Teacher Pack Part 1: Introduction Key Stages 1–5

Visit http://art.gov.uk/labyrinth/learning to download Part 2: Classroom Activities, Cover Lessons & Resources

1 Foreword This two-part resource, produced in partnership with A New Direction, has been devised for primary- and secondary-school teachers, with particular relevance to those in reach of the Tube, as an introduction to Labyrinth, a project commissioned from artist by to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the Tube.

The aim is to inform and inspire teachers about this Visit http://art.gov.uk/labyrinth/learning to special project, for which Wallinger has designed a download the Teacher Pack, Part 2: Classroom unique artwork, each bearing a labyrinth , for Activities, Cover Lesson & Resources This pack all 270 stations on the Tube network. We hope that contains a variety of classroom-activity suggestions the resource will promote knowledge and for different subjects that can be used as a springboard enthusiasm that will then be imparted to the children for teachers to devise their own projects. Key stage and their families throughout the capital and beyond, suggestions are given, although many of these and will encourage them to explore the Underground activities can be adapted for a variety of year groups, network on an exciting hunt for labyrinths. depending upon the ability of the students involved.

This Teacher Pack, Part 1 of the resource, provides Details are also given about the Labyrinth Schools introductory information about the project Labyrinth Poster Competition, the winners of which will have and gives background details about the artist. In the chance to work with a designer and see their addition, a brief history of labyrinths is presented posters produced and displayed on the Tube as a starting point for the activities in Part 2. network. Cover lesson plans devised for secondary- school art lessons that could be useful during the exam period are included. Finally, a list of useful resources have been compiled to help with further research and investigation.

Enjoy the journey!

“And the end of all our exploring / Will be to arrive where we started / And know the place for WKHÀUVWWLPHµ From Little Gidding by T.S. Eliot. Labyrinth Teacher Pack – Part 1 2 Contents 4 Background to the Project: Labyrinth by Mark Wallinger 150th Anniversary of

6 Labyrinth Hunt 7 Symbolism 7 Is it a Maze or a Labyrinth? 8 Underground Design Icons 11 -Inspired Art 12 Tube Map Cover Commissions

13 The Artist – Mark Wallinger

15 A Brief History of Labyrinths 19 Useful Resources & Information

Visit KWWSDUWWÁJRYXNODE\ULQWK learning to download Part 2: Classroom Activites, Cover Lessons & Resources

Labyrinth Teacher Pack – Part 1 3 The Project: To celebrate the 150th anniversary of London Watch the Art on the Underground video interview Underground, one of the UK’s leading with Mark Wallinger, in which he talks about his Labyrinth by Mark Wallinger contemporary artists, Mark Wallinger, has been childhood relationship to the Underground, his commissioned to create a major new project. The project, how it evolved and how the 270 different result is 270 individual artworks, each bearing its are made. own unique circular labyrinth, for all 270 stations on the Tube network. A series of posters has also been Video Link –KWWSDUWWÁJRYXNODE\ULQWKDERXW created by Rose design with Wallinger to promote Search ‘Labyrinth’ the project across the Tube network. Design by Rose Design by

Labyrinth Mark Wallinger A unique artwork at every station to celebrate 150 years of the Tube DUWWÁJRYXN YOUR JOURNEY STARTS HERE

Right Labyrinth Tube poster

Far right Mark Wallinger at St James’s Park station Labyrinth Teacher Pack – Part 1 4 WK$QQLYHUVDU\RI/RQGRQ8QGHUJURXQG

On 9 January 2013, London Underground celebrated Art on the Underground is presenting a number of WKHWKDQQLYHUVDU\RIWKHÀUVWXQGHUJURXQG special projects to mark the anniversary, alongside journey, which took place between Paddington Labyrinth. In addition London Underground, in and Farringdon on the . partnership with Museum, is also celebrating with a range of events and activities throughout 2013. The events will explore the Tube’s history and look at the role it will play in the future – both in the lives of Londoners and in the economy of the City and the UK.

For further information on the Museum’s events and activities please visit www.ltmuseum.co.uk

Clockwise from top left St James’s Park, Tottenham Court Road, Embankment, Baker Street, Bank, Westminster, Oxford Circus, King’s Cross St Pancras, Green Park and Victoria stations.

