The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI r.ll TKe- Thomas Ha,rt Benton Exhibit, now on display, in the Society's Art GalW ls open to the publie 8:00-12:00 and 1:0^00, M^ndar^rough

^=

THE COVER: Thomas Hart Benton's original watercolor entitled "We all frantically struggled into our clothes" depicted the frenzied actions of Mark Twain and his companions when one of their group drowned in a swimming hole. This episode, during his youth, was recalled by Twain in Life on the Mississippi. Benton's watercolor is one of the illustrations he prepared for editions of Twain's Mississippi River classics and it is part of the exhibit in the Society's Art Gallery. 1= MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

DOROTHY CALDWELL ASSOCIATE EDITOR

JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communi­ cations, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, corner of Hitt and Iiowry Streets, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The State Historical VOLUME LXIII Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $2.00 a year or $40 for an individual life membership. The Society assumes NUMBER 4 no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. JULY 1969 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI Fhe State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of this State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1959, Chapter 183.

OFFICERS 1968-71 T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, Second Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Third Vice President JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry, Fourth Vice President JOHN A. WINKLER, Hannibal, Fifth Vice President REV. JOHN F. BANNON, S.J., St. Louis, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary, and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society E. L. DALE, Carthage LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville GFORCE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1969 GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis RONALD L. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe L. E. MEADOR, Springfield JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry JOSEPH H. MOORE, Charleston HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1970 WILLIAM AULL, HI, Lexington GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia JAMES TODD, Moberly ALFRED O. FUF.UBRINC.ER, St. Louis T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1971 LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia R. I. COLBORN, Paris ROBERT A. BOWLING, Montgomery City RICHARD B. FOWLER, Kansas City FRANK I*. BRIGGS, Macon VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana HENRY A. HUNDSCIIU, Independence ROBERT NAGEL JONES, St. Louis

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, i he Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the Univer­ sity of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE Four members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the fifth member, compose the Finance Committee.

ELMER ELLIS, Columbia, Chairman WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield The State Historical Society of Missouri is always interested in obtaining new members. For more than seventy years thousands of Missourians who have be­ longed to the Society have been responsible primarily for building its great research collections and libraries. They have given it the support which makes it the largest organization of its type in the United States. The quest for interested new members goes on continually, and your help is solicited in obtaining [Kl them. In every family, and in every community, there are individuals who are sincerely interested in the collection, preservation and dissemination of the his­ tory of Missouri. Why not nominate these people for membership? Annual dues are only $2.00, Life Memberships $40.00.

Richard S. Brownlee Director and Secretary M State Historical Society of Missouri Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201

si m [5] M n M m m m

m

Society to Present Awards

At the Annual Meeting in October the Society will confer two awards. An engraved citation and a medallion m will be awarded to a member who has given distin- | guished service to the Society and to the State of Mis­ souri in the promotion and dissemination of knowledge concerning the history of our region. A second engraved citation and a one-hundred-dollar cash award will be I*ii? M given for the REVIEW article during the calendar vear which has contributed most in depth in a scholarly and popular sense to the history of our State. The Distinguished Member will be selected by a three-member committee appointed by the Society presi­ dent. One member of the selection committee will serve ® m tor two years and two members for one year. No active ® officers or trustees of the Society, with the exception of H past presidents, may be nominated for the Distinguished pi [S! Member Award. Nominations should be made in writing [KJ to Richard S. Brownlee, director of the Society, any time m during the calendar year. The prize-winning article will j! m be selected by three historians appointed by the editor m ® ® of the REVIEW. The selection committee will be changed m each year with the exception of one member who will be replaced after two years. ®

iIsiaiiisiaKSfflKsraffl "THE TREE IS KNOWN BY HIS FRUIT."

[Copied from one of Mr. Greeley's Missouri Organs.]

»n Unconstitutional Mob styling itself » Congress, in the prosecution of (in Uncon­ stitutional Crusade, for the Accomplishment of an Unconstitutional «nd Horrid Purpose!

DOWR WITH BOND-HOLDERS AND TAXATION!

of the Military to the Civil Authorities

DOWN WITH THE SATRAPS!

Equal Taxation and the Rightful Representation of all the State*, or ANOTHER REBELLION:

Revolution must be met by Counter Revolution! —Force by Force!—Violence by Violence! —And Usurpation should be Overthrown, if needs be, by the Bayonet!

DOWN WITH TEST OATHS and REGISTRATIONS! VIVE LA RKPUBLIQUE!

"ANY THING FOR REVENGE!"-A LA COMMUNE, This cartoon by Thomas Nast appeared in Harper's Weekly, July 27, 1872. Dr. Sauni mentions the cartoon on page 424 in his narrative. CONTENTS

DONAN AND THE Caucasian. By Lewis O. Saum , , 418

ORIGINS OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN MISSOURI. By Harry J. Eisenman 451

CARRY NATION, A MISSOURI GIRL, WON FAME AS A KANSAS CRUSADER. By Dorothy J. Caldwell 461

THOMAS HART BENTON AND THE OREGON QUESTION.

By William A. Hansen 489

EDITORIAL POLICY 498

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Dedication Ceremony Held for Winston Churchill Memorial

and Library 499

Moberly Monitor-Index Observes Centennial 501

Views from the Past: Missouri Schools 502

News in Brief 504

Local Historical Societies 506

Honors and Tributes 521

Gifts 523

Missouri History in Newspapers 528

Missouri History in Magazines 533

In Memoriam 535

BOOK REVIEWS 536

CIRCUS COMES TO FAYETTE 544

LOUISE STANLEY ..... Inside Back Cover 417 Donan and the Caucasian

BY LEWIS O. SAUM*

Peter Donan

In the wake of the Liberal Republican convention at Cincinnati in 1872, Murat HalsteacTs Commercial turned attention to the in­ ception of the Horace Greeley-B. Gratz Brown ticket that emerged with the nomination. On May 3rd the Commercial recalled that some of the "earliest and most significant" of Greeley's statements of opposition to President Ulysses S. Grant had appeared in the Mis­ souri country press, in one paper in particular. In the next few days Halstead's Cincinnati paper evidently had the occasion to peruse that particular item of Missouri journalism, and so it announced in a long, grandiloquent and hyperbolic editorial on May 15th that "The Man Who Nominated Horace Greeley Discovers Himself." Ac­ cording to the Commercial, all the able editors assembled at Cincinnati ten days ago, to regulate the country, and who have been struggling ever since to evolve from their inner consciousness the mystery of the nomination of Greeley, and writing wonderful his­ tories of it—all but one have been mistaken. The Jove of the occasion has discovered himself. . . .We refer to Colonel

*Lewis O. Saum is an associate professor of History at the University of Washington, Seattle. He received a B.S. degree from North Dakota State Teach­ ers College, Minot, and the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Missouri, Columbia. 420 Missouri Historical Review

Patrick Donan of the Lexington, Lafayette County, Mis­ souri Weekly Caucasian. . . . While other independent editors were attempting to manage the Cincinnati Conven­ tion, the mission of the Convention was simply and only to ratify that which had been done by Donan. . . . The next Editorial Syndicate or quadrilateral will not only be im­ perfect, it will be absurd, without Donan. The editor of the Caucasian steps to the front: To be sure, the Commercial wryly conceded, able and powerful journalistic figures such as Henry Watterson of the Louisville Courier-Journal, Samuel Bowles of the Springfield Republican and E. L. Godkin of The Nation had written much about that unusual gathering. But their efforts are "already dimmed—their intellectual fires paled forever before the broad glare of light cast upon these earthly scenes by the meteoric pen of the lurid Donan." The "gifted and glittering" Donan, to use the Commercial's descriptives, occupied a unique and flamboyant place in the Mis­ souri scene of the postwar decade. He had been born in Mississippi in 1839 and taken as a boy to the next family home in Pensacola, Florida. Sometime in the 1850s his preacher father uprooted them again, locating this time in Monroe and then in Marion County, Missouri. What the young man did during the war was a cause of wonderment in his own time, and it remains so today. In Febru­ ary of 1866 he began his course toward a modicum of journalistic prominence. On the tenth of that month the Metropolitan Record and New York Vindicator published the first of a long and remark­ able series of letters from "R. E. Bel" at "Buzzard's Roost, on Owl Creek," in "Mizery." In time that virulent copperhead sheet identi­ fied young Donan of Palmyra as "R. E. Bel" and as "Peedee,"1 the pen name over which he had written a set of voluminous letters to the Metropolitan Record from the South in the winter of 1866-67. In 1868 he first became an editor. For a few months he guided the

l New York Metropolitan Record and New York Vindicator, March 2, 1867. The occasion for this revelation was Donan's surviving and reporting the explosion of the Mississippi steamer, David White. Donan was christened Peter. His use of the single initial P. and his connection with the Catholic-oriented Metropolitan Record begot the inference that P. represented Patrick, thus "Pat" Donan. Minnie Organ has brief and misleading mention of Donan in "History of the County Press in Missouri," Part I, MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, IV (April, 1910), 150. Walter B. Stevens devoted a page to the legendary Donan in Mis­ souri: The Center State, 1821-1915 (Chicago, 1915), II, 491. The only full article is Philip D. Jordan's "The Curious Case of Col. R. E. Bel," The His­ torian, XXIV (February, 1962) , 192-206. It is exceedingly jaundiced in per­ spective, highly impressionistic and undocumented. THE WEEKLY CAUCASIAN. LKXINCTDX. LAKAYKTTK 1'nrsTT, Missicui, SATURDAY, JAM AHV 22,1870. Noma 86.—Waou Na 192.

itlhr -Wrrfctj (anrarin. MALE HIGH SCHOOL 'lliiSs|g| :*

embattled St. Joseph Vindicator, leaving it to go to New York to work on the Metropolitan Record.2 In 1869 he returned to Missouri and became co-editor of the Lexington Caucasian, a position he held, with one break, until 1875. The title, Caucasian, probably had a far less sensational and abrasive impact then than it would today. Nonetheless, it acted as a guide to and an earnest of the embittered secessionism that filled the pages of that weekly. In 1872 Donan addressed "Demo­ crats! White Men! Patriots! Lovers of the Republic, of Freedom, and the Grand old Constitution of our fathers!"3 His delivery had sufficient force to attract attention throughout the nation. Letters to the editor came from all parts; he boasted the largest circulation ever attained "by any mere country paper in America";4 and his rivals had to resort to claiming the superiority that lay in not "labor­ ing to build up a national reputation like the Caucasian."5 And in that endeavor Donan worked not entirely in vain. A Massachusetts editor found the Caucasian so compelling that he would have taken the extraordinary step of paying a subscription had he been unable to exchange his daily for Donan's weekly.6 The New York Tribune detected insanity in Donan s diatribes, but, as it put it on another occasion, "lively little paper is the Caucasian."7 The "lively little paper" supported Greeley, whom it had once branded an "old lunatic,"8 as the better choice of evils. Sup­ porting that quintessential abolitionist posed a hardship for a man who considered himself an "extremist States-Rights type" of Democrat and a believer in secession, the Tightness of slavery and the illegality of "yankonigger bayonet amendments."9 Still, he recognized that the Democratic party was going nowhere in 1872 and so he urged upon it the "possum policy." This "position of stra-

2 The Columbia Missouri Statesman reported on December 18, 1868, that Donan had been editor of the New York paper. 3 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, January 15, 1870. 4 Ibid., April 22, 1871. 5 Lexington Register, January 9, 1873; see also, St. Joseph Morning Herald, March 7, 1868. 6 Quoted in Lexington Weekly Caucasian, January 20, 1872. T New York Tribune, May 6 & June 9, 1870. 8 Lexington Weekly Caucasian. Julv 9, 1870. 9 Ibid., April 6, 1872. tegic aloofness"10 had been used against the Radical Re­ publicans in Missouri in 1870, and now Donan counselled it as a nationwide Democratic posture. In practical terms it meant for the Democratic party no convention, no platform and no nominations. Democrats, he insisted, should vote for the dissident or "Liberal" Repub­ lican candidate, whoever he was—"Horace Greeley, Gratz Brown, Cox, Trumbull, Palmer or the Devil."11 The defeat of "Ulysses Tanglefoot"12 was the Horace Greeley imperative, and to realize that sublime goal the Caucasian was prepared to "stand by the Devil, on a platform of coagulated hell's scum."13 In spite of the latitudinarian spirit of the set of alternatives noted above, Donan early hit upon the particular combination of Greeley and Brown. Indeed, he claimed to have done so before anyone else. As early as October of 1871 he trumpet­ ed the virtues of that ticket, and he scored a sizable coup when in December of 1871 he published, to Greeley's discomfiture, a letter the old man had written him regarding the political scene.14 Thus, at least some substance lay behind the Cincinnati Commercial's ironic tour de force and behind the later insistence of Harper s Weekly that the Liberal Republican ticket derived from a Caucasian editorial of the fall of 1871 and not from the deliberations of the Cincinnati convention.15 Evidently, Donan luxuriated in this modest renown, and he quoted items from Saratoga, New York, Portland, Maine, and elsewhere that ascribed to him the inception of the Greeley movement.16 "Humility's our strong holt," Donan facetiously

10 Thomas S. Barclav, The Liberal Republican Movement in Missouri, 1865- 1871 (Columbia, Mo., 1926) , 201. 11 Lexington Weekly Caucasian. December 9, 1871. 12 Ibid., January 15, 1870. 13 Ibid., April 26, 1872. 14 Donan published the letter in his issue of December 23, 1871. Greeley grudgingly admitted its authorship in the Tribune of December 30. 15 New York Harper's Weekly, June 29, 1872. 16 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, June 8 Sc September 7, 1872. insisted.17 Still, he could not resist the temptation to con­ gratulate his Caucasian for having called the Greeley- B. • mSfFii3S!wN. Brown ticket well before the convention. Such a perform­ ance attested either to his pa­ &4tm ttn*s| per's prophetic capacity or to its influence among politicians rum mmm~s —"You pays your money, and ¥*m*m "' you takes your choice."18 m*m ... *«iMfcL_- Donan did not bother to con­ , mm* mMk^ttuv^ . ffctHii l*tfH*^IJmi €. Ml*. vey to his readers the fact that * »*«•* imtrmsottx ft, MALE many of those ascriptions of his . Itmwftili 4»i«rk*-41l0, *. BCNTKAftAY. influence were made in some­ f«« u±mm*l5A&**m ***** thing less than earnest and romvmwmmm something less than commenda­ tion. If, for example, the Cin­ cinnati Commercial would re­ HAftllKY WU #AJUftll§f* #C H$lt?$r»' sort to ironic abstruseness, * Wm JM«9«ft, Donan would violate the spirit of its message by conveying it

literally. What appeared in the 'tPHH J£?i*ftHI ff^ffiaSii *S&^#*tf< Commercial as mockery Donan reported in the Caucasian as serious judgment.19 Nor, more importantly, did he bother to note that such ascriptions were €ot BT% iiBmaur»c*ociiATt€ Ticmirr. used in a blisteringly tendential way, that his support was pre­ #<* l*ri#*«cii$*a|E Aitorn^f^A J:> HALL cisely the sort of thing the Greeley-Brown ticket could not £**r A**«^f ~~l*|**li fIJtl afford. The connection between r«rt*>m**r^tAlUtl!*ON* tWtftL ^ - rot !***&. AimmiMrM.or-ltOM:* CHAPMAH "the farmer of Chappaqua" and the editor of the Caucasian, JOHX P tmOTBBB, however trifling per se, pro­ ortj&ifts.. vided Harpers Weekly and its merciless cartoonist Thomas r« troftttftfcflt, ulw ni»nK.T; JOMH A'CLABK, J*.'''- * ,«T HOWABD.' 17 Ibid., March 19, 1870. This electoral ticket appeared in the is Ibid., June 8, 1872. Lexington Weekly Caucasian, Oct. 12, ^Ibid., June I, 1872. 1872. 424 Missouri Historical Review

Nast with that issue of documentation needed to defame Greeley and his cause, needed to demonstrate, for example, that Greeley's raising bail for an incarcerated Jefferson Davis was no humanitarian gesture but a manifestation of treasonous posture. Editorially, Harpers stigmatized the Liberal Republican platform by question­ ing its ancestory; "the original, Simon pure 'second Declaration of Independence'" came not from the Cincinnati convention but from the unholy crucible of the Lexington Caucasians editorial section.20 In turn, Donan's intemperate racism and secessionism could well have given Nast supplementary inspiration for such devastating depictions as the one of Greeley and the shadowy figure of Booth with outstretched hands clasped over the grave of Lincoln,21 "Abra­ ham Babooniensis,"22 as Donan irreverently remembered him. Ap­ parently, Nast used the Caucasian directly only once during the campaign. When he represented the Greeleyites trying "a la com­ mune" to topple the pillar of union, he reproduced in an upper corner the fiery credo from the masthead of Donan's paper. One knows, Nast moralized, a tree by its fruits.23 The defeat of the Greeley-Brown ticket had no discernible im­ pact upon Donan, though he playfully admitted that there would be no "foreign ministries and consulates, no post-offices and bung- smeller-ships, to dispense."24 He seems to have done no agonizing over the burden he may have placed upon the effort to unseat "Ulysses the Tumblebug."25 But Donan's equanimity notwithstand­ ing, by late 1872 the Caucasian had passed its apogee. For one thing, the windfall of notoriety deriving from the Greeley con­ nection had largely gone. Also, the passing of time and the easing of hatreds engendered by the war and its aftermath made Donan more and more an incongruity and caused him at least to some degree to modify his abrasive postures. In 1868 when he became editor of the St. Joseph Vindicator, the Metropolitan Record, ap­ plauded his move because no state needed "outspoken and fearless defiance of despotism" more than "'the State of Misery and Tom

20 New York Harper's Weekly, June 29, 1872. 21 Ibid., September 14, 1872. 22 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, January 15, 1870. 23 New York Harper's Weekly, July 27, 1872. The Nast cartoon of Septem­ ber 28 incorporates some passages from Greeley's letter to Donan of the pre­ vious December. In Horace Greeley: Nineteenth Century Crusader (Philadelphia, 1953) , 403, Glyndon G. Van Deusen mentions what apparently was the Donan letter. Though Greeley's response is quoted, there is no documentation. 24 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, December 14, 1872. zsibid., March 23, 1872. Fletcher.' "26 And in his first contribution to that New York paper Donan referred to his home state in dialect as "this reegin whare niggers k a n preech & white men kant."2T He wrote later that, until Gov­ ernor Fletcher's "militia" wrecked his St. Joseph estab­ lishment, the Vindicator had been "bold, bitter, often black­ guard, sometimes blasphe­ mous." He had "waged a sav­ age war," but, he insisted, 28 circumstances demanded it. B. Gratz Brown Because those circumstances had altered somewhat, he had made the Caucasian "tamer" than the Vindicator.29 He maintained that the "possum policy" (of which he also claimed authorship)30 had in large part broken Radical Republicanism in the state. By the end of 1873 he anticipated the completion of his Missouri work. In the near future he would re­ constitute his "bitter, remorseless" message in the "most brutally down-trampled" of southern states, and the Caucasian of Lexington would thenceforth drop its "roughest features" and become, as he put it, as modest as a nun.31 In January of 1874 Donan left for South Carolina (apparently that most "down-trampled" state), but without explanation he returned to Lexington in May. Less than a year later he made the final break with the Lafayette County town and with the Caucasian. With his brother-in-law John R. Reavis, a preacher from Platte City turned journalist, he went to St. Louis in April of 1875, had a brief connection there with the Times, and then went on to fight yet other journalistic battles in Raleigh, North Carolina, and other places. One of Missouri's most exotic creatures had left. Memory of a man like that dimmed slowly, and then when, in the twentieth centu­ ry, it had flickered out, there yet remained that bizarre social, polit-

26 New York Metropolitan Record, January 4, 1868. 27 ibid., February 10, 1866. 28 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, January 10, 1874. 29 ibid., April 16, 1870. so ibid., March 9, 1872. ^lbid., November 1, 1873. 426 Missouri Historical Review ical and journalistic legacy—the files of the Caucasian. Somewhat strangely, the standard items of scholarly Missouriana of the period ignore it almost entirely. Perhaps the scholar feels reluctant to use something so gaudy, so obstinate in refusal to submit to dis­ passionate assessment and clear categorization. Perhaps he senses uneasily that mere use of that inflammatory title in text or footnote burdens credibility, arouses wonderment and distraction, or even bestirs the glands. More likely, the scholar supposes it to have been ephemeral and insignificant. The extent of its distribution and reputation would belie that, as would its editor's status as a foremost Missouri personality. When, for example, the state editorial as­ sociation met at Louisiana in 1873, the Journal of that town amiably referred to Donan, W7illiam Switzler and N. J. Colman as the "most notorious" of the visitors.32 Admittedly, Donan moved always in the realm of the superlative, and one must guard against being drawn by him into that mood. Still, he turned out an extraordinary item, and, however abhorrent the Caucasians stances may be by modern standards, it remains a significant and compelling human document. A man from Bonham, Texas, wrote to tell Donan that "every article from your pen describes my own feeling and hatred of the radicals and their government."33 Another subscriber urged him to "give them h-1 with forked thunder," and he must have chortled over Donan's rejoinder that such was unnecessary because Radicals would get that soon enough.34 These vicarious intimations point to the most salient characteristic (or stigma) of the Caucasian- its ideological posture. Most centrally, that posture derived from the Lost Cause, an ever-present part of its editor's mien. He evinced it in his attire—"the same old gray clothes, put on since peace," an opponent disparagingly remarked.35 He studiously perpetuated hideous memory by annually commemorating the Union brutality of the Palmyra "massacre," an episode in which he lost a childhood friend.36 In 1871 he worked assiduously to bring a Confederate re­ union to Lexington, working on two arrangements committees with

32 Louisiana Journal, May 31, 1873. 33 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, January 22, 1870. 34 ibid., February 12, 1870. 35 Quoted from the Warrensburg Johnson Weekly Democrat in the Lex­ ington Weekly Intelligencer of September 25, 1872- On December 16, 1871, the Johnson Weekly Democrat spoke of Donan's being "monstrously dressed in gray." 36 See Lexington Weekly Caucasian of December 3, 1870, & October 26, 1872. Donan and the Caucasian 427

General Joseph Shelby.37 And simply, he gloried in being a rebel. Necessarily, he often conveyed that sentiment in literary or ideal terms. Thus, he pointed pridefully to rebellion and admitted failure as the only cause for regret.38 Within the confines of practical circumstances, this animus meant working to remove the post-war restrictions from those Missourians deemed traitorously unsafe by the Radical Republican administration. Thus, at the time that the state's Radicals reached "the zenith of their political power"39 in the 1868 election, Donan of the St. Joseph Vindicator demanded " 'a free vote or a free fight/" "'Down with test oaths and registration.'" Should the registers turn people of his sympathies away from the polls, he urged the following recourse: Shoot them down! They are outlaws, public enemies, assassins, of the state! Shall American, Irish and German democrats, outnumbering these vagabonds three to one, sit idly down, and tamely permit themselves to be made outcasts in their own land by the off-scourings, the vilest scum of European and Yankee penitentiaries? Gods! . . .40 Secessionism necessarily involved anti-unionism, and "vilest scum" represents a comparatively restrained form of Donan's antagonism toward things northern (especially, New England), federal and Radical. Startling and awesome imagery marked his efforts to give readers an earnest of the wretchedness connected with such attributes. "Give hell an emetic of Yankee preachers, and puke it dry" and one might have an idea of the vileness of the nation's condition.41 Thus, he had described the Tennessee legislature of 1867 as a "dirty-shirted, dirty-handed, dirty-faced and dirty-mouthed set of ignoramuses and blackguards."42 The Reconstruction Congress came off no better. In Donan's lexicon the Senate was "the Upper Dog-Kennel at Washington,"43 and it was occupied by the likes of Ben Butler, "a bloated mass of stench-emitting carrion."44 Charles Sumner appeared in the Cau-

