First Peoples Worldwide

Background on Global Conservation Evictions

February 2007

Please email Jessica Friswell at [email protected] with any updates to this research

Global Conservation Evictions First Peoples Worldwide February 2007 1 of 16 Eviction Number of Country Park Name People date(s) People Comments PACIFIC (renamed Pakaitore New Zealand Marae) Maori government claimed land, Maori walked off

AFRICA villagers of Benin Pendjari National Park Tanougou Central Kalahari Game between 5,000 and Botswana Reserve San 1997-2002-2005 39,000 reversed 2006 no humans by access denied to fruit groves since 1960, Chobe National Park Ts'exa 1975 access denied to seasonal wildlife migration Okavango/Moremi Game Reserve San traditional resource use allowed on fringes Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (formerly Gemsbok National Park) San Nata Sanctuary Tuya, Kalanga late 1940s forcibly evicted at gunpoint Cameroon Campo Ma'an National Bagyeli issues began 300,000 Forced relocation Dja wildlife reserve Baka 1990s 7,800 hunting prohibited Boumba Bek National Baka, Bangando LakePark Lobéké National (Bantu) late 1990s-2000s 4,000 Park Baka 4,000 strictly regulated access residence illegal Babenele (of since 1981; some Bambendjelle) argue no buffer village resettlement, expropriation of Korup National Park pygmies zone residence 1,465 traditional land use titles Takamanda forest reserve area 1988 villages evacuated, Waza National Park moved to Dzanga-Ndoki National Pygmy bands expelled, expropriation of Central African Republic Park Aka pygmies 350 traditional land use titles Dzanga-Sangha Dense Forest Reserve BaAka pygmies eviction led to alcoholism and disease BaBenjelle (Babenzele) Noubale Ndoki National Pygmies and expulsion of Pygmy bands, expropriation of Congo Park neighbouring 3,000 traditional land use titles

Global Conservation Evictions First Peoples Worldwide February 2007 2 of 16 Eviction Number of Country Park Name People date(s) People Comments Pygmy bands expelled, expropriation of Odzala National Park 9,800 traditional land use titles Côte d'Ivoire Taï National Park Kwi society Democratic Republic of Kahuzi-Biega National Congo Park Twa, Pygmies 1960s-1980s 6,000 during a period of unrest in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Basongora moved Virunga Park Batwa, Basongora 2001/2002 into Park but were evicted when peace was Nsoc National Park settlements expelled, expropriation of Equitorial Guinea (Altos de Nsork) 1995 10,000 traditional land use titles 980 Kore families, Nechasar National Park 1025 Guji Oromo Ethiopia (Nech Sar) Guji and Kore Oct-00 families - 10,000 10,000 people depend on Park Mursi, Suri, Nyangatom, Dizi Mago National Park and Me'en Imminent Mursi, Suri, Nyangatom, Dizi Omo National Park and Me'en current 50,000 Ipassa-Mingouli Gabon Biosphere Reserve 100 Imminent Loango National Park 2,800 Moukalaba-Doudou National Park 8,000 Gamba Protected Areas Complex Ghana Digya National Park 2001 (most recently, but 2750 families - 6,000- Kenya Mau (Mao) forest Maasai, Ogiek ongoing to some 10,000 people Imminent-cancelled deeds 2005 Tana River Primate Reserve Bamasobo, Mt. Elgon National Park Ndorobo ~2000 Reserve Maasai, Ogiek 6,000 returned after 30 years Park Maasai 1991-2 Park people encroach from south, the only side Nairobi National Park Maasai, Ogiek without fencing Masai Mara National Reserve Maasai

Global Conservation Evictions First Peoples Worldwide February 2007 3 of 16 Eviction Number of Country Park Name People date(s) People Comments Madagascar MananaraMantadia National Biosphere Park Project 35,000 Ranomafama Michiru Mountain Malawi Conservation Area 1,000 families

