1; Fancorsil LIM-2; Fancorsil LIM-3

Page 273 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Properties: New copolyols derived from Fancor meadowfoam seed oil; available in water- soluble, water-dispersible and water-insoluble forms; good emollients, cuticle penetrants and pigment dispersants.

Applications: Hair repair and skin conditioning creams, lotions, bath, hair, color

Source: Fanning

DIMETHICONE COPOLYOL SURFACTANT

Trade name: SF 1288 Dimethicone Copolyol Surfactant

Properties: Water-soluble with a cloud point of 73 [degrees] C, can be a wetting agent, lubricant, emulsifier, foam stabilizer and resin plasticizer; enhances foam characteristics in personal-care applications; maintains clarity in glycerin bar soaps and reduces eye irritation in baby shampoos; in hair mousses, it can plasticize resins for soft, flexible hold with good style retention.

Applications: Skin and hair care, soaps

Source: GE Silicones

DIOLEOYLAMIDOETHYL HYDROXYETHYLMONIUM METHOSULFATE

Trade name: Incroquat HO-80PG

Properties: 80% active di-fatty quaternary conditioning agent designed for hair care products; imparts dramatic softening effect to hair; naturally derived; water dispersible; biodegradable; forms stable dispersions at low concentration.

Applications: Conditioning shampoos, conventional conditioning products

Source: Croda, Inc.

DIPALMITOYLETHYL HYDROXYETHYLMONIUM METHOSULFATE

Trade names: Ammonyx GA-90; Ammonyx GA-70PG

Properties: A cationic emulsifier for o/w creams and lotions; pronounced conditioning, softening and emolliency characteristics; mild; imparts lubricity; softens and moisturizes skin;

Applications: Hair conditioners, creams and lotions

Source: Stepan

EMU OIL

Trade name: Emu Oil-Ultra Refined

Properties: Highly refined and purified for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food applications; highly penetrating oil with good moisturization; replenishes lost lipid barrier of human skin.

Applications: Skin-care applications in oil phase, used to moisturize

Source: BioChemicals International

ETHYLCELLULOSE

Trade name: Ethocel FP

Properties: Ranges from 3-60 microns in average diameter; organic soluble and water dispersible.

Applications: Film formation, control release viscosity control

Source: Dow Chemical

FERULIC ACID

Properties: Slightly yellow crystalline powder prepared through a patented process of extracting from rice bran; anti-oxidant; and UV absorber.

Applications: Photo-protective agent in cosmetics, cosmetic creams, lotions, hair care products

Source: Seltzer Chem.

GAMMA-ORYZANOL

Page 275 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Properties: White or yellowish crystalline powder extracted and purified from the by-product of rice bran oil refining; features oil-soluble antioxidant and UV absorber properties.

Applications: Photo-protective agent in cosmetics, antioxidant

Source: Seltzer Chem.

GARCENIA CAMBOGIA EXTRACT

Trade names: Tri-K HCA

Properties: A standardized Garcenia cambogia extract containing 50% (-)-hydroxy citric acid (HCA): decreases synthesis of fats including trigylcerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, diglyercides and free fatty acids.

Applications: Skin-care products for slimming, body contouring or anti-cellulite applications

Source: Tri-K Industries

GLYCOPROTEIN

Trade names: Capilectine; Dermolectine

Properties: A glycoprotein with a molecular weight of about 20,000 daltons; purified from Solanum tuberosum; possesses characteristics similar to lectins; Dermolectine shows antiwrinlde action.

Applications: The first "growth-factor-like" herbal active ingredient for stimulating hair vitality

Source: Sederma

HEXAMETHYLDISILOXANE

Trade name: Mirasil HMS

Properties: Liquid, nongreasy, volatile siloxane carrier with very low surface tension; provides a soft, silky feel and improves spreading properties in a variety of personal-care applications.

Applications: Transient carrier for actives in antiperspirants, non-residue hair conditioning agent

Source: Rhone-Poulenc

HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL TRIISOSTEARIN ESTERS

Trade names: Unimate L-45; Unimate L-55

Properties: Synthetic esters derived from vegetable-based raw materials; function as both emollients and emulsifiers; benefits include light color, low odor, low residual acid, low iodine value and the ability to disperse pigments.

Applications: Lip balms, hand creams and any application that could use lanolin

Source: Union Camp

HYDROGENATED JOJOBA WAX

Trade name: Jojoba Wax Spheres

Properties: Small, uniform spheres of hydrogenated jojoba wax in various colors and sizes with a powder appearance; stable; low odor; melting point of 68-72 [degrees] C.

Applications: Gentle exfoliant or scrubbing agent

Source: Desert Whale Jojoba

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, 35%

Trade name: Ultra Cosmetic Hydrogen Peroxide 35%

Properties: Contains high levels of stabilizer to compensate for impurities and contaminants that may be introduced into the formulation by other raw materials; extends product shelf life.

Applications: Used in manufacture of dilute and formulated [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] products

Source: Solvay Interox

HYDROLYZED LUPINE PROTEIN

Trade name: Photopreventine

Properties: Peptides and oligosaccharides from white lupine; protects the skin against the photoinduced aging.

Applications: Skin- and sun-care products

Source: Silab

HYDROLYZED MARINE ELASTIN

Trade name: Solu-Mar Elastin

Properties: An alternate source for animal derived elastin; contains a high proportion of amino acids that are important for elastin function.

Applications: Skin-/hair-care applications

Source: Brooks Industries

HYDROLYZED RICE PROTEIN

Trade name: Naturein Rice Peptide

Properties: White/off white powder; low odor; in 5% aqueous solution; pale straw color; slight marine odor; water soluble; comes from Orysa sativa; extracted protein hydrolyzed by enzyme.

Applications: All hair, skin and nail products

Source: Quest Int'l.

HYDROLYZED SOY PROTEIN

Trade name: Naturein Soy Protein

Properties: White or very pale cream powder; low odor; 5% aqueous solution; pale straw color; faint marine odor; water soluble; compatible with detergents.

Application: All hair, skin and nail products

HYDROLYZED SOY PROTEIN

Trade name: Raffermine

Properties: Aids in the contraction of collagen fibers and anti-elastase activity.

Applications: Cosmetic firming and anti-wrinkle products

Source: R.I.T.A./Silab

HYDROLYZED SOY PROTEIN

Trade name: Vegeseryl LP

Properties: Hydrating; filming; repairing; anti-wrinkle; stimulates vitality and cell growth.

Applications: Skin and hair care

Source: Laboratoires Serobiologiques

HYDROLYZED SWEET ALMOND PROTEIN

Trade name: Amanduline SG

Properties: Molecular network between polar peptides and oligosaccharides exhibits substantivity and high film-forming capability for hair; reinforces fiber cohesion and adds softness, volume and shine; skin-soothing agent with excellent film-forming capabilities; improves softness and volume in weakened or damaged hair.

Applications: Hair care, sprays, shampoos or conditioners, post-relaxer, hair-repair products

Source: Silab

HYDROLYZED WHEAT PROTEIN

Trade name: Kelyamin

Properties: A water-soluble, wheat protein hydrolysate obtained by a special enzymatic

Applications: Hair-care and hair-hygiene products, waving preparations

Source: Kelisema Italy

HYDROLYZED WHEAT PROTEIN

Trade name: Naturein Wheat Peptides

Properties: Off-white powder; faint odor; soluble in water; rich in glutamic acid; behaves similarly to keratin; helps to improve mechanical properties of hair; wide pH stability and surfactant compatibility.

Applications: Skin, hair, nails, cleansers, shower gel, facial cleaners

Source: Quest Int'l

HYDROLYZED WHEAT PROTEIN/PEG ACETATE COPOLYMER (INCI PENDING)

Trade name: Catemol W-40

Properties: Liquid at 25 [degrees] C; film-former; 30-35% active.

Applications: Useful in hair-care products to provide manageability, conditioning, hydration and repairing split-ends.

Source: Phoenix Chemical

HYDROXYLATED LECITHIN DEOILED

Trade name: Precept 8120

Properties: Brings together the processing convenience of a powder and the functional benefits of a high-HLB refined lecithin.

Applications: Water dispersible, o/wemulsifier providing effective release properties to water- based release systems

Source: Central Soya

HYDROXYPROPYL DISTARCH PHOSPHATE

Trade name: Structure CS100

Properties: A non-ionic, modified starch-based thickener; readily cold-water dispersible; stable to alkalinity; compatible with cationic conditioners and dyes.

Applications: Principally powdered hair dyes and bleaches, also one-component dyes, shampoos, skin creams and lotions

Source: National Starch & Chemical

HYDROXYPROPYLTRIMONIUM HONEY

Trade name: Honeyquat 50

Properties: A quaternized-honey, hair-conditioning agent with good moisture-binding properties.

Applications: Hair care

Source: Brooks Indus.

IRON OXIDES

Trade names: Cardre Bed, Yellow, Black, Brown Iron Oxides LTM

Properties: High purity BASF iron oxides for North America; meet the 1962 EEC directive for low trace metals; may be surface-treated by Cardre for use in the EEC.

Applications: Color cosmetics

Source: Cardre

ISOPROPYL LAURATE

Trade name: Lexol IPL

Properties: A purified ester of isopropyl alcohol and lauric acid with solvent and coupling

Applications: Skin care, for emolliency and lubricity; particularly useful in antiperspirants due to its dry, silky feel and hydrolytic stability

Source: Inolex Chemical

ISOSTEARYL PALMITATE

Trade name: Protachem ISP

Properties: A non-comedogenetie emollient with an unusual skin feel; colorless and odorless; imparts a light, silky emolliency eliminating the greasy feel of heavier esters; derived from nonanimal sources.

Applications: Creams, lotions, lip products, sun products

Source: Protameen Chemicals

LACTIC ACID

Trade name: Lexalt L

Properties: A USP grade, 88% active solution of synthetic d/1 lactic acid; heat stable and free of impurities typically present in materials derived by fermentation.

Applications: AHA skin treatment products where it lends humectantcy and acts as an exfoliant by reducing corneocyte adhesion

Source: Inolex Chem.

LACTOCOCCUS FERMENT LYSATE

Trade name: Protectan

Properties: Lysate from the Gram-positive bacteria, Lactococcus lactis, comprising the antioxidative protective system of this oxygen-sensitive bacterial species; biotechnologically obtained suspension containing cytoplasm and cell wall fragments.

Source: Chemisches Laboratorium

LACTOFERRIN

Properties: Anti-aging; antibacterial; anti-oxidant; protein.

Applications: Skin care

Source: DMV Int'l. Nutritionals

LAURATE CANOLA OIL

Trade name: Laurical Laurate Canol Oil

Properties: A low-viscosity oil with oxidative stability, emolliency, solvency, lubricity and spreading power; nontoxic, odorless and tasteless; genetically engineered vegetable oil containing approximately 40% laurie acid.