Labyrinth Teacher Pack – Part 1 5 Labyrinth Hunt Location Numbers At each station, the location of the artworks will Each labyrinth has a number, from 1 to 270, be different, whether in the ticket hall or on the handwritten by the artist in the bottom-right corner. platform, encouraging people to seek them out. Ticking off as many of these numbers as they can see “In a sense the search for the labyrinth within the makes a great game for children. The numbers refer to VWDWLRQLVDQRWKHUSX]]OHµ:DOOLQJHUKDVVDLG7KH the order of stations visited in the ‘Guinness World red cross marked at the entrance of each labyrinth Record Tube Challenge’, set in 2009, for the fastest represents us, the travellers, and is the cue to enter time taken to pass through every single station on the into the puzzle. In your own local station the London Underground network. The rules are that labyrinth will become a familiar symbol that marks participants do not have to travel along all Tube lines to the start and end of your journey. complete the Tube Challenge, merely to pass through all the stations on the system. They may connect Craftsmanship between stations on foot, or by using other forms of Each artwork has been handmade by the company public transport. The record-winning optimum route specialising in silkscreen printing and vitreous enamel LQEHJDQLQ&KHVKDPDQGÀQLVKHGDW+HDWKURZ signage that makes the signs for London Underground. Terminal 5. It took just over 16 hours. “The quality of workmanship and handmade quality of these signs is one of the many reasons why people World Record FKHULVKWKH7XEHµ:DOOLQJHUVWDWHV The Guinness World Record Tube Challenge was FRPSOHWHGE\$QGL-DPHV0DUWLQ+D]HODQG6WHYH Wilson on 14 December 2009 in 16 hours, 44 minutes and 16 seconds. James and Wilson are also the current record holders, completing the challenge in 16 hours, 29 minutes and 13 seconds on 27 May 2011.

Visit KWWSDUWWÁJRYXNODE\ULQWKto see the Tube Challenge 2009 route animated on the Tube map.

Silkscreen printing London Underground signs Labyrinth Teacher Pack – Part 1 6 Symbolism Is it a Maze or a Labyrinth?

The ancient labyrinth symbol has been found all over Originally, the terms ‘maze’ and ‘labyrinth’ were the world in different forms. Dating back over 4,000 interchangeable. In modern times, though, they years, it transcends religions, time and cultures and have come to mean slightly different things. The is a universal symbol representing the journey into difference between the two is simple: a maze offers the inner self. choices; it is a puzzle, full of tricks and false turnings where we can easily get lost. A labyrinth may look Wallinger has been fascinated by journeys, whether similar to a maze, but if you follow the path, it physical, imaginative or spiritual, throughout his contains only one route to the centre and then out career. Each day Londoners begin their daily ritual again, despite its twists and turns. Unlike mazes, ZLWKWKHLUMRXUQH\IURPKRPHWRZRUNDQGÀQLVKLW labyrinths offer no choices along the way; the only with their trip back home again. At these rush hours, decision is whether to enter and trust the path. the sheer mass of people moving in different You effectively enter a maze to lose yourself and directions can make the Tube a daunting place for DODE\ULQWKWRÀQG\RXUVHOI those unfamiliar with it. But Londoners, as Wallinger UHÁHFWVOHDUQWRLQWHUQDOLVHWKH7XEHPDSDQGKROG From early on in its history, the labyrinth became its information in their heads, so that it effectively associated with the Greek legend of Theseus and EHFRPHV´SDUWRIWKHLUXQFRQVFLRXVµ WKH0LQRWDXU+RZHYHUWKHIDFWWKDW7KHVHXV needed the help of Ariadne’s skein of thread to Echoes with nature navigate the complex passageways of the Minotaur’s The labyrinth shape echoes spirals in nature: lair would suggest that it was in fact a maze and galaxies, hurricanes, snails’ shells, spiders’ webs and essentially a puzzle. ferns. And additionally the labyrinth shape could be said to echo the shapes in our bodies, such as the surface of the brain, inner ear, intestines, umbilical cord and womb.

“Mostly we go about our business, journeying to work on the Tube and return home along a prescribed route. The seeming chaos of the rush hour is really just the mass of individuals following the thread of their lives home. Labyrinth is a symbol of both the individual sense one makes of one’s encounters with the Tube and a mental space or something more contemplative. The journeys we take on the Underground are unique to each of us. I hope LabyrinthFDQSHUKDSVUHÁHFWWKDWLQGLYLGXDO \HWXQLYHUVDOH[SHULHQFHµ Classic Cretan labyrinth Wallinger Labyrinth Teacher Pack – Part 1 7 8QGHUJURXQG'HVLJQ,FRQV

In the background to Labyrinth and the journeys (1878–1941) facilitated by the Tube in the 21st century is the story Frank Pick began working with Underground Electric of the creation of the network itself. Wallinger sees Railways Company of London (UERL) in 1906. Moving the project as an exciting opportunity to explore the through the ranks, by 1908 he had become Publicity 8QGHUJURXQGDVDZKROHZKLFKZDVWKHZRUOG·VÀUVW 2IÀFHUUHVSRQVLEOHIRUPDUNHWLQJ:LWKDVWURQJ underground railway. interest in design and its use in public life, he began developing the strong corporate identity and visual Graphics and Materials style for which the London Underground has Wallinger has referred in Labyrinth to the design EHFRPHIDPRXV+HVWHHUHGWKHGHYHORSPHQW language of the Tube, in terms of colours, graphics of London Underground’s identity into a highly DQGPDWHULDOV+LVDUWZRUNVVLWFRPIRUWDEO\ recognisable brand by commissioning eye-catching alongside London Underground’s two major design commercial art, and modern icons, the Tube symbol known as the Roundel, and DUFKLWHFWXUHLQFOXGLQJFRPPLVVLRQLQJWKHÀUVW +DUU\%HFN·V7XEHPDS