Park claims Limpopo Valley National people wanted to Mozambique Park be resettled voluntary resettlement Namibia Etosha National Park Hai//om San 1954 several hundred fencing Kaudom Game Reserve San Nigeria Park 2,876 Rwanda Volcanoes National Park Ba'twa 1974, late 1990s Nyungwe Natural Forest Batwa late 1990s Virunga Park Batwa Jul-01 following 1994 genocide, 2/3 of land Akagera National Park 1,500 families (180,000 ha) returned to people South Africa Kruger National Park San/Tsonga Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (formerly Kalahari final evictions Gemsbok National Park) Khomani San 1973 some rights and 28000 ha of land restored Greater St Lucia Park full relocated in 1969. overlaps current Sabi Game Reserve Makuleke 1902 3,000 Kruger National Park Tsitsikama Forest Natal Drakensberg National Park Richtersveld Swaziland Malolotja National Park cattle population decreased 75%, no Maasai, Parakuyo, compensation until Maasai and Parakuyo Tanzania Mkomazi Game reserve Toloha herders 1988 5,000 took case to court for compensation for Serengeti National Park Maasai 16,200 Ngorongoro 1974, grazing between 10,000 and Conservation Area Maasai banned 1959) 50,000 Arusha National Park Meru

Global Conservation Evictions First Peoples Worldwide February 2007 4 of 16 Eviction Number of Country Park Name People date(s) People Comments LakeTarangire Manyara National National Park Maasai Park Maasai Gombe National Park Katavi National Park Park Mahale Mountain National Park Mikumi National Park Park Meru Ruaha (Luwondo) National Park Saanane National Park Selous Game Reserve 1920s 40,000 Udzungwa Mountain National Park Reserve 1987 Mibulu GR 10,000 Togo Lion's Den National Park 1980s-1990s 6,000 Keran National Park 1980s-1990s 1991 most recent Uganda Bwindi National Park Batwa eviction 100 families in 1964 Mgahinga Forest Reserve /Mgahinga Gorilla National Park Batwa 1991 eviction Echuya forest reserve Batwa 1991 eviction Mount Elgon Forest Park 12,000 Busoga Forest Reserve Kibaale/Kibale National Elizabeth National if people refused to move for conservation, Park 1993 Park) they were killed on the spot Mabira 1960s-early Kidepo National Park Ik 1970s ~5,000 Park 1982-1985 Queen Elizabeth 30,000 (with Kibale (Rwenzori) National Park Basongora National Park) South Luangwa National Zambia Park Bisa Mfuwe Game Park

Global Conservation Evictions First Peoples Worldwide February 2007 5 of 16 Eviction Number of Country Park Name People date(s) People Comments restrictions Liuwa Plain National Park planned 108 villages Zimbabwe Rusitu Botanical Reserve Ngorima lineage 1987 residents of Mukwiratunhu Chimanimani Park section 1993 Haroni Botanical Reserve Ngorima lineage Nyanga National Park 200 Matobo/Matopos National Park 2,000

ASIA Garo, Khasis, Bangladesh Modhupur Eco-Park Koch current 25,000 Imminent, one person killed Chittagong Hills FR Jumma current 200,000 Imminent Reingkhyong Forest Reserve 1976-1997 100,000 Eco-Park in Moulavi Bazar of Sylhet Khasi, Garoare not 2000-2003 yet 1,000project Imminent suspended for creation but ofnot eco-park officially Alutilla Tripura implemented 200 families cancelled Myinmoletkat Nature Burma Reserve India Madhya Pradesh Adivasis (Baigas) 2005 151 homes no compensation Kolengere tribal, Jen Kurumbas and 81 families - 6,000 Nagarhole National Park Bette Kurumbas Jun and Sep 2000 people Park and periphery home to 32,000 people Sanctuary Charan and Rabri, Gir National Park Maldhari since 1970s 500 Maldhari families Kanha National Park Baigas between 100-673 Bettakuruba and Bandipur National Park Bettakuruba 1973-1974 Jenukuruba families Sanctuary/Save the 80 villages, 2,900 Tiger Programme families Jambudwip Island Santhal 2002 10,000 Sariska National Park Bawariyas 2005 imminent Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary Sahariyas villagers tried to return in 2004

Global Conservation Evictions First Peoples Worldwide February 2007 6 of 16 Eviction Number of Country Park Name People date(s) People Comments Tadoba-Andhari Tiger threatened for 14 BhadraReserve Wildlife (National Park) Gond years imminent Sanctuary Park 1,350 families Sanctuary Adivasis 2003 Kutru Tiger and Buffalo Reserve Maria 1984 52 villages Sanjay Ghandi National 2,500 (30,000+ slum Park Adivasis beginning 1997 dwellers in addition) Manas Tiger Reserve Bodo Keoladeo Ghana National Park 1980s decreased Desert National Park Rajaji National Park Kaziranga 100 homes, 3 Rawa Aopa Watumohai villages (2000) & 175 National Park Moronene 2000 eviction houses, 300 families continuation 60 villages Katu surrounding Park attempts to regain land have been made Gunung Leuser National Park imminent as of 2004, 12 deaths by shooting, 20,000 people face violence, individuals and families exiled, at threat of eviction as least 40 fishermen tortured, arrested, MountKomodo Merapi National National Park of 2004 denied legal rights, and sentenced to one to MountPark Leseur National imminent Park National Park Mount Halimun National Park Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park National Park Park Park

