Reconstruction of Marine Mammals' Historical Distribution and Abundance

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Reconstruction of Marine Mammals' Historical Distribution and Abundance Reconstruction of marine mammals’ historical distribution and abundance : setting a baseline to understand the past, inform the present and plan the future Sophie Monsarrat To cite this version: Sophie Monsarrat. Reconstruction of marine mammals’ historical distribution and abundance : setting a baseline to understand the past, inform the present and plan the future. Biodiversity and Ecology. Université Montpellier, 2015. English. NNT : 2015MONTS277. tel-02446413 HAL Id: tel-02446413 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02446413 Submitted on 20 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. * Délivré par l’UNIVERSITE DE MONTPELLIER Préparée au sein de l’école doctorale SIBAGHE Et de l’unité de recherche CEFE, CNRS UMR 5175 Spécialité : Ecologie, Evolution, Ressources Génétiques, Paléontologie Présentée par Sophie MONSARRAT Reconstruction de la distribution et de l’abondance historiques des mammifères marins : Etablir un niveau de référence pour comprendre le passé, renseigner le présent et planifier l’avenir Soutenance le Jeudi 07 Mai devant le jury composé de Mme Ana RODRIGUES, Chargée de recherche, CEFE-CNRS, Co-Directrice Montpellier de Thèse Mr Francesco BONADONNA, Directeur de recherche, CEFE- Co-Directeur CNRS, Montpellier de Thèse Mr Vincent RIDOUX, Professeur, Institut du Littoral et de Rapporteur l’Environnement, La Rochelle Mr Pat HALPIN, Professeur, Science Center Nicholas School of Rapporteur the Environnement, Durham Mr Alex AGUILAR, Professeur, Facultat de Biologia Universitat Examinateur de Barcelona, Barcelona Mr Oliver GIMENEZ, Directeur de recherche, CEFE-CNRS, Examinateur Montpellier UNIVERSITE DE MONTPELLIER THESE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE DE MONTPELLIER Discipline : Biologie de l’Evolution et Ecologie Spécialité : Ecologie, Evolution, Ressources Génétiques, Paléontologie Ecole doctorale : Systèmes Intégrés en Biologie, Agronomie, Géosciences, Hydrosciences, Environnement (SIBAGHE) Par Sophie MONSARRAT Reconstruction de la distribution et de l’abondance historiques des mammifères marins : Etablir un niveau de référence pour comprendre le passé, renseigner le présent et planifier l’avenir Reconstruction of marine mammal’s historical distribution and abundance: Setting a baseline to understand the past, inform the present and plan the future Co-Directrice: Dr. Ana RODRIGUES (CEFE-CNRS, Montpellier) Co-Directeur: Dr. Francesco BONADONNA (CEFE-CNRS, Montpellier) Soutenance: Jeudi 7 Mai 2015 Membres du jury Ana RODRIGUES, Chargée de recherche, CEFE-CNRS, Montpellier Co-Directrice de Thèse Francesco BONADONNA, Directeur de recherche, CEFE-CNRS, Montpellier Co-Directeur de Thèse Vincent RIDOUX, Professeur, Institut du Littoral et de l’Environnement, La Rochelle Rapporteur Pat HALPIN, Professeur, Science Center Nicholas School of the Environnement, Durham Rapporteur Alex AGUILAR, Professeur, Facultat de Biologia Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona Examinateur Oliver GIMENEZ, Directeur de recherche, CEFE-CNRS, Montpellier Examinateur Laboratoire d’accueil : Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, 1919 Route de Mende, 34090 Montpellier, France 1 2 REMERCIEMENTS Cette thèse est le fruit de plusieurs années d’interactions scientifiques et personnelles intenses avec mes encadrants, mes collaborateurs, mes collègues devenus amis et l’ensemble des personnes qui ont fait partie de mon quotidien pendant cette période importante de ma vie. Leur influence a pris une immense part dans ma construction, et c’est avec plaisir que je pose aujourd’hui par écrit ma reconnaissance envers chacun d’entre eux. Je dois ma présence dans le monde scientifique à mes encadrants de stages de recherche en M1 et M2, qui ont su stimuler ma curiosité pour la compréhension des processus écologiques tout en m’inculquant la rigueur de la méthode scientifique. Je remercie en particulier Christian Kerbiriou et Olivier Duriez pour m’avoir encadré lors de stages passionnants au cours desquels ils m’ont transmis leur passion et dirigé doucement vers la réalisation d’une thèse. Merci également à Simon Benhamou pour son soutien méthodologique grâce auquel le terme « rigueur » aura pris tout son sens. Je garde encore aujourd’hui la trace de vos enseignements et vous suis extrêmement reconnaissante de m’avoir donné goût à la recherche quand mes questionnements auraient pu m’amener à suivre une toute autre voie. Ma construction scientifique a fait un bond en avant lorsque ma directrice de thèse, Ana Rodrigues, m’a offert de réaliser une thèse au sein du très ambitieux projet MORSE. Le sujet absolument passionnant ainsi que l’encadrement hors pair d’Ana ont fait de ces 3 années une période incroyablement enrichissante. Je ne te remercierai jamais