Above Silkscreen production of vitreous enamel Labyrinth artwork

Left Portrait of Frank Pick, c. 1925

Labyrinth Teacher Pack – Part 1 8 New Johnston Typeface The Roundel To make the Underground Group’s posters and The Roundel was also designed by Edward signage more distinctive, Frank Pick commissioned Johnston in 1908 and is now over 100 years old. calligrapher and typographer It is one of the most iconic and enduring symbols, (1872–1944) to design a clear new typeface. Johnston recognised worldwide. created a sans serif font (using simple plain strokes) called ‘Underground’, now known as ‘Johnston’. It ZDVÀUVWXVHGLQDQGZDVVRVXFFHVVIXOWKDW ZLWKPLQRUPRGLÀFDWLRQVLWLVVWLOOLQXVHWRGD\

Far right, top Above Solid disc Tufnell Park Edward Johnston in Roundel, 1908 his garden, 1930’s Far right, bottom Right Edward Johnston design Proof sheet of guidelines for Underground Johnston Sans Typeface Roundel, 1925 Labyrinth Teacher Pack – Part 1 9 ’s Tube Map

“The Underground Diagram is +DUU\%HFN ² GUHZXSWKHGLDJUDPIRUWKH map in colour. Once introduced to the public London Underground Tube map in 1931 in his spare in1933 it immediately became popular, and has PRUHWKDQDVLPSOLÀFDWLRQRI time while working as an engineering draftsman at been used ever since. Beck worked tirelessly to Underground railway routes. For WKH/RQGRQ8QGHUJURXQG6LJQDOV2IÀFH$LPLQJWR shape and mould the map to developments on simplify the complexity of the lines, he realised that the Tube for nearly thirty years. most Londoners it is an essential because the railway was mostly underground, the VLPSOLÀFDWLRQRIWKHFLW\LWVHOIµ actual geographical locations of the stations and “The London Underground Diagram has achieved Andrew J Scott, Director of London Transport their distances from each other were irrelevant to WKHVWDWXVRIDGHÀQLQJLFRQRILQIRUPDWLRQ Museum 1988–94, quoted in Ken Garland, Tube users, who only wanted to know how to get design. Its continuing ability to take adaptation Mr Beck’s Underground Map, from one station to another. The sole physical to meet the changing needs of travellers, whilst Capital Transport (1994) landscape feature that he represented was the retaining its essential character is perhaps its Thames. It was Beck’s idea to create a network PRVWHQGXULQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFµ Andrew J Scott