Global Conservation Evictions First Peoples Worldwide February 2007 7 of 16 Eviction Number of Country Park Name People date(s) People Comments Kayan Mentarang National Park Apoh/Tutoh Forest a WRM January 2004 publication states that Reserves and a survey is being conducted on Penan lands Malaysia Maringgong Protected Penan to create these protected forests Batang Ai National Park according to community complaints, applications for Native titles traditional Crocker Range National lands were rejected, people are threatened RoyalPark Chitwan National by authorities to stop hill paddy cultivation Nepal Park Tharu 1994-99 2,000 violence threatened if people were not Pakistan Khunjerab National Park Wakhi 1991 cooperative, right to graze and hunt limited Ayubia National Park Philippines Palawan Game Refuge Batak Sri Lanka HuaiPark Kha Khaeng Wanniyala-Aetto 100 have returned so far Thailand Sanctuary Hmong at least 176 evicted for "watershed protection" Thung Yai Naresuan Sanctuary Hmong, Karen 1999? 3,000-5,000 evicted for "watershed protection" Boiluang National Park Karen 300 compensation: one time cash payout, a Cuc Phuong National new village outside boundary of Park, Viet Nam Park Muong and Dao 1985-1990 1,000 reconstruction materials, seeds, food for 9,000 in National Park, 180,000 in plan to redraw boundary and resettle 1,000 Cat Tien National Park Xtieng and Ma 2003 buffer zone (not all people Song Thanh Nature 2005-border rules Reserve Katu enforced

LATIN AMERICA Los Alerces National Argentina Park Rio Bravo Conservation Belize and Management Area Bolivia Tunari National Park 100 families

Global Conservation Evictions First Peoples Worldwide February 2007 8 of 16 Eviction Number of Country Park Name People date(s) People Comments imminent Pataxó reinhabited Park after initial eviction a judge ruled that the Park must be returned to the Brazilian Institute of Monte Pascoal National Environment and Renewable Natural Brazil Park Pataxó Resources (IBAMA). Although no date has Jardim Passaúna National Park Apr-01 40 families Colombia Brisas del Bosque May-02 1,200 families evicted to create a Park Costa Rica Cahuita National Park spear fishing prohibited, no crops grown Corcovado National Park La Amistad Cabecar, Bribri 11,000-19,000 Los Haitises National 6 villages/826 in final stages of boundary change after Dom. Rep. Park families Park disturbed by agriculture Ecuador Guatemala Sierra de las Minas 2001-2002 Guyana Kaieteur National Park Wapishana extended Miskitos and Honduras Rio Platano Mayagnas ~2,000 Montes Azules Nature Mexico Reserve Tzozil Maya 2005 4 families Calakmul Biosphere Reserve Reserve of Natural Miskitos and Nicaragua Resources Mayagnas Miskito Coral Reef Protected Area Protected Area establishment implies ban on hunting, fishing, resource use according to WDPA, 10% land use for Kuna (Pucuru and Chocoe and Kuna Indians Panama Darien National Park Paya) 1,200 people some villages moved Protected Area establishment implies ban La Amistad International Naso-Teribe, Bri- 27 communities, on hunting, fishing, resource use Park Bri, Guaymis 30,000 people According to WDPA, people still live on land Peru Pacaya Samira Reserve curtailed livelihood Suriname WaneGalibi KreekNature Kalinya Reserve Wan Shi Shia

Global Conservation Evictions First Peoples Worldwide February 2007 9 of 16 Eviction Number of Country Park Name People date(s) People Comments Central Suriname Nature Reserve Maroon Venezuela Guatopo National Park 1960-1971 4,207 families

NORTH AMERICA

United States Yosemite National Park Miwok 1850s Glacier National Park Blackfoot 1850s-1890s Yellowstone Nez Perce 1877 Grand Canyon National Park Havasupai late 1800s

Global Conservation Evictions First Peoples Worldwide February 2007 10 of 16

Bibliography

Archabald, Karen and Lisa Naughton-Treves. “Tourism revenue-sharing around national parks in Western Uganda: early efforts to identify and reward local communities.” Environmental Conservation 28.2 (2001): 135-149.