37 See Lexington papers of September and October of 1871. 38 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, April 22, 1871; see also New York Metro­ politan Record, June 16, 1866. 39 William E. Parrish, Missouri Under Radical Rule, 1865-1870 (Columbia, Mo., 1965), 258. 40 This material is quoted in the St. Joseph Morning Herald, April 5, 1868. The Herald remarked that "traitors" would not get a free vote in Missouri for some time yet, though they could have a free fight whenever they desired. 41 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, February 5, 1870. 42 New York Metropolitan Record, January 5, 1867. 43 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, March 2, 1872. 44 New York Metropolitan Record, May 25, 1867. casian as the "drawling Nasty- chusetts eunuch."45 Henry Ward Beecher, the "pulpiratical mountebank,"46 provided an especially attractive target. In a lengthy vilification of this man "whose communion cup, whose very bible is clotted with fratricidal gore," Donan noted that Beecher had "doomed him­ self to annihilation, cut himself out of all hope of a hereafter, and endeavored to rob the devil of his dues, by proclaim­ ing that there is no hell."47 But Llvsses S. Grant no man took more abuse from the Caucasian than President Grant. In less intense moments Donan referred to him as "a drunken deadbeat."48 At other times he identified the President as the "besotted boor,"49 "the presidential chunk of tan-yard offal"50 or the "swine-headed ex-paramour of a Digger squaw."51 Hatred issued in a clear call for violence a few months before Grant ran for re­ election in 1872. In a brief article topped by the sketch of a pistol and titled "If" Donan considered the possibility of four more years of Grant. Against that background he offered the words of the high priest Caiaphas: "It is expedient for us, that one man should die for the people, and that the whole nation perish not!'"52 For being wedded to the principle of "the White above the Black forever,"53 Donan spent comparatively little time damning the freed man or specifically justifying the name of his newspaper. To be sure, he freely employed such ugly descriptive^ as "baboons who've just shed their tails'54 and "foul progeny of African apes."55

45 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, February 12, 1870. ±QIbid., January 20, 1872. 47 ibid., October 29, 1870. 48 Ibid., July 16, 1870. 49 Ibid., October 28, 1871. 50 ibid., January 29, 1870. 51 Ibid., January 15, 1870. 52 ibid., March 9, 1872. 53 ibid,, April 16, 1870. 54 ibid., Februarv 5, 1870. 55 ibid., April 16, 1870. Donan and the Caucasian 429

But these came incidentally to the development of other themes, as when he spoke of Radicalism's brutal folly in freeing four million "helpless, ignorant wretches ... to beg, to steal, or to die."56 Most likely, Donan's racism was so fundamental as to need little explicit enunciation. However deliberate, that racism took several forms. It could appear as the condescending and perhaps genuine fondness shown for Billy and Andy, the "darkey porters" who came to visit when he was laid up in his City Hotel quarters with "bilious fever, pneumonia and head-splitting neuralgia, all at once."57 It could appear as the wretched effort at humor in the report that a "sprightly nigger boy spoiled a fine cistern of water belonging to our friend, Blakey, of Pleasant Hill, a few days ago, by drowning himself in it."58 The Negro also appeared as the mechanism for typically Donanesque self-celebration in regard to political wisdom. At various times he had urged upon the South what he called the "rub in the darkey" policy. Near the end of his Lexington stay he noted that for ten years he had insisted that the blacks, having worn the South's uniforms and having carried its rifles, could not be denied rights of citizenship. He would have avoided such a denial and apparently would have "rubbed in the darkey" immediately after the war by filling all delegations to Washington with Negroes, while retaining state offices for whites exclusively.59 Whether this was meant to secure Negro rights or to deprive them by parading shortcomings, Donan never made quite clear. In February of 1871 one of Donan's coeditors, J. M. Julian, huffily left the Caucasian complaining that Donan had, among other unsavory qualities, an unallowable disregard for "holy things."60 Clashing personalities did much to cause that rupture:61 but it is certainly true that the subscriber to the Caucasian received generous portions of mockery and irreverence. If that subscriber wrote a letter to the editor, as many did, he might get for his effort the kind of playful cynicism afforded "Friend W." Donan acknowl­ edged his letter and pronounced it good—"especially that last

56 ibid., January 15, 1870. 57 ibid., January 8 & 15, 1870. 58 ibid., April 29, 1871. 59 Ibid., January 9, 1875; see also New York Metropolitan Record, August 18, 1866; and Lexington Weekly Caucasian, February 5, 1870, & July 16, 1870. 60 Julian's "Valedictory" appeared on the editorial page on February 25, 1871. 61 See Lexington Intelligencer, June 21, 1902. 430 Missouri Historical Review paragraph: 'Enclosed, please find &c.'"62 Indeed the reader of Do­ nan's paper might find to his discomfiture that it was the likes of himself that made an editor's lot an especially burdensome one—"the least thanked and the worst paid." An editor, Donan complained, had an obligation to be delighted by this and distressed by that, he must be ready to talk on all subjects, and he "must submit, like a sick sheep in shearing time, to advice and suggestions and criticisms from every tonguy old he or she nincompoop and ignoramus, in a circuit of fifty miles!"63 Donan spent little time avoiding offensive- ness, and he could do much worse than churlish but general re­ flections on readers. In various ways he violated the ritual pattern of likes and dis­ likes, and he disregarded the tacit code regarding those things to be discussed openly and those things to be dealt with only by hushed allusion. He neglected, for example, to stifle his aversion for babies. He not only called them "pygmy abominations" but had the temer­ ity to detail his indictment in a lengthly front-page soliloquy.64 In an age that was at least circumspect in referring to use of alcohol, Donan notoriously conveyed a suggestive note. He let it be known that he was doomed to carrying "a pistol, a pint-flask and a pill­ box."65 The reader gained the impression that he moved in circles much given to the resuscitation that derived from " 'zwei lager.' "66 In chronicling his trip to the Cincinnati convention in 1872 he noted the physical aggravation at the outset of the long train ride and then vouchsafed the remedy: "two black bottles of native grape. Corks out. Telescope! No more discomfort."67 "And how shall we portray it?," he asked in a long "Gab" (subtitled "Very Drunk") re­ garding the 1873 state editorial convention at Louisiana. "Boozy- headed, shattery-nerved, dim-eyed, slobby-nosed and shaky-handed —from too free imbibing of the unaccustomed chicken salad" com­ prised a part of it. But this did not exhaust Donan. He provided more and worse in a column and a half of partly humorous, partly revolting drunken dialect.68 Because it was almost entirely bereft of didacticism, this sensational tour de force must have cocked the eye­ brows of many and disgusted at least some. Little wonder that Julian considered him a bad example to youth.

62 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, January 22, 1870. esibid. S±Ibid., March 9, 1872. t&Ibid., May 14, 1870. QQIbid., June 1, 1872. 67 ibid., May 11, 1872. $8 Ibid., June 14, 1873. Donan and the Caucasian 431

His attitude toward women, wavering erratically between idolatry and animus, must have bewildered and outraged others. Indeed, one feels tempted to look for some psychic proportion to the ambivalence that this consummately attractive man felt toward the opposite sex. The temptation is perhaps better suppressed, but one should note that in that "genteel" age animadversions against women came generally in the guise of constructive criticism, often of the sort that would have kept them insulated in the home. Here again, Donan did not always follow polite form. Sometimes he as­ sumed a chiding tone, as when he told of the editorial woes ensuing from truthful reference to " Voracious old women'" rather than the euphemistic "Vivacious elderly ladies/"69 In mock celebration meant to show the sad state of nation he asked rhetorically: "Where (but here in America) were the women so beautiful, so lovely, so dazzlingly delicate, and so ornamentally good for nothing—beg pardon, we mean good at everything."70 And that delirious wretch at the editorial convention, tortured by drink-induced images of cats and reptiles, fired this salvo at the spectre of his wife: "Scat, y 'ole green-cheese-eyed hipperotamus! Git back on your pole, in th' (hie) corn-field you've 'scaped from, an' go t' scarin' crows f'r a livin' again!" Even the imaginative context probably could not mitigate ungallantry that gross. A frequently offered essay and lecture titled "Woman" should have contained Donan's clear and summary statement. But it too blended adulation with invective. "From be­ neath the lace-bordered skirts of that smile-wreathed, fairy-like queen . . .," he wrote in characteristic imagery, "a cloven hoof protrudes."71 As a lecture, it had enough merit to win the approval of the Caucasians Republican competitor in Lexington. The Reg­ ister liked it but seemed not to know quite why, referring to the lecture as an "ollapodrida of pathos, humor, sarcasm, burlesque, sense and nonsense. . . ,"72 The Telegraph at Fulton reacted to "Woman" much as had the Lexington Register, judging it delightful and (though "indescrib­ able") a "mixture of sense, wit, sarcasm, invective, nonsense, pathos, and eloquence." In the same article the Telegraph made this revela­ tion: "On Sunday, at 2 o'clock, Col. Donan (hold your breath) preached, actually preached at the Christian church. . . ,"73 Donan's

wibid., February 26, 1870. to ibid., September 13, 1873. 71 Ibid., August 31, 1872. 72 Lexington Register, February 20, 1873. 73 Fulton Telegraph, May 2, 1873. 432 Missouri Historical Review father spent a lifetime in that calling, first in Presbyterianism and then in the Christian church (Disciples of Christ). The son once referred to himself as having been "educated for the ministry, under the thoroughest of old orthodox regimes,'74 and certainly he mixed a good deal of sermonizing with his journalism. Still, he employed a tone in regard to religious matters that combined pity, derision and irreverence along with more acceptable sentiments. When his partner Julian left the Caucasian muttering about Donan's ugly treatment of the pulpit and his proximity to sacrilege, readers must have sensed some justice in the move. Here again, much that seemed objectionable derived from Do­ nan's caustic playfulness and inveterate hyperbole. On a Sunday visit in St. Louis (which he described as being twenty-five miles "below Alton Penitentiary") he assumed his "Sunday-go-to-meeting smirk of mingled sanctity and moral saccharinity" while attending services. Then he met Alonzo Slayback, talked of "old war times," and, as was his wont, went to the Olympic theatre.75 When he went lec­ turing, he gave his own cynical twist to the practice of the time: "Admission 50 cents—Children under 3 years old, $5—Preachers, Editors and Idiots, Free."76 In a catalogue of personal burdens he mentioned ill health, a "nigger" representing his native Mississippi, and "daddy a preacher."77 In greater earnest, and probably less forgiveable for it, Donan uttered unpalatable truths, and uttered them in flamboyant and startling manner. He discussed the preacher's ceaseless toil and then asked, "And all for what?" Per­ haps to save "a few dozen dwarfed and shrunken" souls. But surely for the preacher himself, nothing more than a good conscience, thread-bare clothes, and an occasional "yellow-legged rooster, and a bushel or two of bruised apples, or frost-bitten potatoes . . . which some wealthy member of his flock has been unable to dispose of in any other manner!"78 The religious facade obsessed Donan, and he used sometimes savage means to make the exposure. He de­ scribed the Sabbath as the day on which "highly moral citizens piously close their store-fronts, and retail maggoty cheese, mackeral, crackers and jug-vittles at their back-doors on the alley."79 Heaven, he assured his readers, did not have streets of gold, "for in such a

74 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, Mav 21, 1870. 75 ibid., February 26, 1870. i^Ibid., April 19, 1873. 77 ibid., May 14, 1870. is ibid., January 22, 1870. 79 Raleigh Sentinel, March 4, 1876. Donan and the Caiwasian 433

case, many good christians of our acquaintance would never get their eyes above their boot-toes, and would spend eternity trying to pocket the paving-stones."80 In one of his more troubled moments he dismissed religion as "long, whining prayers; psalms droned through the nose—in public—Meanness, knavery, licentiousness, ruthlessness, devilism—in private]"81 Donan knew that he was considered a "'bitter, malevolent creature.'" But, he asked defiantly, "why shouldn't we be?" "Pause. Think," he urged his readers, and they too would discern things awesomely more unsettling than the peccadilloes of religion or the foibles of President Grant. With a fiendish intensity quite remi­ niscent of Ambrose Bierce's Devil's Dictionary, Donan catalogued, derided and dismissed man's most precious values and warmest hopes. Pleasure—"go find it in an idiot's vacant laugh." Purity—"a lustrous absurdity." He told his readers to consider the expression, "pure as the air we breathe;" and then reminded them that that air comes "laden with reminiscences of pig-pens, back-alleys, butcher-shops and dead horses." Virtue—"the raising of the hands with holy abhorrence, at acts that our most righteous selves would have long ago committed, if an opportunity had been given us." Honesty—"ha! ha! ha! We snicker and giggle." A mere "synonym of stupidity," "the weakness of an idiot," "villainy too shrewd to be found out." Charity—"large bequests to hospitals, asylums and churches" after a lifetime of hoarding and extorting. Religion— "sacerdotal robes . . . clotted with fratricidal gore." In the realm of man's relations with man, Donan concluded that "saintly pro­ fessions" and "villainous actions" moved in unceasing combine. "There is nothing true but untruth: nothing genuine but deception; nothing real but rascality."82 He translated this acrimonious pessimism about inter-human affairs into scornful insistence upon individual man's brute fate and into morbidity and putrescent obsession. Such usages had ar­ gumentative function, as when he criticized America in general and Jefferson City in particular for bestowing attention upon the visiting Grand Duke Alexis. Along with being heir apparent in the "dominion of the knout and rack," Alexis was "a man—a creature of the dust, whose carrion will smell no sweeter than that of the

80 ibid., November 20, 1875. 81 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, February 5, 1870. 82 ibid. 434 Missouri Historical Review meanest serf."83 More generally, his philosophy indicated that man's striving went for "absolutely nothing!" Genuis was a chimera. Let "proud man . . . ravage the whole vast domain of Literature and Art; bear off every jewel of Philosophy, Chemistry, Geology and Astronomy," and "with one fell touch of fever's finger on his brain, he clanks his chains and howls, behind the bars of a maniac's cell." Beauty was a delusion. A woman could lavish upon herself every form of preparation and enhancement, but then "one breath of pestilence sweeps past; and all her radiant beauty is but a mid­ day lunch for ravenous, crawling, loathsome grave worms!"84 In sum, Donan defined man as "futurity's worm-feed";85 his destiny was "to die and rot like a dog."86 Writing from Palmyra shortly after the war Donan mused over boyhood dreams irrevocably shattered. "Where," he asked, "are all those rapturous visions I then so fondly cherished?"87 The "raptur­ ous visions" and the mordant invective that replaced them suggest a sensitive and idealistic youth badly mauled emotionally by the upheaval of the Civil War era. The most vicious items of the Caucasian have the touch of one who, having been hurt, contrivedly assumes an ugly and cynical posture. This disillusionment became more acute when joined by the ideological animus of embittered secessionism. Donan had the classic mark of the ideologue; he was indeed "preoccupied with the evil of the world as it exists.**88 Also, one might be justified in looking for a psychosomatic nexus in some of his extremism. His most vicious and despondent effusions came early in 1870 when his bout with bilious fever, pneumonia and neuralgia issued in "brain fever," for which he had to convalesce for several weeks at the family home in Palmyra. Images such as "the fell touch of fever's finger" and the "bars of the maniac's cell" came from a man sorely beleagured physically and mentally, from one who may well have feared for his sanity. "Disordered livers, dyspeptic stomachs, and overstrung nerves," he noted later in the year, "are prolific breeders of misanthropy."89 Disillusionment, ideology, illness and possibly the insanity of which some accused

zzibid., February 3, 1872. 84 Ibid., January 22, 1870. 85 ibid., February 5, 1870. 8$ Ibid., April 6, 1872. 87 New York Metropolitan Record, December 8, 1866. 88 Edward Shils, "Ideology and Civility: On the Politics of the Intellectual," Sewanee Review, LXVI (Summer, 1958), 451-452. 89 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, November 19, 1870. Donan and the Caucasian 435 him90 do much to explain the mordancy that Donan put in the Caucasian. Along with the other boons and failures Donan gave his readers a supreme illustration of personal journalism. From front to back every issue breathed his spirit, and, when he went on frequent and sometimes lengthy trips, the Caucasian limped along, apologizing for the absence of its "red hot" editor and promising even livelier feats at his return.91 During such lulls the editorial page dropped its livid tone, and the word "negro" preempted the place of Donan's less decorous forms. The front page appeared bereft of the weekly "chat," a feature which may well have had no parallel at the time. The "chat" was an endless and intimate exposure of the editor's whims, crotchets, acquaintances, travels around the state, impressions, romantic involvements—all catalyzed by the colossal conceit that these mattered to someone. The agitated moralizing and sermonizing vanished until Donan's return. There would be no vicarious trip around the world in ninety-seven days nor an imaginative whirlwind review of the great moments of history personally conducted by the "politico-ecclesiastical young man."92 The running dialogue between "R.E.B." and letters to the editor disappeared from the accustomed place. In short, the style and personality of Donan was everything. Editor Julian left the paper grumbling about his partner's "egotism" and "self-exultation." But as Donan put it, "an admiring world bears us out in the declara­ tion, that if we exhibit one particular virtue above another, that virtue is modesty."93 The better to convey himself and his meaning, Donan adopted literary devices which, if they were not ahead of their time, cer­ tainly had striking and sometimes powerful effect. Julian went his way accusing Donan of gross stylistic faults such as "objectionable adjectives," "his compounds," "his cursing," his "strange words" and "stranger repetitions." Julian evidently considered the writer the unobtrusive conveyor of ideas and information. Donan operated in a more subjective or egocentric framework; indeed in his case the medium frequently became the message. At his best he could build excitement by contradictory juxtaposition and dramatic reversal of mood within a sentence or paragraph. Thus his valedictory

90 See St. Joseph Morning Herald, April 7, 1868; Lexington Register, April 27, 1871; and Warrensburg Johnson Weekly Democrat, March 16, 1872. 91 See, for example, the issue of July 23, 1870. 92 This descriptive appeared in the issue of June 1, 1872. 93 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, September 7, 1872. 436 Missouri Historical Review

letter to Palmyra when leaving for St. Joseph glowed with bucolic warmth and nostalgia as the pen and the imagination fondled the well-known scenes of his boyhood town—the trees, the churches, the lanes, and on, without warning, to the "law-offices, drug-stores and doctor-shops, where vexation, destruction and death are sold at wholesale and retail, at the most favorable terms."94 More commonly, he used novelties and gimmicks. He often used the corrected slip of tongue, a device which conveyed the profane along with the polite. Thus, he spoke of women "so orna­ mentally good for nothing—beg pardon, we mean good at every­ thing."95 A variant appeared in the falsely started word, as when Donan wrote of the recently deceased Edwin M. Stanton's having "gone to h—is eternal reward."96 At other times he did not bother with suggestion. When he discussed patriotism (generally ren­ dered "pay-triotism") he said simply "to hell with it."97 He spiced the Caucasian with compounds and perversions such as "Puri- tanigger," "Nastychusetts," and "carpet-bagabond." They startled and offended people like Julian, but Donan defended them on the grounds of expressiveness.98 Indeed, for sake of expressiveness he employed at times a disjointed and ungrammatical procession of single words, isolated phrases, impressions, exclamations, and bizarre compounds bearing some resemblance to stream of consciousness. Over such a man, partisan allegiance had, at most, tenuous control. However much he championed a cause, he reserved the right to vilify it when he detected it going astray. Though an im­ passioned defender of the South, he could invoke James Parton's " 'sublime stupidity of the Southern mind'" when he saw the region erring.99 Thus, the New York City paper for which he wrote could "not quite approve" of some of the strictures that this native Mississippian passed on the South.100 When he went to St. Joseph, he evidently took no encumbrances of orthodoxy with him. His moderate Republican competitor considered his platform posture

94 New York Metropolitan Record, February 8, 1868. 95 Lexington Weekly Caucasian. September 13, 1875. 96 Ibid., January 15, 1870. Edwin M. Stanton was Abraham Lincoln's Secre­ tary of War, beginning in January 20, 1862. He continued in this post under Andrew7 Johnson until May 26, 1868. 97 ibid., February 12, 1870. 98 Ibid., March 23, 1872. On March 2> 1871, his rival the Lexington Register quoted him regarding his desire to reach all readers, including the " 'rough, the ignorant, the vulgar.' " The Register took this as Donan's confession that he wrote for "blackguards." 99 New York Metropolitan Record, July 6, 1867. 100/^/d., April 7, 1866. Donan and the Caucasian 437

HURRA FOR HORACE GREEDEY FOR PRESIDENT.

While Donan advertised and wrote for the election of the Greeley- Gratz Brown ticket, the famous political cartoonist Thomas Nast sketched against their election. This cartoon and those following appeared in Harper's Weekly. •Nv'\i NOV 5J; is 72.

SURE THING. BI.TWI•:!•:N Two STOOLS, voir KNOW. Harper's Weekly, Aug. 31, 1872.

p .