Applications: Lotions, bath oils, makeup bases, lipsticks and glosses, skin protectants, mineral oil substitute

Source: Calgene Chemical

LIPOMELANIN LQ (PROPOSED INCI)

Trade names: LipoMelanin LQ

Properties: A brown, lipophilic, quaternized, 5% synthetic melanin solution; enhanced substantivity on hair; nontoxic and nonirritating; high color density

Applications: Semipermanent hair dyes, coloring shampoos coloring cream rinses

Source MeL-Co

MENTHYL LACTATE

Trade name: Frescolat ML cryst

Properties: Delivers long-lasting cooling and fresh effect to the skin; ease of use; no melting required to remove from the drum.

Applications: Creams, lotions, shampoos, shower gels, after-shave lotion

Source: Haarmann and Reimer

MENTHYL PCA

Trade name: Questice

Properties: White or off-white powder; very weak minty odor; purity 98% minimum; coolant; long-lasting, nonirritating, slow release, odorless in product; hydrolyzed by the skin's natural enzymes to produce menthol, giving an extended cooling sensation; also releases PCA, a natural moisturizing factor.

Applications: In skin and scalp products for cooling

Source: Quest Int'l.

MICA

Trade name: Cardre White Micas

Properties: Cost-effective white micas, especially for lighter shades; controlled particle size gives reproducible whiteness; available with Cardre's surface treatments; provides a less-gray look.

Applications: Cosmetics

Source: Cardre

MICA

Trade names: Submica E, Submica N

Properties: Nonpearlescent powder; high swelling capacity for oil absorption; forms colloids; allows formulation of emulsifier-free emulsions with good penetration and silky, nongreasy feel; CI 77019.

Applications: Skin care, makeup products

Source: Colorants Wackherr

MILK LIPID AMIDOPROPYL AMINE OXIDE

Trade name: Monalac MO

Properties: Lather and foam enhancer; extra conditioning for skin and hair; good viscosity building properties; gentle cleaning; low irritation potential; cationic at acidic pH.

Applications: Bubble baths, shampoo, body cleaners, personal care formulas

Source: Mona Industries

MILK LIPID AMIDOPROPYL BETAINE

Trade name: Monalac MAB

Properties: Provides mild cleansing; high foaming primary surfactant; effective conditioning to skin and hair; good viscosity building properties; anti-irritant for anionics and cationics; compatible with all suffactant types.

Applications: Bubble baths, shampoo, body cleansers, personal care formulas

Source: Mona Industries

MILK LIPID AMIDOPROPYL PHOSPHATIDYL PG-DIMONIUM CHLORIDE

Trade name: Monalac MPL

Properties: Long lasting conditioner; high substantive on skin and hair; smooth feel; mild cleanser; multifunctional surfactant; low irritation potential.

Applications: Baby products, creams and lotions, conditioning shampoos, facial washes, makeup removers, body cleansers, personal care, health care

Source: Mona Industries

Trade name: Solance Starch (28-1808)

Properties: Provides thickening and stabilization to emulsions; good performance in low pH emulsions; provides fine aesthetics and a lasting conditioning after-feel; can be used in AHA, DHA and soap-free emulsions.

Applications: Rheology modifier and stabilizer for low-pH and reduced-surfactant emulsions

Source: National Starch

OAT (AVENA SATIVA) EXTRACT

Trade name: Tech-O 6-080L

Properties: Produces water-white, sparkling clear, watersoluble products; contains well- known moisturizers in addition to substantivity and conditioning properties; suggested use level 1%.

Applications: Body wash, clear shampoos and conditioners, creams, lotions, gels

Source: Beacon CMP

OAT (AVENA SATIVA) PROTEIN

Trade name: Reductine

Properties: Mechanical film-forming properties and biological nutriment needed for best cell equilibrium and growth; excellent moisturizer.

Applications: Antiwrinkle creams and moisturizing lotions

Source: R.I.T.A./Silab

OCTYL METHICONE (INCI PROPOSED)

Trade names: Silsoft 034; Alkyl-modified trisiloxane

Properties: Emollient; compatible with organic oils and waxes; low viscosity; semi-volatile;

Applications: Creams, lotions, gels

Source: Witco/OSI Specialties Group

PALMITAMIDOHEXANDIOL

Trade name: Ceramide II

Properties: Nature-identical, synthetically produced lipid, based on sphinganine group; pure, white waxy powder; odorless; forms multilamellar layers with sterols and fatty acids; restores stratum corneum lipid barrier; efficacious ingredient for skin and hair; prevents hair breakage; strengthens hair.

Applications: Skin and hair conditioner

Source: Quest Int'l.

PEG-2 DIMEADOWFOAMAMIDOETHYLMONIUM METHOSULFATE

Trade name: Meadowquat

Properties: Cationic methyl sulfate quaternary based upon reaction with Fancot Meadowfoam Seed Oil: substantive to hair and skin; excellent shine; stable in high-pH systems.

Applications: Hair conditioners, hair relaxers, skin creams

Source: Fanning

PEG-3 DIPOLYHYDROXYSTEARATE

Trade name: Arlacel P135

Properties: Red-brown waxy solid at 25 [degrees] C; nonionic emulsifier has demonstrated good functionality as a crucial internal emulsifier for w/o/w multiple emulsions; superior skin feel; an ability to carry a high actives load in the internal water phase; excellent freeze/thaw and high temperatures stability; simplifies the production of multiple emulsions by providing sufficient stability in the primary emulsion so it remains intact during the formation of the secondary emulsion.

Applications: Multiple emulsions

Source: ICI Surfactants

PEG-60 SHEA BUTTER GLYCERIDES

Trade name: Crovol SB70

Properties: Nonionic derivative of shea butter may be used as a water-soluble emollient, solubilizer or mildness additive for detergent systems.

Applications: Detergent systems including facial cleaners, shower shampoos, bath foam, shaving gels and aqueous/alcoholic preparations

Source: Croda Chemical

PEG-75 MEADOWFOAM SEED OIL

Trade name: MeadowSol 75:75

Properties: A 75-mole ethylene-oxide adduct of Fancor Meadowfoam Seed Oil; water-soluble with unique viscosity-control attributes; excellent emulsifier.

Applications: Hair and skin products, emollient, emulsifier, viscosity-control agent

Source: Fanning

PERFLUORALIN

Trade name: Flutec PC-25

Properties: A novel gas-carrier fluid with very slow diffusion, emollient feel.

Applications: Skin care

Source: Creations Couleurs/BNFL Fluorochemicals

PERFLUORDECALIN

Properties: A novel gas-carrier fluid with unique emollient feel; can carry 49 ml [O.sub.2]/100 ml; can absorb 125 ml C[O.sub.2] in milliseconds.

Applications: Anti-acne agent, anti-oxidant, binder, emulsion stabilizer, film former, hair fixative

Source: Creations Couleurs/BNFL Fluorochemicals

PERFLUOROMETHYL CYCLOPENTANE

Trade name: Flutec PC-IC

Properties: A novel gas-carrier fluid with high skin-diffusion rate.

Applications: Skin care

Source: Creations Couleurs/BFNL Fluorochemicals

PERFLUOROPHENANTHRENE

Trade name: Flutec PC-11

Properties: A novel gas-carrier with high film-forming, emolliency.

Applications: Skin care

Source: Creations Couleurs/BFNL Fluorochemical

PERFLUOROPHENANTHRENE OLIGOMER

Trade name: Fluomer

Properties: A novel lipophobic and hydrophobic oligomer; unique antistatic binding. Applications: Coating, film forming, hair fixatives, skin conditioners

Source: Creations Couleurs/BNFL Fluorochemicals

POLYDIMETHICONE COPOLYOL (INCI PROPOSED)

Trade names: Silsoft 477

Properties: Adsorbs into skin; substantive; provides good feel, wetting and spreading; 50% copolymer in isopropyl palmitate; different diluents available.

Applications: Creams, lotions, shampoos and conditioning shampoos

Source: Witco/OSI Specialties Group

POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANOL BEHENATE (INCI PENDING)

Trade name: Pecosil DB

Properties: A paste at 25 [degrees] C and 100% active; lubricious, emollient, silicone ester.

Applications: Useful in creams, lotions and hair conditioning

Source: Phoenix Chem.

POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANOL LACTATE (INCI PENDING)

Trade name: Pecosil DL

Properties: 100% active; oil-soluble AHA silicone ester.

Applications: Useful in creams, lotions and hair products

Source: Phoenix Chem.

POLYQUATERNIUM 10

Trade name: Polyquta 3000KC and Polyquta 400KC

Properties: Substantive to skin and hair; very mild; helps with moisturization, luster and manageability.

Applications: Conditioners, hand lotions, body soaps, hair strengtheners, shampoos

Source: Keon Chang

POLYQUATERNIUM 31

Trade name: Hypan Hydrogel QT100

Properties: Thixotropic, temperature- and shear-stable; tactile modifier; emulsifier; waterproofer; usable across entire pH range; easily dispersed; available as cationic.

Applications: Creams, lotions, gels, haircare products

Source: Lipo Chemicals

POLYQUATERNIUM 46

Trade name: Luviquat Hold

Properties: Gationic filmbuilder of vinyleaprolaetam, vinylpyrrolidone and quaternized methylvinylimidzole; combines strong setting and good conditioning with good curl retention and no/low tack.

Applications: Hairstyling: mousses, gels, pump sprays

Source: BASF

POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE

Trade name: Poviderm SK3

Properties: Skin-care grade PVP; low odor and color; high purity and AHA efficacy without irritation.

Applications: AHA products, sensitive-skin products

Source: ISP Van Dyk

PONGAMIA (KARANJA) EXTRACT

Trade name: Pongamol

Properties: Natural extract from karanja tree (Pongamia species) extracted from the seed oil;

Page 291 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. off-white powder, high purity; Pongamia is known from Ayurvedic (Indian herbal) medicine to treat various skin conditions; good UV-protecting properties, especially in the UVA area.

Applications: Skin care including day creams, hand and body lotions, natural concepts

Source: Quest Int'l.

POTASSIUM [C.sub.9-15] PHOSPHATE ESTER

Trade name: Ariatone MAP

Properties: Sold as a 30% concentrate in water; high-foaming, mild phosphate ester designed to give personal washing products a rich luxurious lather; high foam, excellent skin feel, low eye toxicity, low skin toxicity, compatible with other surfactants.