Archibold, Guillermo, Aurelio Chiari, Brian Houseal, Craig MacFarland. “Indigenous Cultures and Protected Areas in Central America.” Cultural Survival Quarterly 9.1 (1995): 10. http://www.cs.org/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=325

Brechin, Steven R., Crystal L. Fortwangler, Patrick C. West, Peter R. Wilshusen, eds. Contested Nature . Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2003.

Brockington, Dan and Jim Igoe. “Anthropology, Conservation, Protected Areas, and Identity Politics.” http://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/dissemination/conference-papers/brockington.pdf

Brockington, Dan, James Igoe, and Paige West. “Parks and Peoples: The Social Impact of Protected Areas.” Annual Review of Anthropology 35 (2006): 251-77.

Brockington, Daniel and James Igoe. “Eviction for Conservation: A Global Overview.” Conservation and Society 4.3 (2006): 424-70. http://conservationrefugees.org/pdfdoc/EvictionforConservation.pdf

Carruthers, Jane. “Dissecting the Myth: Paul Kruger and the Kruger National Park.” Journal of Southern African Studies 20.2 (1994): 263-83.

Cernea, Michael M. “‘Restriction of access’ is displacement: a broader concept and policy.” Forced Migration Review 23 (2003): 48-49. http://www.fmreview.org/FMRpdfs/FMR23/FMR2320.pdf

Cernea, Michael M. “Population displacement inside protected areas: a redefinition of concepts in conservation policies.” Policy Matters 14 (2006): 8-31. http://www.iucn.org/themes/ceesp/Publications/newsletter/Section%20I-part%201.pdf

Cernea, Michael M. and Kai Schmidt-Soltau. “National Parks and Poverty Risks: Is Population Resettlement the Solution?” http://www.danadeclaration.org/wpcccerneaschmidtsoltaufinal.htm

Cernea, Michael M. and Kai Schmidt-Soltau. “The end of forcible displacements? Conservation must not impoverish people.” Policy Matters 12 (2003): 42-51. http://www.iucn.org/themes/ceesp/Publications/newsletter/PM12%20- %20Section%20I.2.pdf

Page 11 of 18 Chakma, Goutam Kumar. “Bangladesh Report on Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas.” http://www.aippfoundation.org/documents/Bangladesh%20Report%20on%20IPs%20and% 20PAs%20%5BFINAL%5D.pdf

Chatty, Dawn. “Enclosures and Exclusions: Conserving Wildlife in Pastoral Areas of the Middle East.” Anthropology Today 14.4 (1998): 2-7.

Chopra, Suneet. “A standoff in the forest.” Frontline 22.11 (2005) http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2211/stories/20050603002008700.htm

“Deceived, deprived and now they face eviction.” The Daily Star 30 August 2005. http://www.thedailystar.net/2005/08/30/d50830070270.htm

Dhar, Aarti. “Fishermen face eviction.” The Hindu 11 Mar 2003. http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/03/11/stories/2003031103801200.htm

Dowie, Mark. “Problems in Paradise: How making new parks and wildlife preserves creates millions of conservation refugees around the world.” San Francisco Chronicle 11 Jun 2006: E1. http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/06/11/INGN7IIL3E24.DTL

Down to Earth 63 (2004). http://dte.gn.apc.org/63.pdf

“Ethiopia: Dutch conservation organization involved in eviction of thousands of tribal people.” World Rainforest Movement Bulletin 105 (2006). http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/105/Ethiopia.html

Eudey, Ardith. “Hmong Relocated in Northern Thailand.” Cultural Survival Quarterly 12.1 (1998). http://www.cs.org/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=751&highlight=eviction

“Forcible eviction from park ruled out.” The Hindu 29 Jul 2004. http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/07/29/stories/2004072908960500.htm

Ghate, Rucha. “Global Gains at Local Costs: Imposing Protected Areas. A Case Study from India.” http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/archive/00000824/00/ghater020402.pdf

Geisler, C., 2003. “Your park, my poverty. Using impact assessment to counter the displacement effects of environmental greenlining” In Brechin et al, pp.217-230.

Geisler, Charles and Ragendra de Sousa. “From Refuge to Refugee: The African Case.” Public Administration and Development 21 (2001): 159-70.

Government of Botswana. “Chobe National Park.” http://www.botswana- tourism.gov.bw/attractions/chobe_n.html

Hartono, Mimin Dwi and Wana Mandhira. “Indonesia: A national park, its failure and impact on livelihoods.” World Rainforest Movement Bulletin 99 (2005). http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/99/Indonesia.html .