THE CONNECTING LINK BETWEEN "HONEST REPUBLICANS" AND "HONEST DEMOCRATS." Harp?r's Weekly, June 29, 1872. Donan and the Caucasian 439

P

ANY THING TO (iET IN. YOU (ANT l'LAY THE OLD TROJAN HOUSE GAME OX UNCLE SAM.— [SEE NEXT PAGE.] Harper's Weekly, Aug. 10, 1872. 440 Missouri Historical Review

o

3

e £ Donan and the Caucasian 441 at the Vindicator as "a determination to maintain his individuality, at all hazards."101 And during the halcyon days at Lexington the Caucasian had two local opponents, the orthodox Democratic In­ telligencer as well as the Republican Register. The former spent more time damning the Caucasian than did the latter, and nearly always the faultfinding came from Donan's lack of party loyalty. He "outrages all sense of party propriety," the Intelligencer sputtered when Donan wrote a "scurrilous article" about some party regu­ lars.102 When he suggested a party shortcoming, the Intelligencer indignantly proclaimed it "nice talk from a Democratic sheet. But then they're so independent."103 The St. Joseph Herald had cited Donan's Scottish motto as "our hand's our own," adding in mockery but in terms that Donan may not have resented: "individuality and self-reliance are the crowning attributes of genius."104 Journalistic splenetics frequently issued in violence. Inevitably, the egotistical and rancorous Donan had a feature role in Missouri's editorial turbulence of that era. A man who described an opponent as "that nose-poulticing, boil-sucking, skillet-licking, editorial dog- vomit and free-lunch vulture"105 could hardly have missed. When he began his editorial career in St. Joseph he seems to have antici­ pated the likelihood of ugliness. He insisted that, should offense be given and taken, editors should not set to " lathering each other with the filth and slime of Billingsgate fish-women.'" He urged other and nobler "methods of obtaining 'satisfaction.' "106 His career was some three months under way when he had to translate theory into action. On May 2, 1868, the moderate Republican Herald delightedly announced that Donan had sought out the editor of the Radical Republican Union to demand "satisfaction." But then the combat appeared aborted for lack of pertinacity—"crawfishing," the Herald called it. Thayer of the Union confessed intemperate lan­ guage, and Donan, with usual facetiousness, noted that neither had sought more than a "bucket-ful of blood" anyway. On the next day " 'The War of the Roses'" resumed, but only to fall into opera bouffe. In the same issue of the Herald conveying the word of re­ newed hostilities, "A Card" signed by "P. Donan" appeared. He and Thayer of the Union had, he thought, come to a peaceful

101 St. Joseph Morning Herald, February 9, 1868. 102 Lexington Weekly Intelligencer, August 14, 1872. losibid., April 2, 1873. 104 St. Joseph Morning Herald, February 9, 1868. 105 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, March 30, 1872. 106 Quoted in St. Joseph Morning Herald, January 23, 1868. 442 Missouri Historical Review

understanding. But now because the Union was persisting in calum­ nious attacks and because Thayer had expressly told him that he " 'will not be held responsible for his language'; that he would 'snap his fingers and laugh af the only demand for satisfaction, which a gentleman can make, I now denounce him as a 'dastardly, infamous POLTROON, henceforth beneath the notice of a gentleman.'" Generally, Donan avoided violent confrontations by fastidiously avoiding mention of papers that were in the same county. Indeed, he frequently urged the wisdom of an ethic that would have had editors direct their contumely only at those at a happy remove. Such a policy provided no blanket assurance, as Donan's long- remembered near duel with a Platte City editor attests.107 Still, his code involved a reasonable, if not entirely noble, expedient in a profession that was notoriously hazardous. In a celebrated incident his friend Alonzo Slayback met death in St. Louis at the hands of John Cocker ell of the Post-Dispatch. Cantankerous John N. Edwards, another editor Donan called friend, created a stir in 1875 by his resort to the code duello. In Lexington in 1872 Edwin Turner of the Register shot and killed Lafayette W. Groves of the Intelli­ gencer, apparently for Groves' having called him " 'a dirty son of a bitch.' "108 Shortly after Donan left Missouri his former associate editor, Alf Kierolf, killed a fellow Carrollton editor who came look­ ing for him.309 Before the year was out, Kierolf was dead also.110 The pistol seems to have been very apt company for the "pint-flask and the pill-bottle." Donan as editor was one thing; Donan as a human being was quite another. When not on the tripod, he seems to have been a singularly affable and attractive man. For example, he devoted a good deal of time to amiable and beneficent diversions. He came from a musical family and the "Caucasian Horse Opera Troupe"— comprised largely of family members—did frequent benefits in the Missouri River towns. The repertory ranged from popular ballads to excerpts from Mozart, Beethoven and Schubert. Even the Re­ publican competitor conceded that the troupe was a "No. 1 article"

107 See Lexington Intelligencer, June 21, 1902; and William H. Taft, Mis­ souri Newspapers: When and Where, 1808-1963 (Columbia, Mo., 1964), 161. Taft has several mentions of the "celebrated" Pat Donan. io'8 Lexington Weekly Intelligencer, November 13, 1872. Three days later Donan wrote "in memoriam" and again urged editors to be "decent toward each other." In response to that the Intelligencer of the 20th exclaimed "God save the mark!" 109 Raleigh Sentinel, March 9, 1876. no Taft, Missouri Newspapers, 133. Donan and the Caucasian 443

and, left-handedly, that "Peter Donan sings a good tenor in a heavy chorus."111 When the Apostolic Times of Lexington, Kentucky, took him to task for profaning things churchly by his benefit efforts, Donan responded in the sort of angry irony that must have appealed to the humane sympathies of many: "Cease, cease, ye twittering birds . . . Banish the viol and the lute. Stop the farmer-boy's whistle, and the lark's matin trill . . . Let all creation learn to grunt, and groan, and snivel; to turn up the white of its eyes, in a perpetual holy roll heavenward. . . ."112 On his lecture tours through the state Donan meticulously conveyed the impression of warmth, of banter­ ing humor and of good fellowship. The "grey-clad troubador," as John N. Edwards called him,113 promised the citizens of Fulton and the students of Westminster College an "inimitable, erudite and misanthropic" treatment of the subject "Woman."114 When he ac­ cepted an offer from the board of trustees of Christian College to deliver three lectures, he did so in part out of desire "to get the full worth of my money in fun."115 At the University of Missouri commencement in 1870 Donan sat on a committee deciding a forensic award110—and sat "wild with wrath and anguish" on a steamy afternoon through the interminable and uninspired address of President Daniel Read.117 Surely, some there would have ap­ plauded Donan's rising to address himself to the subject of "Wom­ an," though another of his stock pieces, "Heaven. Hell and Eternity," may have been more apt. However contentious and malevolent the Caucasian may have been, its editor was the sort of fellow for whom the Columbia brass band would turn out to give an impromptu, after-midnight welcome when he was in town visiting fellow-editor Edwin Stephens.118 In the formal social graces he had an exquisite touch, and, simply to lend the enhancement of his presence, he received carte blanche at the White Sulphur Springs summer after summer.119 When taken in by a poseur in Lexington, Donan, by the telling of

ill Lexington Register, July 6 & 13, 1871. 112 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, January 22, 1870. 113 Quoted in Lexington Weekly Caucasian, June 7, 1873. H4 Ibid., April 19, 1873. 115 Columbia Missouri Herald, January 16 & 30, 1873. 116 Columbia Missouri Statesman, July 1, 1870. 117 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, July 16, 1870. In A History of the University of Missouri (Columbia, Mo., 1962), 254, Frank F. Stephens wrote that Read "was seldom an inspiring public speaker and was apt to be tedious in his addresses." H8 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, June 25, 1870. 119 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, June 15, 1902. 444 Missouri Historical Review

his journalistic opponent, came forward to pay from his own pocket the debts of the absconder.120 At the editorial association meeting at Louisiana in 1873 Donan found himself, because of over-taxed accommodations, sharing a bed with the editor of the Holt County Sentinel—'one of the blackest Radicals in the state." In the Caucasians treatment of this droll situation Donan told the Oregon editor that, given the trend of American affairs, " Til have to sleep with a nigger yet'" and this would be an opportunity to " 'practice for it.' "121 Donan's bed-fellow did not reciprocate the churlishness. He mentioned Donan's "'truly marvelous'" penchant for the Lost Cause, but his attention went to the disparity between the " 'horribly offensive'" quality of the Caucasian and the supremely "'good nature'" of its editor—" 'In private life he is the pattern of sobriety, true etiquette and chaste deportment.' "122 The same paradox oc­ curred to a Troy editor at the Louisiana meeting. One thought, he noted, of the Donan with "a hundred lexicons of words unknown to Webster or Worcester, and with a vial of wrath, sarcasm and ego­ tism. . . ." But one encountered "another being—in fact as dignified, clever, genial, mild and attractive a gentleman as we would desire to meet, and our heart was irresistibly drawn to him."123 "Individuality and self-reliance," as the St. Joseph Herald had branded Donan's nominally Democratic posture, have notoriously small attraction to those running political parties. Until 1872 the Missouri Democracy could countenance, even value, Donan's mav­ erick whims and vendettas because, given the challenge and dom­ inance of Radical Republicanism, most of his arrows fell in the enemy camp. In that year "the Democracy regained control of the state"124 and Donan became a liability. Most likely that party sought tranquillity, stabilization and discipline, qualities occupying low places in Donan's scale of priorities. He persisted in rancor, and within the state his targets became, of necessity, aspects of the Democratic establishment. Misgiving over present and future em­ barrassment was compounded by recollection of past irregularity. Many Democratic papers had acquiesced in the Greeley movement of 1872; but few could have suffered identity with that failure more than Donan. Long before the election he trumpeted his claim of being the original Greeleyite, and, even worse, he ridiculed the

120 Lexington Register, January 30 & February 6, 1873. 121 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, June 14, 1873. 122 Oregon Holt County Sentinel, July 19, 1873. 123 Troy Lincoln County Herald, June 4, 1873. 124 Barclay, Liberal Republican Movement, 282. Donan and the Caucasian 445

"besotted Jackassery" of Democratic inclinations to field a discrete ticket.125 Democrats must have suspected that Donan, disclaimers not­ withstanding, was tending to view the Greeley movement as an inherent good rather than as a means and opportunity for Demo­ cratic restoration. They had some cause for suspicion. When Samuel Bowles of the Springfield, Massachusetts, Republican assessed the "Southern delegations" at the Cincinnati convention, he remarked that "hatred of the Democratic party was even more dominant, if possible, among them than hatred of Ceneral Grant and his ad­ ministration." The Southerners saw, Bowles explained, that "per­ petuation of the Democratic party meant the perpetuation and dominance" of the Republican party.126 This suggests an important, though not paraded, aspect of the Caucasians position. Of course, as an object of obloquy Donan much preferred Grant; but he carried no categorical brief for the Democratic party. In Missouri, as Thomas Barclay concluded, the "Liberal" movement that cul­ minated in 1872 meant to overthrow both parties.127 As Bowles (and possibly Donan) would have seen it, Republicanism needed destroy­ ing for being rotten; the Democracy needed destroying for provid­ ing Republicanism's raison d'etre and assuring its ascendance. But in 1872 only the Republican party met defeat in Missouri. The Democrats refused to be "a party to their own destruction."128 Surely that again vigorous and dominant party would wonder if Donan's "passive dodge"—which had yielded only four more years of Grant—had been intended as a prescription for Democratic re- emergence or as a lethal narcotic. And Donan had shown unreliabil­ ity and heterodoxy in other ways. He had given support, erratic though it was, to something else that posed a threat to monolithic Democracy—the Grange movement.129 Indeed, though the Cau­ casian was more nearly Lost Cause than Copperhead, it sub­ stantiates fairly well the Copperhead-Granger nexus that Frank L. Klement has propounded.130 In general, Donan had a narcissistic

125 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, April 6, 1872; see also, Cincinnati Com­ mercial, May 15, 1872, for commentary on Donan's posture. 126 Quoted in Cincinnati Commercial, May 11, 1872. 127 Barclay, Liberal Republican Movement, 282. 128 Ibid., 267-282. In Freedom and Franchise: The Political Career of B. Gratz Brown (Columbia, Mo., 1965), 188, 208 and 211, Norma L. Peterson makes the same point but less emphatically. 129 See, for example, his editorial titled "Forward" in the issue of October 25, 1873. 130 Frank L. Klement, "Middle Western Copperheadism and the Genesis of the Granger Movement," Mississippi Valley Flistorical Review, XXXVIII (March, 1952), 679-694. perception of the Democratic party; that party saw vastly greater merit in lock-step selflessness. The rumor that the Democratic State Central Commit­ tee dislodged him from Lexington has WmlMt some logical appeal.131

mi CAUCASIAN'S mmi Greater evidence of his perversity If© came in 1877. Predictably, his Danville, Virginia, paper supported the Tilden Democratic ticket in the 1876 election. But then in the electoral impasse that followed he supported Rutherford B. mt CAUCASIAN'S PLATFOMd t Hayes and gained a bit of attention by writing the Republican candidate a southern policy letter.132 "We publish

a^ytt^— j^H|-^ Jf this morning," the Cincinnati Com­ mercial wrote on February 24, 1877, "a curious letter from Colonel Donan, a very ultra southern man. . . ." That Qtmtm Brow*. Wtmm Or#ei©y, Cox, Newport, Kentucky, letter stated Do­ •rrttaibttU INatii«r» or tlie Devil t nan's credentials, told of his having sup­ ported Tilden, and then urged upon Lexington Weekly Caucasian, the likely next President a conciliatory March 9, 1872. posture toward the South. In the edito­ rial that announced the missive, the Commercial spoke of the "general" impression in the South "that if Hayes becomes President he will have a policy for that section, and that it will be equivalent to turning over a new leaf." Apparently, the Newport letter came independently of the high-level

131 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, April 17, 1875. This item dealt with a re­ port published in the St. Louis Missouri Democrat. The St. Louis paper stated that Donan had aroused the ire of Colonel John Reid of the central committee (and of Lexington) so much that Reid had bought up Donan's financial obliga­ tions, and thus sent him on his way. The Caucasian denied the report. The most puzzling suggestion of Donan's flexible loyalties appeared in the Lexington Weekly Intelligencer (Democratic) on January 22, 1873. Purportedly quoting an editorial from John N. Edwards' Kansas City Times, the Intelligencer told of Donan's arriving in Jefferson City after having been east and " 'boldly' " proclaiming his authorization by Grant to let it be known that a senatorial candidate of certain qualities would be viewed in friendly fashion by the national administration. George Vest, whom the Caucasian had apparently supported a month earlier (Intelligencer, December 25, 1872), was quoted by the Times as saying: " 'Col. Donan, if you had the power to send the Senatorship to Sedalia, to my address, marked C.O.D., and on the terms you propose, it might remain uncalled for until the judgement day.' " 132 See, for example, New York Tribune, February 26, 1877. Donan and the Caucasian 447 arrangements that issued in what C. Vann Woodward saw in the "compromise of 1877"—Hayes' election, an end of Reconstruction, and economic considerations.133 Still, it evidenced what the Com­ mercial called the "moderation and manliness" of many southern Democrats. They had foresworn the chance to perpetuate the Tilden-Hayes impasse, and, according to the Commercial, "it is not unlikely" that such admirable behavior would have an effect on the next administration's policy.134 Again Donan had violated party regularity. Again Missourians indicated his error. Would the notoriety satisfy Donan's ambition, the St. Joseph Gazette wondered, "or does he, notwithstanding his disclaimer, want a post-office?"135 Compounding party indignation with personal animosity, the Platte City Landmark called the of­ fender a "well known political blatherskite" and then puzzled over the Newport origin of the letter—that town had no lunatic asylum.130 And his heresy had not yet run its course. In 1879 Donan gravi­ tated to the frontier and there he dropped all vestiges of ideology, thought instead in the practical terms of positive accomplishment, and became a Republican. In 1884, while prominent in Dakota territorial affairs, he campaigned in the Middle West with John A. Logan, the Republican Vice-Presidential candidate. For the Blaine-Logan ticket he provided a kept Confederate, an apostate Democrat and an extraordinary speaker. At last, the Richmond Conservator mused, he had fallen to his natural level—"thus his old worshippers have had another idol smashed."137 On learning that Donan had lent his efforts to the Republicans, John N. Edwards, a man Donan once counted a friend, remarked that such an "afflic­ tion" he would not have wished even upon James G. Blaine.138 In that editorial Edwards wrote of "Colonel Peter Donan." He left the emphasis unelaborated; but others explicitly denied Donan's right to that title. In another onslaught upon the "idol smashed" the Richmond Conservator recalled the Confederate reunion at Lex­ ington in 1871 and the mystifying inscription that the Caucasians editor, by the Conservators telling, had rendered: " 'P. T. Donan,

133 Comer Vann Woodward, Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction (Garden City, N. Y., 1956). The Donan letter is in The Rutherford B. Hayes Papers, The Rutherford B. Hayes Library, Fremont, Ohio. It is not apparent whether it was Donan or Hayes who was instrumental in seeing that the Commercial obtained the letter for publication. 134 Cincinnati Commercial, February 27, 1877. 135 St. Joseph Gazette, February 25, 1877. 136 Platte City Landmark, March 2, 1877. 1ST Richmond Conservator, August 29, 1884. 138 S*. Joseph Daily Gazette, September 4, 1884. 448 Missouri Historical Review

Secret Service.'"180 "Secret Service" had become something of a jest suggesting pretense,140 and the Conservator gleefully insisted that Donan "had never set a squadron in the field or smelt villainous gunpowder. . . ." In a blend of praise and spitefulness the Lexington News stated at Donan's death that "he was never a soldier."141 Symbolically, it may have been necessary to divest the apostate of honorific standing. Still, Missouri Democrats showed pettiness in contesting something as flexible as a "Colonelcy." Most of such positions would not have satisfied the fastidious, as Mark Twain so well pointed out in the Gilded Age. Indeed, Eugene Field's fav­ orite bar-keep in Kansas City did no more to become "Colonel" than show a prodigious, albeit grudging, generosity.142 Most likely, Donan's was an honorary and not a formal title. Thus only some­ thing akin to malice would cavil over its genuineness. Certainly, he never paraded the title; indeed he seems never to have used it. As best I can determine, it first appeared when the New York Metropoli­ tan Record conferred it upon him following his heroic conduct in a steamboat explosion in 1867.143 Thenceforth, he was "Colonel"; but he limited references to his own sendee to bare indications that he had served. In turn, he showed no defensiveness about his par­ ticipation. When the Hannibal Courier described his military record as " 'volunteer wagon-master,'" "' eager leader of a cavalry charge on a hen roost,'" " 'bugbear of negro wenches and small children,'" and " 'sneak-thief and dead-beat,'" Donan dutifully printed it in the Caucasian without comment.144 Those who ridiculed Donan after he abandoned the state and the party did not have a passive target. In 1880 he spoke of John N. Edwards' Kansas City Times as "long the organ of the James boys."145 He churlishly theorized that when outlawry was ended in Missouri there would be a "blank" between Illinois and Kansas three

139 Richmond Conservator, September 5, 1884. 140 See Platte City Landmark, July 16, 1875. The acerbic allusion to "Secret Service" made by a Lexington correspondent evidently referred to Donan. 141 Lexington Nexus, June 19, 1902. 142 Slason Thompson, Life of Eupene Field: The Poet of Childhood (New York, 1927), 67-69. 143 New York Metropolitan Record, March 16, 1867. 144 Lexington Weekly Caucasian, April 6, 1872; see also, December 9, 1871. In the issue of March 20, 1886, the St. Louis Spectator carried a letter from Donan in which he mentioned having gone to the races in New Orleans with Jefferson Davis. Davis, he wrote, "had not seen me since I was commissioned in Richmond, as a smooth-faced boy, to raise a battalion of cavalry nearly twenty-three years ago." This is the only instance I have found of Donan's directly claiming to have had a Confederate commission. 145 Minneapolis Journal, September 27, 1880. Donan had an editorial posi­ tion with this paper for a few months. hundred miles long and two hundred wide.146 Socially and politically he defined Missouri as that barely civilized region characterized by the conviction that hatred of Yankees and "'niggers'" comprised the "highest duty of citizenship."147 His finest moment for vilifica­ tion came in the 1880s when Senator George Vest of Mis­ souri led the Democratic move to prevent Dakota statehood. As Dakota's most publicized citizen, Donan had the obliga­ tion to champion the territory and, especially attractive, to John N. Edwards battle its detractors. In January of 1885 Vest had an apparently vicious attack upon Donan printed in a Democratic paper in the territory. In answer to that, the peripatetic journalist unleashed his summary assessment of the state in which he had grown to manhood and of the man who represented it. He took special pains to show a close spiritual con­ gruence between Vest and Missouri—between "this pestilent little blatherskite" and that "hideous blotch on the maps of civilization." His sulfurous anathema on a state and its senator closed with his pronouncing: "Missouri, the outlaws' paradise, the elysium of cut­ throats and brigands, the hog-heaven of midnight raiders and political thugs. This is the state he fitly represents; for, to disgrace it would be impossible."148 When Donan died in 1902, few saw fit, if they remembered, to mention the ugliness of the past. Obituaries in the two Lexington papers had a spiteful quality, ignobly veiled with faint praise and contrived pity.149 But most others spoke gently and fondly of that sweet and attractive person who had wielded such a venomous and strident pen. Many years before, the St. Joseph Herald, re­ ferring to Donan, had spoken of the "moral malady" that could

146 Fargo Argus, April 18, 1882. 147 Minneapolis Journal, December 13, 1880. 148 Fargo Argus, February 10, 1885. 149 Lexington Intelligencer, June 21, 1902; and I exington News, June 19, 1902. 450 Missouri Historical Review

strike the most decent and lovable of citizens when they took up the goose quill. Citizen and editor, the Herald suggested, occupying the same body, but spiritually distinguishable.150 That view, fre­ quently the subject of editorial moralizing in the nineteenth century, has more charity than the modern, holistic notion that spleen drained through the pen evidences inherent malignity and turbu­ lence. Perhaps the gallant idea of dual and discrete spirits, un­ accountable one to another, explains the acceptance of and fondness for a man like Donan. Whatever the case, his "dazzlingly daring" Caucasian, as a Jefferson City paper remembered it,151 had pro­ vided some Missourians a bizarre diversion in a troubled time. And most likely it provided others, its editor perhaps included, a vicarious and comparatively harmless venting of the wrath that remained as the war's legacy. In recalling Donan's Caucasian, his era and his personality, Walter Williams' Columbia Missouri Herald put it in best and simplest form: "There was no other at all like him."152

150 St. Joseph Morning Herald, April 7, 1868. 151 Jefferson City State Tribune, July 11, 1899. 152 Columbia Missouri Herald, June 20, 1902.

Crime and the Ten Commandments Hartsburg Truth, January 14, 1914. From a cursory reading of the crime news one would hardly think that there are only ten commandments to be broken.