Applications: Body shampoo, shower gel, hair shampoo, facial cleansers, hand cleansers, shaving products, bubble bath

Source: ICI Surfactants

PROPYLENE GLYCOL DICAPRATE

Trade name: Captex 100

Properties: A low-viscosity, light liquid emollient; completely miscible in 95% ethanol; product imparts a light, nongreasy skin feel; a good carrier/solubilizer; and nonirritating.

Applications: Creams, lotions, ointments, makeup remover, pressed powders, sun care, fragrance, mineral-oil replacer

Source: Abitec

PVP/VA COPOLYMER

Trade name: Luviskol VA 37 HM

Properties: Copolymer of vinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate with high molecular weight; 50% in ethanol; the higher molecular weight increases the setting power by 25-30% compared to the traditional PVP/VA 37.

Source: BASF

REFINED MILK LIPID

Trade name: Monalac ML

Properties: Broad lipid distribution; nontoxic; melts at skin temperature; compatible with other emollients, natural waxes and oils; long-term stability; odorless; colorless; non-greasy emollient.

Applications: Creams, lotions, conditioners, makeup, baby care, sun care, hot pour products

Source: Mona Industries

RICE BRAN

Trade name: PF-60

Properties: Enriched in hemicellulose and protein; lower in ash and phosphorus; high fiber and protein content; hypoallergenic in cosmetics.

Applications: Base in scrubbing creams

Source: Seltzer Chem.

RICE BRAN OIL

Trade name: Pro-15

Properties: A specialty rice bran oil refined to retain the highest levels of gammaoryzanol, tocopherols and phytosterols; strong UV absorber and antioxidant.

Applications: Cosmetics, lotions, hair care

Source: Seltzer Chem.

RICE FATTY ACID

Page 293 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Properties: A by-product of rice bran oil purified to yield palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids; high chemical purity and heat stability; white color; low odor.

Applications: Soap and detergents, surfactants, cosmetics

Source: Seltzer Chem.

ROSEHIP SEED OIL

Properties: Has many pharmacological and therapeutic properties; effective in formula for reduction of wrinkles and spots on the skin and for minimizing surgical scars.

Applications: Cosmetics, skin-care products including creams and lotions

Source: Arista Industries

SESAME (SESAMUM INDICUM) OIL EXTRACT

Trade names: Sesaline

Properties: Due to its high content of unsaponifiables, Sesaline is an effective agent for combating attacks on the skin resulting from aging; increases skin elasticity; the linoleic acid can account for up to 47% of the total fatty acids of Sesaline.

Applications: products for improving skin elasticity; adds a high concentration of linoleic acid

Source: Int'l. Sourcing

SILICONE ALKYL COPOLYMER WAX

Trade name: SF1632 Silicone Alkyl Copolymer Wax

Properties: Offers the occlusive properties of petrolatum and the aesthetics of silicone; compatible with organic ingredients; provides a high level of lubricity and a silky feel.

Applications: Sun-care products, lotions and creams

Source: GE Silicones

SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL [Beta]-GLUCAN

Trade name: Crodasome CM Glucan

Properties: Modified polysaccharide derived from yeast cell walls; high-activity natural compound with moisturizing, softening and smoothing properties; water-soluble, viscous liquid; wide compatibility with other materials; easily formulated; tolerates wide range of pHs and temperatures, high salt concentrations.

Applications: Acts as moisturizer, film-former, protectant and therapeutic agent to help increase skin humidity and reduce transepidermal water loss; recommended for treatment and moisturizing creams or lotions, facial moisturizers and products for sun and after-sun care

Source: Croda, Inc.

SODIUM COCOYL ISETHIONATE

Trade name: Geropon AC 78 NP

Properties: Features outstanding detergency, coupled with dispersing action and mildness; highly concentrated flake form (80%) allows easy incorporation into syndet/combo bars; provides dense, creamy lather and moisture retention to skin.

Applications: Primary surfactant for syndet/combo bars, body washes/gels, facial cleaners and bubble baths

Source: Rhone-Poulenc

SODIUM LAUROYL WHEAT AMINO ACIDS

Trade name: Proteol LW 30

Properties: A pleasant and stable foaming bioprotein of vegetable origin that preserves the integrity of the hair cuticle; gives mild cleansing action.

Applications: Mild skin and hair cleansing; a wheat protein supplement with hair repair action.

Source: Seppic

SOYBEAN (GLYCINE SOJA) PROTEIN

Properties: High molecular-weight constituents of the soybean plant matrix; hydroxyproline- rich glycoproteins as extensin equivalents; arabinogalactans as proteoglycan equivalents and proline-rich glycoproteins.

Applications: Helps reestablish the physiological balance of aging skin or skin stressed by environmental influence

Source: Chemisches Laboratorium

SPENT GRAIN WAX

Trade name: Stimu-tex

Properties: Enhances the natural structure of the maintenance of the epidermal lipid barriers.

Applications: Skin treatment, specialty products

Source: Pentapharm/Centerchem

SPHERICAL SILICA

Trade name: Cardre LDP 1500

Properties: Minimizes appearance of wrinkles because reflected rays are randomly scattered.

Application: Age-minimizing color cosmetics

Source: Cardre

STYRENE ACRYLATES COPOLYMER (INCI PROPOSED)

Trade name: Acudyne 290

Properties: Nonionic, hollow-sphere particle acts as a scattering center to allow more efficient use of expensive sunscreen active agents; not an active ingredient; nonwhitening on skin.

Applications: SPF Booster for seasonal sunscreens or daily-use products

TEA TREE (MELALEUCA ALTERNIFOLIA) OIL

Properties: A powerfully concentrated oil with an immediate deep-penetrating action; nontoxic, nonirritating and noncorrosive to tissue; for cosmetic, pharmaceutical, skin-care, hair-care and bath/shower products; also useful in cleaning, sanitizing and disinfecting products.

Applications: Treating dry scalp, ache, burns, insect bites

Source: Arista Industries

TEA TREE (MELALEUCA ALTERNIFOLIA) OIL

Trade name: Main Camp Watersoluble Tea Tree Oil

Properties: A stable, aqueous micro emulsion of Main Camp Pharaceutical Grade Tea Tree Oil with a clear, colorless appearance; can be mixed directly into water-base formulations or gelled using gums or thickening agents to produce a natural anti-acne or antifungal gel.

Applications: Cosmetics, personal care, hair care, first aid, pet care, antiseptics, antibacterial and antifungal products

Source: Main Camp

TOLUENSULFONAMIDE/FORMALDEHYDE RESIN

Trade name: Resin KHP (solid); Resin 658KC (liquid)

Properties: Resin KHP is more light-stable than many natural resins; soluble in most of the usual lacquer solvents, such as alcohols, ethers esters, ketones and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Applications: Nail enamels

Source: Keon Chang

TRICAPRIN

Trade name: Caprex 1000

Properties: A hard crystalline product with a sharp melting point at skin temperature; imparts nonalcoholic cooling effect on skin; sort, emollient, occlusive-yet-luxurious skin feel.

Applications: Creams, lotions, ointments, lipsticks, pencils, shave and after-shave products, pressed powders, stick antiperspirants, after-sun products

Source: Abitec

TRIETHANOLAMINE POLYDIMETHYLSILOXY-PROPYL ETHOXY PHOSPHATE (INCI PENDING)

Trade name: Pecosil PS-100 T

Properties: 50% active; liquid at 25 [degrees] C.

Applications: Triethanolamine salt of Pecosil PS-100 (Dimethicone copolyol phosphate); functions as a primary o/w emulsifier

Source: Phoenix Chem.

TRIOLEYL ClTRATE (INCl PENDING)

Trade name: Pelemol TOC

Properties: Liquid at 25 [degrees] C; 100% active.

Applications: Emollient for skin creams and lotions, pigment dispersing and wetting agent

Source: Phoenix Chem.

TRIISOPROPYL ClTRATE (INCl PENDING)

Trade name: Pelemol TIPC

Properties: 100% active; liquid at 25 [degrees] C

Applications: Emollient for skin creams and lotions, pigment dispersing and wetting agent

Source: Phoenix Chem.

TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Trade name: UV-Titan X160

Properties: Micronized titanium dioxide pigment designed to provide maximum SPF without whitening, especially for sun-care formulations; mineral-based physical sunscreen with components selected to comply with stringent nontoxicity and product-safety requirements.

Applications: Sun care, skin care, special skin-treatment and color-cosmetic preparations

Source: Kemira Pigments

WHEAT (TRITICUM VULGARE) GERM EXTRACT

Trade name: Defensine

Properties: Multilevel skin-defense product using many key enzymes to provide an effective defense against free-radical formation and lipoperoxidation effects.

Applications: Anti-aging skin-care products, protective creams for delicate, dry or aged skin as well as in-sun or after-sun creams

Source: R.I.T.A./Silab

WHEAT (TRITICUM VULGARE) PROTEIN

Trade name: Tensine

Properties: Excellent skin tensor due to its elastic film-forming properties.

Applications: Skin tightening, antiwrinkle products

Source: R.I.T.A./Silab

WHEY PROTEIN (EU: LACTIS PROTEINUM)

Trade name: MPC-Milk Peptide Complex

Properties: MPC contains the natural polypeptides of mild in their activated form. These are

Applications: For mature skin, helps prevent accelerated skin aging from environmental influences

Source: Chemisches Laboratorium

YEAST EXTRACT (EU: FAEX)

Trade name: Clariskin

Properties: Glutathione/glutathion-reductase system makes control of melanogenesis and depigmentation possible through the reduction of brown melanin production.

Applications: Age-spot removers, skin depigmentation products

Source: R.I.T.A/Silab

YEAST EXTRACT (EU: FAEX)

Trade name: Pseudocollagen

Properties: A complex of sugars and proteins; a true moisturizing glycoprotein extracted from living yeast cells that has excellent moisture binding properties and film forming capabilities.

Applications: Skin, hair-care or makeup applications

Source: Brooks Indus.

ZINC PYRITHIONE

Trade name: Zinc Pyrion NF 48% Aqueous Susp. or 48% Micronized

Properties: Particle size 2-3 micrometers (NF) or 0.5-1 micrometers (micronized).

Applications: Antidandruff

Source: Pyrion-Chemie

Trade name: TEGO Deo PY 88

Properties: Deodorizer.

Applications: Cosmetic deodorant

Source: Goldschmidt Chem

Mixtures

ACRYLAMIDOPROPYLTRIMONIUM CHLORIDE/ACRYLAMIDE COPOLYMER

Trade name: Salcare SC60

Properties: A solid-grade, linear, cationic copolymer that is compatible with anionic surfactants; is designed to deliver substantive properties, conditioning and softening to skin and hair care products.

