Road Cycling
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Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science Road Cycling EDITED BY Robert J. Gregor Department of Health & Performance Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332-0110 USA Francesco Conconi Professor of Applied Biochemistry University of Ferrara Via Gramicia 35 1-44100 Ferrara Italy Blackwellb Science Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science Road Cycling IOC Medical Commission Sub-commission on Publications in the Sport Sciences Howard Knuttgen PhD (Co-ordinator) Boston, Massachusetts,G. USA Francesco Conconi MD Ferrara, Italy Harm Kuipers MD, PhD Maastricht, The Netherlands Per A.F.H. Renstrom Stockholm, Sweden Richard H. Strauss MD Los Angeles, California, USA Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science Road Cycling EDITED BY Robert J. Gregor Department of Health & Performance Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332-0110 USA Francesco Conconi Professor of Applied Biochemistry University of Ferrara Via Gramicia 35 1-44100 Ferrara Italy Blackwellb Science 0 2000 The right of the Authors to be DlSTRlBlJTORS Blackwell Science Ltd identified as the Authors of this Work Marston Book Services Ltd Editorial Offices: has been asserted in accordance PO Box 269 Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OEL with the Copyright, Designs and Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4YN 25 John Street, London WClN 2BL Patents Act 1988. (Orders: Tel: 01235 465500 23 Ainslie Place, Edinburgh EH3 6AJ Fax: 01235 465555) 350 Main Street, Malden All rights reserved. No part of USA MA 02148 5018, USA this publication may be reproduced, 54 University Street, Carlton stored in a retrieval system, or Blackwell Science, Inc. Commerce Place Victoria 3053, Australia transmitted, in any form or by any 350 Main Street 10, rue Casimir Delavigne means, electronic, mechanical, 75006 Paris, France photocopying, recording or otherwise, Malden, MA 02148 5018 Tel: 800 759 6102 except as permitted by the UK (Orders: Other Editorial Offices: Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 781 388 8250 Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH 1988, without the prior permission Fax: 781 388 8255) Kurfurstendamm 57 of the copyright owner. Canada 10707 Berlin, Germany Login Brothers Book Company A catalogue record for this title Blackwell Science KK 324 Saulteaux Crescent MG Kodenmacho Building is available from the British Library Winnipeg, Manitoba R3J 3T2 7-10 Kodenmacho Nihombashi ISBN 0-86542-912-X [Orders: Tel: 204 837 2987) Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan Australia Blackwell Science Pty Ltd First published 2000 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-publication Data 54 University Street Cadton, Victoria 3053 Set by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Road cycling/edited by Robert J. Gregor, Francesco Conconi. (Orders: Tel: 3 9347 0300 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Fax: 3 9347 5001) MPG Books Ltd. Bodmin. Cornwall p. ; cm. (Handbook of sports medicine and science) For further information on The Blackwell Science logo is a Includes index. ISBN 0-86542-912-X Blackwell Science, visit our website: trade mark of Blackwell Science Ltd, www.blackwel1-science.com registered at the United Kingdom 1. Cycling-Physiological aspects. Trade Marks Registry 2. Sports medicine. 3. Biomechanics I. Gregor, Robert J. 11. Conconi, Francesco, 1935-. 111. Series. [DNLM: 1. Bicycling-physiology. 2. Biomechanics. 3. Sports Medicine QT 260.5.B5 R628 20001 RC1220.CB R63 2000 612’.044-dc21 99-046476 Contents List of contributors, vi Forewords, vii Acknowledgements, ix 1 Anatomy, biochemistry and physiology of road cycling, 1 Robert J. Gregor and Francesco Conconi 2 Biomechanics of road cycling, 18 Robert J. Gregor, Francesco Conconi and JeffreyP. Broker 3 Testing methods in road cycling, 40 Robert J. Gregor and Francesco Conconi 4 Training the physiological characteristics employed in road cycling, 46 Francesco Conconi and Nicola Alfieri 5 Nutrition for road cyclists, 54 Frederick Brouns 6 Medical problems in road cycling, 68 Arnold Baker Further reading, 119 Index, 121 V List of contributors Nicola Alfieri MD, Centro Studi Biomedici Applicati allo Sport, Universitd degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Gramicia 35,l-44100 Ferrara, Italia Arnold Baker MD, CM, CCFP, ABFP, 1820 Washington Place, San Diego, CA 92103, USA Frederick Brouns MD, Sibberkerkstraat 38, NL-6301 AW Valkenburg, The Netherlands Jeffrey P. Broker PhD, Sport Science and Technology Division, United States Olympic Training Center, 1 OlympicPlaza, Colorado Springs, CO 80909, USA Francesco Conconi MD, Professor of Applied Biochemistry, Universita degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Gramicia 35,l-44100 Ferrara, Italia Robert J. Gregor PhD, Professorand Head of Department, Department of Health &Performance Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta, GA 30332-01 10, USA vi A sustained interest in improving competitive Forewords performance has resulted in biomechanical research that has provided innovative changes in the design of both the bicycle and the athlete’s attire. Physiological research has changed the conditioning programmes and nutritional strategies. This publication will benefit all scientific, medical and coaching personnel who work with competitive cyclists. PRINCEALEXANDRE DEMERODE Chairman, IOC Medical Commission On behalf of the International Olympic Committee I should like to welcome the new volume in our Cycling is one of the toughest sports and one of the Handbook of Sports Medicine series, Road Cycling, most complex to analyse in scientific terms. published in this very important year, the year of the Numerous technical and medical factors form the Games of XXVII Olympiad to be celebrated in Sydney. basis of the extraordinary relationship, which, for This text brings together expertise from France, more than a century, has connected people with the Holland, Italy and the United States to present an bicycle. All those who cycle, whether cycle-tourists or authoritative reference on training techniques and great champions, need to have detailed knowledge medical problems encountered in competitive about the discipline they have chosen. cycling. This book is thus extremely valuable and contains My sincere thanks go to Prince Alexandre de all the necessary facts and information that all cyclists Merode and the Publications in Sport Sciences sub- need in order to fully appreciate their love of cycling. commission of the IOC Medical Commission. The skill with which the authors present the subject provides us with an excellent source of reference JUAN ANTONIOSAMARANCH which will be useful to millions and gives an ideal Marques de Samaranch approach on the most sensitive of subjects, such as training and diet. On behalf of the International Olympic Committee The International Cycling Union (UCI) is therefore and its Medical Commission, I should like to welcome pleased to be associated with the publication of a book this important publication written by an eminent which will make a significant contribution to group of authorities from basic, applied and clinical developing the culture of cycling. science, representing the latest information on the HEINVERBRLJCCEN biomechanics, physiology, nutrition and medical President, UCI aspects of cycling. vii and physical activity in sport. We feel this Handbook Acknowledgements on Road Cycling will contribute to this cause and to the improvement of cyclists around the world. We would also like to recognize the tireless efforts and contributions made by Howard G. Knuttgen. He has toiled long and well for this project and has seen it to fruition. Finally, we would like to thank the International Cycling Federation for their support of this handbook. We feel it will make a substantial contribution to cycling science and that the objective of practical application of scientific information to the We would first like to thank the International Olympic world of sport is realized in this handbook. Committee, its Medical Commission, Prince As editors, we wish to acknowledge the valuable Alexandre de Merode, and specifically the contributions to the production of this handbook of Publication’sAdvisory Committee for their foresight each of the contributing authors listed in the table of in the development of these handbooks. We recognize contents. These authors either completely wrote or that the Medical Commission will continue to devote significantly contributed to the chapters cited substantial effort and enthusiasm to the cause of following their names. This was truly an international scientific research as it relates to human movement effort. ix ered to be the fundamental elements controlling force Chapter 1 and contraction velocity. The thinner filament struc- ture is dominated by the actin molecule (Fig. 1.2).The An at o my, bioc he mis t ry and major role of this actin filament is interaction with the myosin filament. The main constituent of the thick physiology of road cycling filament is the protein myosin, which is a larger molecule than actin (Fig. 1.2).The myosin filament contains the cross-bridges which are identical protein heads that, in the proper circumstances, connect to the actin filament. It is this bonding to the actin fila- ment that results in the generation of force. Once these conditions are achieved, these two proteins bind Skeletal muscle anatomy together, the heads rotate and the muscle contracts Skeletal muscle is a transformer designed to convert towards the centre of the sarcomere. This contraction signals from the nervous system and chemical energy towards the centre then propagates down the muscle from food substrates into force to produce and con- fibre, resulting in fibre shortening and, subsequently,