A Letter of Thanks Jonesburg Journal, March 26, 1908. The following letter of thanks recently appeared in a Kansas town. I wish to thank the city authorities for quarantining me and my family for two weeks recently, because one of the children had smallpox. During that time my wife caught up on her sewing, being undisturbed by callers just at mealtime. We had three square meals a day, as no one came in and she wasn't permitted to go out. We enjoyed two weeks of good long nights' sleep, and, best of all, a cousin with four children who arrived to visit us saw the smallpox sign on the door and left town so scared she will never come back. I wish to thank the authorities, and hope they will be equally as thoughtful of our comfort some­ time again. Respectfully, Lysandei Johnson. First Building, School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, 1871

Origins of Engineering Education in Missouri

BY HARRY J. EISENMAN*

As early as 1819 Missourians advocated the establishment of a school of mines. Although such an institution to aid both the state and her mining industry was worthwhile, the Missouri School of Mines was not a legal reality until late in 1870, almost half a century later. The new school was one of the first of its kind in America but its founding came only after a great debate in the

•Harry J. Eisenman is an assistant professor of History at the University of Missouri, Rolla. He has received a B.S. in Engineering Science, a M.A. and a Ph.D. in History of Science & Technology from the Case Institute of Tech­ nology, Cleveland, Ohio. 451 state legislature. While the school can claim a distinguished record in the annals of engineering educa­ tion, the delay in its establishment robbed it of a greater chance to further Missouri's influence on technical training in this country. Mining has been an important activity in Missouri since the era of exploration in the early eight­ eenth century. As early as 1701, the French had discovered part of the extensive lead ore deposits of southeastern Missouri. By the end Henry Rowe Schoolcraft of that centmy prospectors were working most of these deposits, located about fifty miles west of the Mississippi River, and they soon became one of the world's largest lead concentrations. In addi­ tion to this rich resource, the region contained large high grade iron ore deposits which were mined successfully during much of the nineteenth century. By 1860, Missouri's lead and iron ore indus­ tries were thriving.1 With this activity in mining, many Missourians, particularly public officials, believed that the state should establish a school of mines. The school envisioned would be a technical institute, bring­ ing together applied science and technology. It would supply pro­ fessional engineers from several fields for the mining industry. Scientific and technically trained men would improve both the efficiency and economy of the mining operation. Such a school, located in the heart of the ore-producing region, hopeful public leaders thought, would be a renowned national institution where theory and practice could interact for the benefit of industry and learning. The school could provide geologists to survey the mineral deposits, chemists and metallurgists for ore analysis and smelting, engineers to direct mining activities, to build transportation links from the mines to the rivers, to design and build mining machinery, and to aid in such matters as furnace construction and materials.2

1 Henry R. Schoolcraft, A View of the Lead Mines of Missouri (New York, 1819), 15-16; James D. Norris, Frontier Iron (Madison, Wise, 1964), 11- 12; Mineral and Water Resources of Missouri (Washington, D.C. 1967) ' 43- 56, 76. ' / » 2 Norris, Frontier Iron, 34. Origins of Engineering Education in Missouri 453

Experiences at both lead and iron works in Missouri demonstrated the need for increased technical training of mining personnel. Many of these arguments for a mining institute were based on the work of a renowned United States Indian agent, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft.3 In the early 1800s, Schoolcraft toured parts of Mis­ souri, Arkansas and Louisiana, paying particular attention to the mining endeavors in that region. After viewing the Missouri mines, he wrote that these were among the richest and most ex­ tensive lead mines in the world. Further, he found the American effort far superior to the methods employed by either the French or the Spanish. Yet Schoolcraft commented that these methods could be improved. At the time of his visit in 1819, the mines did not go below eighty feet; he believed that greater depths of mining might uncover richer and more extensive ores. Also, deeper mining might yield zinc and copper ores below the lead deposits. School­ craft thought that the lack of scientific training limited the tech­ nology used at these mines—boring, blasting, sinking shafts, drain­ age and ventilation. For example, he reported that many high yield mines were abandoned since water drainage was so difficult; few mines had drainage engines of any kind. In some, he felt that the "system, skill, industry, and precaution" so characteristic of the best European mines were missing in America.4 He believed that the study of chemistry and mechanics would improve Missouri's mining operations significantly. To solve some of these problems of low digging limits, damage done by untrained miners, poor smelting methods and inadequate technology, Schoolcraft advocated the creation of a mineralogical school in the area. In addition to aiding industry, he thought that the school would provide technical training to students in the area at no great expense either for tuition or travel. He cited the German experience in Saxony, where mining schools were linked to tech­ nological development, and stressed how such a school in the mining districts of Missouri would have a similar practical effect. He be­ lieved that the mineral region should have a national mining in­ stitute to permit the interaction of theory and practice.5 In a parallel fashion, the iron ore industry suffered without a school of mines. Therefore, mining industrialists advocated the school. A shortage of skilled workers continually plagued the

3 Thomas A. Rickard, A History of American Mining (New York, 1932), 160. 4 Schoolcraft, Views of Lead Mines, 21-23. 5 Ibid., 23-24. 454 Missouri Historical Review iron-makers. Inadequate technology made charcoal fuel for the furnace expensive. Lack of adequate transportation hindered mar­ keting of the finished product.6 For example, at the Meramec Iron Works, one of the most successful nineteenth century installations, the limited transporta­ tion available severely handicapped the marketing of iron. Costly transportation often raised the price of equipment purchased from the East three-fold. Available roads in the region were seldom more than narrow paths cut through the forests; often the surface was simply two ruts worn away by wagon wheels. Heavy rains and the resulting mud made these roads impassable frequently. Water transportation by flatboat was unreliable. Large sections of the Meramec River were not navigable. An extensive series of locks and dams would have made it useful, yet these internal improve­ ments were too costly for the Meramec Works. Unquestionably, the iron industry felt that a technical institute somewhere in the state, training mining and civil engineers who could design and construct improvements in roads and rivers, would have alleviated many of these drawbacks to frontier mining.7 By the 1840s the need for a mining school was more critical. Although Schoolcraft's report three decades earlier suggested great mineral wealth for the state, Missouri could not utilize these resources. The simple mining methods used during the early part of the century depleted the supply of surface ores and the state's mining output declined. The example of nearby states, such as Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin, in establishing state geological sur­ veys to aid in the utilization of resources, prompted the Missouri General Assembly to act. In its 1848-49 session, the Assembly passed a resolution calling for the establishment of both a geological sur­ vey and a school of mines. Unfortunately, the state lacked the fi­ nancial resources to fund both efforts.8 The state geological survey received the attention and support of the legislature during the 1850s. Because it was less costly and less complicated than a school of mines, the geological survey be­ came a reality in 1853. The survey helped satisfy, in part, those in­ terests arguing for a school of mines. The state hired a geologist,

6 Phelps County Historical Society, ed., The History of the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy (Jefferson City, Mo., 1941), 56. Hereafter cited as History of M.S.M. 7 Norris, Frontier Iron, 32-51, 95-108. 8 Ibid., 97, 140-145; Rickard, History of American Mining, 171; History of M.S.M., 100-101. These illustrations of early mining in Missouri were sketched by O. E. Berninghaus and are reproduced through the courtesy of the De Lore Division of the National Lead Company.

, -.vf'>;,< - . ,' -;,'$x#ss'

i"?*** - d^$^^****£&>vi ^ * 456 Missouri Historical Review competent in minerology as well as geology, to survey Missouri and gather data on ore and coal. Although the survey did little to ad­ vance the mining and support technologies working with ores in the state, it was an initial step in applying science and technology to the development of Missouri's resources.0 Passage of the Morrill Land Grant Act by Congress in the sum­ mer of 1862 precipitated the establishment of a mining school in Missouri.10 Although internally torn by the Civil War raging within its borders, the Missouri legislature responded to the Morrill Act. Previously, lack of financial resources had prevented the founding of the school of mines, but when the federal government offered initial funding for schools of agriculture and mining, the General Assembly accepted the terms of the Morrill Act in the spring of 1863.11 After almost half a century of hopes, Missouri appeared on the verge of establishing a mining school. While the legislators agreed on the value of a school of mines the politics of indecision delayed final action for several years. The legislative debate focused on a central question: should the state establish a mining school in the southeastern region of the state or an agriculture and mining school within the state university at Columbia. Legislators favoring an independent institution be­ lieved that the school of mines should be located near or in the mining districts of Missouri for the mutual benefit of it and in­ dustry. Further, most of the legislators felt that a technical institute would survive better outside the liberal arts environment of the state university. Legislators favoring the incorporation of the school into the state university believed that such a combined institution would receive more financial support. Also, it was claimed that facilities at the Columbia campus would support the new school and assure its success.12 Throughout the 1860s, the Missouri House of Representatives advocated an independent school. A coalition of rural legislators, largely from the southeastern section of the state, and other foes of the Boone County location pressed for a new campus in another area of Missouri. As early as 1863, the House passed a bill calling for an independent institution. Led by Representative William N. Nalle

9 Ibid., 101, 117. 10 Justin S. Morrill, U. S. Representative of Vermont, was the chief ad­ vocate of a federal act that donated public lands to the states and territories to provide for agriculture and mechanic arts colleges. See A. Hunter Dupree, Science in the Federal Government (Cambridge, Mass., 1957) , 149-150. ii History of M.S.M., 137. 32 ibid., 139-140. of Fredericktown, Madison County, in the center of Missouri's lead- mining district, this group repeat­ edly opposed any legislation against an independent school. This faction even boldly inquired why the pro-Confederate Northern sec­ tion of the state, which included Boone County, should profit from the laws of a Unionist Congress.13 The State Senate disagreed with the House. Under the leadership of James S. Rollins, founder of the University of Missouri at Columbia, Joseph W. McClurg the Senate backed incorporation of the new school into the state university. Rollins' supporters argued that the new school would be strengthened by existing facilities, particularly mathematics, sciences and foreign languages, at the Columbia campus. By 1869, the Senate decided to establish the new school at Columbia.14 But, as the debate continued, Missouri was failing to take advantage of an important opportunity while other states, such as New York, Michigan and Massachusetts, took the lead in mining education. Early in 1870 the state legislators realized that they must compromise. If they failed to act Missouri would not gain the fed­ eral aid which was needed to found the school. To end the long debate, the legislature agreed to locate the school of mines in south­ eastern Missouri and the school of agriculture at Columbia. Sup­ port for this land grant school was divided so that the school of mines received one-fourth of the total endowment. This compromise measure, signed into law late in February, 1870, by Missouri Gov­ ernor Joseph W. McClurg, specified that the technical school was to be located in the mining district of the state to allow for inter­ action between education and industry, satisfying the goal of the earliest proponents of the school. Those who feared that separate- ness would hinder the success of the new institute were satisfied

13 William B. Smith, James Sidney Rollins (New York, 1891) , 43; Clarence N. Roberts, History of the University of Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, 1871-1946 (privately printed, 1946),' 1315; "Switzler's Manuscript History of the University of the State of Missouri," rearranged by Clair V. Mann (unpublished manuscript, Missouri School of Mines. 1939) , 1, 295; History of M.S.M., 141, 180. uibid., 178-179. because the school of mines was part of the state university, physi­ cally removed from the main campus. After a decade of debate and a half century of proposals, Missouri finally established a tech­ nical school.15 With the passage of the law, the legislature acted, the state had to choose a site for its school of mines. The law establishing the institute specified that it would be built in the county which provided the most land and money for the min­ Charles P. Williams ing institute. Since most of the counties of southeastern Missouri were eager to have the school of mines, initial response to the legislation was great. Five counties made active bids. Each qualified county felt it would have no trouble obtaining civic support in raising money and securing land for the school, but the results were surprising. Voters in Washington and St. Francois counties defeated bond issues of $30,000 and $40,000 respectively. Madison County, home of Representative Nalle, who was a chief advocate of an independent school, submitted a "vague and in­ formal" proposal that was unacceptable. Thus, while at least five began active bids for the school, only two counties, Iron and Phelps, completed formal bids of land and money for serious considera­ tion.16 The bids of these two counties, both sites of iron ore activity, were quite similar. Phelps County, located about one hundred miles southwest of St. Louis, offered $75,000 in county bonds, 7,680 acres of land and a site of 130 acres for the school. Iron County, located about fifty miles south of St. Louis, offered $83,000 in county bonds, 5,000 acres of land, and a site of twenty acres for the school.

15 Floyd C. Shoemaker, ed., Missouri—Day by Day (Columbia, 1942), I, 155; Columbia Missouri Statesman, March 4,'1870; Samuel B. Christy, "The Growth of American Mining Schools and their Relation to the Mining Industry," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, XXIII (1894) , 444; Rolla Weekly Herald, February 10, 1870. Besides the Columbia Missouri States­ man and Rolla Weekly Herald, some other papers to consult for reports of the congressional actions are the Jefferson City Weekly Missouri State Times and the Jefferson City Peoples Tribune. 16 History of M.S.M., 201-202, 206-208. Origins of Engineering Education in Missouri 459

A committee composed of members of the Board of Curators eval­ uated the land and total bid of each proposal. Its report listed the total value of each bid as $130,000 for Phelps and $113,000 for Iron. Based on this recommendation, in December, 1870, the Board of Curators of the University of Missouri voted to locate the Mis­ souri School of Mines at Rolla, the county seat of Phelps County. Appropriately, the school would be built about fifteen miles from the site of the Meramec Iron Works, one of the first successful iron industries in Missouri.17 With its formal opening on November 23, 1871, the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy was operational. As its first di­ rector, Charles P. Williams, former Delaware State Geologist and professor of Geology, Metallurgy and Chemistry at Delaware College, began shaping and defining the new school. His concept of the Rolla campus was an institute of technology offering train­ ing in mathematics and the physical and natural sciences as well as in civil and mining engineering. Many state legislators shared this viewpoint so Williams and his staff did teach more than mining, metallurgy and geology. Although the curricula during the first few years were highly technical, Williams hoped to broaden the scope of courses so the campus would serve students interested in other fields of study. While keeping the central purpose of the school as a technical institute, he supported a two-year program, including courses in the liberal arts. By the time Williams resigned as director in 1877 over a salary dispute, the institution offered courses of study in philosophy and in secondary school teaching as well as expanded programs in metallurgy, mining and civil en­ gineering. By 1885, in response to faculty requests to serve the region and student interests, the state legislature provided for an "academic course" at the school of mines, which was basically a liberal arts program with a heavy science and engineering emphasis. In fifteen years the school broadened its scope and its responsibil­ ities. The technical programs helped the mining industry of the state while the other smaller programs served the non-engineering students of the region.18 Within the second decade of its operation, the Missouri School of Mines was established firmly as a technical institute or tech-

17 Rolla Weekly Herald, June 30, August 25, November 17, November 24, December 1, 1870; History of M.S.M.. 210 215. is Ibid., 223, 256; Rolla Weekly Herald, August 31, September 14, November 9, 1871; University of Missouri Catalogue, 1873, 88-89; ibid., 1874, 74-77, 83; Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy Catalogue, 1875, 97-100; ibid., 1878, 97-99; ibid., 1885, 5-13; Switzler's Manuscript History," III, 21-102. 460 Missouri Historical Review

nological college. Its birth and continued life were subject to polit­ ical forces as well as educational philosophy. During the school's early years, the faculty, administration and legislature debated its chief role; these discussions tended to retard development. Yet, in spite of these problems, the Missouri School of Mines was the first independent technical institute established and operating west of the Appalachians.19

19 Thomas T. Read, The Development of Mineral Industry Education in the United States (New York, 1941) , 54-57.

He Had a Disagreeable Nut to Crack Canton North-East Reporter, August 19, 1852. A wise whig in an electioneering speech took a walnut to the stand. He told his hearers that the shell wras tasteless and valueless—that it was the Democratic party. The skin was nauseous, caustic and disagreeable—that was the abolition party. He then said he would show them the Whig party. He cracked the nut and found it—rotten.—Huntington Observer.

An 1884 Sit-Down Strike Macon Chronicle-FIerald, August 28, 1937. Albuquerque, N. M.—Sit-down strikes are not a 20th century innovation. Court records here show that a sit-down occurred in 1884 when Indians ob­ jected to the amount of land being used in construction of a railroad across Indian territory and squalled impassively on the right-of-way. In May, 1884, the records show, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs directed the U. S. Indian agent at Union Agency, Indian Territory, "to cause the re­ moval of numerous unauthorized persons who have established themselves on the right-of-way and station grounds" of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway. The records further recite that the railroad "complained that it was seriously embarrassed and impeded in proper execution of its legitimate business by their presence." The records add that execution of the order was for various unnamed rea­ sons suspended until October 1. 1885, indicating the sit-down may have lasted for 18 months, a record not even approached by present-day demonstration.

Double Entendre Ava Douglas County Herald, June 15, 1911. Milan without the assistance of the brewery element of the liquor dealers has voted "wet." It was a bond election for a water works plant. Carry Nation, A Missouri Woman, Won Fame in Kansas

BY DOROTHY J. CALDWELL*

On February 8, 1901, a crowd of some three hundred persons, including newspaper reporters and seven policemen, waited at Union Station, Kansas City, for Carry Nation, the famous Kansas "smasher," to arrive for a lecture at the Academy of Music, Fifteenth and McGee streets. Ticket sales for the lecture had been slow at the Jenkins Music Company, the Jones Store and other downtown business places because no one was certain that the unpredictable Carry would actually appear. The train was late and reporters found time to interview J. V. Moore, her brother, who worked for the Rogers Livestock Commission Company at the stockyards. He said that it had been his custom to drink a toddy or two with the shippers, but since his sister's crusade he had given up toddies. He was chagrined about the stories that his sister was crazy. He said he had spoken to her about them and she laughed and commented that she had enough sense to keep many a man out of hell.1 The Kansas City police and city officials were apprehensive about the impending visit of the "Kansas cyclone."2 Benjamin E. Sylvester, city license inspector, had planned to swoop down on the hall and stop the lecture, using as his authority an ordinance

#Dorothy J. Caldwell is an associate editor of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. i Kansas City Star, February 9, 1901. 2 Newspaper reporters often referred to her as the "Kansas cyclone." One of the three books written about her is entitled Cyclone Carry. Carleton Beals, Cyclone Carry (Philadelphia and New York, 1962) . 461 462 Missouri Historical Review which imposed a fifty-dollar fine upon all entertainment except that for political or religious purposes. Since Carry was giving her lecture under the auspices of the Prohibition Party she had to be classed as a political speaker.3 The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe train pulled into the sta­ tion and Carry, a tall, commanding figure attired in a black dress with a conspicuous tear in the skirt, stepped to the platform. A shout went up from the crowd as she stood for a moment "bubbling with laughter," then raised her hands and shouted, "Hello boys, God bless you." Escorted by the police, she walked through the crowd waving and shaking hands. As she headed a procession up Union Avenue, saloon keepers stood in their doorways and blocked the entrances. The famous "smasher," however, could have done no harm because two policemen dressed in plainclothes walked on either side of her.4 At the Blossom House on Union Avenue Carry interviewed temperance workers and reporters. She considered reporters her best friends. "I smash in localities; they smash all over the world," she philosophized. She confided that she had only brought one hatchet to Kansas City.5 That evening a small audience braved the deep snow to attend the lecture, priced at twenty-five cents for general admission and fifty cents for a reserved seat. As she entered, accompanied by a group of Home Defenders, her manager, A. C. Rankin, connected with the National Prohibition Party, and the Reverend F. W. Emerson, pastor of the First Christian Church of Topeka, the crowd stood and applauded.6 This demonstration pleased her and she laughed and shouted. Rankin stepped to Carry's side and waving his arms to the audience, directed, "Whoop 'er up. Wave your hand­ kerchiefs. Everybody stand up and yell." The Reverend Emerson introduced Carry as "the noblest woman, the bravest woman, the most womanly woman in Kansas." Carry arose, adjusted her white tie and asked everyone to sing "Praise God From Whom All Bless­ ings Flow." A pale young man then sang a long and doleful song

3 Kansas City Star, February 9, 1901. 4 Ibid.; Kansas City Journal, February 9, 1901. 5 Ibid. Two days before her Kansas City visit, R. Rosenberger, a High Hill, Missouri, attorney, sent her a broadaxe with a two-foot-long handle. Kansas City Star, February 7, 1901. 6 In Topeka Carry had organized her temperance crusaders into a militant group to attack joints. The Home Defenders were also known as the Hatchet Brigade. Beals, Cyclone Carry, 170; Herbert Asbury, Carry Nation (New York, 1929), 152; Robert Lewis Taylor, Vessel of Wrath (New York, 1966), 224-231. Carry Nation Won Fame in Kansas 463

VtXUM «LUI. NO *«. MTUTOAT. EANSAg CITT. ITBRUAKY A MOt-TEN TAGES. HATOMPAT. flHCE TITO CENTO AT A LATE HOUR LAST NIGHT KANSAS CITY'S SALOON MIRRORS WERE STILL UNSMASHED which ended with the line, "Twas rum that spoiled my boy." Al­ though Carry's talk was rambling and at times almost incoherent, it was reported that these faults made it interesting. Of the saloon proprietors, she said, "I don't hate them but I hate the stuff they sell—the vile stuff that destroys both them and the men who buy it of them. There has never been a stroke of my hatchet that was not propelled by love for these men."7 She told how she wrecked joints in the Kansas towns of Medicine Lodge and Kiowa, but as­ sured her audience that she did not propose smashing the saloons of Kansas City because it was too much of a job to undertake alone and, in addition, she had too much to do in Kansas. She made an abortive attempt to sing about "those who tarry too long at the wine cup" but she was so hoarse that she decided to recite the words. At the close of the lecture, Rankin called for money con­ tributions and sold her photograph for twenty-five cents. Im­ mediately the crusaders left for lectures in Muscatine and Des Moines, Iowa, and visits to other Iowa towns.8 At Muscatine, Iowa, Rankin and four of the Home Defenders left the party and returned to Kansas because the tour was not proving successful financially. Undaunted, Carry went on to Chi­ cago, spoke at Willard Hall, called on the mayor, and had her hair "done up" in a front second-story window on State Street while a crowd of curious onlookers stood in the street below.9 On February 28, 1901, Carry paid a second visit to Kansas City on her way home from Peoria, Illinois, where she had edited the February 26 issue of the Peoria Journal. She appeared in the station carrying a seven-pound hatchet with the edge nicked in a score of places and the blade inscribed with the letters A. T. & S. F. (Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe). After checking her satchel and hatchet she went with her brother to the stockyards to address the stockmen on the exchange floor. Crowds followed her every­ where; while some reviled her, others applauded. In the evening she visited Dixons saloon at Ninth and Baltimore streets where she tried to strike up a conversation with the bartenders. They

7 Kansas City Journal, February 9, 1901. 8 Ibid.; Kansas City Star, February 9, 1901. 9 Wichita Eagle, February 14, 1901; Kansas City Star, February 14, 1901. 464 Missouri Historical Review were busy serving customers and paid no attention. As she ha­ rangued the crowd, customers demanded drinks as though nothing unusual was happening. Someone put a nickel in the automatic banjo which so filled the room with noise that Carry could not be heard five feet away. As she left Kansas City she told reporters that she was going to smash every saloon there when she got through with Kansas, or die in the attempt.10 Some two weeks later Carry burst through the swinging doors of the Kansas City Union Station at six o'clock in the morning and announced her arrival to the waiting cab drivers in a loud voice. She walked up Union Avenue, stopped briefly at Louis Robidoux's saloon and then went on to John Martignon's place. A man was standing at the bar drinking whiskey. "Drop that devil's poison," she yelled. As the man continued to drink she admonished, "You are sending yourself and your family to hell. Why don't you stop before it's too late?" She told Martignon that he was "doing the devil's business/' Ordered to leave the saloon, she began to address the crowd which had gathered on the sidewalk. As the traffic be­ came more and more congested a policeman arrived and asked her to move on. At first she refused, but after her arrest, she quietly accompanied the officer to the police station. Upon her arrival she observed, "This is a stuffy old station." "It will hold you for awhile," the office retorted. She explained that she thought she was in Kansas when she made the sidewalk speech. It was decided that she could have her choice—a jail sentence or the next train for Topeka. She chose the train.11 In Topeka the next day Carry said she had resented being ordered off the sidewalk and that she had told the policemen who gave the order, "You beak-nosed, red-faced old hypocrite. I hope your wife will beat you when you get home."12 Nine days later she arrived in Union Station, St. Louis, enroute from Leavenworth, Kansas, to Cincinnati, Ohio, and Lexington, Kentucky, for speaking engagements. She told reporters. "If I could vote, I wouldn't smash." Told that Joseph Sauerburger, proprietor of the Nation saloon at Sixteenth and Market streets, had threatened dire vengeance if she entered his place, she walked up Market Street followed by a noisy crowd, announced her identity to Sauerburger and asked, "What are you doing here? I want to know. That's what I'm here for." "I'm running a saloon," Sauerburger