Applications: Exceptional in shampoos and conditioners, as well as bath- and skin-care products

Source: Allied Colloids

ACRYLATES COPOLYMER

Trade name: Covacryl E 14

Properties: Liquid; water soluble; self emulsifying emulsion; low surface tension provides good spreadability; long-lasting effect.

Applications: Eyeliner, mascara, water-based foundation, water-based sunscreen

Source: Les Colorants Wackherr

ALUMINUM STARCH OCTENYLSUCCINATE (AND) MICA (AND) CORN (ZEA MAYS) STARCH (AND) SILICA SILYLATE

Trade name: Lipmat

Properties: Hydrophobic matte, white powder; oil dispersible; helps to suspend mineral pigments and vegetable extracts associated with organic silica.

Applications: Matte lipsticks, creams, lotions and masks for oily skins

Source: Les Colorants Wackherr

ALUMINUM ZIRCONlUM TETRACHLOROHYDROX GLY/PG (AND) PROPYLENE GLYCOL

Trade name: Reach AZP-908 PG-30

Properties: A clear, viscous, slightly yellow solution in propylene glycol of enhanced-efficacy aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrox gly/PG.

Applications: Well-suited for clear antiperspirant-stick formulations

Source: Reheis

AMODIMETHICONE (AND) DIMETHICONE

Trade name: Belsil

Properties: A complete range of amodimethicone/dimethicone mixtures for special effects.

Applications: Hair and skin care

Source: Wacker Silicones

AMODIMETHICONOL (AND) TRIDECETH-12 (AND) CETRIMONIUM CHLORIDE

Trade name: Dow Coming 2-8739 Micro-emulsion

Properties: An amine functional, cationic silicone microemulsion; water-based for easy formulating; no heating necessary; does not contain a tallow-based surfactant, so is suitable for conditioners that don't incorporate animal derivatives.

Applications: Clear hair conditioners

Source: Dow Corning

ANIONIC/AMPHOTERIC SURFACTANT BLEND

Trade name: Stepan-Mild BSB

Properties: A concentrated blend that improves mildness without sacrificing performance; its low-irritation properties make it ideal for mild cleansing products.

Applications: Baby shampoos, bubble baths, bath gels, and liquid hand soaps; children, baby and adult sensitive-skin products

Source: Stepan

ANIONIC/AMPHOTERIC/NONIONIC BLEND

Trade name: Stepanol PB

Properties: A concentrated pearlescent surfactant blend.

Applications: Shampoos, skin cleansers and pet products

Source: Stepan

AROMATHERAPY FRAGRANCES

Trade name: Thera Spa

Properties: Custom fragrances with blends of essential oils and aroma chemicals to produce aromatherapy effects (calming, relaxing, exhilarating, invigorating, romantic) in perfumes, colognes and functional products.

Applications: Bath products, air fresheners, toiletries, hair care, perfume and cologne

Source: Chemia

AVOCADO (PERSEA GRATISSMA) OIL AND SEA BUCKTHORN (HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES) EXTRACT

Trade name: Crodarom Sea Buckthorn Oil forte

Page 303 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Properties: Highly purified and concentrated, clear liquid extract from the fruit of the Sea buckthorn to promote epithelization and wound healing; high actives level standardized using the oily product of supercritical fluid extraction, a method that concentrates the extract while leaving the active principles intact; low odor; high activity; active principle: vehicle ratio of 1:1, contains provitamin A, carotenoids and a number of fatty acids.

Applications: Sun care, after-sun care, regenerative-type creams and lotions

Source: Croda, Inc.

BASIC BLUE 99 (AND) BASIC BROWN 16 (AND) ACID VIOLET 43 (AND) BASIC RED 76 (AND) BASIC YELLOW 57

Trade name: Arianor Ebony

Properties: Delivers true black shades from rinse-off and leave-on hair-care products; can be formulated for temporary or semi-permanent effects; does not rub off or stain skin.

Applications: Color-in shampoos, conditioners and styling products

Source: Tri-K

BIOACTIVE COMPLEXES

Trade name: Lipo/DNS Completech MBAB-OS

Properties: Functions at the cellular level to normalize oily skin; consists of bioactive complexes including protein, amino acid derivatives, vitamin biocomplex, intracellular transmitters and substrate cell membranes - a unique delivery system especially balanced for oily skin that incorporates bioactive complexes of various types of pure lipids, carbohydrates and proteins.

Applications: Skin care

Source: Lipo Chemicals

BORAGO OFFICINALIS ETHER ESTER

Trade name: Unilenol G-21

Page 304 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Properties: A natural combination of linolic and [Gamma]-linolenic acids in the form of the ethyl esters; good stability and bioavailability as biological precursors of ceramides and prostaglandins; improves skin barrier function; oil soluble; use concentration 2.5-5.0%.

Applications: Skin-care products, especially for sensitive skin and mature skin with reduced metabolic activity.

Source: Induchem

BUTYLENE GLYCOL (AND) HYDROCOTYL (CENTELLA ASIATICA) EXTRACT (AND) CONEFLOWER (ECHINACEA) EXTRACT

Trade name: Actifirm TS

Properties: Clinical test studies have shown that Actifirm TS increases facial firmness up to 21% and reduces lines and wrinkles up to 36.6%.

Applications: Facial creams, body lotions, masks and cosmetics

Source: Active Organics

BUTYLENE GLYCOL (AND) HYDROLYZED MILK PROTEIN (AND) NIACINAMIDE (AND) ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

Trade name: Unilactamin L-17

Properties: Interactive ingredient system containing activated amino acids as biological precursors to stimulate skin metabolism and to prevent premature skin aging; good moisturizing and wrinkle-smoothing properties; water soluble; use concentration 2.5-5.0%.

Applications: Skin care products to maintain a youthful skin

Source: Induchem

CAPRYLIC/CAPRIC TRIGLYCERIDE (AND) LITHOSPERMUM ERYTHRORHIZON EXTRACT

Trade name: Crodarom Zi CaD

Properties: Exotic Chinese botanical extracted from Lithospermum erythrorhizon (groomwell

Page 305 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. root); dark red, oil-soluble liquid containing 14% active plant material, principally naphthoquinones, known for anti-inflammatory properties. The active principles, alkannin and shikonin, are enantiomers that have been isolated from pigments ofa naphthazarine found in the plant.

Applications: Soothing effects for sensitive-skin products, body oils and skin toners

Source: Croda, Inc.

CAPRYLIC/CAPRIC TRIGLYCERIDE (AND) MATRICARIA (CAMOMILLA RECUTITA) EXTRACT

Trade name: Crodarom Chamomile Oil forte

Properties: Highly purified and concentrated, clear, dark-green liquid extract of wild chamomile blossom, well-known for its anti-inflammatory effects; high level of actives standardized using the oily product of supercritical fluid extraction, a method that concentrates the extract while leaving the active principles intact; good color; low odor; high activity; active principle: vehicle ratio of 2:1; contains [Alpha]-bisabolol, matrizine and azulene, other soluble lipid components of the plant, and water-soluble flavonoids and cumarins.

Applications: Creams or lotions for dry, rough, chapped or sensitive skin; provides soothing effects in after-sun products, baby-care preparations and body oils

Source: Croda, Inc.

CAPRYLIC/CAPRIC TRIGLYCERIDE (AND) POLYGLYCEROL POLYRICINOLEATE (AND) SOY STEROL

Trade name: Cithrol Vegetable Absorption Base

Properties: A vegetable-derived liquid; hydrocarbon-free; absorption base; produces w/o and stabilize o/w systems; sterols afford moisturization.

Applications: Both w/o and o/w emulsions, skin, baby, hair care, color cosmetics

Source: Croda Chem.

CAPRYLIC/CAPRIC TRIGLYCERIDE (AND) ROSEMARY (ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS) EXTRACT

Trade name: Crodarom Rosemary Oil forte

Properties: Highly purified and concentrated, clear, yellow liquid extract of rosemary leaves, said to have wound-healing, antiseptic and tonic properties; standardized using the oily product of supercritical fluid extraction, a method that concentrates the extract while leaving the active principles intact; good color; low odor; high activity; contains phytosterols, triterpene-compounds, the essential oil and other soluble lipid components of plant.

Applications: Bath and shower products, skin cleansers, treatment creams, antidandruff shampoos and other hair care products

Source: Croda, Inc.

CAPRYLIC/CAPRIC TRIGLYCERIDE (AND) WILD THYME (THYMUS SERPILLUM) EXTRACT

Trade name: Crodarom Wild Thyme Oil forte

Properties: Highly purified and concentrated, clear, orange-brown liquid extract of wild thyme, said to have a stimulating and a germ-killing effect; standardized using the oily product of supercritical fluid extraction, a method that concentrates the extract while leaving the active principles intact; good color; low odor; high activity; contains the essential oil and other wax components comprising the soluble lipid component of the plant.

Applications: Astringent skin cleansers, bath or shower products, antidandruff shampoos and other hair-care products

Source: Croda, Inc.

CETEARYL ALCOHOL (AND) PEG-40 CASTOR OIL (AND) STEARALKONIUM CHLORIDE

Trade name: CoQuat HCC

Properties: Flaked raw material for stable, high-quality hair-conditioning products; readily accommodates a variety of specialty conditioning additives for unique finished product performance attributes.

Applications: Cream rinses, conditioners, deep treatments

COCONUT (COCOS NUCIFERA) OIL (AND) PHOSPHOLIPIDS (AND) GLYCERIN (AND) HYDROGENATED POLYISOBUTENE (AND) BISHYDROXYETHYL BISCETYL MALONAMIDE (AND) STEARIC ACID (AND) PALMITIC ACID (AND) MYRISTIC ACID (AND) SOY STEROL (AND) TOCOPHERYL ACETATE

Trade name: Questamix H

Properties: A lipid mix containing a special phospholipid, rich in phosphotidyl choline, phytostearylglucosides from soya; pale-brown, soft wax.

Applications: Skin-care emulsions, concentrates, hair care, shampoos and conditioners

Source: Quest Int'l.

COLOR (AND) DIMETHICONOL (AND) ISOCETYL BEHENATE

Trade name: Silchromas

Properties: Specially treated hydrophobie colors without hydrogen gas potential; improves overall stability of emulsion system; improves feel, slip in powder and liquid formulations; disperses easily in oil; compatible with cyclomethicone.

Applications: Emulsion oil phase, powder formulations, face powder, blush, eye shadows, anhydrous formulations

Source: Warner Jenkinson

COLOR (AND) OCTYLDODECYL ERUCATE

Trade name: Ottocolors

Properties: Colorants coated with vegetable-derived emollient; creamy feel; improved application and coverage; skin conditioning; improves formula performance; reduces processing time.