Tube map

123456789 Special fares apply Check before you travel Epping Chesham Watford Junction Bank 97Chalfont & 886 75 Theydon Bois Latimer 06 21 Watford High Street High Barnet Waterloo & City line open 21- 48 Mondays Watford Cockfosters Debden to Fridays and 0802-1837 Saturdays. Amersham Bushey Totteridge & Whetstone 6 Chorleywood Croxley Oakwood Loughton Closed Sundays and Public Holidays ------A Carpenders Park Woodside Park Buckhurst Hill A Rickmansworth Moor Park Southgate Camden Town Roding Grange 5 Hatch End Mill Hill East West Northwood Arnos Grove Valley Hill Sunday 1300-1730 open for interchange and West Ruislip Northwood Edgware 4 Hills Headstone Lane exit only Stanmore Bounds Green Chigwell Hillingdon Ruislip Finchley Central ------Harrow & Hainault Ruislip Manor Burnt Oak Pinner Wealdstone Canons Park Woodford Canary Wharf East Finchley Uxbridge Ickenham Colindale Fairlop Eastcote North Harrow Kenton Harringay South Woodford 4 Step-free interchange between Underground, Queensbury Turnpike Lane Green Lanes Highgate Barkingside Harrow- Hendon Central Canary Wharf DLR and Heron Quays DLR Northwick Preston Crouch Hill South Tottenham Snaresbrook on-the-Hill Park Road Kingsbury stations at street level Ruislip Rayners Lane Brent Cross Newbury Park Gardens 3 Archway Manor House Seven Blackhorse ------Sisters West Road South Kenton Gospel Redbridge Cannon Street Harrow Oak Tufnell Park Upper Holloway South Harrow North Wembley Neasden Hampstead Tottenham Walthamstow Open until 2100 Mondays to Fridays. South Ruislip Wembley Hampstead Heath Hale Central Wanstead Gants Dollis Hill Arsenal Finsbury Hill Upminster B Wembley Central Park Kentish Town Park Leytonstone B Closed Sundays and most Saturdays Finchley Road Walthamstow Upminster Bridge ------Sudbury Hill Stonebridge Park Willesden Green & Frognal Kentish Holloway Road Leytonstone Queen’s Road Midland Road High Road Belsize Park Town West Hornchurch Emirates Greenwich Peninsula and Northolt Harlesden Kilburn Caledonian Road Highbury & Kensal Brondesbury Islington Dalston Emirates Royal Docks Chalk Farm Kingsland Leyton Sudbury Town Willesden Junction Rise Park West Hampstead Dagenham Camden 3 Stratford Special fares apply. Open 0700-2000 Mondays Road Hackney East Elm Park International Wanstead Park Brondesbury Finchley Road Camden Town Caledonian Central to Fridays, 0800-2000 Saturdays, 0900-2000 Kensal Green 2 Road & Canonbury Alperton Sundays and 0800-2000 Public Holidays. Swiss Cottage Barnsbury Dagenham Queen’s Park Kilburn South Mornington Dalston Junction Stratford Closed on Christmas Day. St. John’s Wood Heathway Greenford High Road Hampstead Crescent Homerton Hackney Becontree Opening hours are extended by one hour in the King’s Cross Wick Woodgrange Park Kilburn Park St. Pancras evening after 1 April 2013 and may be extended Edgware Haggerston Upney Perivale Maida Vale Paddington Marylebone Great on certain events days. Road Portland 2 Stratford Euston Baker High Street Barking Warwick Avenue Street Street Please check close to the time of travel. Angel Pudding ------Royal Oak Hoxton East Ham Hanger Lane Mill Lane Abbey C Road C Westbourne Park Warren Street Euston Old Street Bethnal Heron Quays Edgware Square Green Mile End Upton Park Road Farringdon Step-free interchange between Heron Quays Park Royal Regent’s Park Liverpool Bow Road Ladbroke Grove Shoreditch Plaistow and Canary Wharf Underground station at Bayswater Russell Street High Street Latimer Road Square Barbican - West Ham street level North Ealing Goodge Bow Church by-Bow ------East White Shepherd’s Notting Lancaster Bond Oxford Street Chancery Moorgate City Bush Acton Hill Gate Gate Street Circus Lane Stepney Green Devons Road Hounslow West Star Lane Ealing Broadway St. Paul’s Aldgate Tottenham East Step-free access for wheelchair users only West North Holland Queensway Marble Holborn Whitechapel Langdon Park Acton Acton Park Arch Court Road Bank ------Wood Lane Covent Garden 1 Aldgate 2 Canning 3 4 All Saints Town Royal Turnham Green 6 5 4 312 High Street Green Park Shadwell Acton Central Kensington Leicester Square Westferry Blackwall Victoria Served by trains until 0650 Shepherd’s Bush Custom House for ExCeL Ealing Common Market Hyde Park Corner Piccadilly Monday to Saturday, 0745 Sunday and after 2230 Kensington Cannon Street Poplar Circus Monument Tower Limehouse East South Acton (Olympia) India Emirates Prince Regent every evening. At other times use District line Goldhawk Road Knightsbridge Mansion House Hill Royal Docks Fenchurch Street Tower West ------D Charing Gateway Wapping Royal Albert D Barons Gloucester Blackfriars India Quay Cross West Waterloo Acton Town Hammersmith Court Road St. James’s River Thames Beckton Park Park Temple Silvertown South Ealing Victoria Rotherhithe Waterloo & City line open 0615-2141 Mondays Canary Wharf Cyprus Northfields to Fridays and 0800-1831 Saturdays. Chiswick Turnham Stamford Ravenscourt West South Sloane Westminster Embankment Emirates Earl’s London Canada North Park Green Brook Park Kensington Court Kensington Square Bermondsey Greenwich Pontoon Dock Closed Sundays and Public Holidays Boston Manor Bridge Water Heron Quays Greenwich Peninsula Right for The O2 Gallions ------Osterley West Brompton Waterloo London Reach Quays South Quay West India Quay City Airport Beckton Gunnersbury Not served by DLR trains from Bank towards 2 Crossharbour King George V Hounslow East Southwark 2 Lewisham before 1900 on Mondays to Fridays Fulham Broadway Pimlico Hounslow Imperial Mudchute ------West Hounslow Central Kew Gardens Wharf 7KHÀUVWGLDJUDPPDWLF Parsons Green 1 Key to lines Hatton Cross 3 Lambeth Borough Island Gardens Richmond North Putney Bridge Bakerloo Heathrow E Terminals 1, 2, 3 Woolwich E Cutty Sark for Central 4 East Putney Arsenal Maritime Greenwich 3 Queens Road Heathrow Vauxhall Elephant & Castle Circle 7XEHPDS+DUU\%HFN Terminal 4 Southfields Peckham Greenwich New Cross New Cross District Clapham 2 Gate Wimbledon Park Junction Deptford Bridge District open weekends, public Heathrow Terminal 5 5 Wandsworth Oval Kennington Peckham Rye Brockley holidays and some Olympia events Wimbledon Road Elverson Road Stockwell Hammersmith & City Clapham High Street Honor Oak Park 4 Published by the UERL Lewisham Denmark Hill Jubilee Clapham North Forest Hill Metropolitan Clapham Common Sydenham Clapham South Northern Penge West Printed by Waterlow & Balham Piccadilly F Anerley F Victoria Bec 3 Crystal Palace Norwood Junction Waterloo & City Tooting Broadway West Croydon DLR Colliers Wood Sons LTD London Overground South Wimbledon This diagram is an evolution of the original design conceived in 1931 by Harry Beck Emirates Air Line Morden 4 Correct at time of going to print, December 2012 1 23456895 7