10 Kansas City Journal, March 1, 1901. 11 Kansas City Star, March 15, 1901; Kansas City Journal, March 15, 1901. 12 Kansas City Star, March 14, 1901; Kansas City Journal, March 16, 1901. Carry Nation Won Fame in Kansas 465 replied. "I don't like that. I don't want hell named after me," she remonstrated. After her departure Sauerburger pulled out a loaded revolver and remarked, "If she had made a move to smash anything I'd have killed her. But I'd give her $25 a day to sit on my ice chest and keep still."13 On Carry's return trip, she stopped for a brief time in St. Louis. Her first act at Union Station was to knock a cigar from the mouth of a man who permitted smoke to blow in her face. She walked up Market Street, stopped briefly at J. W. Kemp's saloon, and then headed for the Nation saloon. There she found a large, rough Carry Nation cartoon on exhibit. She laughed and commented, "Why, that don't look like me." Sauerburger told her, "I don't be­ lieve a lady would do what you are doing. I don't think you are in any place for a lady. You're selling your soul worse than I am. I bet you that my wife and I are a great deal happier than you are with your husband . . ." Carry began to yell and Sauerburger drew out the revolver and ordered her to leave. As she returned to the station she expressed a resolve to return to St. Louis and clean out the places.14 From St. Louis Carry went to Mexico, Missouri, to confer with Harry C. Turner, editor of The State Leader, a temperance paper.15 At the Mexico station she approached a youth smoking a cigarette and scolded, "Take that cigarette out of your mouth. Don't you know you are going to hell?" She discovered that she had left her hatchet on the train and hastily retrieved it, threw it out the window and alighted once again from the train.16 On April 14 Carry returned to Kansas City, expecting to debate the prohibition question with Carl Browne, famous in Coxey's Army.17 There was a mixup in schedule and she found Turner Hall, where she thought the debate was to be held, scheduled for another event. It was Sunday and Carry decided to visit some saloons to see how effectively the Sunday closing law was enforced. She went from table to table in Otto Weber's saloon, located in Turner Hall, telling the bleary-eyed old men playing cards that

13 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 24, 1901. 14 Ibid., April 2, 1901. 15 The State Leader was published in Mexico. Missouri, from 1898 to 1903. William H. Taft, Missouri Newspapers, When and Where, 1808-1963 (Columbia, Mo., 1964), 109. 16 Mexico Intelligencer, April 4, 1901. 17 To Browne was attributed the plan for Jacob S. Coxey's march of the unemployed on Washington in 1894. James Truslow Adams, ed., Dictionary of American History (New* York, 1940) , II, 82. they were going to hell. After Weber ordered her out, she went into his gar­ den and began talking to a crowd which quickly assembled. Weber or­ dered her to stop, but the crowd en­ couraged her to continue. She finished her speech and turned her attention to the Quincy Bar at Twelfth and McGee streets. There she climbed on a table to deliver her diatribe. At M. A. Flynn's saloon she saw a painting which dis­ -MoifAk SUASION is mo$>~wnmt BACKED pleased her. "I would be ashamed to OT WITH A HAtrCSHUBR" have such a painting on the wall," she Kansas State Hist. Soc, Topeka told the bartender. "Well, I'm not ashamed," he replied. "You are the devil's own scullion. If you had any respect for your mother you would not have such a picture about the place," Carry retorted. The bartender had the last word. He said, "I have more respect for my mother than I have for you," and he led her gently but firmly out of the bar. At Murdock's saloon Carry found the door locked, so she de­ cided to hold a temperance meeting in the street. A large crowd gathered and the traffic was blocked. She was arrested for disturb­ ing the peace and placed in an open patrol wagon with some weekend drunks. Followed by a hooting and yelling mob, she arrived at the police station about five o'clock in the evening. As she entered the station she observed, "This is a regular hell hole. You could cut this smoke with a knife. You men who like smoke so well will get plenty of it some day." She was confined in a cell until her brother appeared some thirty minutes later and paid six dollars for bail. That evening, as she preached at the Union Mission at Eighteenth and McGee streets the broadaxe on the table beside her heightened the drama of her address.18 In court the next morning Carry listened to other cases as she waited for a hearing. She interrupted court procedure with such comments as "God be praised," "I'm sure she's innocent," and "the demon drink did this." After her case came before the court she insisted that the officers were mistaken when they said that she refused to quit talking and go home the preceding afternoon. She said that she had been looking for a streetcar and could not

18 Kansas City Star, April 15, 1901; Kansas City Journal, April 15, 1901. Carry Nation Won Fame in Kansas 467 find one. The judge told her that she might smash saloons in Kansas and cause all kinds of trouble there, but she had to observe the law in Kansas City. He said, "Missouri is not a good place for short- haired women, long-haired men and whistling girls. Kansas City is a law-abiding place." "Yes," retorted Carry, "Kansas City ships all this hell broth into Kansas." The judge gave her until six o'clock in the evening to get out of town and fined her five hundred dollars with a stay of execution, effective if she did not return to Kansas City.19 In parting, Carry told the judge to look in his desk for the little hatchet that she had slipped in the drawer. She left the jail followed by about five hundred people. "She who fights and runs away will live to fight another day," she declaimed as she shook her fist in the direction of the jail. Before leaving Kansas City that evening she tried unsuccessfully to procure a warrant for the arrest of M.A. Flynn for keeping his saloon open on Sunday.20 The detailed reports of Carry's activities, both in Kansas and in Missouri, as published in the Kansas City newspapers, were probably read with great interest by many Missourians. Missouri had been her home for more than twenty years. Born November 25, 1846, in Garrard County, Kentucky, the daughter of George Moore and Mary Campbell Moore, she moved with her family to High Grove Farm near Belton in Cass County, Missouri, in 1854.21 Carry's family were mostly well-to-do people. Her mother, who always had thought of herself as an aristocrat, after Carry's birth suffered from the delusion that she was a lady-in-waiting to Queen Victoria and eventually elevated her­ self to the lofty position of queen. Her Kansas State Hist. Soc, Topeka husband encouraged her in the delu­ sion, and purchased a handsome car­ ^ riage with ornate trappings which was driven by a coachman in a high silk hat.22 When the Moores emigrated from Kentucky to Cass County they brought with them the carriage

19 Ibid.; Kansas City Star, April 15, 1901. 20 Ibid.; Kansas City Journal, April 15, 1901. 21 Dumas Malone, ed., Dictionary of Ameri­ can Biography (New York, 1943), XIII, 394- 395; Asbury, Carry Nation, 3; Beals, Cyclone Carry, 3; Kansas City Star, January 24, 1901. 22 Beals, Carry Nation, 10; Carry A. Nation, The Use and Need of the Life of Carry A. Nation (Topeka, Kans., 1904), 21.

••jtoroa&'tt^^^ 468 Missouri Historical Review and Negro slaves. On the trip Carry contracted a cold which de­ veloped into a prolonged illness. During this depressing period, she read a Sunday school booklet about the sin of petty thievery and she was greatly shocked to find herself a thief for having stolen small articles from the kitchen for the servants and from bureau drawers to make doll clothes. Her repentance was sincere and she was baptised in an icy stream after her conversion at a revival meeting at Hickman Mills in Jackson County. She said years later, ". . . the little Carry who walked into the water was quite different from the one who walked out."28 This marked the be­ ginning of Carry's turbulent religious life, often filled with dreams and visions and always expressed in bizarre ways. At the beginning of the Civil War the Moore family joined a wagon train bound for Texas, riding in "Queen Victoria's" carriage, which by this time was almost worn out. In Texas, Carry regained her health. The family returned to Cass County the following year, but their stay was short-lived. To comply with the terms of General Thomas Ewing's Order No. 11 they were forced to move to Kansas City.24 When Carry lived with her aunt, Hope Hill, in Independ­ ence, Missouri, General Sterling Price's forces came through in 1864, and she assisted with the care of the wounded at the hospi­ tal.25 While the family remained in Kansas City, Carry attended Clay Seminary at Liberty, Missouri, taught by Professor and Mrs. James Love. Love was still living when Carry became famous. He said that she had been a very intelligent pupil and added with a flourish, "I saw then that she was made of the stuff martyrs are made of and that she would go to the stake adhering to what she believed was right."20 At the close of the war Carry returned to the Cass County farm. George Moore was no longer prosperous and to Carry fell the responsibility for the management of the family. In the fall of 1865 Dr. Charles Gloyd, a young physician who had

23 ibid., 23. 24 Order No. 11, issued August 25, 1863, by Brigadier General Thomas Ewing, Jr., required all the inhabitants of Jackson, Cass and Bates counties, not living within one mile of specified military posts, to vacate their homes by September 9. Albert Castel, "Order No. 11 and the Civil War on the Border,*' MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LVII (July, 1963), 357. 25 On October 21, 1864, Price's army fought with Federal troops at the crossing of the Little Blue, several miles east of Independence, and camped that night in Independence. Albert Castel. General Sterling Price and the Civil War in the West (Baton Rouge, La., 1968), 229-230. 26 Nation, Life of Carry A. Nation, 25. Clay Seminary was established in 1855 by James Love, an early member of the faculty of William Jewell Col­ lege, MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. XLII (Julv, 1948), 371. Carry's Cass County, Missouri, Home

served in the Civil War as captain of the 118th Ohio Volunteers, came to Cass County to teach a country school near the Moore farm. He was invited to stay at the Moore home.27 Because he was a thorough student, Carry stood in awe of him. One day he kissed her. Years later she wrote, "I had never had a gentleman to take such a privilege and felt shocked, threw up my hands to my face, saying several times, I'm ruined!'"28 But she fell in love with the young schoolteacher and doctor. Her father and mother warned Carry that Gloyd drank too much. Mary Moore thought he was not good enough for the daughter of "Queen Victoria" and forbade the couple to sit together in the parlor. To circumvent parental disap­ proval, the lovers wrote notes which they slipped into a volume of Shakespeare on Gloyd's desk. Not invited to teach a second term, Gloyd began to practice medicine in Holden, Missouri, and sent for his mother and father in Ohio.29 In 1868 he served as the worshipful master of the Holden Masonic Lodge.30 Carry and Charles Gloyd were married on November 21, 1867.31 Within five days after their marriage Charles came home, threw himself down on the bed, and went to sleep. His mother bowed down over him. When she left Carry did the same thing and smelled the fumes of liquor. She was terror stricken. It was not long until Charles began to stay out late at night and, at times, lock himself up at the Masonic Lodge, refusing all intrusion. Carry was so unhappy that she cried most of the time. Her parents learned that Charles was drinking heavily and George Moore came to take her away. Al­ though Charles entreated her not to leave him, she returned to her Cass County home with her father.32

27 Nation, Life of Carry A. Nation, 28; Asbury, Carry Nation, 27. 28 Nation, Life of Carry A. Nation, 28. 29 ibid. 30 Ewing Cockrell, History of Johnson County, Missouri (Topeka, Kans., 1918) , 416. 31 Nation, Life of Carry A. Nation, 28. 32 ibid., 30. 470 Missouri Historical Review

Her daughter, Charlien, was born on September 27, 1868.3J Charles died in the spring of 1870 without ever having seen his child.34 Carry, stricken with grief and guilt, decided to live with Charles's recently widowed mother in Holden. With money obtained from the sale of her husband's instruments and books and some Holden town lots which her father had given her, Carry built a small house where she lived with Mrs. Gloyd and Charlien.35 After attending a session of the Warrensburg State Normal school she obtained a certificate to teach, and for four years taught in the primary department of the Holden school. She was then dismissed on a minor complaint by a member of the school board. Carry wrote, "His niece took my place."36 Unable to support her family, Carry decided that her only hope of economic security was to marry again. She made the subject a matter of prayer and asked the Lord to send her a suitable hus­ band.37 David Nation seemed to be the answer. He had served as a captain in the 69th Indiana Volunteers during the Civil War and was a Holden attorney at the time of the organization of the town in 1868.38 David was one of six lawyers at the famous Old Drum trial held in the Warrensburg Courthouse, September 23, 1870.39 On June 13, 1874, he became the editor and one of the proprietors of The Warrensburg Weekly Journal.*0 He was several years older than Carry, a widower with four children.41 The couple were married December 30, 1874, at the Holden Chris­ tian Church. It was announced on Friday, January 1, 1875, that the editor had married Wednesday last. The only additional notice was the brief remark, "It was done by Elder Elliott of the Holden Christian Church. Her name isn't Gloyd any more."42 On October 20, 1876, David announced his dissolution of part­ nership with J. N. Middleton and C. A. Middleton, and in the same issue of the Journal he advertised for all persons who wanted to sell or trade their Johnson County, Missouri, lands for Texas lands to

33 Data obtained from tombstone inscription in Morton Cemetery, Rich­ mond, Texas. 34 Mortality Census of 1870, Johnson County, Missouri. 35 Nation, Life of Carry A. Nation, 30. 36 Ibid., 31. Carrie Gloyd's name is included in a listing of Holden teachers from 1870 to 1881. Cockrell, History of Johnson County, 179. 37 Nation, Life of Carry A. Nation, 31. 38 Cockrell, History of Johnson County, 178. 39 Walter L. Chaney, "The True Story of Old Drum," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XIX (January, 1925), 323. 40 Warrensburg Weekly Journal, June 13, 1874. 41 Kansas City Journal, October 4, 1903. 42 Warrensburg Weekly Journal, January 1, 1875. Carry Nation Won Fame in Kansas 471 call on him.43 Carry and David exchanged their mutual properties for some 1,700 acres of land along the San Bernard River in Texas, part of which was a cotton farm. With Charlien, Mrs. Gloyd, and Lola, one of David's daughters, the Nations moved to Texas. They knew nothing about farming and after finding themselves in finan­ cial straits, David left Carry to manage the farm and went to nearby Brazoria where he attempted to establish a law practice. Soon their money was gone and the family was almost reduced to starvation. With no money to buy provisions, Carry left the farm and assumed the management of a run-down hotel in Columbia. Texas. She fumi­ gated, pasted the walls with cloth and newspapers and made cur­ tains of old sheets. With three and one-half dollars borrowed from a friend, she launched herself in the hotel business. She said, "The transients at one meal would give me something to spend for the next."44 During this period of trial, Charlien developed an erosive sore which left a small hole in her cheek and locked her jaws. Despite a series of operations, for which Carry borrowed money, Charlien was unable to open her mouth for eight years. During this time Carry moved with her family to Richmond, Texas, and became very successful in the hotel business. She was able to send Charlien to doctors in the East who finally succeeded in unlocking her jaws. Carry realized that her child was peculiar and blamed it on Gloyd's drinking and her own distraction during pregnancy. Charlien re­ turned to Texas, married, and continued for a year to live with Carry.45 Carry wrote that in Richmond, during a Methodist revival meeting, she consecrated herself wholly to God. From that time, she asked everyone whom she met, "Do you love God?" She observed that she was considered crazy on the subject of religion. After being banned as a teacher, first in the Methodist Sunday school and later the Episcopalian Sunday school, she secured planks for seats in her hotel dining room and conducted her own Sunday school. She said on her last Sunday in Richmond, "We all went to the graveyard to study our lesson, I wished by this to impress the little ones with the purpose of God."46 During this time she had dreams and visions which she interpreted as messages from God to warn, instruct or comfort her. One night she said she had a vision of light shining behind her which would come and go in flashes as she ascended

4* Ibid., October 20, 1876. 44 Nation, Life of Carry A. Nation, 33. 45 Ibid., 34-37. 46 Ibid., 39. 472 Missouri Historical Review

the stairs. She wrote, "It did not alarm me. I felt the sweet, peaceful presence of God." The next morning the hotel was threatened by a fire sweeping rapidly in that direction. While the tenants hastily removed their belongings from the building, Carry prayed. When asked if she had insurance on the place she replied, "Yes, up there," pointing skyward. The hotel was saved: the fire halted just before it reached the building. She connected the fire with her vision of the previous night and regarded the entire incident as a miracle.47 Another time she suggested at the Methodist Church that they pray for rain to relieve a prolonged drought. Four ladies, including the minister's wife, were elected to arrange for a special meeting. Mrs. Blakely, the minister's wife said she was almost afraid to pray be­ cause she had read of so many thunderbolts lately, but Carry re­ assured her. The next afternoon the citizens of the town were called to the church to pray for rain and Carry wrote that as they left the meeting a sprinkle of rain began to fall and the next day a steady rain began which continued for three days. Although some skeptics insisted that the rain would have come anyway, Carry regarded it as another miracle. To show her gratitude, she took into her home an old man and a girl, both destitute, and supported them as long as she remained in Texas.48 David, unsuccessful in his attempt to establish a newspaper in Richmond, became a correspondent for the Houston Post. As cor­ respondent, he was involved with the political factions known as the "Woodpeckers" and the "Jaybirds." The "Woodpeckers" were in favor of the Negro holding public offices and the "Jaybirds" were opposed. David aligned himself with the "Woodpeckers." After he was ordered to leave town by the opposing faction, he was cap­ tured, tied to a tree and whipped. He then left for Kansas where his brother lived.49 Leaving Charlien, Lola and old Mrs. Gloyd in Texas, Carry and David settled in Medicine Lodge in Barber County, Kansas, in 1889.50 David became the pastor of the Christian Church at Medi­ cine Lodge, but resigned within a few months to accept the pastor­ ate of a church in Holton, Kansas, about thirty miles north of Topeka. To save the expense of shipping their horse and buggy, Carry drove from Medicine Lodge to Holton, a distance of several hundred miles. David met her in Topeka and he was so pleased

47 ibid., 39-40. 48 ibid., 43. 49 Ibid.; Kansas City Journal, October 4, 1903. 50 Dictionary of American Biography, III, 394. Carry Nation Won Fame in Kansas 473 that she had driven expertly, that he gave her Prince, the balky horse. Carry decided to assist David in his preaching efforts. During his sermons, she sat in a front pew and gave audible instructions and if she thought his sermon too lengthy, she told him to stop. After a few months the church board asked David to resign. Before the year was out the Nations returned to Medicine Lodge and David never preached in a church again. He hoped to be employed at the Cresset, the Medicine Lodge Republican newspaper, but there was no opening, and he once again practiced law.51 Relieved of the physical hardship of running a hotel, Carry was free to turn to religious and charitable activities. As champion of the poor, she came to the aid of many families in trouble in Medi­ cine Lodge and became known as "Mother Nation." C. Q. Chandler, a native of Rocheport, Missouri, who at that time lived in Medicine Lodge, always helped her with her charities.52 In the 1930s ten resi­ dents of Medicine Lodge, who had known Carry personally, unani­ mously agreed that she did much good and was remembered there for her kindness.53 As a member of the Christian Church, how­ ever, she was not popular. Members complained about her vocal outbursts during services. Her most serious breach with the Christian minister was caused by her concern for a woman of questionable character who, in order to support her five children, did scrubbing and washing. The woman applied for membership in the church and the elders, to escape Carry's unpleasant tongue lashing, ad­ mitted her. They expelled the woman, however, after her husband accused her of adultery. When the announcement was made from the pulpit Carry rose to her feet and the minister said, "You sit down, the elders will attend to this." Carry replied, "No, the elders will not, but I will. What you have said about this woman is not true." She accused the church members of ignoring the woman and told the congregation that what the minister had said about this woman could not be proven. All during her harangue the min­ ister asked her to sit down. In desperation, he left the pulpit and

51 Nation, Life of Carry A. Nation, 44-45; Beals, Cyclone Carry, 55: Asbury, Carry Nation, 54. 52 Hortense Thompson Null, "Life of Carrie Nation" (Unpublished Master's thesis, Wichita University, Kansas, 1930), 20. The First Baptist Church of Rocheport, Missouri, was restored in 1929 by C. Q. Chandler, Wichita banker, in honor of his father and mother. Dorothy J. Caldwell, ed., Missouri Historic Sites Catalogue (Columbia, 1963), 13. 53 Null, "Life of Carrie Nation," 20. Listed were Thomas J. Best, C. B. Chapin, L. W. Fullerton, Mrs. H. B. Jones, Comora Martin, Jennie Osborn and L. W. Stevens, all of Medicine Lodge; C. Q. Chandler (formerly of Medicine Lodge), Wichita; H. V. Butcher, Coldwater, and Laura W. Kinsey, Kingman. 474 Missouri Historical Review

took her by the arm, intending to remove her from the church by physical force. Carry, some six feet tall, and weighing almost one hundred and seventy-five pounds, successfully resisted. She was dismissed from the church membership roll that afternoon for being a stumbling block and a disturber of the peace.54 After this incident, Carry attended the Baptist Church. In May, 1892, Carry and Mrs. Wesley Cain, wife of the Baptist minister, organized a local chapter of the Women's Christian Temperance Union. Mrs. Cain served as president and Carry as jail evangelist. As she visited the jail inmates she learned "that almost everyone who was in jail was directly or indirectly there from the influence of intoxicating drinks."55 In Kansas, an amendment to the state constitution, May 1. 1881, forever prohibited the sale or manufacture of intoxicating liquors in the state except for medicinal, scientific or mechanical purposes. Actual enforcement of the law, however, was difficult. Every Kansas town had its quota of saloons (called at that time joints, and the owners, jointists) and in the cities they were operated openly. In the smaller towns the joints were located in the rear room of a place ostensibly carrying on a legitimate business, such as a restaurant or pool hall. Each month the owners of the joints paid into the city treasury a fine for operation.56 The burning political question during the ten years that preceded Carry's Kansas raids, was the resub­ mission of the prohibition amendment.57 After listening to the stories of the jail inmates, Carry's smoldering hatred of drink, which she considered had ruined her life, fanned into a lively flame. She began to harass the jointists, who regarded her as a pest and refused to close their places. She appealed to authorities and they, too, ignored her demands that the law be enforced. Carry then decided in favor of more dramatic tactics. One Sat­ urday afternoon, late in the summer of 1899, she and Mrs. Cain, dressed in black alpaca and wearing poke bonnets, headed down­ town for Mart Strong's joint. Mrs. Cain carried her wheezy hand organ and Carry her umbrella. They planted themselves in the front room of the joint and broke into song:

54 Nation, Life of Carry A. Nation, 47. 55 Beals, Cyclone Carry, 98. Beals's father, Leon Beals, was editor of the Medicine Lodge Index during the 1890s. Nation, Life of Carry A. Nation, 47. 56 Null, "Life of Carrie Nation," 20; Kansas City Star, April 14, 1929; Clara Francis, "The Coming of Prohibition to Kansas," Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society, 1919-1922, XI (Topeka, Kans., 1923), 192-227. 57 Asbury, Carry Nation, 62. Carry Nation Won Fame in Kansas 475

Who hath sorrow? Who hath woe? They who do not answer no; They whose feet to sin incline, While they tarry at the wine. There were many verses and Carry sang them all, with tears streaming down her face. Still singing, she motioned her followers as she strode toward the back room. Strong jumped to block her way, but she swung her umbrella menacingly. He pushed her toward the door, but she broke loose and started for the rear once more. Strong grabbed her and tumbled her into the street. Marshal James Gano said, "Mother Nation I wish I could take you off the streets." She fired back at him, "Yes, you want to take me, a woman, whose heart is breaking to see the ruin of these men, the desolate homes and broken laws, and you a constable, oath-bound to close this man's unlawful business." As the crowd cheered wildly and several fist fights started, Strong locked his front door and erected a barricade. Carry marched triumphantly homeward, singing as she went along. After the raid on Strong's place the officials closed the joint. Similar tactics at the Henry Durst and Hank O'Bryan joints resulted in their closing.58 On September 16, 1900, Carry and a number of W. C. T. U. members, armed with warrants for search of the premises and arrest of the owner, swooped down on George Southworth's drugstore. Southworth fled before the warrant could be served. The ladies found a number of bottles of beer. Carry took four bottles to a W. C. T. U. meeting where she made a speech about the evils of alcohol, climaxing her harangue by unsealing one of the bottles and gulping down the contents. Two of the ladies led her staggering from the hall to the office of the local doctor. She fell limp on the sofa and asked him if she were poisoned. He agreed that she was. She revived rapidly and told him that he would have to testify in court that the beer poisoned her although he did not prescribe it for her. She then began an attack on the local doctors who prescribed beer and whiskey from the drugstore.59 At O. L. Day's drugstore she discovered a keg of beer and with the help of Mrs. Cain and Mrs. A. L. Noble, she rolled it into the street, broke it open with a sledge hammer, saved some of the