Applications: Lipsticks and anhydrous formulations, powder products, face powder, blush, eyeshadow

DIAZOLIDINYL UREA (AND) IODOPROPYNYL BUTYL CARBAMATE

Trade name: Germall Plus

Properties: A broad-spectrum, cost-effective preservative system; white, free-flowing powder; water soluble and compatible with most cosmetic ingredients.

Applications: Provides a high level of anti-microbial activity without additional preservatives

Source: ISP Sutton Laboratories

DIMETHICONE (AND) GELATIN

Trade name: Lipopearl with silicone

Properties: Standardized alginate microspheres.

Applications: Cosmetic and personal-care products

Source: Lipo Chemicals

DIMETHYLPABAMIDOPROPYL LAURDIMONIUM TOSYLATE (AND) PROPYLENE GLYCOL STEARATE

Trade name: EscaloL HP-610

Properties: A hair protectant that minimizes UV-induced damage; substantive to hair.

Applications: Leave-in and rinse-off products

Source: International Specialty Products

DITHIOOCTANEDIOL (AND) GLUCONIC ACID (AND) SUTILAINS (AND) BETA- CAROTENE

Trade name: Melaclear 2

Properties: Eliminates strongly pigmented cells: [Beta]-carotene, dithiooctanediol and

Applications: Soft depigmentation by enzymatic elimination of strongly pigmented surface cells

Source: Sederma

ELDERBERRY (SAMBUCUS NIGRA) EXTRACT (AND) GLYCERYL POLYACRYLATE (AND) ETHOXYDIGLYCOL

Trade name: Redulite

Properties: A viscous, transparent gel for reducing cellulite by combating excess water.

Applications: Anticellulite treatments

Source: Sederma

GLYCERYL POLYMETHACRYLATE (AND) CAFFEINE (AND) LIPASE (AND) ADENOSINE PHOSPHATE

Trade name: Cyclolipase

Properties: Contains cyclic AMP of biotechnological origin, lipase obtained by fermentation and caffeine that potentiates the cellular cyclic AMP.

Applications: For reinforced slimming efficacy, biotechnological synergy at the forefront of lipolysis

Source: Sederma

GLYCERIN (AND) WATER (EU: AQUA) (AND) SODIUM POLYACRYLATE (AND) CAPRYL GLYCOL

Trade name: Osmocide

Properties: Physical protection through a process linked to osmosis; avoids the problem of intolerance because of the use of chemical preservatives.

Applications: Preservative-free cosmetics, moisturization, anti-stinging properties

Source: Sederma

HEXYLDECANOL (AND) HEXYLDECYL LAURATE

Trade name: Cetiol PGL

Properties: Emollient for skin care products, with sensory effects on skin similar to mineral oil; vegetable-based alternative to low-viscosity mineral oil.

Applications: Skin care products

Source: Henkel KGaA - Cospha

HYDROGENATED JOJOBA OIL (AND) VARIOUS CERTIFIED COLORANTS

Trade name: Florabeads Jojoba, Painted Desert Collection

Properties: Natural jojoba-based exfoliatives in six pastel colors

Applications: Facial scrubs, body polishes, foot scrubs

Source: Floratech

ISODODECANE (AND) FATTY ACIDS POLYMER

Trade name: Dispers Fluid I

Properties: A predispersed material for enhanced pigment stabilization; recommended for ultrafine materials and long-lasting lipsticks.

Applications: Skin care and color lines

Source: Creations Couleurs/CIT SARL

ISOHEXADECANE (AND) FATTY ACIDS POLYMER

Trade name: Dispers Fluid H

Properties: A predispersed material for enhanced pigment stabilization; recommended for

Applications: Skin care and color lines

Source: Creations Couleurs/CIT SARL

JOJOBA ESTERS (AND) HYDROGENATED JOJOBA OIL (AND) VARIOUS CERTIFIED COLORANTS

Trade name: Florabeads Silkies, Painted Desert Collection

Properties: Emollient beads that melt into the skin.

Applications: Skin care, visual impact gels

Source: International Flora Technologies

LAUROYL LACTYLATE (AND) MYRISTOYL LACTYLATE

Trade name: Priazul LML 2131

Properties: Clear, light yellow liquid; functions as a moisturizer and mild anionic surfactant that enhances and stabilizes foam in liquid systems; penetrates the skin and delivers fatty acid and lactic acid to the stratum corneum; produced in its acid form, can be modified to the salt of any cation to suit formulation requirements.

Applications: Facial cleaners, shower gels, body shampoos, liquid soaps, bath foams, creams and lotions

Source: Unichema North America

LECITHIN (AND) CAPRYLIC/CAPRIC TRIGLYCERIDE (AND) TOCOPHEROL ACETATE (AND) RETINYL PALMITATE (AND) GLYCERIN (AND) ALCOHOL (AND) WATER (EU: AQUA)

Trade name: Crodasome A/E

Properties: Nanoparticles of extremely small vesicle size loaded with Vitamins A and E; as carrier system, allows oil-soluble actives to be selectively deposited for better delivery to the skin; high-pressure homogenization yields small particle size, improving efficacy, stability and

Page 312 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. aesthetics; exhibits high water-binding capacity; provides activity as an anti-oxidant and free- radical scavenger; increases skin moisture and reduces skin roughness; restores barrier function through reduced transepidermal water loss; revitalizes skin.

Applications: Treatment creams and lotions, antiwrinkle creams, eye gels, sun care and after- sun care and after-shaves

Source: Croda, Inc.

LECITHIN (AND) ISOAMYL METHOXYCINNAMATE (AND) BUTYL METHOXYDIBENZOYLMETHANE (AND) OLEYL OLEATE (AND) TOCOPHEROL ACETATE (AND) ALCOHOL (AND) WATER (EU: AQUA)

Trade name: Crodasome UV-A/B

Properties: Positively charged nanoparticle loaded with UV filters; as cationic carrier system, high substantivity enhances affinity of UV filters to hair and provides better deposition for even distribution;; provides hair with improved UV protection without a sticky after-feel; excess rinses out, leaving hair free of residual filter; high-pressure homogenization yields extremely small vesicle size, which improves efficacy, stability and aesthetics.

Applications: Hair conditioners, styling products and setting aids

Source: Croda, Inc.

LICORICE (GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA) EXTRACT (AND) ASPERGILLUS FERMENT (AND) ETHOXYDIGLYCOL

Trade name: Gatuline Whitening

Properties: A brown-red liquid; strong capacity to inhibit melanin synthesis; designed for skin- lightening cosmetic products and attenuation of hyperpigmentation.

Applications: Skin lightening and whitening

Source: Gattefosse

MACADAMIA TERNIFOLIA NUT OIL (AND) MACADAMIA TERNIFOLIA NUT WAX (AND) HYDROXYSTEARIC ACID

Properties: White wax; drop point 85-95 [degrees] C; nongreasy feel, matte aspect; dry superfatting, moisturizing, nourishing, cell regenerating.

Applications: Powder products, lipsticks, foundation, eyeshadow, blush, emulsion w/o and o/w

Source: Les Colorants Wackherr

MACADAMIA TERNIFOLIA NUT OIL (AND) SOYBEAN (GLYCINE SOJA) OIL (AND) CARNAUBA (CAPERNICA CERIFERA) WAX (AND) BEESWAX (AND) PARAFFIN WAX

Trade frame: Covacrem LP

Properties: White wax; drop point 60-75 [degrees] C; vegetal milk substitute; nongreasy superfatting, moisturizing, nourishing and cell regenerating.

Applications: 2-in-1 cream gel, milk bath products, creamy soap, body milk lotion

Source: Les Colorants Wackherr

MELALEUCA ALTERNIFOLIA OIL (AND) PPG-26 BUTETH-26 (AND) PEG-40 HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL

Trade name: Microfolia

Properties: Transparent liquid; natural germicide, effective against Propionibacterium acnes; possesses wound-healing and anti-inflammatory properties.

Applications: Hair- and skin-care treatment products

Source: Les Colorants Wackherr

METHYL PCA (AND) PROPYLENE GLYCOL (AND) PEG-7 GLYCERYL COCOATE

Trade name: Questice 50

Properties: Clear, pale-yellow, low-viscosity liquid; glycolic; slight mint odor; purity 49%; easy to use in formulations; slow-release cooling; low- to non-irritating skin freshener; releases

Applications: As coolant, freshener, signaling material for after-shave, deodorants, anticellulite products, cooling gels, creams, lotions

Source: Quest International

MICA (AND) IRON OXIDE (AND) TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Trade name: Lumiral

Properties: Pale-yellow powder; specific area of 9 [m.sup.2]/g; lamellar structure, including selective light-absorbing ions.

Applications: Lies over skin irregularities to form flat, smooth, homogeneous surface for selective light diffusion

Source: Les Colorants Wackherr

MICA (AND) TITANIUM DIOXIDE (AND) IRON OXIDES

Trade names: Flamenco Satin Blue 660M, Flamenco Satin Gold 260M, Flamenco Satin Green 860M, Flamenco Satin Orange 360M, Flamenco Satin Red 460M, Flamenco Satin Violet 560M

Properties: Tin-free, rutile interference pigment, violet by reflection, yellow-green by transmission; average particle size 6 microns.

Applications: Most makeup formulations

Source: Mearl

MINERAL OIL (EU: PARAFFINUM LIQUIDUM) (AND) GELATIN

Trade name: Lipopearl

Properties: Standardized alginate microspheres containing emollient oils; varieties include mineral oil, vitamin E, aloe barbadensis, silicone oil, lipoval MOS, jojoba oil and sesame oil.

Applications: Cosmetics and personal-care products

Source: Lipo Chemicals

MULTILAMELLAR LIPOSOMES

Trade name: Lipozone Lipoceuticals

Properties: Patented multilamellar liposomes with various hydrophilic and lipophilic actives, including vitamins, botanicals, AHAs, moisturizers and hair-conditioning agents.

Applications: Skin- and hair-care and makeup products

Source: Lipo Chemicals

NYLON-6 (AND) ARBUTIN

Trade name: Nylonpoly WL6 Arbutin

Properties: A powder diffusion sphere for the hydrophilic material arbutin; diffuses upon wet application to the skin with enhanced day-long performance.

Applications: Two-way cakes

Source: Creations Couleurs

NYLON-6 (AND) CERAMIDES III (AND) PHOSPHOLIPIDS

Trade name: Nylonpoly WL6 Ceramides III

Properties: A slow, efficient diffusion carrier for a functional, human-identical skin-barrier replenisher; soft and easy to use in powder and lipstick applications.

Applications: Makeup lines

Source: Creations Couleurs

NYLON-12 (AND) LAUROYL LYSINE (OR) BORON NITRIDE

Trade names: Liponyl-20LL, Liponyl-20BN-6058/6069

Page 316 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Properties: A white, silky, odorless powder (nylon-12) bonded with lauroyl lysine or boron nitride; both adhere to skin well and impart a soft, silky feel.