Far right MAYOR OF LONDON Tube map, 2013 Labyrinth Teacher Pack – Part 1 10 Tube-Map-Inspired Art

+DUU\%HFN·V7XEHPDSKDVLQVSLUHGPDQ\DUWLVWV 6LPRQ3DWWHUVRQThe Great Bear and been the stimulus for much creative work. +DYLQJVRXJKWSHUPLVVLRQIURP/RQGRQ7UDQVSRUW WRXVHWKHRIÀFLDO7XEHPDS3DWWHUVRQUHSODFHGWKH Examples of poster designs: station names with those of philosophers, actors, saints and others at the forefront of major world 'DYLG%RRWKOf Fine White Line developments. Each profession is given its own line, In this poster, each Underground line is represented on which their names are gathered. The title The by coloured paint squeezed from a tube, with one Great Bear refers to the constellation Ursa Major, a tube remaining in the location of the nearest Tube punning reference to Patterson’s own arrangement station to the Gallery, now Tate Britain. of ‘stars’. This work blurs the boundaries between ÀQHDUWDQGGHVLJQHQFRXUDJLQJWKHYLHZHUWR recognise and celebrate design as art.

Right David Booth, Of Fine White Line, 1986

Far right Simon Patterson, The Great Bear, 1992 Labyrinth Teacher Pack – Part 1 11 7XEH0DS&RYHU&RPPLVVLRQV

Since 2003 Art on the Underground has 'DYLG6KULJOH\Untitled commissioned a series of contemporary artists Shrigley’s abstract tangle made up of the same each to create a new work for the front cover of coloured lines as those used on the Tube map the pocket Tube map, which is free and available itself immediately references the iconic map. In at stations. Many of the works invite a moment this humorous work the artist takes the reassuring of contemplation for passengers while travelling order of the Underground map and turns it into across the network. a wiggling chaotic scribble that resembles a big plate of spaghetti. +HUHDUHWZRH[DPSOHV Left 5LFKDUG/RQJEarth David Shrigley, Untitled, 2005 This work also uses the different Tube line colours, this time stacked on top of each other, with the Right Richard Long, Earth, 2009 black grid between referencing the . The image echoes the format of a hexagram symbolising Earth depicted in the ancient Chinese I London Underground London Underground Ching (Book of Changes DÀJXUHFRPSRVHGRIVL[ Tube map Tube map stacked horizontal lines.

January 2006 September 2009 Visit KWWSDUWWÁJRYXNSRGFDVWVto see the ‘Artists on the Underground’ interviews with David Shrigley and other artists talking about their Tube Map cover commissions.

MAYOR MAYOR Transport for London OF LONDON Transport for London OF LONDON

Labyrinth Teacher Pack – Part 1 12 The Artist – Mark Wallinger, born in Chigwell in 1959, grew up with This personal relationship with the Underground the Central line running close to his family home. As has informed his interest in public transport and Mark Wallinger a boy he used to go down to the footbridge and wave fuelled a fascination with the idea of being at the Tube drivers. The Underground provided him ‘transported’ in an imaginative or spiritual sense. with a connection from his home in the suburbs to +HOLYHVDQGZRUNVLQFHQWUDO/RQGRQ the complexities and possibilities of the city.

Mark Wallinger, Ecce Homo, 1999. White marbleised resin, gold leaf, barbed wire, life size

Labyrinth Teacher Pack – Part 1 13 Left 7KH8QGHUJURXQGKDVEHHQWKHLQVSLUDWLRQ Wallinger is perhaps best known for his sculpture Mark Wallinger, IRUWZRRI:DOOLQJHU·VSUHYLRXVZRUNV Ecce Homo (1999) commissioned for the Fourth Angel (still), 1997 Plinth, in Trafalgar Square, London, and State Britain Projected video installation, ‡Angel  , 1997 – a projected video installation 7 minutes 30 seconds ÀOPHGDW$QJHOVWDWLRQ  DUHFUHDWLRQDW7DWH%ULWDLQRI%ULDQ+DZ·V ‡:KHQ3DUDOOHO/LQHV0HHWDW,QÀQLW\  , 1998/2001 – SURWHVWGLVSOD\RXWVLGHWKH+RXVHVRI3DUOLDPHQW Middle a video installation of footage shot from the train for which the artist was awarded the Turner Prize. Mark Wallinger, When Parallel driver’s cab on the Circle line when it ran on a In 2012 he was one of the three artists /LQHV0HHWDW,QÀQLW\ complete loop. commissioned for Metamorphosis: Titian 2012 at 1998–2001, 60 minute loop Installation at Anthony the National Gallery, London, as part of the London Reynolds Gallery, 2013 Many of his most memorable works have 2012 Cultural Olympiad. demonstrated a preoccupation with the symbolism Right of transport, both physical and spiritual, and the Further information: Mark Wallinger, Threshold to VLJQLÀFDQFHRIWKUHVKROGVDQGIURQWLHUV)RUH[DPSOH ‡ 6HHWKHOLQNIRU:DOOLQJHU·VIXOOELRJUDSK\ the Kingdom (still), 2000 Projected video installation, his 11-minute video work Threshold to the Kingdom http://www.anthonyreynolds.com/ to see 11 minutes 20 seconds captures people entering through the arrivals doors the catalogue of Wallinger’s work. at London City Airport. The industrial environment of ‡ 9LVLWZZZ\RXWXEHFRPWRVHH:DOOLQJHU the airport is transformed by the musical soundtrack being interviewed by Adrian Searle, art critic of Gregorio Allegri’s Miserere Me Deus (text from of . Psalm 51), so that the passengers appear to be making the transition to heaven.