58 Beals, Cyclone Carry, 110-112; Nation, Life of Carry A. Nation, 48; Asbury, Carry Nation, 63-66; Taylor, Vessel of Wrath, 81-82; Null, "Life of Carrie Na­ tion," 23. 59 Beals, Cyclone Carry, 103-106. Carry, in her autobiography, said she bought the four bottles from Southworth. Nation, Life of Carry A. Nation, 60. 476 Missouri Historical Review

contents in a bottle for legal proof and set the rest on fire. Day sold out in a month and left Medicine Lodge.60 After the joints in Medicine Lodge were closed, she turned her attention to Kiowa, a small town in Barber County, where many of the Medicine Lodge jail inmates procured their liquor. After much fasting and prayer she said she awoke one morning with a voice saying to her "Go to Kiowa." She collected bricks and rocks from her yard, wrapped them in a newspaper, hitched Prince to the buggy and set out. About a mile from Medicine Lodge Carry had another vision. She said she saw a dozen or so man-like creatures with hooves and cloven feet who blocked her way with pronged forks. Stricken with terror she raised her hands in supplication. Im­ mediately a figure wearing a golden halo and mounted on a great white horse appeared through the parted clouds and the evil figures faded away. Her triumph was so reassuring that she decided to let Prince have his head. She had planned to stop overnight with a friend who lived some distance from Kiowa, but at the turning point, Prince bolted down the road to Kiowa. The next morning she hitched Prince to the buggy and set out upon her first real smashing expedition. Entering Jasper Dobson's saloon with all the wrapped-up bricks she could carry she told Dobson that she had warned him as president of the Barber County W. C. T. U. to close his place, but he had not heeded the warning. Now, she said, she intended to break up the "den of vice." She threw her bricks and stones at the mirror and at the bottles below the mirror. Dobson and a companion, terrified, backed into a corner. She destroyed two other Kiowa saloons in the same manner. At the Lewis bar her brick failed to break the mirror, although it broke everything in its way as it fell. Carry picked up a billiard ball and with accurate aim put a hole through the glass.61 After her third smashing she stood in the middle of the street and declaimed, "I have destroyed three of your places of business and if I have broken a statute of Kansas, put me in jail; if I am not a law-breaker, your mayor and councilmen are. You must arrest one of us, for if I am not a criminal, they are." She was detained by the mayor, but after he had rushed back and forth several times to

60 Ibid., 52; Bea.ls,Cyclone Carry, 1I6-J19; Asbury, Carry Nation, 74-78. 61 Nation, Life of Carry A. Nation, 61-62; Beals, Cyclone Carry, 125-130; Asbury, Carry Nation, 83-90; Taylor, Vessel of Wrath, 113-119. The Carry Nation autobiography gives no date for the Kiowa raid. Beals, Asbury and Taylor give the date June 7, 1900. Null states that the reports in the Medicine Lodge Barber County Index indicate that the Kiowa smashing took place on May 31, 1900. Null, "Life of Carrie Nation/' 29. Carry Nation Won Fame in Kansas 477 consult the city attorney, she was allowed to drive away. Standing up in the buggy as Prince plodded along the street, with upraised hands she shouted, "Peace on earth, good will to men."62 After this raid all Kiowa jointists were issued a warrant, found guilty, fined and ordered to close their places. For the first time in Barber Coun­ ty history all dives were closed. The officials were in a quandary. If they arrested Carry for destroying property used for illegal purposes, it probably would not stand up in court and the publicity would be damaging. Even her enemies admitted that she had done more to enforce prohibition laws than had been accomplished in twenty years by temperance organizations and churches.63 During the fall of 1900, convinced that her saloon-smashing ef­ forts should extend beyond the confines of Barber County, she turned her attention to Wichita, which was notoriously wet. Accord­ ing to David Leahy, Wichita newspaperman, about seventy-five per cent of Wichita citizens were advocates of saloons, fifteen percent were indifferent and the remainder were active temperance workers.64 Sedately dressed in black alpaca with a white ribbon (the badge of temperance workers) at her throat, and a black poke bonnet fastened securely under her chin, she arrived in Wichita on December 26, 1900. In her hand she carried a cane and in her satchel an iron rod. From her Kiowa experience she had discovered that she could only use a brick once, but she believed an iron rod and a cane would last throughout an entire raid. She set out that evening on a visit to joints, warning the proprietors that if they were open the next morning she would destroy their fixtures. She visited the bar room in the basement of the Carey Hotel, one of the finest saloons in the Midwest, and her attention was directed to a nude painting entitled "Cleopatra at the Bath." She told the bar­ tender that he was insulting his own mother by having this picture of a naked woman in a place where it was not even decent for a woman to be when she had her clothes on. She decided to make the Hotel Carey bar her first target. After spending most of the night in prayer, she gathered rocks in the alley, tucked them under her long cape, and armed with these, her cane and iron rod, entered the Carey bar. With unerring aim she threw two rocks at the picture, then turned, smashed the long mirror and demolished the sideboard.

62 Nation, Life of Carry A. Nation, 62. 63 Asbury, Carry Nation, 94. 64 Null, "Life of Carrie Nation," 35. From interview with David Leahy, Wichita Eagle editor, April 25, 1929. 478 Missouri Historical Review

The half-dozen men who were drinking in the bar fled through the rear door and Edward Parker, the bartender, crouched under the bar. The amount of damage was estimated at two thous­ and dollars. Detective Park Massey arrested her and, while she sang at the top of her voice, "Am I A Soldier of the Cross?" escorted her to jail. Locked in her cell, Carry burst into tears and told the sheriffs, "Never mind, you put me in here a cub, but I will go out a roaring lion and I will make all hell howl." The officials, hoping to keep her in isolation until the excitement subsided, placed a quar­ antine for smallpox on the jail. It was not until January 12, 1901, that she was released on two-hundred-dollar bail.65 Carry's raid not only aroused excitement in temperance and prohibition circles, but caused apprehension among politicians and office holders throughout Kansas. Her timing was inopportune, for the state legislature w7as scheduled to convene at Topeka within a few weeks, and the liquor interests had planned the passage of a resolution for the resubmission of the prohibition amendment to the voters.66 Overnight she became a national figure. W. C. T. U. groups held special prayer meetings in her jail cell, and telegrams and letters, some in praise and others abusive, poured in from all parts of the country. She was no longer alone in her crusade; many were willing to help. Public opinion was divided about her exploits and newspaper comment differed. The Kansas City Journal in an editorial advised that "'The friends of Carrie Nation should, if pos­ sible, persuade her to desist, because if she keeps on she is going to get hurt." The author continued, "It is true that the Kansas liquor seller is engaged in an illegal business, but he feels that if the of­ ficers of the law permit him to keep open saloons, no private indi­ vidual has a right to interfere."67 William Allen White, in an editor­ ial, "Hurrah for Carrie;' in the February 11, 1901, issue of the Emporia Gazette, commented, "She has aroused the law abiding people of Kansas to the disgrace of law breakers—partly by her own lawlessness."68 After a brief period of recuperation, Carry reappeared in

65 Wichita Eagle, December 27, 1900; Kirke E. Metchum, ed., Annals of Kansas, 1886-1925 (Topeka, Kans., 1954), I, 322, 329; Nation, Life of Carry A. Nation, 66-68; Kansas City Star, December 27, 1900. 66 Nation, Life of Carry A. Nation, 67; Asbury, Carry Nation, 112; Beals, Cyclone Carry, 140. 67 Kansas City Journal, January 24, 1901. 68 Emory Lindquist, "Kansas: A Centennial Portrait," Kansas Historical Quarterly, XXVII (Spring, 1961) , 33-34. Wichita to attend a W. C. T. U. meeting. She spoke to the group with such enthusiasm that she gained a number of recruits for her next raid. On January 21, 1901, four women procured their weapons from the family tool chest and a scrap heap at the home of Mrs. Julia Evans. For the first time Carry wielded a hatchet, soon to become the symbol of her crusade. Singing as they marched through the streets, they attacked two joints. Five minutes after they entered the Kansas State Hist. Soc, Topeka joints nothing worth mention­ Carry, With Her Bible and Hatchet ing remained intact. The four women were herded to the police station. Chief of Police G. T. Cubbon released them with the promise they would do no more smashing until noon the next day. Their work completed, the women piled into a wagon and drove through the streets singing hymns.69 On January 23, as her train pulled into the Enterprise, Kansas, sta­ tion, eggs were thrown at her, but at that moment the train window fell down and she did not get a splatter. A rock, thrown through the window, dropped at her side. She was not so fortunate, however, during her visit to John Schilling's joint. Mrs. Joan Schilling, wife of the joint owner, attacked her, cutting a deep gash over one eye and bruising the other. The next day she was again attacked by Mrs. Schilling and three other women. One beat Carry with her fist, another with a whip, while the third pulled her hair and kicked her into the gutter.70 From Enterprise, she went to Holt, Kansas. About this time she received an offer to appear in the play "Ten Nights in a Bar Room" in a Chicago theater for seventy-five dollars a night. She refused the offer saying she would rather visit ten barrooms in a night.71

69 Kansas City Journal, January 22, 1901; Kansas City Star, January 22, 1901; Wichita Eagle, January 23, 1901; Nation, Life of Carry A. Nation, 78.' 70 Ibid., 73-75; Kansas City Journal, January 24, 1901; Kansas City Star, January 23, 1901; Wichita Eagle, January 24, 1901; Metchum, Annals of Kansas, I, 333. 71 Kansas City Journal, January 29, 1901; Metchum, Annals of Kansas, I, 333. 480 Missouri Historical Review

Carry's train rolled into Topeka on January 26, 1901, and she was met by a delegation of temperance advocates. Within an hour she had made ineffectual attempts to enter four joints. As she ap­ proached Edward Myers' cigar store, popularly supposed to be a joint, Mrs. Myers, armed with a broomstick, brought it down with a resounding whack on Carry's skull, cutting a deep gash in her head. The assault did not deter her. She wiped the blood from her wound saying as she did so, "What does a broomstick amount to when one has been used to rawhides, rocks and eggs? Where is another joint?"72 The following week she spoke before the State Temperance Union Convention which met in Topeka. At the meet­ ing a purse of more than one hundred dollars was raised for a medallion for Carry. She protested, but within a few days she was presented a gold medal bearing the inscription, "To the Bravest Woman in Kansas."73 On January 28 she called on Governor William Stanley and other local and state officials whom she openly de­ nounced for their failure to enforce the prohibition law. Her hus­ band accompanied her. It was reported that he was in tears during most of the interview.74 When asked what David thought about her smashing, she said, "Every time I get in trouble David says, 'Now, Carry, you must quit this foolishness. The next time you get in trouble I will not help you.' I tell you he's a true husband. He

72 Wichita Eagle, January 27, 1901; Kansas City Star, January 27, 1901. 73 Wichita Eagle, January 29, 1901; Kansas City Journal, January 30. 1901; Kansas City Star, January 29, 1901. 74 Kansas City Journal, January 28; 1901.

The Opening of the Interview with Governor Stanley Carry Nation Won Fame in Kansas 481 fights 'em just like he would lions in a den."75 At the organizational meeting of the Hatchet Brigade, Carry caught sight of seventy- three-year-old David sitting down in front. Her face beamed. "Papa, come up here," she said. Then she turned to the audience and said, "I want you to meet Mr. Nation." Then to David, "Papa, why don't you come? Hurry up, now." The Kansas City Star reporter described the incident: Mr. Nation, a large stout man with enormous shoulders and short, thick legs, came up on the platform. His face is perpetually red about the eyes and nose, and his blue eyes are watery. He looks as if he were constantly shedding tears. He is a silent man. He rarely speaks. 'Ladies, this is my husband,' said Mrs. Nation. 'He's a lawyer and he's going home today to prosecute a druggist that's been selling liquor. Then he's coming back to go around with me.' Nation began to speak about the hard time he had get­ ting his wife out of jail. While he spoke, Mrs. Nation smiled all the time and nodded and uttered little exclamations as if he were a child reciting a speech. Suddenly she interrupted, 'Papa, papa, just five minutes more and then you must catch the train.' He soon finished and Mrs. Nation led him away.76 David returned home to Medicine Lodge, boarded at the hotel, and found that his only duties were answering his wife's mail. He told reporters that she was a good cook and liked flowers, horses and cats. Carry decided he was too old to accompany her on lecture tours. Local papers played up his lonely state and there were ru­ mors that he wanted a divorce.77 Carry planned a parade on February 4 through the streets of Topeka with her newly organized Hatchet Brigade which now numbered two hundred, but the parade was postponed because of a heavy snowstorm. Instead, Carry, with several of her followers, successfully smashed a restaurant. They were arrested, taken to jail, and then released.78 Recuperating rapidly from this experience, at the break of dawn the next day she readied her brigade for an attack on the Senate saloon, a popular hangout for state legislators. Followed by three women, all armed with hatchets, she rushed past the Negro

75 ibid. 7Q Kansas City Star, January 30, 1901. 77 ibid., February 17, 1901; Wichita Eagle, February 17, 1901. 18 Kansas City Star, February 3 & 4, 1901. 482 Missouri Historical Review

©he f\an

IF THE KANSAS IOINTIST SEES MRS. NS SHADOW TO-DAY. HE SHOULD HIDE OUT FOR SIX WEEKS doorkeeper. He jerked her hatchet from her and fired a shot into the ceiling, hoping to scare her. Unabashed, she seized a hatchet from one of her companions and proceeded to demolish the bar. She threw over the slot machine, smashed beer kegs and picked up the heavy iron cash register and threw it into the street. With her cohorts, she was again ushered into the city jail, but Chief Frank M. Stahl sympathized with her efforts and all were soon released on bail.79 Excitement ran high in Topeka. Chief Stahl advised joint keepers to close their doors because of the Nation raids. He said the joints were not so much in danger from attack by Carry and her followers as from public sentiment. By February 6 the joint keepers had promised to close and most had promised to move their stock of goods. At a mass meeting on Sunday, February 10, resolu­ tions were adopted declaring that every joint in Topeka must be closed by noon Friday.80 The national president of the W. C. T. U. directed the editor of the Union Signal, official W. C. T. U. publi­ cation, to say as many kind things as possible about Carry Nation.81 A survey of the committee on public safety on February 15, 1901, found Topeka practically dry, but failed to ascertain if the saloon fixtures had been moved out of town. On February 17, at the head of five hundred followers, Carry damaged Edward Mur­ phy's Unique Restaurant, bar fixtures stored in a livery stable and a warehouse. Nick Chiles, Negro politician and jointist, paid her bond.82 In jail she planned the publication, with Nick Chiles, of The Smashers Mail. The first issue appeared on the newsstands, March 7, 1901. The four-column, sixteen-page paper was filled with letters, poems and attacks on liquor dealers. Critical letters were published under the heading, "Letters from Hell." Chiles left the publication after the third issue and Carry, finding

79 Ibid., February 5, 1901; Wichita Eagle, February 6, 1901. 80 Kansas City Star, February 6, 1901; Topeka Daily Capital, February 9, 1901; Metchum, Annals of Kansas] I, 334; Frank W. Blackmar, Kansas: A Cyclo­ pedia of State History, Embracing Events, Institutions, Industries, Counties, Cities, Towns, Prominent Persons, Etc. (Chicago, 1912), II, 335. 81 Kansas City Star, February 15, 1901. 82 Ibid.; Kansas City Journal, February 15, 1901. Carry Nation Won Fame in Kansas 483

Carry and Her Followers Attacking the Senate Saloon

that she had little time to publish the paper, discontinued The Smashers Mail, December 5, 1901.83 Carry reached the peak of her smashing career with the demo­ lition of the Senate saloon. Although she engaged in later raids which followed the repetitive pattern of her earlier smashings, she found general disapproval to her proposals for violence. In her autobiography she presented a list of the times and places she had been in jail. She was jailed three times in Wichita, seven times in Topeka, and in other places ranging from San Francisco, California, to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.84 Her personal popularity was still strong and, booked for lecture engagements on lyceum and chautauqua circuits, she spoke in towrns throughout the United States and Canada. On July 5, 1901, she stopped in St. Louis with her small satchel of miniature hatchets. While attempting to sell her hatchets, she saw a man sitting on a beer keg in front of Oheim's saloon on Walnut Street. As soon as she entered the saloon, the bartender recognized her and blew his police whistle. Taken to the Four Courts police station she was told to get out of town or charges would be preferred against her. She reported that her hatchets sold for thirty-five cents each and that she received from seventy-five to one hundred dollars for her lectures. Dressed in a linen duster and carrying a palm leaf fan, she

83 Kansas City Star, February 21, March 7 & 10, 1901; Metchum, Annals of Kansas, I, 334. 84 Nation, Life of Carry A. Nation, 91. 484 Missouri Historical Review

said the duster kept her cool and that she was able to keep the smells of the saloons, which permeated the St. Louis atmosphere, away from her with the fan.85 In later years, Carry visited Yale, Harvard. Texas, Michigan and Missouri universities. Her visits were regarded as a joke by the students. At the invitation of W. B. Burruss, a university student who at the time was known as "Bottle" Bill, Carry arrived in Co­ lumbia, Missouri, on January 7, 1902. A crowd of several hundred people witnessed her arrival at the Wabash station. She was escorted to the Powers House by Dorsey Anderson, Burruss and C. M. Strong. During the afternoon Carry visited saloons and lectured at Stone's Hall in the evening. After the lecture she sold hatchet sou­ venirs to help pay for her jail fines. It was reported that Burrus and his associates spent the profits from the lecture for champagne, although Carry believed that they had planned a contribution to the W. C. T. U. In a letter to the editor, published in the Columbia Missouri Statesman, Shannon Mountjoy said her coming could be regarded as little more than a joke.86 In Muskogee, Oklahoma, five years later, Mountjoy arranged a meeting between Carry and U. S. Marshal Bud Ledbetter, famous gunman of the Southwest.87 After the Topeka raids, David sent word to her that she would have to return home or he would get a divorce. The divorce was granted on November 27, 1901. Carry received the homestead and was exonerated from charges of cruelty.88 David died on October David Nation 3, 1903.89 In 1902 Carry began to write her Kansas State Hist Soc, Topeka autobiography, published Septem­ ber 16, 1904, by F. M. Steves & Sons, Topeka.90 She had been able

85 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 6, 1901. 86 Columbia Missouri Statesman, Janu­ ary 10, 1902. She visited Austin, Texas, in the fall of 1903 and students led her to believe that many of the most staid pro­ fessors were heavy drinkers. Walter E. Long, "B Hall of Texas," Southwestern Historical Quarterly, LXII (April, 1959), 422-423. 87 Asbury, Carry Nation, 297. 88 Metchum, Annals of Kansas, I, 334. 89 Kansas City Journal, October 4, 1903. 90 Asbury, Carry Nation, 257; Met­ chum, Annals of Kansas, I, 404. Carry Nation Won Fame in Kansas 485

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SatunThe Instigator* Bi« Uqmt Traffic The The Republican Ptrf& TH« In^rmmi^ Rest& H^veiiRobbsdAiKlHttt filled tS% -i have b«A viiAftftft %%& &t*tmh UNA hu&rott we, * * "* Wkws 1 Brst HMrtrf ***« «» uw tftk- o* llie road on ft led* ' v* *$; t kww w«f* mit to «e &v my &*a- cwt "sixmstiingr while ht Wichita j*M> *»** «*•• OIIHT tw tht «*tfcer sid^ One > - ;:j* •vwilx f*riw* w war* or

Katisas State Hist. Soc, Topeka 486 Missouri Historical Review able to pay her fines, and had saved enough money to buy a home in Kansas City, Kansas, which she presented to the Associated Charities in 1903 for use of drunkard's wives and mothers. On De­ cember 29, 1918, the home was transferred to the W. C. T. U. for charitable purposes.91 On August 13, 1903, Carry's name was officially changed from "Carrie" to "Carry." She said that according to the family Bible her father had baptized her as "Carry." She interpreted her name as "Carry A. Nation for Prohibition."92 In 1905 Carry moved to Okla­ homa Territory, establishing her headquarters at Guthrie, where she published The Hatchet, a monthly journal. In this she was assisted by H. C. Turner, former editor of the Mexico, Missouri, temperance paper. In July, 1906, The Hatchet was denied mailing privileges and discontinued because Carry had published a letter to little boys in which she had warned them of the "vice of self-abuse."93 In 1907 she lived in Washington, D. C.94 The following year, with her niece, she visited Ireland, Scotland and England. She engaged in her usual crusades and added tea drinking to her list of undesirables. In Dundee, Scotland, notices were posted, "All Nations Welcome Ex­ cept Carrie."95 After her return from Europe she purchased a tract of mountain land in Arkansas which became her home for the re­ mainder of her life.96 She collapsed at a lecture in Eureka Springs, Arkansas, on January 3, 1911. Her valediction was "I have done the best I could." On June 2, 1911, she died at the Evergreen Hospital at Leavenworth, Kansas.97 The day after Carry's death an editorial in the Topeka State Journal assessed her accomplishments in this manner: She was something of a zealot, to be sure, a crank, if you will, on the use and sale of liquor and tobacco. But it is an undeniable fact that she opened the eyes of Kansas in 1901 to the truth that their prohibition law was being al­ most wholly ignored. Her joint-smashing crusade was the beginning of law enforcement in this state. Her services to

91 Topeka Capital, December 29, 1918; Kansas City Journal-Post, June 19. 1927. 92 Metchum, Annals of Kansas, I, 379. 93 Beals, Cyclone Carry, 309-312; Asburv, Carry Nation, 288-291. 94 ibid., 294. 95 Kansas City Kansan, November 12, 1961; Kansas City Star, December 25, 1908. 96 Taylor, Vessel of Wrath, 361; Beals, Cyclone Carry, 341; Asbury, Carry Nation, 303. 97 Kansas City Journal, June 13, 1911; Kansas City Star, June 10, 1911; Metchum, Ajinals of Kansas, I, 404. Carry Nation Won Fame in Kansas 487

the state, therefore, have been of no small proportions. Her services to tottering humanity were also large. She made much money on her lecture tours in this and other lands, but the greater part of it she devoted to helping unfortu­ nates on their way. . . ,98 Herbert Asbury, in his careful study of Carry Nation, said that during the early days of Carry's campaign the attention of the out­ side world was directed to Wichita and Topeka and the entire state of Kansas was seized with prohibitionary fervor as excited men and women armed themselves and smashed the joints. During the first year of her career, Carry's exploits were reported on the front pages of newspapers from Maine to California. The miniature hatchet vied with the traditional white ribbon as the symbol of prohibition. As a result of her sensational raids, public attention was directed to­ ward the evils of the saloon as never before.99 She became the spearhead of an aroused public opinion which resulted in the pass­ age of the National Prohibition Act of 1920.100 Her Medicine Lodge home, now owned by the W. C. T. U.,

98 Blackmar, Kansas, 334-335. 99 Asbury, Carry Nation, 209. 100 Dictionary of American Biography, XIII, 395. 488 Missouri Historical Review was opened, January, 1951, as a museum.101 The Women's Kansas Day Club placed a marker there in 1933.102 Her Eureka Springs home, "Hatchet Hall," is open to the public.103 The drinking foun­ tain, near Union Station, Wichita, dedicated to her memory, Sep­ tember 24, 1918, has been removed to "Cowtown," a restored village operated by Historic Wichita, Incorporated.104 Carry was buried at Belton, Missouri. On May 30, 1924, a monument at her grave was dedicated by the Carry A. Nation Monument Association of Belton. The inscription reads, "Faithful to the Cause of Prohibition 'She Hath Done What She Could.' "1G5

101 Kansas Historical Quarterly, XIX (May, 1951), 222. Her Medicine Lodge home is furnished with her hatchet, satchel in which she carried rocks, parlor organ and oil portrait. Medicine Lodge Barber County Index, October 2, 1955. On display at the Kansas State Historical Society Museum, Topeka, are hatchets, Carry's picture, one of the bar mirrors which she cracked, and a 1908 issue of The Hatchet. Ibid., October 3, 1957. 102 Kansas Historical Quarterly, III (February, 1934), 111. 103 Correspondence, Eureka Springs Chamber of Commerce, April 24, 1969. 104 Wichita Eagle and Beacon, August 19, 1962. 105 Sarah Guitar, "Monuments and Memorials in Missouri," MISSOURI HISTOR ICAL REVIEW, XIX (July, 1925), 566.