Applications: Pressed powders, loose powders, body powders, creams, lotions, lipsticks, antistatic hair products, mascara, eyeliner and antiperspirant sticks

Source: Lipo Chemicals

NYLON-12 (AND) PERFLUOROPHENANTHRENE OLIGOMER

Trade name: Nylonpoly WL12 Fluomer

Properties: Hydrophobic and lipophobic coated spheres; unique functionability for two-phase or three-phase powder formulations.

Applications: Color makeup lines

Source: Creations Couleurs

PEG-120 JOJOBA ACID/ALCOHOL (AND) HYDROGENATED JOJOBA OIL (AND) VARIOUS CERTIFIED COLORANTS

Trade name: Florabeads Bath Beads, Painted Desert Collection

Properties: Pastel colored beads that dissolve in the bath and add jojoba emolliency to the entire body.

Applications: Bath salts, bath powder, foaming bath powder

Source: Floratech

PHENOXYETHANOL (AND) ISOPROPYLPARABEN (AND) ISOBUTYLPARABEN (AND) BUTYLPARABEN

Trade name: LiquaPan PE

Properties: A broad spectrum, liquid preservative system; solvent-free blend with the broad- spectrum antimicrobial power of phenoxyethanol; all components are approved for use worldwide.

Source: ISP Sutton Laboratories

PISTACHIO (PISTACIA VERA) NUT OIL

Trade name: Pistachio Nut Oil

Properties: A triglyceride similar to sweet almond; has a balanced ratio of monosaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids with sufficient linoleic acid that supplies essential fatty acids; good oxidative stability for cosmetics.

Applications: Emollient in moisturizers, either in emulsion or part of an anhydrous solution

Source: Desert Whale Jojoba

POLYSORBATE 80 (AND) ACETYLATED LANOLIN ALCOHOL (AND) CETYL ACETATE

Trade name: Aqualose ACS

Properties: Nonionic, o/w emulsifier and pigment wetting agent.

Applications: Pigmented products, shampoos, foam baths, creams and lotions

Source: Westbrook Lanolin

POLYSTYRENE (AND) IRON OXIDE

Trade names: Eospoly Black, Eospoly Red, Eospoly Yellow

Properties: 10-micron spheres with color optimized; easy to formulate; allows production of foundations with bottle-to-skin tint applications.

Applications: Color lines

Source: Creations Couleurs

POLYSTYRENE (AND) IRON OXIDE (AND) TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Properties: An easy-to-disperse UVA-UVB composite; enhanced feel is linked to optimized dispersions of two physical filters; composites allow predictable SPF results.

Applications: Skin and color lines

Source: Creations Couleurs

POLYSTYRENE (AND) PERFLUOROPHENANTHRENE OLIGOMER

Trade name: Eospoly Fluomer

Properties: A coating with lipophobic and hydrophobic behavior to polystyrene spheres; soft spherical powder, easy to formulate for feel and emollience enhancement.

Applications: Skin and color applications

Source: Creations Couleurs

POLYSTYRENE (AND) PIGMENTS

Trade name: Polyspheres

Properties: Color-adapted spherical polymer for soft-abrasive, mechanical application; evens and cleans facial and body skin; available from 1 to 300 microns.

Applications: Gentle exfoliant scrub material

Source: Creations Couleurs

POLYSTYRENE (AND) TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Trade name: Eospoly UV Crystal

Properties: Soft, ultrafine, physical UV filter composite; the optimized dispersion of the ultrafine material is frozen in a soft composite polymer.

Applications: Skin-care and color lines

POLYSTYRENE (AND) TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Trade name: Eospoly White R

Properties: 10-micron polymer spheres with titanium dioxide; the polymer sphere freezes an optimized titanium-dioxide dispersion for unique color pay-off linked to feel.

Applications: Skin and color lines

Source: Creations Couleurs

POLYSTYRENE (AND) ULTRAMARINES

Trade name: Eospoly Blue

Properties: 10-micron spheres where color is optimized; easy to formulate; allows production of foundations with bottle-to-skin tint applications.

Applications: Color lines

Source: Creations Couleurs

PROPYLENE GLYCOL (AND) GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE)

Trade name: Crodarom Gan Jiang

Properties: Exotic Chinese botanical extracted from unpeeled ginger root; water-soluble; 2% active plant material; mainly in the form of polysaccarides; contains zingiberol, gingerol, glucose, fructose, and various resins and amino acids; moisturizing action; also increases circulation in peripheral blood vessels.

Applications: Provides cooling and moisturizing effects in skin tonics, after-bath products, deodorants, skin creams and lotions

Source: Croda, Inc.

PROPYLENE GLYCOL (AND) GINSENG (PANAX GINSENG) EXTRACT

Properties: Exotic Chinese botanical extracted from ginseng roots; water-soluble; contains 16% active plant material, mainly in the form of saponins, includes glucose, arabinose, rhamnose and glucuronic acid; exhibits properties that help regulate skin moisture.

Applications: Creams and lotions for dry, sensitive skin

Source: Croda, Inc.

PROPYLENE GLYCOL (AND) GLYCERIN (AND) ENTEROMORPHA COMPRESSA EXTRACT

Trade name: Enteline

Properties: Fraction of active peptides isolated from Enteromorpha compressa; calms skin that has been sensitized by thermal aggression; improves desquamation; reduces itching and erythema; does not contain preservatives.

Applications: Sensitive or sensitized skins, after-sun products, after-shaves, baby care

Source: Secma

SEA WHIP (PSEUDOPTERGORIA ELISA-BETHAE) EXTRACT (AND) BUTYLENE GLYCOL

Trade name: Gorgonian Extract BG

Properties: Natural marine extract derived from Pseudoptergoria elisabethae; anti- inflammatory; heat stable: supplied as 4% active.

Applications: Sun and after shave products, lotions and creams, gels

Source: Lipo Chemicals

SESAME OIL (AND) JOJOBA OIL (AND) GELATIN

Trade name: Lipopearl with Jojoba and Sesame Oil

Properties: Standardized alginate microspheres with emollient oils.

Source: Lipo Chemical

SIEGESBECKIA ORIENTALIS EXTRACT (AND) CENTAURIUM ERYTHRAEA EXTRACT

Trade name: Siegesbeckia & Centaurium

Properties: Possesses complementary activities in the two glycolic extracts against collagenase, elastase and lipoxygenase.

Applications: Anti-inflammatory, botanical products

Source: Sederma

SODIUM COCYL ISETHIONATE (AND) STEARIC ACID (AND) SODIUM STEARATE (AND) COCONUT ACIDS (AND) WATER (EU: AQUA) (AND) SODIUM LAUROYL SARCOSINATE (AND) PARAFFIN (AND) SODIUM COCOATE (AND) SODIUM ISETHIONATE

Trade name: Jordapon SB II

Properties: A mild and gentle cleaner for all types of skin; provides a near-neutral solution pH; very mild base odor; prevents cracking bars; nonalkaline pH.

Applications: Bar soap

Source: Stepan

SODIUM METHYL 2-SULFOLAURATE (AND) DISODIUM 2-SULFOLAURATE

Trade name: Alpha-Step MC-48

Properties: Alpha-Step MC-48 is an anionic surfactant derived from oleochemicals; has good hard-water tolerance and lime-soap dispersing ability; readily soluble liquid that can easily be formulated at pH 4-9.

Applications: Useful in shampoos and hand soaps

Source: Stepan

Page 322 of 354 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. SODIUM PCA (AND) BETAINE (AND) SORBITOL (AND) GLYCINE (AND) ALANINE (AND) PROLINE (AND) SERINE (AND) THREONINE (AND) ARGININE (AND) LYSINE (AND) GLUTAMIC ACID

Trade name: Prodew 400

Properties: Mixture of natural-moisturizing-factor humectants.

Applications: Hair, skin and makeup products

Source: Ajinomoto

SOYBEAN (GLYCINE SOJA) EXTRACT (AND) CERAMIDE 3

Trade name: Bio-Oil HBSL

Properties: Lipid matrix contains a human-identical ceramide solubilized into a high- molecular-weight ester fraction and a crude unsaponifiable soybean fraction that increases the efficacy of Ceramide 3.

Applications: Skin-care, hair-care and makeup applications

Source: Brooks

PMMA COATED WITH 10% ULTRAFINE TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Trade name: Cardre LDP 1000

Properties: Minimizes appearance of wrinkles by randomly scattering incident light.

Applications: Anti-aging makeup

Source: Cardre

SPHERICAL SILICA WITH ZIRCONIUM DIOXIDE AND TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Trade name: Cardre LDP 5000

Properties: Minimizes appearance of wrinkles by randomly scattering incident light.

Source: Cardre

SQUALANE (AND) OBIQUINONE

Trade name: Lipogard

Properties: Supports the skin's natural defenses against damage from free radicals, particularly lipid peroxidation.

Applications: Skin care, sun-protection products

Source: Pentapharm/Centerchem

TALC (AND) PERFLUOROPHENANTHRENE OLIGOMER

Trade name: Talcpoly fluomer

Properties: A coating with lipophobic and hydrophobic functions and a unique second- or third-phase powder system.

Applications: Color makeup lines and liquid talcs

Source: Creations Couleurs

TITANIUM (AND) CYCLOMETHICONE (AND) OCTYLDODECANOL

Trade name: Tioveil GCM

Properties: Fine-particle titanium dioxide dispersed in 50/50 blend of volatile silicone and octyldodecanol vehicle; nongreasy; excellent spreadability; light skin feel.

Applications: Skin care, decorative cosmetics

Source: Tioxide Specialties

TITANIUM DIOXIDE (AND) CYCLOMETHICONE (AND) [C.sub.12]-[C.sub.15] ALKYL BENZOATE

Properties: Fine-particle titanium dioxide dispersed in 50/50 blend of volatile silicone and alkyl ester vehicle; nongreasy; excellent spreadability, light skin feel.

Applications: Skin care, decorative cosmetics

Source: Tioxide Specialties

TITANIUM DIOXIDE (AND)IRON OXIDE (AND) ISODODECANE (AND) FATTY ACIDS POLYMER

Trade name: CIT UV Shadow

Properties: A high-concentration (50% and 60% crystal loading) dispersion; good UVA physical filter with high SPF protection

Applications: Skin- and sun-care lines, lipsticks and powder applications

Source: Creations Couleurs

TITANIUM DIOXIDE (AND) ISODODECANE (AND) FATTY ACIDS POLYMER

Trade name: CIT UV Crystal

Properties: A high concentration (50% and 60% crystal loading) dispersion in a low-odor, stabilized vehicle; good physical filter stability; UVA and UVB absorption.