Labyrinth Teacher Pack – Part 1 14 A Brief History Most people are familiar with mazes, especially outdoors at this time as a playground for children and those built from hedges, such as the famous as a test of skill for soldiers on horseback. of the Labyrinth H[DPSOHDW+DPSWRQ&RXUWZLWKWKHLUFRPSOH[ patterns of pathways intended to confuse the visitor. During the medieval period, the labyrinth symbol %XWWKHVHPD]HVDUHDUHODWLYHO\UHFHQWLQYHQWLRQÀUVW GHYHORSHGLQWRDPRUHLQWULFDWHIRUPUHÁHFWLQJWKH appearing around 600 years ago in the gardens of complexities of faith, life and philosophy in the royal places and wealthy landowners in late medieval PHGLHYDOPLQG2FFXUULQJÀUVWLQPDQXVFULSWVLWZDV Europe. Labyrinths, however, have only one pathway subsequently laid out in coloured marble and tiles on leading from the entrance to the centre, albeit by the WKHÁRRUVRIFDWKHGUDOVDQGFKXUFKHVPRVWIDPRXVO\ most tortuous of routes. These can be traced back at Chartres Cathedral, where the labyrinth over 4,000 years to the Neolithic period and are constructed in the early 13th century survives to this found worldwide in a number of different forms. day, and has become an object of pilgrimage for modern visitors. The twisting pathways of the labyrinth have variously EHHQWUDFHGE\H\HRUZLWKDÀQJHUWLSZKHQFDUYHG In Britain and Germany, from the late medieval woven or painted on rocks, walls or household period onwards, labyrinths were created by cutting objects, or have been walked, run and danced the designs into the turf of town commons, village through when laid out on the ground. Since the greens and rural hilltops. Employed as a dancing ODE\ULQWKV\PEROÀUVWDSSHDUHGPDQ\GHVLJQ ground for rustic festivities, they were once variations have been employed in its construction, widespread, but only eight historic examples EXWWZRVSHFLÀFIRUPVWKH¶&ODVVLFDO·DQG¶0HGLHYDO· survive in England and three in Germany. Walkable types, have proved by far the most popular. Many labyrinths formed of rocks on remote islands in of these labyrinths have a pleasing visual symmetry Scandinavia are associated with the superstitious combined with a surprising length of pathway SUDFWLFHVRIWKHÀVKLQJFRPPXQLWLHVWKDWEXLOWWKHP enclosed within a relatively small area. Unlike the during the medieval period. Other examples later mazes, labyrinths offer no choices along the alongside prehistoric burial grounds in Southern way – the only decision is whether or not you enter Sweden and Arctic Russia hint at an earlier use in and trust that the path will lead you to your goal. the region, for purposes that remain mysterious.

