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For Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews Manuscript Draft Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews Manuscript Draft Manuscript Number: Title: Progress in Waste Oil to Sustainable Energy, with Emphasis on Pyrolysis Techniques Article Type: Review Article Keywords: Waste oil; used oil; sustainable energy; waste to energy; pyrolysis; microwave pyrolysis Corresponding Author: Dr. Su Shiung Lam, BTech, MSc (UMT), CPGS, PhD (Cambridge) Corresponding Author's Institution: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu First Author: Su Shiung Lam, BTech, MSc (UMT), CPGS, PhD (Cambridge) Order of Authors: Su Shiung Lam, BTech, MSc (UMT), CPGS, PhD (Cambridge); Rock Keey Liew, MSc; Ahmad Jusoh, PhD; Cheng Tung Chong, PhD; Farid Nasir Ani, PhD; Howard A Chase, PhD Abstract: This paper begins with a review on the current techniques used for the treatment and recovery of waste oil, which is then followed by an extensive review of the recent achievements in the sustainable development and utilization of pyrolysis techniques in energy recovery from waste oils. The advantages and limitations shown by the use of pyrolysis technique and other current techniques were discussed along with the future research that can be performed on the pyrolysis of waste oil. It was revealed that the current techniques (transesterification, hydrotreating, gasification, solvent extraction, and membrane technology) are yet to be sustainable or completely feasible for waste oil treatment and recovery. It was established that pyrolysis techniques offer a number of advantages over other existing techniques in recovering both the energetic and chemical value of waste oil by generating potentially useful pyrolysis products suitable for future reuse. In particular, microwave pyrolysis shows a distinct advantage in providing a rapid and energy-efficient heating compared to conventional pyrolysis techniques, and thus facilitating increased production rates. It was found that microwave pyrolysis of waste oil showed good performance with respect to product yield, reaction time, energy consumption, and product quality, and thus showing exceptional promise as a sustainable means for energy recovery from waste oils. Nevertheless, it was revealed that some important characteristics of the pyrolysis process have yet to be fully investigated. It was thus concluded that more studies are needed to extend existing understanding in the optimal reaction and process parameters in order to develop the pyrolysis technology to be a sustainable and commercially viable route for energy recovery from problematic waste oils. Suggested Reviewers: Paul T. Williams PhD Professor, Energy and Resources Research Institute, University of Leeds [email protected] Professor Williams is a renowned expert in research on pyrolysis of waste materials. Ayhan Demirbas PhD Professor, Karadeniz Technical University [email protected] Professor Demirbas is a renowned expert in pyrolysis research, and he has performed research on pyrolysis of waste oil. Bassim H. Hameed PhD Professor, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science Malaysia [email protected] Professor Hameed is a renowned expert in Environmental Engineering. His research group have been working on upgrading of petroleum reside oil, production of biodiesel from crude, used cooking palm oil and non edible oil such as Jatropha Curcas and advanced oxidation processes. Opposed Reviewers: Cover Letter UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU 2 1 0 3 0 K u a l a T e r e n g g a n u , SCHOOL OF T e r e n g g a n u , M a l a y s i a W e b s i t e : w w w . u m t . e d u . m y OCEAN ENGINEERING T e l : 0 9 – 6 6 8 3 9 9 0 F a x : 0 9 – 6 6 8 3 9 9 1 Date: 21 January 2015 Editor-in-Chief and Associate Editors Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews Dear Sir/Madam, Submission of Review Manuscript to Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews Please find enclosed our paper "Progress in waste oil to sustainable energy, with emphasis on pyrolysis techniques " for consideration for publication in your journal. All the work outlined in this paper is our own except where otherwise acknowledged and referenced. The work contained in the manuscript has not been previously published, in whole or in part, and is not under consideration by any other journal. All authors are aware of, and accept responsibility for, the manuscript. Authors: 1) Dr. Su Shiung Lam (Corresponding & first author) – Eastern Corridor Renewable Energy Group (ECRE), School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. 2) Mr. Rock Keey Liew (Co-author) – Eastern Corridor Renewable Energy Group (ECRE), School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. 3) Prof. Ir. Dr. Ahmad Jusoh (Co-author) – Eastern Corridor Renewable Energy Group (ECRE), School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. 