Mistaken Identity Caruthersville Twice-A-Week Democrat, February 1, 1916. A gentleman farmer tells of a city lad who once worked for him. The lad was called one winter morning before dawn and told to harness the mule to the dearborn. The lad was too lazy to light a lantern, and in the dark he didn't notice that one of the cows was in the stable with the mule. The farmer, impatient with the long delay shouted at the barn. "Billy, Billy! What are you doing?" "I can't get the collar over the mule's head," yelled back the boy. "His ears are frozen."—Collier's Weekly.

Lover's Wedding Cake Ava Douglas County Herald, November 10, 1910. Four pounds of flour of love, half a pound of buttered youth, half a pound of good looks, half a pound of sweet temper, half a pound of self-forgetfulness, half a pound of powdered wits, half an ounce of dry humor, two tablespoonfuls of sweet argument, half a pint of rippling laughter, half a wineglassful of common sense. Then put the flour of love, good looks and sweet temper into a well- furnished house. Beat the butter of youth to cream. Mix together blindness of faults, self-forgetfulness, powdered wits, dry humor into sweet argument, then add them to the above. Pour in gently rippling laughter and common sense. Work it together until all is well mixed, then bake gently forever. Thomas Hart Benton and the Oregon Question

BY WILLIAM A. HANSEN*

A view of the life and work of Thomas Hart Benton constitutes an exciting and important segment of the history of the United States. As a foremost speaker on timely and timeless issues during the thirty years of his productive tenure in the Senate he ascended to a "peak in his career as a political leader, and as an advocate,

*William A. Hansen is an associate professor of Speech at Seattle Pacific College, Seattle, Washington. He received a B.A. from Seattle Pacific College, a M.A. from the University of Washington, Seattle, and is currently a Ph.D. candidate in Rhetoric and Public Address at the University of Oregon, Eugene. 489 propagandist and rhetorician."1 The scholarly treatises gener­ ated by his life and work in­ clude general works on Benton as a speaker and statesman,2 and one on his analysis of the audiences in his speeches on monetary reform.3 But less has been said of the significance of Benton's goal in the long struggle to make Oregon a part of the republic, though both William Nisbet Chambers4 and Elbert B. Smith5 in their biog­ Thomas Hart Benton raphies of Benton give ample evidence of his tireless effort before the Senate and elsewhere on the Oregon question. Benton's early interest in Oregon, and his legislative work on behalf of the various issues involved in the establishment of a terri­ torial government, became a primary concern of his career, and in those activities his concept of leadership is clearly demonstrated. Two influences in the years prior to his election to the United States Senate clearly indicate a justification for Benton's interest in westward expansion and Oregon. One was his acquaintance with the explorers, trappers and fur traders for whom St. Louis was the gateway to extensive operations in the West, and the other was his research and writing as editor of the St. Louis Enquirer, August, 1818, to September, 1820. From his acquaintances he caught a vis­ ion of the economic potential of the new territory. To Benton these early entrepreneurs were "agents of the national destiny, pushing the continent's borders in the direction of Asia,"6 they were men whose problems were more national than personal, and their rivalry with the Hudson's Bay Company was symbolic of the immanence of

i William Nisbet Chambers, Old Bullion Benton (Boston, 1956), 171. 2 Charles F. Hunter, "Thomas Hart Benton: An Evaluation," Quarterly Journal of Speech, XXX (October, 1944) , 279; see also Norman W. Mattis, "Thomas Hart Benton," in W. Norwood Brigance, ed., A History and Criticism of American Public Address (New York, 1943) , 9-i. 3 Thomas R. Lewis, "Thomas Hart Benton's Analysis of His Audience," Quarterly Journal of Speech, XXXV (December, 1949), 441. 4 Chambers, Old Bullion Benton. 5 Elbert B. Smith, Magnificent Missourian (Philadelphia, 1958) . GIbid., 67. Thomas Hart Benton and the Oregon Question 491 a larger struggle over the control of the territories beyond the Rockies. As a consequence, as editor, Benton began a serious study of the Oregon question. Apparently his interest originated in the works of Thomas Jefferson, which Benton read carefully, particularly his plans for commercial communication with the Pacific Northwest, and the establishment of a so-called "North American Road to India." Writ­ ing in later years, after the Oregon question was settled, Benton remarked, "That man [Jefferson] of large and useful ideas—that statesman who could conceive measures useful to all mankind, and in all time to come—was the first to propose that commercial com­ munication, and may also be considered the first discoverer of the Columbia River."7 Benton further was impressed by the journey of John Ledyard, who, sponsored by Jefferson, attempted to trace an American road to India by way of Siberia, the Bering Strait, the Columbia and the Mississippi rivers, from September, 1786, to February, 1788, al­ though the attempt had failed when Ledyard was forced to leave Russia for alleged spy activity.8 Benton knew that while President, Jefferson had projected the expedition of Lewis and Clark with a commercial objective to make the expedition legitimate. Benton's later remarks confirm the foregoing, ". . . all that I myself have either said or written on that subject from the year 1819, when I first took it up, down to the present day when I still contend for it, is nothing but the fruit of the seed planted in my mind by the philosophic hand of Mr. Jefferson."9 Through the Enquirer it is possible to trace the development of Benton's concern to make the Oregon country a part of the ter­ ritory of the United States. In the autumn of 1818 Benton wrote and published articles concerning the treaty of Joint Occupation of Oregon.10 He held that an extension of the treaty over an addi­ tional ten years would secure a claim for the British to a portion of the territory, whereas no claim existed. He feared that unless active interest was taken by the American people in the Columbia region, the whole might forever be lost to England. At the end of the ten years the claim would amount to actual possession; the British would become sole possessors of "our river, our harbor, and our

7 Thomas Hart Benton, Thirty Years' View (New York, 1856) , I, 14. 8 Ibid. 9 Ibid. 10 Ibid., 109. 492 Missouri Historical Review country. . . Z'11 Quick to see the need for a better knowledge of Oregon, he gazed far enough into the future to see its desirability. In succeeding articles he encouraged his fellow Americans to discover ways to settle in the Oregon country. He called upon the national government to stimulate and protect the fur trade there, and to encourage emigration. He described the climate as temperate, the soil as "rich and highly susceptible to cultivation,"12 and further claimed that the region would sustain a rich economy of "furs and bread,"13 and that commercial trade with Asia could be directed along the Lewis and Clark route, up the Missouri, down the Co­ lumbia, and on to Japan, China, India and the Pacific islands.14 He took the position that these enterprises would "sap at its foundation the solid pillar of British wealth and power, and give the Republic her day of pre-eminence among the nations of the earth."15 He continued to write in the general view of expansion, not always limiting himself to Oregon, during the months just prior to his election to the Senate. Benton could not have been accurate in every detail in his descriptions of the Oregon territory, since he relied upon the re­ ports of explorers rather than upon his own observation. He spoke of a deficiency of timber, for example, and of the disagreeable pre­ dominance of fog and drizzling rain.16 But his articles on Septem­ ber 25, 1819, and again on November 17, 1819, on the subject of the future of Western America are almost phenomenal, so accurate are the majority of his prophecies.'7 He foresaw a revival, on the banks of the Columbia, of the great trading centers of ancient times through expanded commerce and trade.18 Doubtless his writing tended to awaken the people of his time to the commercial value of Oregon, but even more obviously it prepared Benton for the congressional struggle over the question in the years to come. Benton's election to the Senate in 1820 enabled him to partici­ pate actively on behalf of Oregon, and it made it possible for him to begin a tenure that lasted through all the stormy debates and sessions on the subject of Oregon. Whereas in the past he had

a Ibid., 110. 12 St. Louis Enquirer, November 17, 1819. 13 Ibid., September 25, 1819, i±Ibid., November 17, 1819. 15 Chambers, Old Bullion Benton, 84. i§ St. Louis Enquirer, November 17, 1819. 17 Congressional Globe, 29th Cong., 1st Sess., 920. 18 st. Louis Enquirer, November 17, 1819. influenced others to act on be­ half of the West, he could now use his initiative to work out plans of his own. His first official remarks on Oregon were made in the session of 1820 in reference to a bill to "authorize the occupation of the Columbia River and to regulate trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes therein." Of this bill Benton later observed that while the members treated it with parliamentary courtesy out of respect to the select commit- Lewis F. Linn tee, most senators did not con­ sider it seriously. In his Thirty Years' View, he described a reaction to the event that was to characterize his attitude from then on, ". . . the first blow was struck: public attention was awakened, and the geographical, historical, and statistical facts set forth in the re­ port, made a lodgement in the public mind which promised eventual favorable consideration."19 From this session of 1820 through to the session of 1843 the Oregon question was introduced many times. Benton spoke out often on the economic, agricultural and military worth of Oregon in refutation of those who were less well informed than he on the subject. His early assessment of Oregon's value was confirmed by the reports of the early settlers, and, between 1829 and 1837, "the people as well as Congress had become comparatively well-informed, . . . nearly every person known to have returned from that quarter having been put on the witness stand."20 The route to Oregon, long thought to be the efficient barrier to emigration, was found more than passable by the expedition of John C. Fremont, who was sent into the Oregon territory largely through Benton's design. Fremont reported that "the country for several hundred miles from the frontier of Missouri, is exceedingly beautiful and fertile; alternate woodland and prairie, and certain portions well supplied with water."21

19 Benton, Thirty Years' View, I, 13. 20 Hubert Howe Bancroft, "History of Oregon," in Works (San Francisco, 1886), XXIX, 369. 21 Benton, Thirty Years' View, II, 479. In 1833, upon the death of Alex­ ander Buckner of Missouri, Lewis Linn was appointed to the Senate where he became a strong ally of Benton. It was only natural that the two Senators would join and aug­ ment Benton's prior efforts on be­ half of the Oregon question.22 Dur­ ing the period of Lewis Linn's efforts, from 1833 until his untimely death in 1843, Benton acted only behind the scenes. But during the discussion in the Senate on Linn's measure to establish federal pro­ tection over the Northwest Terri­ James K. Polk tory, from 1838 to 1843, he spoke out on the right of the Union to possession, and in 1844 he reacted in exasperation over the protests of a lack of knowledge concerning the Oregon Territory on the part of his colleagues.23 But it was a combination of the heated boundary dispute with Britain, and the intrusion of that issue into the presi­ dential campaign of James K. Polk that Benton emerged as the strong advocate for Oregon. As a congressional leader he demon­ strated those qualities of judgment, moral courage, honesty of pur­ pose, disinterestedness of motive and devoted patriotism.24 The watchword of the western people during the last days of President John Tyler's administration was "54-40 or fight," and the sentiment became the election cry of the Polk forces in the contest of 1844. Such an official designation of the northern boundary of Oregon not only placed Polk in the unenviable position of settling the international problem amicably, but also forced him to soften the public sentiment for "all of Oregon or none" his campaign had built up. In no place was the feeling stronger than in Missouri,25 but Benton, having consistently held that 54-40 was wholly un­ founded,26 suggested to Polk that he, Benton, would effect Senate acceptance of a proffered forty-ninth parallel settlement from

22 Chambers, Old Bullion Benton, 197, 270. 23 Congressional Globe, 28th Cong., 1st Sess., 196. 24 Mattis, "Thomas Hart Benton," 57. 25 Clarence Henry McClure, "Opposition In Missouri to Thomas Hart Ben­ ton," George Peabody College For Teachers Contributions To Education (Nash­ ville, Tenn., 1927), XXXVII, 110, 117. 26 Chambers, Old Bullion Benton, 294, 295. Thomas Hart Benton and the Oregon Question 495

Britain.27 Benton was certain that he could break the dilemma, but Polk was uneasy: The advice of the senate would be his [Polk's] suf­ ficient shield: but could it be obtained? The chances seemed against it. It was an uphill business, requiring a vote of two-thirds: it was a novelty, not practised since the time of Washington: it was a submission to the Whigs, with the risk of defeat; for unless they stood by the President against the dominant division of his own friends, the advice desired would not be given; and the embarrassment of the administration would be greater than ever.28 Benton took the view that a settlement at the forty-ninth paral­ lel had historical foundation, that it was a logical division of the continent, that it fell short of Britain's previous demands, that land acquisition by British subjects would be terminated, and that, as a result, the treaty as a whole was favorable to the United States.29 The debate lasted from June 10 to June 18, 1846, when the treaty was ratified. The statemanship of Benton was conspicious through­ out the entire affair. As historian Clarence Henry McClure sug­ gests, "Armed with a knowledge of the subject that was the ac­ cumulation of a lifetime of active interest, [Benton] became at once the teacher of Polk, the adviser of [James] Buchanan, and the leader of a compromise group in the fierce debate. . . "30 However valuable his efforts were for the nation, however courageous his actions, Benton was to suffer personally for his stand on the boundary in the eyes of the western proponents of 54-40, arid in political security in the eyes of his fellow Democrats and his constituents in Missouri. Unquestionably Benton's action directly opposed the frequently expressed wishes of the party leaders and the Democratic press in Missouri, and had something to do with the decision of these same petty politicians to make their great fight against his reelection in 1849.31 Even the administration to whom he had rendered such invaluable aid, across party lines, finally turned its publicity against him to further escape responsibility for the treaty it had been eager to effect but afraid to espouse.32 Further evidence of Benton's willingness to put national destiny above private concerns may be found in the final period of debate

27 Benton, Thirty Years' View, 675. 28 Ibid., 674. 29 McClure, "Opposition in Missouri," 112. 30 Ibid. 31 Ibid. 32 ibid. 496 Missouri Historical Review

Benton, Thirty Years' View, II U. S. Senate in Session on a bill to establish a territorial government in Oregon, from May 31 to August 14, 1848, when the territorial government was es­ tablished. An amendment touching upon provisions in the Ordi­ nance of 1787 was opposed by some members on the ground that it would raise needless discussion and retard passage of the bill.33 It further was opposed by John C. Calhoun and the other southern senators "from a sense of danger to their sacred institution from extending the principles of the Ordinance ... to the territory ac­ quired since the passage of that Ordinance."34 Benton proclaimed at length his frustration at the dilatory intrusion of the slavery issue into the deliberation in these words: We can see nothing, touch nothing, have no measures proposed, without having this pestilence thrust before us. Here it is, this black question, forever on the table, on the nuptial couch, everywhere. . . . Whatever opinions may be entertained upon the subject of slavery, let us agree on this point, that we will give law and government to the people

33 Bancroft, "Historv of Oregon," 762. 34 ibid., 768, 769. Thomas Hart Benton and the Oregon Question 497

of Oregon. ... As to the slave question, I am ready to meet it to the fullest extent at the proper time.35 He expressed his sentiments fully on the vexatious problem of slavery, and little was heard from him on the matter until August 12, when he moved that the Senate recede from a further amendment to extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean.36 Though he had previously voted in favor of the amendment, he would not let the bill sink down by the weight of extraneous mat­ ter. Besides, said he, "Florida had been permitted to come into the Union notwithstanding the slavery question."37 The timing of Benton's motion was opportune; the end of the 30th Congress was hours away. Oregon desperately needed passage of the bill. His action was a catalyst to long-expected action. In the evening session of the same day the bill was passed as it was re­ ceived from the House, without amendment from the Senate.38 But the slavery issue was to continue in Senate proceedings, and Benton, whose sentiments stood categorically against the in­ stitution, was to further alienate himself as a senator from a slave state. How much his position in the debate on the Oregon bill hurt Benton's popularity in Missouri would be difficult to assess, for there were other reasons, notably his actions on the Oregon boundary issue, that contributed to his downfall;39 but it gave his enemies further opportunity to strengthen the conspiracy against him in the election a little more than two years later. From 1818 onward Benton worked diligently and often self- lessly on behalf of Oregon. The claim cannot be made that he solved the boundary dispute and stopped the dilatory effect of the slavery issue single-handedly, for other worthy men contributed much, but for more than thirty years he was Oregon's most con­ stant and perhaps her most courageous champion.

35 Appendix, Congressional Globe, 30th Cong., 1st Sess., 686. 36 Congressional Globe, 30th Cong., 1st Sess., 1074. 37 ibid. a* Ibid., 1078. 39 McClure, "Opposition in Missouri," 114-121.

He Fought for a Lost Cause Jefferson City State Times, March 9, 1888. A young man thinks he comprehends what an empty honor is. He fought thirteen rounds with a rival to see which should go home with a girl and came off victor only after having his beauty impaired. Then he discovered that another fellow had meanwhile gone off with the prize. 498 Missouri Historical Review

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EDITORIAL POLICY

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is always inter­ ested in articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Articles pertaining to surrounding states and other sections are considered for publication when they involve events or personalities having a significant bearing on the history of Missouri or the West. Any aspect of Missouri history is considered suitable for publication in the REVIEW. Genealogical studies are not accepted because of limited general reader interest. In submitting articles for the REVIEW, the authors should examine back issues for the proper form in foot­ noting. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used in research, interpretation and the style in which it was written, are criteria for acceptance for publication. The original and a carbon copy of the article should be submitted. It is suggested that the author retain a carbon of the article. The copy should be double-spaced and the footnotes typed consecutively on separate pages at the end of the article. The maximum length for an article is 7,500 words. All articles accepted for publication in the REVIEW become the property of the State Historical Society and may not be published elsewhere without permission. Only in special circumstances will an article previously published in another magazine or journal, be accepted for the REVIEW. Because of the backlog of accepted articles, publica­ tion may be delayed for a period of time. Articles submitted for the REVIEW should be ad­ dressed to:

Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Editor MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW The State Historical Society of Missouri Corner Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201

^= HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Dedication Ceremony Held For Winston Churchill Memorial and Library

On May 7, the Winston Churchill in this time of crisis. The church was Memorial and Library were dedicated given to the people of the United on the campus of Westminster College, States bv the Dioceses of London to Fulton. The memorial commemorated commemorate Churchill as the first Churchill's prophetic "Sinews of Peace" Honorary Citizen of the United States speech which identified a new period since Lafayette. It was shipped to the in international politics. United States and rebuilt stone by During his first term as President stone with Frederick C. Sternberg and of the United States, Harry S. Truman Marshall Sisson serving as architects. was instrumental in bringing Churchill The special dedication ceremony in­ to Fulton. Dr. Franc McCluer, then cluded a morning parade and a lunch­ president of Westminster College, sug­ eon for honored guests in Robertson gested the visit in conjunction with Dining Hall. A procession then fol­ the annual John Findley Green Lec­ lowed from the dining hall to St. Mary ture Series. On March 5, 1946, in the Aldermanbury for the rehal lowing gymnasium at the college, Churchill service. A Book of Common Prayer, said: "From Stettin in the Baltic to used by the Church of England, was Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain sent by Queen Elizabeth of England, has descended across the continent." to Westminster College President Dr. The speech became known as the Robert L. D. Davidson for this service. famous "Iron Curtain Speech." Britain's Admiral of the Fleet The At the center of the Churchill Me­ Earl Mountbatten of Burma was the morial is St. Mary Aldermanbury, a principal speaker at the dedication of church rebuilt in London, by Christo­ the Memorial. The Earl Mountbatten pher Wren, following the Great Fire of was a close friend of Churchill's, serv­ 1666. The church again burned dur­ ing as a liaison between President ing the World War II Battle of Britain Roosevelt and Churchill on invasion in 1941, but its walls and supporting plans during World War II. He was columns stood, symbolic of the courage, made commander of combined opera­ endurance and leadership with which tions in 1942. Averell Harriman, for­ Churchill rallied the English people mer President Johnson's personal rep-

499 500 Missouri Historical Review

resentative at the Paris peace talks, A special ceremony at Westminster also spoke. Numerous other dignitaries Gymnasium, May 8, dedicated the attended the ceremonies including building where Churchill delivered his General Harry Vaughn; Mrs. Christo­ famous speech. The gymnasium had pher Soames, daughter of the late Sir been designated as a National Historic Winston Churchill, and her son, Nich­ Landmark by the U. S. Department of olas Soames; General Mark Clark; the Interior. Dr. Leslie Glasgow, as­ British Ambassador John Freeman; sistant secretary of the U. S. Depart­ Angier Biddle Duke; and Governor ment of Interior, for Fish and Wild­ Warren E. Hearnes. life, Parks and Marine Resources, was Numerous events at the college were the featured speaker. planned to coincide with Westminster's Culminating the dedication of the Churchill Week. On May 4, music 300-year-old church was a premiere from the 13th and 17th centuries were recital on the 18th-century-style Eng­ provided by the Early Music Society lish organ and tower bells on May 11. of St. Louis under the direction of Guest organist for the dedicatory re­ James Miller. The following day Pro­ cital was Dr. Paul S. Callaway, organist fessor Douglas Bush of Harvard Uni­ and choirmaster of Washington Na­ versity gave a Miltonian lecture at tional Cathedral, Washington, D. C. Winston Churchill Memorial. On May Callaway is an alumnus of Westminster 6. Dr. Charles F. Mullett, of the Uni­ College and the recipient of an hon­ versity of Missouri, Columbia, deliv­ orary doctor of music degree from the ered a lecture on Wren. college in 1957. Historical Notes and Comments 501

Moberly Monitor-Index Observes Centennial

The Moberly Monitor-Index was paper until it was sold in 1901 to founded in 1869 as the Moberly Mon­ Rolla R. Rothwell. After a succession itor. The editor of The People's Trib­ of later owners and editors, James une, Jefferson City, noted that he had Todd and W. G. Van Cleve, publishers received the first issue of the Moberly of the Maryville Daily Democrat - Monitor on June 23, 1869. The Mon­ Forum, purchased the Monitor in 1919 itor was a seven-column weekly Demo­ and consolidated it with the Moberly cratic paper, edited at first by Index, established in 1916 by A. I,. Lafayette Brown. In 1874 it was con­ Preston. The Moberly Monitor-Index was first issued on July 3, 1919. The solidated with the Moberly Daily En­ Moberly Evening Democrat was sold to terprise, established in 1870. James B. the Moberly Monitor-Index in 1925 Thompson, editor of the Moberly and the name of the paper included Daily Enterprise-Monitor, sold his bus­ on the second line of the masthead. A iness in 1876 to George B. Kelly, Rob­ few months before Van Cleve's death ert Freeman and Charlton E. Beatty. on May 3, 1929, Todd, who had re­ The name of the paper was changed mained in Maryville to publish the to the Moberly Daily Monitor on Jan­ Democrat-Forum, came to Moberly to uary 8, 1878. The Monitor was sold at publish the Monitor-Index. He has auction in 1883 and purchased by G. continued as editor and publisher to B. Kelly. Kelly continued with the the present.

