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Secure Large Scale Penetration of Electric Vehicles in the Power Grid

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Secure Large Scale Penetration of Electric Vehicles in the Power Grid Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 11-8-2018 Secure Large Scale Penetration of Electric Vehicles in the Power Grid Abla Hariri Florida International University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Computer and Systems Architecture Commons, and the Electrical and Electronics Commons Recommended Citation Hariri, Abla, "Secure Large Scale Penetration of Electric Vehicles in the Power Grid" (2018). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3848. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3848 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida SECURE LARGE SCALE PENETRATION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN THE POWER GRID A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING by Abla Hariri 2018 To: Dean John L. Volakis College of Engineering and Computing This dissertation, written by Abla Hariri, and entitled Secure Large Scale Penetration of Electric Vehicles in the Power Grid, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ Kemal Akkaya _______________________________________ Berrin Tansel _______________________________________ Sakhrat Khizroev _______________________________________ Osama Mohammed, Major Professor Date of Defense: November 8, 2018 The dissertation of Abla Hariri is approved. _______________________________________ Dean John L. Volakis College of Engineering and Computing _______________________________________ Andrés G. Gil Vice President for Research and Economic Development and Dean of the University Graduate School Florida International University, 2018 ii © Copyright 2018 by Abla Hariri All rights reserved. iii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my own support system: My loving and forever supporting parents, Omar and Zahra, My beloved and inspiring siblings, Mariam and Mohammad, and My late grandfather, Mohammad Burji, for everything he was to me. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the help, support, and dedication of my major advisor, Prof. Osama Mohammed. I wish to express my gratitude to Professor Mohammed, for his guidance and encouragement during my graduate study. His continuous guidance and suggestions have always been very useful for me, and I am grateful for working at the FIU Energy Systems Research Laboratory (ESRL). At the ESRL, I found all the equipment and facilities I needed to undergo my research and experimentally verify my results. Working in this laboratory and under Prof. Mohammed’s supervision has always pushed me to do and be at a higher professional level. Professor Mohammed has been an endless source of technical knowledge and directions with new ideas that has let me grow professionally and made development of this research successful. I would also like to thank my dissertation committee members Professor Kemal Akkaya, Professor Sakhrat Khirzroev, and Professor Berrin Tansel for their insightful comments and constructive suggestions in the review of my research proposal and dissertation. I would like to acknowledge the research support provided to me from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Florida International University, in addition to the doctoral dissertation year fellowship (DYF) from FIU graduate school during the last year of my study. Thanks are also due to all the member scholars at the Energy Systems Research Laboratory, whose discussions, contributions, and assistance helped me achieve my research goals. I am also grateful to the FIU community and department staff. v ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION SECURE LARGE SCALE PENETRATION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN THE POWER GRID by Abla Hariri Florida International University, 2018 Miami, Florida Professor Osama Mohammed, Major Professor As part of the approaches used to meet climate goals set by international environmental agreements, policies are being applied worldwide for promoting the uptake of Electric Vehicles (EV)s. The resulting increase in EV sales and the accompanying expansion in the EV charging infrastructure carry along many challenges, mostly infrastructure-related. A pressing need arises to strengthen the power grid to handle and better manage the electricity demand by this mobile and geo-distributed load. Because the levels of penetration of EVs in the power grid have recently started increasing with the increase in EV sales, the real-time management of en-route EVs, before they connect to the grid, is quite recent and not many research works can be found in the literature covering this topic comprehensively. In this dissertation, advances and novel ideas are developed and presented, seizing the opportunities lying in this mobile load and addressing various challenges that arise in the application of public charging for EVs. A Bilateral Decision Support System (BDSS) is developed here for the management of en-route EVs. The BDSS is a middleware-based MAS that achieves a win- win situation for the EVs and the power grid. In this framework, the two are complementary vi in a way that the desired benefit of one cannot be achieved without attaining that of the other. A Fuzzy Logic based on-board module is developed for supporting the decision of the EV as to which charging station to charge at. GPU computing is used in the higher-end agents to handle the big amount of data resulting in such a large scale system with mobile and geo-distributed nodes. Cyber security risks that threaten the BDSS are assessed and measures are applied to revoke possible attacks. Furthermore, the Collective Distribution of Mobile Loads (CDML), a service with ancillary potential to the power system, is developed. It comprises a system-level optimization. In this service, the EVs requesting a public charging session are collectively redistributed onto charging stations with the objective of achieving the optimal and secure operation of the power system by reducing active power losses in normal conditions and mitigating line congestions in contingency conditions. The CDML uses the BDSS as an industrially viable tool to achieve the outcomes of the optimization in real time. By participating in this service, the EV is considered as an interacting node in the system-wide communication platform, providing both enhanced self-convenience in terms of access to public chargers, and contribution to the collective effort of providing benefit to the power system under the large scale uptake of EVs. On the EV charger level, several advantages have been reported favoring wireless charging of EVs over wired charging. Given that, new techniques are presented that facilitate the optimization of the magnetic link of wireless EV chargers while considering international EMC standards. The original techniques and developments presented in this dissertation were experimentally verified at the Energy Systems Research Laboratory at FIU. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE Introduction and Literature Survey ................................................................. 1 1.1 History and Types of EVs and Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment ................... 1 1.1.1 Brief History .................................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 Types of EVs.................................................................................................. 2 1.1.2.1 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) ......................................................... 3 1.1.2.2 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) .......................................... 3 1.1.2.3 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) ......................................................... 3 1.1.3 Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) ................................................. 3 1.1.3.1 Plug-in Charging ................................................................................... 4 1.1.3.2 Wireless Charging ................................................................................. 5 1.2 Anti-Electric Vehicle Arguments and Refutations .............................................. 6 1.2.1 Power System and Environment Standpoint.................................................. 7 1.2.2 Consumer Standpoint ................................................................................... 10 1.2.2.1 Range Anxiety and Charging Speed ................................................... 10 1.2.2.2 Availability of and Access to Public Charging Stations ..................... 10 viii 1.3 Motivations for fostering the uptake of a large number of EVs ........................ 11 1.3.1 Attempts for making the experience more convenient ................................ 13 1.3.1.1 Power system operators’ standpoint ................................................... 13 1.3.1.2 Consumer standpoint .......................................................................... 13 1.4 Problem Statement ............................................................................................. 14 1.5 Research Objectives ..........................................................................................
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