Earliest Examples The earliest examples, precise symbols found carved on rocks and painted or scratched on pottery, date to the Neolithic and Bronze Age periods, although they DUHRIWHQGLIÀFXOWWRGDWHSUHFLVHO\7KHVDPHGHVLJQ IRXQGRQFRLQVIURP&UHWHRIWKHÀUVWIHZFHQWXULHV BC, symbolise the mythical labyrinth at Knossos in Above which the Minotaur was imprisoned. Silver coin from Knossos representing the labyrinth 230BC Popular throughout the Roman Empire as a protective Right DQGGHFRUDWLYHV\PERORQWKHPRVDLFÁRRUVRIFLYLF +DPSWRQ&RXUW0D]H buildings and villas, they were also constructed Labyrinth Teacher Pack – Part 1 15 Global Journeys With their ageless forms and complex, swirling Equally puzzling are the labyrinths found carved pathways that always lead eventually to the goal. and painted on cave and temple walls in India and They invite playful interaction, as well as soulful on tribal objects from Sumatra and Java – how and contemplation. It is this charm that so appeals to when the labyrinth reached these remote areas modern visitors. The lure of the labyrinth has UHPDLQVGLIÀFXOWWRH[SODLQ6LPLODUO\LWLVQRW ensnared humankind for thousands of years, and known whether the occurrence of the symbol this fascination shows every sign of continuation.¹ amongst rock art in the American Southwest was an independent discovery of the design or a +HDOWK%HQHÀWVRI/DE\ULQWKV European introduction. ,QWKHÀHOGRIODQGVFDSHDUFKLWHFWXUHDODE\ULQWKLV for meditation, a walkway offering no choices that %\WKHWKFHQWXU\FRORQLDOLQÁXHQFHVKDGWDNHQ leads to a centre and then out again. Research labyrinths and mazes to all corners of the world. Many FRQGXFWHGDWWKH+DUYDUG0HGLFDO6FKRRO·V0LQG RIWKHPRGHUQIRUPVRIPD]HVDLPHGVSHFLÀFDOO\DW %RG\0HGLFDO,QVWLWXWHE\'U+HUEHUW%HQVRQKDV family entertainment, were developed at this time. found that focused walking meditations are highly During the late 20th century, mazes with ever more HIÀFLHQWLQUHGXFLQJDQ[LHW\/DE\ULQWKZDONLQJLVRQH Left innovative designs and complex technological of the simplest forms of focused walking Turf labyrinth at Saffron Walden, developments became an integral part of visitor PHGLWDWLRQDQGWKHGHPRQVWUDWHGKHDOWKEHQHÀWV , created in 1699 attractions and the leisure industry. Labyrinths, have led hundreds of hospitals, health-care facilities

Middle rediscovered by a new generation appreciative of their and spas to install labyrinths in recent years.² Turf labyrinth at Alkborough, historic connections and spiritual possibilities, found /LQFROQVKLUHÀUVWGRFXPHQWHG a new acceptance, and at the current time are more in late 1600’s popular than they have ever been throughout their history. Estimates vary, but perhaps 10,000 labyrinths Right Turf labyrinth at Meridian School, have been constructed worldwide in the last 25 years, Comberton, Cambridgeshire – in a remarkable variety of locations. a replica of the labyrinth formerly situated at the old village school

Labyrinth Teacher Pack – Part 1 16 Chartres Cathedral A huge variety of labyrinths are found all over the world (see ‘Useful Resources and Information’ to locate these), Chartres Cathedral in France being RQHRIWKHPRVWVLJQLÀFDQW,WLVDWKFHQWXU\ÁRRU ODE\ULQWKPHWUHV IW LQGLDPHWHUWKDWÀOOV the cathedral’s nave. Visitors trace their way around its path to mark the end point of a pilgrimage.

Wallinger discovered Chartres Cathedral whilst travelling as a young man. The image made a long- lasting impact on him, and was the inspiration behind the labyrinth ‘design families’ that he has used in his commission. The medieval style can be seen for example at Westminster station, artwork 101/270.

It is interesting to compare and contrast the 11-ring Left and Right ÁRRUSODQRIWKHODE\ULQWKLQ&KDUWUHV&DWKHGUDOZLWK Mark Wallinger, Labyrinth, Westminster 101/270, 2013 Wallinger’s 5-ring labyrinth.

Middle Chartres Cathedral, France

Labyrinth Teacher Pack – Part 1 17 Labyrinth design families

Wallinger has produced 270 unique artworks, each belonging to one of the ‘design families’ shown below. The artworks have been conceived so that no two artworks bear the same path.

7RÀQGRXWPRUHDERXWKRZWRFUHDWHODE\ULQWKV see page 30 in Teacher Pack, Part 2.