Healey, Sharon and Laura Hebert. “Coercive Conservation Practices in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Prepared for the International Human Rights Advocacy Center. http://www.du.edu/intl/humanrights/coercivesahara.pdf

Page 12 of 18 Hoffman, Richard V. “The Mountain People Revisited.” 2002. http://home1.gte.net/hoffmanr/

Horowitz, Leah Sophie. “Integrating Indigenous Resource Management with Wildlife Conservation: A Case Study of Batang Ai National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia.” Human Ecology 26.3 (1998): 371-403.

Hossack, Lindsay and John Nelson, eds. From principles to practice: Indigenous peoples and protected areas in Africa . Moreton-in-Marsh, UK: Forest Peoples Program, 2003. http://www.forestpeoples.org/documents/conservation/bases/p_to_p_project_base.shtml http://www.forestpeoples.org/publications/p_to_p_africa_eng.shtml http://www.forestpeoples.org/documents/africa/foreword_and_intro_eng.pdf http://www.forestpeoples.org/documents/africa/rwanda_eng.pdf

Hughes, David M. “When Parks Encroach Upon People: Expanding National Parks in the Rusitu Valley, Zimbabwe.” Cultural Survival Quarterly 20.1 (1996): 36. http://www.cs.org/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=1595

Hurd, Will. “Rangers by Birth.” Cultural Survival Quarterly 30.2 (2006). http://www.cs.org/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=1910 .

“Imminent Eviction and Displacement of Kenya’s Ogiek Forest People.” Kenya Human Rights Commission 12 Apr 2000 http://forests.org/archive/africa/hottlite.htm

“India: Santhal tribal fishermen forced to relocate.” World Indigenous News 11 Mar 2003. http://www.cs.org/publications/win/win-article.cfm?id=407&highlight=eviction

“Indonesia: The Nature Conservancy’s plans in National Park.” World Rainforest Movement Bulletin 80 (2004). http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/80/Indonesia.html

Isaacson, Rupert. “Last exit from the Kalahari: the slow genocide of the Bushmen/San.” openDemocracy 28 Aug 2002. http://www.opendemocracy.net/content/articles/PDF/267.pdf

Jackson, Dorothy. Implementation of international commitments on traditional forest- related knowledge: Indigenous peoples’ experiences in Central Africa . Expert Meeting on Traditional Forest-Related Knowledge, Costa Rica, 2004. http://www.forestpeoples.org/documents/africa/tfrk_expert_mtg_oct04_eng.pdf

Johnson, Tim. “Out of Africa.” The Burlington Free Press 15 May 2005. http://conservationrefugees.org/freepress.html

“Locals Evicted by Ethiopia Tourism Project” http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/ttcd/EB- 16.doc

“Los asentados denunciaron golpes y violencia, y amenazaron con volver.” Los Tiempos (2005). http://www.lostiempos.com/noticias/24-02-05/local.php

Macduff, Ian. “Resources, Rights and recognition: Negotiating History in New Zealand.” Cultural Survival Quarterly 19.3 (1995). http://www.cs.org/publications/csq/csq- article.cfm?id=1281&highlight=eviction

Page 13 of 18 Macleod, Fiona. “Villager relocation a win-win.” Peace Parks Foundation Mail & Guardian 9 Jun 2006. http://www.peaceparks.org/news.php?mid=617&pid=161

McElwee, Pamela D. “Displacement and Relocation Redux: Stories from Southeast Asia.” Conservation and Society 4.3 (2006): 396-403. http://www.conservationandsociety.org/cs_4_3_4-396.pdf

Ogiek. “Frequently Asked Questions.” http://www.ogiek.org/faq/index.htm

Ozinga, Saskia. “Parks with People.” World Rainforest Movement/FERN. September 2003. http://www.fern.org/pubs/ngostats/parks.htm

“Panamá: Protected areas vs. indigenous peoples.” World Rainforest Movement Bulletin 57 (2002). http://www.wrm.org.uy.bulletin/57/Panama.html

Parkswatch.org. “Guatopo National Park, Venezuela.” http://www.parkswatch.org/parkprofile.php?l=eng&country=ven&park=gtnp&page=man

Parkswatch.org. “Sierra de las Minas Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala.” http://www.parkswatch.org/parkprofile.php?l=eng&country=gua&park=smbr&page=thr

“Parks: With or Without People.” http://www.iucn.org/themes/wcpa/wpc2003/pdfs/programme/day3/lasimbangpaper.pdf