Applications: Skin- and sun-care lines, lipsticks and powder applications

Source: Creations Couleurs

TITANIUM DIOXIDE (AND) MELANIN

Trade name: Ti[O.sub.2]-Melanin 491

Properties: Aqueous dispersion containing 35% Ti[O.sub.2] and 0.5% melanin; the melanin acts as both a thixotropic and dispersing agent for the Ti[O.sub.2] while decreasing the bluing normally seen in Ti[O.sub.2] formulations.

Source: MeL-Co

TITANIUM DIOXIDE (AND) MELANIN

Trade name: Tioveil MEL

Properties: Fine particle titanium dioxide dispersed in water with natural melanin (50 parts titanium dioxide to 1 part melanin); natural UV protection; improved appearance; antioxidant properties, free-radical scavenging.

Applications: Sun and skin care

Source: Tioxide Specialties

TITANIUM DIOXIDE (AND) SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS) OIL

Trade name: Tioveil FLO

Properties: Fine-particle titanium dioxide dispersed in natural sunflower oil; oxidative stability; elegant skin feel.

Applications: Sun care, skin care, decorative cosmetics

Source: Tioxide Specialties

TITANIUM DIOXIDE (AND) PHENYLTRIMETHICONE (AND) [C.sub.12]-[C.sub.15] ALKYL BENZOATE

Trade name: Tioveil FPT

Properties: Fine-particle titanium dioxide dispersed in a 50/50 blend of hydrophobic liquids; skin softening; enhanced water barrier; emolliency.

Applications: Sun and skin care

Source: Tioxide Specialties

TITANIUM DIOXIDE (AND) PHENYLTRIMETHICONE (AND) OCTYLDODECANOL

Trade name: Tioveil GPT

Properties: Fine-particle titanium dioxide dispersed in a 50/50 blend of hydrophobic liquids; skin softening; enhanced water barrier; emolliency.

Applications: Sun and skin care

Source: Tioxide Specialties

TRIDECYL STEARATE (AND) NEOPENTYLGLYCOL DICAPRYLATE/DICAPRATE (AND) TRIDECYL TRIMELLITATE (AND) GELATIN (AND) TOCOPHERYL ACETATE

Trade name: Lipopearl Green with Vitamin E

Properties: Standardized alginate microspheres with emollient oils.

Applications: Cosmetic and personal-care products

Source: Lipo Chemical

WATER (EU: AQUA) (AND) ALOE BARBADENSIS (AND) YEAST EXTRACT (EU: FAEX)

Trade name: Betavera

Properties: A yeast-derived beta 1-3 glycan with Aloe barbadensis to enhance the delivery of glycans to the skin; smooths; reduces redness; minimizes the appearance of fine lines.

Applications: Skin care

Source: Brooks

WATER (EU: AQUA) (AND) GLYCERIN (AND) BEARBERRY (ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA- URSI) EXTRACT

Trade name: FadeOut

Properties: Skin brightener; inhibits the progress of skin darkening.

Applications: Skin care

Source: Pentapharm/Centerchem

WATER (EU: AQUA) (AND) GLYCERIN (AND) LACTOBACILLUS FERMENT

Trade name: Phosphovital

Properties: Uses biotechnological conversion of phosphocreatine precursors; this molecule, recently discovered in the skin, provides energy to the skin to combat stress.

Applications: To reinforce the skin's vitality

Source: Sederma

WATER (AND) GLYCERIN (AND) PROPYLENE GLYCOL (AND) BACILLUS FERMENT

Trade name: Keratoline

Properties: An enzyme obtained, by fermentation of Bacillus subilis; obtains the same results as [Alpha]-hydroxyacids in a softer way; avoids skin irritation and dryness problems.

Applications: For a keratolytic effect by enzymatic technology

Source: Sederma

WATER (EU: AQUA) (AND) GLYCOLIPIDS (AND) PHOSPHOLIPIDS (AND) CARBOHYDRATES

Trade name: Lactomide

Properties: Improves the integrity and structure of the ceramide-containing lipid lamellae of the skin's permeability barrier.

Applications: Skin-treatment, specialty products

Source: Pentapharm/Centerchem

WATER (EU: AQUA) (AND) SACCHAROMYCES LYSTATE EXTRACT

Trade name: Biodynes TRF 25% solution

Properties: A water-soluble, yeast-derived material with the ability to increase collagen, elastin synthesis; may be considered an internal moisturizer.

Applications: Skin-care or makeup applications

Source: Brooks

ZINC OXIDE (AND) METHICONE (PROPOSED)

Trade name: Micro Zinc Oxide SMZ-3S

Properties: Ultrafine particle size; methicone coating for dispersion efficiency; good UVA sunscreening properties.

Applications: Sunscreens, decorative cosmetics, and skin care products

Source: Tri-K

ZINC RICINOLEATE (AND) LAURETH-3 (AND) TETRAHYDROXYPROPYL- ETHYLENEDIAMINE

Trade name: Tego Deo CW90

Properties: Deodorizer.

Applications: Cosmetic deodorants

Source: Goldschmidt

ZINC RICINOLEATE (AND) PROPYLENE GLYCOL

Trade name: Tego Deo AT Basis

Properties: Deodorizer.

Applications: Deodorant/antiperspirants

Source: Goldschmidt

Trade name: Tego Deo P176

Properties: Deodorizer.

Applications: Cosmetic deodorants

Source: Goldschmidt

ZINC RICINOLEATE (AND) TRIETHANOLAMINE (AND) DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL (AND) LACTIC ACID

Trade name: Tego Deo HY77

Properties: Deodorizer

Applications: Cosmetic deodorants

Source: Goldschmidt

New Sources

ACETYL TYROSINE

Tomen America

ACRYLAMIDOPROPYLTRIMONIUM CHLORIDE/ACRYLAMIDE COPOLYMER

Allied Colloids

ACRYLATES COPOLYMER PROPYLENE GLYCOL

Allied Colloids

ALCLOXA

Costec

ALGIN

Tomen America

ALLANTOIN

Costec

ALOE BARBADENSIS (WAS ALOE VERA) GEL

Agro-Mar

ALOE BARBADENSIS (WAS ALOE VERA) GEL

(Aloe Concentrate 10X)

Concentrated Aloe

AMMONIUM ACRYLATES COPOLYMER

Allied Colloids

AMMONIUM IODIDE

Tomen America

AMMONIUM THIOGLYCOLATE

Costec

AMMONIUM THIOGLYCOLATE

Tomen America

APRICOT (PRUNUS ARMENIACA) KERNEL OIL

Desert Whale Jojoba

BENZOPHENONE-2

(Helisorb-10)

Norquay Tech.

BENZOPHENONE-3

(Eusolex 4360)

Costec

BIOTIN

Costec

BISABOLOL

Tomen America

BISMUTH OXYCHLORIDE

(Biron series, carriers in dispersions)

Costec

BORAGE (BORAGO OFFICINALIS) OIL

Desert Whale Jojoba

2-BROMO-2-NITROPROPANE-1, 3 DIOL

(Myacide Pharma 30%; Myacide Pharma BP)

Knoll Microcheck

BUTYL ACETATE (AND) BISMUTH OXYCHLORIDE (AND) NITROCELLULOSE (AND) ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL (AND) ETHYL ACETATE (AND) STEARALKONIUM HECTORITE

(Nailsyn II C2X; Nailsyn II Platinum 25)

Costec

(Nailsyn II R)

Costec

BUTYL METHOXYDIBENZOYL-METHANE

(Parsol 1789)

Hoffman-La Roche

BUTYLENE GLYCOL

Tomen America

CALCIUM THIOGLYCOLATE

Costec

CALCIUM THIOGLYCOLATE

Tomen America

CAPRYLIC/CAPRIC TRIGLYCERIDE

(Neobee M-5 Cosmetic)

Stepan

CARMINIC ACID

(Natuchrom Carmine)

Quest International

CARRAGEENAN

CERAMIDE 3

(Ceramide III Powder)

Cosmoferm, Centerchem

CERAMIDE 3B

(Ceraclear)

Cosmoferm, Centerchem

CETEARYL ALCOHOL (AND) CETEARYL PHOSPHATE ESTER

(Crodofos CES)

Croda Chemicals

CETYL ESTERS

(Ceraphyl CE)

ISP Van Dyk

CETYL OCTANOATE

(Pelemol 168)

Phoenix Chem.

CETYL PALMITATE

(Pelemol CP)

Phoenix Chem.

CETYL PHOSPHATE

Hoffman-La Roche

CHERRY (PRUNUS CERASUS) EXTRACT

(Keresine)

Vevy Europe

COCOMIDE MIPA

(Ninol M-10)

Stepan

CYCLODEXTRIN

Tomen America

CYSTEAMINE HCL

Tomen America

DEA CETYL PHOSPHATE

(Getacire)

Concentrated Aloe

DEA-CETYL PHOSPHATE

(Amphisol)

Hoffman-La Roche

DECYL OLEATE

(Pelemol DO)

DEXTRIN PALMITATE

(Rheopearl-KL)

Tomen America

DIGLYCERIN

Tomen America

DIHYDROXYACETONE

Costec

DIHYDROXYACETONE

Tomen America

DIPHENYL DIMETHICONE

(Mirasil DPDM)

Rhone-Poulenc

ETHYL ESTER OF PVM/MA COPOLYMER

(Vema-E Monoester Resin)

Tomen America

EVENING PRIMROSE (OENOTHERA BIENNIS) OIL

Desert Whale Jojoba

FD&C BLUE NO. 1

Tomen America

FD&C RED NO. 4

Tomen America

FD&C RED NO. 4 ALUMINUM LAKE

Tomen America

FD&C YELLOW NO. 5

Tomen America

FD&C YELLOW NO. 5 ALUMINUM LAKE

Tomen America

FD&C YELLOW NO. 6

Tomen America

FD&C YELLOW NO. 6 ALUMINUM LAKE

Tomen America

GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT

Tomen America

GLYCERYL POLYACRYLATE

(Tri-K Dermogel)

Tri-K

GLYCOLIC ACID

GUAR GUM

Tomen America

GUAR HYDROXYPROPYLTRIMONIUM CHLORIDE

Tomen America

HINOKITOL

Tomen America

HOMOSALATE

(Eusolex HMS)

Costec

HYDROGENATED POLYISOBUTANE

(Panalane)

Lipo Chemicals

HYDROGENATED POLYISOBUTENE

(Panalane)

Fanning

HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL

(AVSGO)

Anglia Oils

HYDROLYZED COLLAGEN

Croda, Inc.