assez, Ana, de m’avoir donnée ta confiance pour mener à bien ce projet, d’avoir été autant présente et à l’écoute lorsque j’en avais besoin, et de m’avoir ouvert au monde de la recherche de cette manière. On dit souvent que l’encadrement est plus important encore que le sujet pour garantir la réussite d’une thèse, et je me sais, grâce à toi, extrêmement privilégiée à ces deux niveaux. Tes enseignements tant d’un point de vue scientifique qu’humain resteront gravés dans ma mémoire. MERCI. La force de ce projet est d’avoir pu bénéficier d’un remarquable réseau de collaborateurs au contact desquels j’ai beaucoup appris. La présence d’Anne Charpentier dans le projet MORSE a garanti des échanges fructueux et passionnés sur le thème des baleines mortes, dont je me souviendrai toujours avec joie (longue vie à la hache-charrue !). L’incroyable « World Whaling History dataset » utilisé dans plusieurs chapitres de cette thèse a été entièrement mis à disposition dans le cadre d’une collaboration des plus passionnantes avec Randall Reeves et Tim Smith, que je remercie du fond du cœur pour la confiance qu’ils nous ont faite. Connaissant mal les méthodes d’analyses utilisées dans cette thèse il y a encore 3 ans, j’ai eu la chance de bénéficier du soutien méthodologique de David Kaplan, Christine Meynard et Maria Grazia Pennino, que je remercie pour leur patience et leur 3 gentillesse. L’opportunité m’ayant été donnée de participer à plusieurs workshop du projet PELAGIC à la Fondation pour la Recherche et la Biodiversité à Aix-en Provence, je profite de cet espace pour remercier les membres de ce groupe, avec lesquels j’ai pu avoir des échanges très instructifs. Je remercie enfin Christel Vidaller, Laureline Chabran et Laura Pinillos qui ont effectué leur stage dans le cadre du projet MORSE et ont participé à l’effort de collecte de données historiques présentées dans le deuxième chapitre de ce manuscrit. Ce travail s’est déroulé dans un cadre de travail très privilégié d’un point de vue logistique, grâce au professionnalisme de l’équipe administrative du CEFE qui a toujours su faciliter mes démarches. Je les en remercie, ainsi que l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche pour le soutien financier de ma thèse. Je souhaite également remercier les membres du jury, qui m’ont fait l’honneur d’accepter de juger mon travail et m’ont octroyée le grade de Docteur au terme d’une soutenance riche en échanges. Je suis extrêmement reconnaissante de leur intérêt et du temps qu’ils ont dédié à l’évaluation de ma thèse. Je tiens enfin à remercier de manière plus personnelle les nombreuses personnes qui font mon entourage, sans qui cette thèse n’aurait pas aboutie, et à qui je dois tant… « Au moindre coup de Trafalgar, C'est l'amitié qui prenait l'quart C'est elle qui leur montrait le nord, Leur montrait le nord. Et quand ils étaient en détresse, Qu'leur bras lançaient des S.O.S., On aurait dit les sémaphores, Les copains d'abord. » George Brassens Des paroles qui ont pris tout leur sens à Montpellier, où j’ai vécu à la fois les moments les plus difficiles, intenses et joyeux de ma vie, partagés avec des personnes incroyables. Merci à vous, amis et collègues, de Montpellier et d’ailleurs pour avoir fait de ces trois ans une expérience humaine inoubliable. Finalement, je remercie du plus profond de mon cœur mes parents et ma sœur pour avoir toujours cru en moi et avoir été à mes côtés et Alex, pour son amour et son soutien infaillible. MERCI A TOUS 4 5 6 TITRE : Reconstruction de la distribution et de l’abondance historiques des mammifères marins : Etablir un niveau de référence pour comprendre le passé, renseigner le présent et planifier l’avenir Mots-clés : Abondance, Baleine franche de l’Atlantique Nord, Distribution, Etat de référence, Eubalaena glacialis, Mammifères marins, Modèles de distribution d’espèces. RESUME COURT : La mise en place d’objectifs de conservation adéquats repose sur la définition d’états de référence appropriés pour la distribution et l’abondance des espèces. Cependant, l’étendue des impacts cumulés de l’homme sur les écosystèmes est aujourd’hui largement sous-estimée. Dans ce projet, je m’intéresse aux opportunités qu’offre l’utilisation de données historiques combinées à différentes méthodes analytiques pour définir ces états de référence ainsi qu’aux défis posés par ce type d’approche. Des données de présence ont été recueillies pour sept espèces de cétacés et trois espèces de pinnipèdes à partir de sources archéologiques, historiques et industrielles, révélant des réductions dans la distribution et l’abondance des espèces depuis la préhistoire à nos jours. Des modèles de distribution d’espèces ont été développés pour cinq espèces de cétacés, combinant des données de chasse baleinière du 19ème siècle à des variables environnementales afin d’estimer la distribution historique des espèces avant qu’elles n’aient été chassées.
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