4) Dr. Cheng Tung Chong (Co-author) – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 5) Prof. Ir. Dr. Farid Nasir Ani (Co-author) – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 6) Prof. Howard A. Chase (Co-author) – Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge. Rationale The paper deals with the recent achievements in the use of various current techniques (i.e. membrane technology, solvent extraction, transesterification, hydrotreating, gasification) for the treatment and recovery of waste oil. This is then followed by an extensive review of the sustainable development and utilization of pyrolysis techniques in energy recovery from waste oils, a goal well-aligned with the motivation of this journal. The advantages and limitations shown by the use of pyrolysis technique and other current techniques was discussed along with the future research that can be performed on the pyrolysis of waste oil. This study extends existing understandings in energy recovery technology by demonstrating that pyrolysis offers a sustainable approach to the treatment and recovery of waste oils. The recovery of useful products for use as an energy source by pyrolysis technique shows many advantages over traditional destructive approaches and has demonstrated excellent potential for energy recovery from problematic waste oils. Thus we consider our work is of sufficient novelty and impact to appeal to the readership of the Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews; we hope you will agree. Your consideration is much appreciated. Thank you. Yours sincerely --------------------- (DR. SU SHIUNG LAM) B.Tech. (Hons), M.Sc. (UMT), CPGS, Ph.D. (Cambridge), AFHEA (UK) Corresponding Author Tel: +60 (9) 668 3844; Fax: +60 (9) 668 3991 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] *Manuscript Click here to view linked References 1 2 3 4 Progress in Waste Oil to Sustainable Energy, with Emphasis on Pyrolysis 5 6 7 Techniques 8 9 10 Su Shiung Lama,c, *, Rock Keey Liewa, Ahmad Jusoha, Cheng Tung Chongb, Farid Nasir 11 12 Anib, Howard A. Chasec 13 14 15 a 16 Eastern Corridor Renewable Energy Group (ECRE), School of Ocean Engineering 17 18 19 University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia 20 21 22 bFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 23 24 25 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia 26 27 28 cDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, 29 30 31 32 New Museums Site, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom 33 34 35 [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], 36 37 [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 38 39 40 * 41 Corresponding author. Tel: +609 6683844; fax: +609 6683991; Email address: 42 43 [email protected], [email protected] (S.S. Lam); Postal address: Eastern Corridor 44 45 Renewable Energy Group (ECRE), School of Ocean Engineering, University Malaysia 46 47 48 Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. 49 50 51 Abstract 52 53 54 55 This paper begins with a review on the current techniques used for the treatment and 56 57 recovery of waste oil, which is then followed by an extensive review of the recent 58 59 achievements in the sustainable development and utilization of pyrolysis techniques in 60 61 62 63 1 64 65 1 2 3 4 energy recovery from waste oils. The advantages and limitations shown by the use of 5 6 7 pyrolysis technique and other current techniques were discussed along with the future 8 9 research that can be performed on the pyrolysis of waste oil. It was revealed that the 10 11 12 current techniques (transesterification, hydrotreating, gasification, solvent extraction, and 13 14 membrane technology) are yet to be sustainable or completely feasible for waste oil 15 16 treatment and recovery. It was established that pyrolysis techniques offer a number of 17 18 19 advantages over other existing techniques in recovering both the energetic and chemical 20 21 value of waste oil by generating potentially useful pyrolysis products suitable for future 22 23 24 reuse. In particular, microwave pyrolysis shows a distinct advantage in providing a rapid 25 26 and energy-efficient heating compared to conventional pyrolysis techniques, and thus 27 28 29 facilitating increased production rates. It was found that microwave pyrolysis of waste oil 30 31 showed good performance with respect to product yield, reaction time, energy 32 33 34 consumption, and product quality, and thus showing exceptional promise as a sustainable 35 36 means for energy recovery from waste oils. Nevertheless, it was revealed that some 37 38 important characteristics of the pyrolysis process have yet to be fully investigated. It was 39 40 41 thus concluded that more studies are needed to extend existing understanding in the 42 43 optimal reaction and process parameters in order to develop the pyrolysis technology to 44 45 46 be a sustainable and commercially viable route for energy recovery from problematic 47 48 waste oils. 49 50 51 Keywords: Waste oil, used oil, sustainable energy, waste to energy, pyrolysis, 52 53 54 microwave pyrolysis. 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 2 64 65 1 2 3 4 1. Introduction 5 6 7 8 Waste oils refer to contaminated or degraded liquid products that mainly consist of 9 10 waste lubricating oil from machinery and cooking oil resulting from cooking operation.
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