HYDROXYAPATITE

Tomen America

IRON OXIDES

Nanophase

IRON OXIDES (AND) MICA

(Colorona Sienna Fine, Copper Fine and Chameleon; Microna Matte Black and Red)

Costec

IRON OXIDES (AND) MICA (AND) TITANIUM DIOXIDE

(Black Mica)

Costec

ISOBUTYL STEARATE

(Pelemol IBS)

Phoenix Chem.

ISOCETYL LAURATE

(Pelemol ICLA)

Phoenix Chem.

ISOCETYL OCTANOATE

(Pelemol ICO)

ISOCETYL STEARATE

(Pelemol ICS)

Phoenix Chem.

ISODECYL OCTANOATE

(Pelemol 108)

Phoenix Chem.

KOJIC ACID

Tomen America

KUKUI (ALEURITES MOLUCCANA) NUT OIL

Desert Whale Jojoba

LACTOFERRIN

Tomen America

LAURAMIDE MEA

(Ninol C12LMP)

Stepan

LAURYL LACTATE

(Pelemol LL)

Phoenix Chem.

LECITHIN (AND) DIPALMITOYL HYDROXYPROLINE (AND) BETASITOSTEROL (AND) LINOLEIC ACID (AND) TOCOPHEROL (AND) SODIUM ASCORBATE (AND) MANNITOL

(ASC III)

Costec

LINOLENIC ACID

Tomen America

LIPOSOMES

(Lipoceuticals)

Fanning

4-METHYLBENZYLIDENE CAMPHOR

(Eusolex 6300)

Costec

4-METHYLBENZYLIDENE CAMPHOR

(Parsol 5000)

Hoffman-La Roche

METHYLCHLOROISOTHIAZOLINONE (AND) METHYLISOTHIAZOLINONE

(Isocil PC)

Lonza

METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE

(Isolan DO)

Goldschmidt

METHYL GLUCOSE ISOSTEARATE

(Isolan IS)

Goldschmidt

METHYL GLUCOSE SESQUISTEARATE

(Tego Care PS)

Goldschmidt

METHYL METHACRYLATE CROSSPOLYMER

(Matsumoto Microsphere M-305)

Tomen America

MICA

(Satin Mica, Silk Mica)

Costec

MICA (AND) BARIUM SULFATE (AND) TITANIUM DIOXIDE

(Low Lustre Pigment)

Costec

MICA (AND) FERRIC FERROCYANIDE

(Microna Matte Blue)

Costec

MICA (AND) IRON OXIDES

(some Colorona colors; Microna Matte Orange and Yellow)

Costec

MICA (AND) IRON OXIDES (AND) TITANIUM DIOXIDE

(some Colorona colors)

Costec

MICA (AND) SILICA

(Micronasphere M)

Costec

MICA (AND) TITANIUM DIOXIDE

(most Timiron MP series; most Timiron Super series; Timiron Starlight series; Extender w)

Costec

MICA (AND) TITANIUM DIOXIDE (AND) CARMINE

(Colorona Carmine Red and Magenta; Dichrona RB and RY)

Costec

MICA (AND) TITANIUM DIOXIDE (AND) CHROMIUM OXIDE GREENS

(Colorona Majestic Green)

Costec

MICA (AND) TITANIUM DIOXIDE (AND) D&C RED NO. 30

(Colorona Imperial Red)

Costec

MICA (AND) TITANIUM DIOXIDE (AND) FERRIC FERROCYANIDE

(Colorona Dark and Light Blues; Dichrona BR and BY)

Costec

MICA (AND) TITANIUM DIOXIDE (AND) IRON DIOXIDES (AND) FERRIC FERROCYANIDE

(Dichrona GY)

Costec

MICA (AND) TITANIUM DIOXIDE (AND) IRON OXIDES

(most Timiron MP-20 series; Colorona Red Cold and Oriental Beige; Dichrona YB and YR)

Costec

MICA (AND) TITANIUM DIOXIDE (AND) TIN OXIDE

(Soloron series)

Costec

MICROATS

(Nurture)

Sederma (Europe only)

MYRISTYL MYRISTATE

(Pelemol MM)

Phoenix Chem.

NATTO-GUM

(Soypol EX; Soypol SP)

Pacific Corp.

Octyldodecyl stearoyl stearate

(Crodamol ODSS)

Croda Chemical

OCTYLDODECYL STEAROYL

STEARATE

(Pelemol ODSS)

Phoenix Chem.

OCTYL DIMETHYL PABA

(Eusolex 6007)

Costec

OCTYL LAURATE

(Tegosoft OL)

Goldschmidt

OCTYL METHOXYCINNAMATE

(Parsol MCX)

Hoffman-La Roche

OCTYL PALMITATE

(Crodamol OP)

Croda, Inc.

ORYZANOL

Tomen America

PAPAIN

Costec

PEG-6 CAPRYLIC/CAPRIC GLYCERIDES

(Glycerox 767)

Croda, Inc.

PEG-6 CAPRYLIC/CAPRIC GLYCERIDES

(Tegosoft GMC 6)

Goldschmidt

PEG-7 GLYCERYL COCOATE

(Glycerox HE)

Croda, Inc.

PEG-8 (AND) TOCOPHEROL (AND) ASCORBYL PALMITATE (AND) ASCORBIC ACID (AND) CITRIC ACID

(Oxynex K)

Costec

PENTAERYTHRITYL TETRAPELARGONATE

(Pelemol PTP)

Phoenix Chem.

PERSEA GRATISSIMA (AND) SOYBEAN (GLYCINE SOJA) OIL UNSAPONIFIABLES

(ASU Complex)

PHENOXYETHANOL

ISP Sutton

PHENYLBENZIMIDAZOLE SULFONIC ACID

(Eusolex 232)

Costec

PHENYLBENZlMIDAZOLE SULFONIC ACID

(Parsol HS)

Hoffman-La Roche

PHENYL TRIMETHICONE

(Mirasil PTM)

Rhone-Poulenc

POLYETHYLENIMINE

(Epomin)

Polymer Enterprises

POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE

(Matsumoto Microsphere M-100)

Tomen America

POLYOLPREPOLYMERS

(Penederm)

POLYQUATERNIUM-6

Allied Colloids

POLYQUATERNIUM 6

(Mirapol 100)

Rhone-Poulenc

POLYQUATERNIUM-7

Allied Colloids

POLYQUATERNIUM 11

(Triquat 11N)

Tri-K

POLYQUATERNIUM-32 MINERAL OIL

Allied Colloids

POLYQUATERNIUM-37 MINERAL OIL PPG-1 TRIDECETH-6

Allied Colloids

POLYQUATERNIUM-37 PROPYLENE GLYCOL DICAPYRLATE/DICAPRATE PPG-1 TRIDECETH-6

Allied Colloids

POTASSIUM [C.sub.9]-[C.sub.15] ALKYL PHOSPHATE

Tomen America

POTASSIUM CETYL PHOSPHATE

(Amphisol K)

Hoffman-La Roche

PVM/MA COPOLYMER

(Vema-A Resins)

Tomen America

SALICYLIC ACID

Costec

SEA WHIP (GORGONIA SPP) EXTRACT (AND) BUTYLENE GLYCOL

(Gorgonian Extract)

Lipo Chemicals

SODIUM ACRYLATES COPOLYMER

Allied Colloids

SODIUM ACRYLATES COPOLYMER MINERAL OIL PPG-1 TRIDECETH-6

Allied Colloids

SODIUM HYALURONATE

Tomen America

SODIUM ISOSTEAROYL LACTYLATE

(Priazul ISL 2133)

Unichema North America

SODIUM STEAROYL LACTYLATE

(Priazul SSL 2134)

Unichema North America

SPENT GRAIN WAX

(Stimu-tex)

Pentapharm, Centerchem

SQUALANE

(Tri-K Dermolane)

Tri-K

STEARETH-10 ALLYL ETHER/ACRYLATES COPOLYMER

Allied Colloids

SUCROSE COCOATE

(Tegosoft LSE 65 K Soft; Tegosoft LSE 87 K Soft; Tegosoft PSE 141 G)

Goldschmidt

SWEET ALMOND (PRUNUS AMYGDALUS DULCIS) OIL

Desert Whale Jojoba

THIOGLYCOLIC ACID

Costec

TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Nanophase

TITANIUM DIOXIDE (AND) MICA

(Timiron Silk series; Timiron Super Green)

Costec

TITANIUM DIOXIDE (AND) MICA (AND) FERRIC FERROCYANIDE

(Dichrona BG)

Costec

TITANIUM DIOXIDE (AND) MICA (AND) IRON OXIDES

(Timiron MP-20; Dichrona YG)

Costec

TITANIUM DIOXIDE (AND) MICA (AND) ZINC OXIDE

(Microna Matte White)

Costec

TOCOPHEROL (AND) LECITHIN (AND) ASCORBUL PALMITATE (AND) GLYCERYL STEARATE (AND) GLYCERYL OLEATE (AND) CITRIC ACID

(Oxynex LM)

Costec

TOCOPHERYL LINOLEATE

Seltzer Chem

TRICLOCARBON

(Nipaguard TCC)

Nipa

(Crodamol TDNP)

Croda, Inc.

TYROSINE

Sochinaz

UREA

Costec

VITAMIN E LINOLEATE

Seltzer Chem.

YEAST EXTRACT (FAEX)

(Yeast TR)

Tri-K

ZINC OXIDES

Nanophase

IN i25 : Chemicals | i257 : Pharmaceuticals | i258 : Cosmetics/Toiletries | icnp : Consumer Products IPC 2844

IPD Directory | Cosmetics Raw materials

AN Document cstl000020011013ds810001m

SE FLORIDIAN

HD PLANT PROFILE Series: Plant Profile

WC 141 words

PD 24 March 1989

SN St. Petersburg Times

SC STPT

ED CITY

PG 1D

LA English

LP Plant: Pongam. Botanical name Pongamia pinnata (pon-GAM-ee-a pin-NAY-ta).

Origin: Asian tropics.

TD Characteristics: Pinkish to white pea-like flowers in slender clusters that bloom in late spring. This evergreen, a tropical relative of redbud, wisteria and orchid trees, is recommended for South Florida only. It may grow to 40 feet.

Growing tips: Pongam is propagated by seeds that appear alone in each flat, brown, pointed pod. They are poisonous to humans if eaten. Pongam needs to be planted in fertile soil and fertilized three times a year while young. In Central Florida, it may survive cold in a sheltered area. It needs mulch, but keep that and grass away from the trunk.

Shown: Grown by Mary Jo Ellis of St. Petersburg.

ART COLOR PHOTO, Times files; plants: pongam: 89; Caption: Pongam flower

IPD STAND ALONE ART

AN Document stpt000020011117dl3o00e4i