Medieval Cretan Native American Turf Opposed Chamfered

Organic Woodcut Emboss East Square

Labyrinth Teacher Pack – Part 1 18 8VHIXO5HVRXUFHV 0DUN:DOOLQJHU $UW2Q7KH8QGHUJURXQG ‡ 0DUFLD:LOOLDPVGreek Myths, ‡ ZZZDUWWÁJRYXN Candlewick Press (2011) & Information ‡ 0DUWLQ+HUEHUWMark7KDPHV +XGVRQ  ‡Children’s  book of Mythical Beasts and ‡The  Roundel: 100 artists remake a London Icon, Magical Monsters, Dorling Kindersley (2011) Art on the Underground Art/Books (2012) ‡ 0DUN%HUJLQHow To Draw Magical Creatures and Mythical Beasts, PowerKids Press (2008) Labyrinths ‡ 3KLOLS:LONLQVRQMyths and Legends, ‡ www.labyrinthos.net – this website is excellent. Dorling Kindersley (2009). ‡ www.labyrinthlocator.com – an easy-to-use database of over 4,200 labyrinths in more than Places To Visit 75 countries around the world. It includes their )HQ&RXUW/DE\ULQWK/RQGRQ location, pictures and contact details. 7KLVÁRRUODE\ULQWKEXLOWLQLVDTXLHWKDYHQ ‡ www.labyrinthbuilders.co.uk IRUFRQWHPSODWLRQDPRQJVWWKHRIÀFHEORFNVRQD ‡www.labyrinthcompany.com  – you can buy little alley called Fen Court in London EC3. Located paver kits to make your own labyrinths. DÀYHPLQXWHZDONIURP0RQXPHQW7XEHWKHDUHD All are wheelchair accessible. has been planted and is connected to the London ‡ -HII6DZDUGLabyrinths and Mazes: A Complete Centre for Spirituality. For further information go Guide To Magical Paths Of The World, to www.spiritualitycentre.org. Lark Books (2003). The Station Name Resource LQWKH&RYHQW*DUGHQ3LD]]D &\ULO0+DUULVWhat’s In A Name?, Capital Look on their website under ‘Learning Page’ Transport (2001) for a variety of workshops devised to enhance the curriculum: www.ltmuseum.co.uk, Harry Beck or call 0207 565 7298. Ken Garland, Mr Beck’s Underground Map, a history, Capital Transport (1994) Current exhibition at the London Transport Museum: Poster Art 150 – London Underground’s Alan Fletcher Greatest Designs. This exhibition features designs For information about graphic designer commissioned since 1908 and runs until $ODQ)OHWFKHUJRWRKLVRIÀFLDOZHEVLWHDW October 2013 ZZZDODQÁHWFKHUGHVLJQFRXN /RQJOHDW6DIDULDQG$GYHQWXUH3DUN:LOWVKLUH Myths And Legends – Theseus and the Take your class/family to Longleat, which has a Minotaur selection of mazes, a ‘lunar labyrinth’ in the shape ‡ 7(6WHDFKHUUHVRXUFHV²WKHUHDUHYDULRXV of the moon and a ‘love labyrinth’. UHVRXUFHVRQ0\WKV /HJHQGVDQGVSHFLÀFDOO\ See: www.longleat.co.uk, or call 01985 844400 on ‘Theseus and the Minotaur’ for further information ‡ *RRJOH7KHVHXVDQGWKH0LQRWDXUWRVHHPLQL

Labyrinth Teacher Pack – Part 1 19 9LVLWLQJ/RQGRQ8QGHUJURXQG About Please contact Art on the Underground in the Art on the Underground ÀUVWLQVWDQFHLI\RXZLVKWRDUUDQJHDVFKRROYLVLW KWWSDUWWÁJRYXN to your local London Underground station. Our vision is to present ‘World Class Art for a World Class Tube’. We provide a programme of contemporary art that enriches the $UWRQWKH8QGHUJURXQG Tube environment and our customers’ journey experience, as well 0207 027 8694 as continuing London Underground’s long-standing tradition of art DUW#WXEHWÁJRYXN and design at the core its identity and services. Visit our website for more information about Labyrinth and other exhibitions and projects on London Underground Practical information on using the Tube VisitKWWSDUWWÁJRYXNYLVLW for a list of links $1HZ'LUHFWLRQ to practical information to assist your visit to our www.anewdirection.org.uk permanent artworks and temporary exhibitions on We connect children, young people and education with the London Underground: best of arts and culture in London. We believe that together we can make London the best city in the world for young people’s cultural and creative development. See the Current Project Map for station locations for our exhibitions Credits Commissioned by Art on the Underground, TFL Journey planner helps you plan your route, London Underground Limited, in partnership with from your street to your destination A New Direction, on the occasion of Labyrinth, 2013 Supported using public funding by Arts Council England Additional support from JCDecaux Travelling by Tube gives useful information Written and devised by Josie Muirhead and Clare Burnett and links to help to plan your journey Edited by Louise Coysh Copy-edited by Melissa Larner Accessible Tube maps Designed by Rose Direct Enquiries offers detailed information on Image credits: Pp 4: Design © Rose, 2013 access to individual stations, including walking Pp 4, 5: Photo © Thierry Bal, 2013 distances between platforms Pp 6, 8 :Photo © Benedict Johnson, 2012/13 Pp 8, 9, 10,11: © TfL, from the London Transport Museum collection For further assistance contact London Underground Pp 12: Commissioned by Art on the Underground © TfL Pp 13, 14, 18: © Mark Wallinger, 2013. Courtesy Anthony Reynolds Gallery, London &XVWRPHU6HUYLFH&HQWUH Pp 16, 17: © Jeff Saward, Labyrinthos Tel: 0845 330 9880 (08:00–20:00, seven days a week) © 2013 the artists, writer, contributors, Art on the Underground Post: Customer Service Centre, London With special thanks to Jeff Saward, Labyrinthos; Rebecca Branch, 8QGHUJURXQG%URDGZD\/RQGRQ6:+%' A New Direction; London Transport Museum Join Art on the Underground’s mailing list For invitations to exhibition events, newsletters about current SURMHFWVDQGRQOLQHUHVRXUFHVHPDLODUW#WXEHWÁJRYXN

Labyrinth Teacher Pack – Part 1 20 Labyrinth Teacher Pack – Part 1 21