Peace Parks Foundation. Annual Review 2003 . 2003. http://www.peaceparks.org/new/images/files/wokjvbtnxwdjdtuu41a2cbbe797f9.pdf

Price, Thomas L. “The ‘W’ Park of Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger—regional integration, trans-boundary challenges and local participation.” Policy Matters 12 (2003): 290-293. http://www.iucn.org/themes/ceesp/Publications/newsletter/PM12%20- %20Section%20III.7.pdf

“Profile of Internal Displacement: Colombia.” 4 Feb 2004. http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3ae6a6180.pdf

Protected Areas: Protected Against Whom? January 2004 http://www.wrm.org.uy/subjects/PA/textprotected.pdf

Rabinowitz, Alan, Madhu Rao, and Saw Tun Khaing. “Status Review of the Protected-Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning.” Conservation Biology 16.2 (2002) 360-8.

Rangarajan, Mahesh and Ghazala Shahabuddin. “Displacement and Relocation from Protected Areas: Towards a Biological and Historical Synthesis.” Conservation and Society 4.3 (2006): 359-78. http://www.conservationandsociety.org/cs_4_3_1-359.pdf

Rangarajan, Mahesh. “Parks, Politics and History: Conservation Dilemmas in Africa.” Conservation and Society 1.1 (2003): 77-98. http://www.conservationandsociety.org/cs_1_1-review.pdf

Ranger, Terence. “Whose Heritage? The Case of the Matobo National Park.” Journal of Southern Afrian Studies 15.2 (1989): 217-49.

Page 14 of 18 RECOFTC. “Indonesia: Moronene people forced out of national park.” 2001.2 19 Mar 2001. http://www.recoftc.org/site/fileadmin/docs/e-letter-documents/e-letter2001/E- letter_0102.html

Redford, Kent H. and Steven E. Sanderson. “Extracting Humans from Nature.” Conservation Biology 14.5 (2000): 1362-1364.

“Resettlement Project Gets Underway in Limpopo National Park” http://zambia.safari.co.za/krugerpark-times-3-3-limpopo-park-project-22036.html

Sanctuary Asia. “Protected Area Update.” 43 (2003). http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/resources/paupdate/43jun03.doc

Sanctuary Asia. “Protected Area Update.” 45 (2003). http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/resources/paupdate/45oct03.doc

Schmidt-Soltau, Kai. “Environmental and Social Risks arising from Conservation related Resettlement Programmes in Central Africa.” Draft-Paper presented at the International Symposium on resettlement and Social Development, Hohai University, Nanjing, China. 12- 14 May 2002.

Stegeborn, Wiveca. “Sri Lanka’s Forests: Conservation of Nature versus People.” Cultural Survival Quarterly 20.1 (1996): 16. http://www.cs.org/publications/csq/csq- article.cfm?id=1600

Sugawana, Kazuyoshi. “Voices of the Dispossessed.” Cultural Survival Quarterly 26.2 (2002): 28. http://www.cs.org/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=1521

Survival International. “Sri Lanka: Wanniyala-Aetto return to forest.” 21 Oct 2005 http://www.survival-international.org/news.php?id=1100

Suzman, James. “Etosha Dreams: an historical account of the Hai//om predicament.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 42 (2004): 221-238.

Taylor, Michael. “Resource Rights and Conservation: The Ts’exa.” Cultural Survival Quarterly 26.2 (2002): 22. http://www.cs.org/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=1123

Tiampati, Michael. “Mau Forest Residents Decry Violent evictions.” World Indigenous News 15 July 2005. http://www.cs.org/publications/win/win- article.cfm?id=2700&highlight=eviction

“Ugandan Gov’t stops eviction of over 180,000 forest encroachers.” http://english.people.com.cn/20060119_236746.html

United Nations Environmental Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. “Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda.” 2003. http://www.unep- wcmc.org/sites/wh/bwindi.html

United Nations Environmental Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. “Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania.” 2003. http://www.unep- wcmc.org/sites/wh/ngorongo.html

Page 15 of 18 Walhí. “Lore Lindu National Park: When People have to Choose to Conserve or to Live.” 15 Dec 2004. http://www.eng.walhi.or.id/kampanye/hutan/konservasi/lorelindunp_cs/

Whitney, Joel. “Rules of engagement.” The New Republic 26 Sep 2006. http://www.burmanet.org/news/2006/09/28/the-new-republic-rules-of-engagement-joel- whitney/

World Rainforest Movement Bulletin 99 (2005). http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/99/Asia.html

Page 16 of 18