Reassurance from a Riot Kansas City Star, October 28, 1964. The only good thing about a prison riot is that is reassures those of us on the outside that things aren't any better in there either.

Basket Balloon Trips Were Required Ava Douglas County Herald, March 24, 1910. The Aero club of William Jewell [college] elected officers. The club dec­ orated the courthouse and college buildings with aero pennants and the chapel with posters from the Aero club of Pennsylvania University. The club of Wil­ liam Jewell has a gliding machine ordered, also working models of airships. The club has twelve members and is limited to fourteen. The requirements for membership are that the candidate shall have made one or more trips in a basket balloon. They will send delegates to the North American aeronautic meet, to be held in Philadelphia April 1 and 2. H. H. Williams, who has made sev­ eral long distance flights in basket balloons, was elected chief engineer.

Male Chefs Not Valued Hartsburg Truth, June 6, 1913. Any woman will tell you that it is an awful strain to have a husband who thinks he can cook. Chamois High School, 1902

VIEWS FROM THE PAST

Robison School, Shelby County, 1905

Missouri Geography Class Scene R. E. Lee School, Columbia, early 1900s

MISSOURI SCHOOLS

Recess at Sawyer School, Cape Girardeau County, 1902

Baseball at School in Verona Verona, Mo., 1868-1968

McGuire Seminary, Boonville 504 Missouri Historical Review

NEWS IN BRIEF James W. Goodrich, associate editor the American Association of Rail­ of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, roaders. spoke informally on the relationship between the historian and the editor The new West Central Missouri Gen­ to a group of University of Missouri, ealogical Society completed its organ­ Columbia, history graduate students, izational work in February and elected March 4, in the Society's Bay Room. A the following officers: Mrs. Robert question and answer period followed. Williams, president; Mrs. Chet Cas- singham, vice president and program A south St. Louis neighborhood in chairman: and Mrs. Willina S. Brown, the Soulard Market area is in the first treasurer, all of Warrensburg; and Mrs. stages of rehabilitation by a group of Dennis Grannemann, secretary, Hig- St. Louisans, known as the Soulard As­ ginsville. Meetings are currently held sociates, Inc. The organization was in­ on the fourth Monday evening in the corporated in September, 1968, along Johnson County Courthouse, Warrens­ with a companion firm, Soulard Con­ burg. Recent programs emphasized the struction Company. William C. Honey use and availability of probate and is chairman and treasurer of the as­ census records. A workshop, April 19, sociation. included programs on early church Some 1,000 homes are in the area. records, early newspapers and "How to Many of these are four-family flats and Search a Cemetery for Deceased An­ are nearly 100 years old. The associa­ cestors." tion has purchased about 300 houses scattered throughout the area. By re­ Talks on the history of Carondelet habilitating its houses, the association and of Jefferson Barracks were given hopes to set examples of what can be at the St. Louis Visitors Center in the done by other building owners. Some Old Post Office Building on the morn­ of the organization's homes will later ing of March 3. Speakers were Richard be sold

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Taking a Cemetery Census

Many local historical societies have time schedule. The committee should expressed interest in cemetery census determine the kinds of information projects. Some groups are currently needed in the census. Most tombstones working on such a program and others, reveal the full name of the deceased, like the Platte County Historical So­ date of birth and date of death or age ciety, Shelby County Historical Society at death. Forms designating specific and the Mercer County Historical So­ information may be prepared for the ciety have completed this work and survey workers, or the committee may compiled their findings. Such a project specify the use of loose-leaf notebook requires time, cooperation and good paper or 3 x 5 cards. A workshop for organization. instruction, assignments and distribu­ Before starting a cemetery census, tion of supplies will be valuable. society members should discuss the Experienced survey workers report benefits and consider the work in­ that it is best to visit cemeteries in volved. If members vote to make such the early spring before the bugs and a census, a county cemetery chairman snakes are out, or in the late fall or and committee may then be appointed. early winter after vegetation is gone. It might be well to select a committee­ If the cemetery is located on a farm, man from each township of the county it is wise to ask permission to visit to be in charge of the work in his the area, to inquire if there is any township. danger from cattle or dogs and to get A large county map may be ob­ directions for the best way to reach tained for a few cents from the Mis­ the site. souri State Highway Department, Jef­ Workers require a variety of tools. ferson City, or from the University of Necessities include a supply of sharp­ Missouri Extension Office. These maps ened pencils or ball point pens that show the locations of present-day cem­ do not smear, a clipboard and paper or eteries and old atlases may reveal cards. Other items are most helpful— others, long forgotten. A story about a pair of galoshes, chemicals to keep the project and a map showing cem­ away chiggers and bugs, and water or etery locations should be published in lemonade for refreshments. Hedge the local newspaper, to encourage resi­ clippers and gloves are often required dents to report the locations of other when working in old neglected ceme­ family gravesites. All known cemeteries teries. A box of white chalk is handy should be marked on the map. The for marking hard-to-read lettering and Morgan County Historical Society dates on old tombstones. A fine steel marks a green circle around each site, brush will remove dirt or moss from and places a red dot in the center old grave markers, or a solution of when the work is completed on that vinegar and salt mixture scrubbed on cemetery. with a stiff brush will make the let­ It will be necessary for the commit­ tering more readable. This solution tee to hold a number of meetings to will do no harm if rinsed off with study the project, organize the work, water. select groups or teams for specific Workers should begin in one coiner cemetery assignments and establish a of the cemetery and copy each stone's Historical Notes and Comments 507 inscription, row after row, until com­ the local historical society. Typists can pleted. Workers often mark stones with cut the stencils, and other members chalk as they are copied to be sure can gather the pages and put them that none are missed. Broken stones into book form. A heavy poster paper, that are not readable and metal funer­ cut in the desired size for book covers, al markers should be noted according­ may be obtained from a printer. The ly. It is best for two people to work book is then nailed or stapled together together, one reading from the stone and the spine covered with majestic and one copying the information. After tape. A printer can trim the book an area has been recorded, workers edges if necessary. should switch positions and recheck Offset printing is relatively inex­ the work to guard against errors. Two pensive when a large quantity is de­ people working one day should be sired. The cost for a thousand copies able to complete a small cemetery; a may not be too much greater than a city cemetery will require several days' hundred copies. It is difficult to de­ work and the services of a large group termine how many will be sold, but a of surveyors. pre-publication sale would help guar­ The compilation of cemetery census antee the cost. Good publicity may may be handled in a number of ways. bring a surprising response. The Platte The Knox County Historical Society County Historical Society sold over 200 assembled a loose-leaf notebook for copies of its first volume of cemetery the cemeteries in each township. After records. Many of these went to libraries all the information was compiled, 3 throughout the country. If a good x 5 cards were typed and filed in supply of reserve copies is printed, the alphabetical order. Provisions should charge for the first ones sold should be made for compiling record cards for be enough to cover the cost of extra persons who die after completion of copies. As they sell through the years, the money received will be a profit to the cemetery project. This information the society. can be obtained from obituaries in the local newspapers. Census cards, filed When cemetery census information is in the society's headquarters, the coun­ compiled in book form, the inscrip­ ty courthouse or the public library, tions for each cemetery may be listed in may follow this form: the order that the graves appeared Doe, John Henry 7-9-1895 1-22-1967 to the surveyor, or the inscriptions for each cemetery may be arranged in Name Born Died alphabetical order. An index should Buried: Oak Park Cemetery be included in the book listing al­ Parents: John A. and Mary Smith Doe phabetically all names appearing in Married: Never that volume. This index is relatively Children: None easy to assemble with the use of typed Sisters & Brothers: James—George cards. Those who record information on notebook paper find it convenient Publication of a cemetery census to index by cutting apart the names, should be given careful consideration. sorting and gluing them on regular Any compilation should be recorded sheets of paper. An example for Oak on a good quality of high-rag content Park Cemetery might read: paper that does not show age or de­ terioration. Doe, John A. 5-4-1870 4-2-1910 A limited number of mimeographed w. Mary Smith 10-3-1875 6-7-1930 copies can be made by members of John Henry 7-9-1895 1-22-1967 508 Missouri Historical Review

These names will be indexed along vation of local history, a goal for which with other Does as: almost all societies are striving. Doe, Page [Editor's note. This article could not Albert 6 have been written without the kind as­ George 10 sistance of a number of individuals and John A. 30 local historical society officers who John Henry 30 supplied valuable information.] Mary Smith 30 Thomas 6 Atchison County Historical Society Some 60 members attended the Feb­ or simply: Doe, 6, 10, 30 ruary 7 annual meeting at Betty's Hill­ top Cafe near Rock Port. Clay Ken­ WThenevcr a maiden name is used, nedy, Brownville, Nebraska, presented like Mary Smith Doe, it should appear an illustrated address on the history in the index under both Doe and and activities of the Brownville His­ Smith. torical Society. A member of that So­ A title page for each cemetery may ciety's board of directors, Mr. Kennedy include the name of the cemetery, its told how the town had been restored location, legal description, responsible to a busy tourist attraction in some owners and persons in charge, the twelve years. names of the cemetery surveyors and Officers for the coming year are the date surveyed. The survey date is Harry Broermann, president; Mrs. Lee particularly important so that research­ Troxel, first vice president; Everett ers will know the time period covered Deardorf, second vice president; Rich­ in the book. ard Altman, secretary; and Mrs. Eliza­ Some surveyors feel it is a good idea beth Taylor, treasurer. to include a biographical insert for certain individuals when it is avail­ Athens Park able. The source for the information, Development Association author, title of the book, volume and Members are making plans for the page number should be noted. This, of annual observance of the Civil WTar course, requires more time but the Battle of Athens, August 9-10. A fea­ book would be more valuable histori­ tured speaker on Sunday afternoon cally should the society decide to have will be Ben F. Dixon, archivist from copies published for sale. San Diego, California. Societies that have completed this Audrain County Historical Society project attest to the value of it, noting Featured exhibits at the Society Mu­ that it is not easy work but very worth­ seum include a display on Audrain while. Without cemetery records, in­ County government with photos of formation on many early area residents courthouses, early abstracts and other might be lost forever. Since official documents; a collection of photographs state birth and death records were of county school houses and class pic­ not kept prior to 1910, cemetery in­ tures; four mannequins dressed in scriptions are the only source of birth wedding gowns of 1880, 1904, 1906 and and death dates in many cases. WThen 1923; and a World War I exhibit. bona fide registration was not made, most agencies accept tombstone in­ Barry County Historical Society scriptions as documentary evidence. A Some 43 members and guests attend­ cemetery census project is, therefore, ed the April 13 meeting at the home a valuable contribution to the preser­ of Mr. and Mrs. Loren Roden. Carl Historical Notes and Comments 509

Kirchner, Carthage, related the work presented an illustrated talk on the in Jasper and McDonald counties on "Restoration of a George Caleb Bing­ historic sites and other important pro­ ham Painting." Members also viewed a grams. Members toured the Roden conservation film, "Time to Begin," home and viewed a large collection of and heard oral history reports on two antiques gathered from several states. Glasgow homes. Door prizes of annual subscriptions to the MISSOURI HISTORI­ Benton County Historical Society CAL REVIEW were awarded to Mrs. Fleet Some 30 persons met February 13 at Scotten, Fayette, and Mrs. Lee Norbury, the Benton County Enterprise news­ New Franklin. paper office at Warsaw to approve a constitution for the newly formed so­ Butler County Historical Society ciety. Mrs. Ethel D. Riddle, probate A program on early industrial de­ clerk, presented a program on "Old velopment in Poplar Bluff and Butler Wills." New officers elected at this County featured histories by five Pop­ meeting wrere Edwin F. Brady, presi­ lar Bluff residents at the April 17 dent; Mahlon K. White, vice president; meeting in the Karen West Community Mrs. Ida Grace Campbell, secretary; Center, Poplar Bluff. Mrs. J. O. Adams and Robert S. Drake, Jr., treasurer. reported on the Garrett and Grayson At the March 20 meeting, James Lumber Company and related the his­ Atteberry, Osceola, showed slides and tory of Ball's Mill, which she illustrat­ spoke on the history of the Osage River ed with old photographs. Mrs. Estell basin from the time of the Indians to Birdsong gave an account of the L. B. the present. Some 38 persons attended Walker plant where millwork was the meeting. manufactured. The story of the Dalton Roy Freund, former superintendent Adding Machine Company was related of schools at Warsaw, presented a pro­ by Mrs. Ralph Sanner. Mrs. Norman Gamblin presented an account of gram on old county schools and school Schweitzer Wood Rod Mill and Paul C. houses at the April 10 meeting. Mem­ Hay, Jr., told of the late Bruce Hays, bers displayed old photographs of area who introduced a number of business schools. enterprises in the area. Earlj? in April the new society had 44 members. Carroll County Historical Society Boone County Historical Society Newly elected officers of the So­ The Society held its annual dinner ciety are Katie Marie Adkins, Carroll­ meeting, April 9, at the Columbia ton, president; Mrs. Bert Stewart, Tina, Country Club. Sidney Larson, director first vice president; Mrs. T. J. Clark, of the Christian College Art Depart­ Carrollton, second vice president; Mrs. ment and art curator of the State Clarence Avery, Hale, secretary; and Historical Society, gave an illustrated Miss Iza Utley, Carrollton, treasurer. talk on the restoration of a George Caleb Bingham portrait. Chariton County Historical Society At the April 20 meeting in Dulany Boonslick Historical Society Library, Salisbury, members discussed At the April 16 meeting in Camp- plans for the opening of the Society fire Inn, near Rocheport, Sidney Lar­ Museum, May 1. A work-day was son, director of the Art Department at scheduled to clean, rearrange the ex­ Christian College, Columbia, and art hibits and replenish the articles for sale curator of the State Historical Society, in the museum market. 510 Missouri Historical Review

Civil War Round Table Civil War Round Table Of Kansas City Of St. Louis At the February 25 meeting in Bel- On February 25 Glenn Tucker of lerive Hotel, the Round Table honored Fairview, North Carolina, the recent Glenn Tucker, Fairview, North Caro­ recipient of the Harry S Truman lina, with the presentation of the Harry Award for Meritorious Service in the S Truman Award for Meritorious Field of Civil War History, spoke to Service in the Field of Civil War His­ the St. Louis Round Table on "Lee tory. Mr. Tucker is a prolific writer and Longstreet at Gettysburg." The on Civil War history. Some of his meeting was held at Le Chateau, well-known works are High Tide at Frontenac. Gettysburg, Lee and Longstreet at Get­ A paper on "John Bell Hood and tysburg and Tecumseh—Vision of the Texas Brigade" was presented at Glory. He addressed the Round Table the March 26 meeting by Colonel on "Lee and Longstreet at Gettysburg." Harold B. Simpson, U.S.A.F. (Ret.) , Officers for 1969 are Earl C. Padgett, Hillsboro, Texas. Colonel Simpson is president; Arthur K. Beyer, first vice director of the Confederate Research president; Jay Gunnels, second vice Center and Gun Museum of Hill president; W. C. Jennens, secretary- Junior College. treasurer; Dr. Bert Maybee, program At the April 23 meeting, Dr. Leslie chairman; and L. E. Seymour, hospi­ Anders, professor of History at Central tality chairman. Missouri State College, Warrensburg, Joseph P. Cullen, Fredericksburg, spoke to the Round Table on "Madi­ Virginia, spoke on the "Battle of Fred­ son Miller, Carondelet Colonel." The ericksburg,*' at the March 25 meeting. talk dealt with the career of Madison Mr. Cullen is Public Affairs Officer Miller who commanded the 18th Mis­ for the Southeast Regional Office of souri Infantry during 1862-1864. Dr. National Park Service in Richmond, Anders is the author of the recently Virginia. published book, The Eighteenth Mis­ souri. John Pemberton, III, of New York City, spoke at the April 22 meeting On May 1-4, several members of the on "The Defense of Vicksburg." Mr. Round Table joined with the Chicago Pemberton is the grandson of the Civil War Round Table on their field famed defender during the siege of trip to Shiloh and other Tennessee Vicksburg in the Civil War. and North Mississippi Civil War scenes. Clay County Museum Association Civil War Round Table A program on "Education in the Of the Ozarks Watkins Mill Area" was given by Lee Round Table member Jack Randall Oberholtz at the February 27 meet­ spoke on "Lee and Grant: An Evalua­ ing in the Clay County Historical tion," at the March 12 dinner meeting. Museum, Liberty. Mr. Oberholtz, a Before retirement Mr. Randall worked trustee and secretary of the Watkins in the field of counseling and guidance Mill Association, has done a great in education. amount of research on the mill, its A paper on "General Daniel Edgar founder and the area. Sickles" was presented by Edward At the March 27 meeting, Mrs. Ed­ Corrigan at the April 9 meeting. Mr. ward Dillon, Sr., spoke on "Early Day Corrigan is a charter and honorary Activities at the Compton Farm." She member of the Round Table. related events in the early 1900s such Historical Notes and Comments 511 as making apple butter, hog killing, Recent projects of the Society have cutting and storing ice, making maple included the compilation of data on syrup and sugar and preparations for past mayors of Cuba and a listing of the weaving of rag carpets. Probate old cemeteries in the area. Plans have Judge Rollie Baldwin presented to the been made for the restoration of the Association, a brief history and a Lucy Thompson School, a conscrip photograph of the county's first pro­ tion school, built in Cuba in 1866. bate judge, Colonel Henry Routt. Dade County Historical Society Cole County Historical Society At the April 15 meeting in the Some 1,400 persons attended the an­ courthouse, Greenfield, members dis­ nual Aunt Jemima Pancake Day, cussed two fund raising projects for March 25, at Adcock's Restaurant and the benefit of Hulston Mill Historical Brass Rail, Jefferson City. Proceeds Park. One was the publication of a are used to maintain the Society. A book of old-time recipes; the other ticket to the breakfast also entitled the was a barbecue on the Greenfield town purchaser to a tour of the Society's square, July 5, with a concert by the museum. Mrs. John H. Hendren was local high school band. chairman of arrangements. The Society, with other interested DeKalb County Historical Society persons and groups, has been working The Society was formally organized to prevent demolition of Lohman's at a meeting, April 20, in the DeKalb Landing Building in Jefferson City. County Courthouse, Maysville. Mrs. The 135-year-old building on the Mis­ Dorothy J. Caldwell, associate editor souri River was the center of activity of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, for the capital city during the steam­ Columbia, spoke on the organization of boat era. The legislature and Board a new society. A delegation of mem­ of Public Buildings have given the bers from the Gentry County Histori­ interested groups two years in which cal Society also attended the meeting. to develop a feasible plan for its use. The motto, adopted by the Society, The building was placed on the Na­ is "A County That Forgets Its Past tional Register of Historic Places in Will Never Have a Future." The spe­ February. cific purpose of the group is to pre­ serve, study and record local history. Crawford County Historical Society Officers elected for a two-year term At the opening of the April 17 were Mrs. Lawrence Lockhart, Mays­ meeting in Recklein Library, Cuba, ville, president; John Tunks, Mays­ Wanda Engle gave a prayer and ville, first vice president; Mrs. Alva thoughts on customs and symbols in Mix, Cameron, second vice president; observance of Easter. An article on the Willis Peipergerdes, Stewartsville, third oldest frame school in the United vice president; Mrs. Marion Spiers, States at St. Augustine, Florida, was Maysville, secretary; Homer H. Hill, read by Florence Myers. Mrs. Eliza Maysville, treasurer; and Mrs. Bessie Davis related the history of the first L. Whiteaker, Maysville, historian. Presbyterian Church, established in 1865. A letter from Mrs. Grave Dent County Historical Society Mitchell, Birmingham, Alabama, gave A program on Dube Spring and oth­ information on the life of her father, er springs was presented by Phyllis William Mitchell, a former mayor of Cox, March 28, at a covered-dish sup­ Cuba. per in the Salem Methodist Church. 512 Missouri Historical Review

A part of the talk was reprinted in the handcraft shop day," at the Com­ the Salem News, March 31. munity Center in Florida. A number The following officers were re­ of antique items were displayed by elected for the coming year: Mrs. those attending. Ezra Craddock, president; Ed Gill, Officers for the coming year are vice president; Mrs. Opal Bennett, Grace Hilbert, president; Frances secretary; and Dr. M. M. Hart, treas­ Henderson, vice president; and Adele urer. Gregory, secretary-treasurer. Memberships totaled 42 for 1968. Florissant Valley Historical Society Six homes and a Japanese garden in Gentry County Historical Society Florissant were featured in the May Some 65 persons attended the April 3-4 Valley of Flowers House Tour con­ 13 meeting at the Albany Community ducted by the Society. Homes on the Center and viewed the film, "Time of itinerary included those of Mr. and the West." A display of drawings, Mrs. Richard Farrar, Mr. and Mrs. paintings and models illustrated plans H. M. Zimmerman, Mr. and Mrs. C. for the King City centennial celebra­ Argent, Mrs. Ralph Conway, Mr. and tion, August 10. Loy Hammond, Dar­ Mrs. Rav Chitwood and the garden of lington, was elected as the new presi­ Mr. and Mrs. Charles Uppinghouse. dent of the Society. The 140-year-old Castello house, oc­ cupied by Otto Ripple Insurance Grand River Historical Society Agency, and Taille de Noyer were Officers elected for the coming year also open for visit. are Harry Cole, president; Howard Leech, Ellen Teagarden and Francyl Friends of Arrow Rock Rickenbrode, vice presidents; and Leo President Mrs. David F. Eads, Co­ Hopper, secretary and treasurer. lumbia, has announced that it is now Greene County Historical Society possible for groups visiting Arrow Rock At the February 27 meeting in the to arrange for a free guided tour by Springfield Art Museum, Dr. Robert contacting Mrs. William Miller, Arrow K. Gilmore, professor of Speech and Rock, at least a day in advance. Here­ director of Arts and Humanities at tofore guided tours of the village were Southwest Missouri State College, possible only through June, July and Springfield, repeated an earlier address August. The prearranged tours may on "The Early Theatre in the Mis­ be made during April, May, Septem­ souri Ozarks." He added information ber and October in addition to the to his talk which was an outstanding walking tours four times daily in the summer months. These tours include success at the September, 1968, meet­ the Sites Gun Shop, Odd Fellows Hall, ing. the I.O.O.F. Lodge Hall, Old Court An address on dueling in early St. house, Loom Shop, Dr. Matthew Wal­ Louis, "Bloody Island & Code Duello," ton Hall House and the George Caleb was presented at the March 27 meet­ Bingham House. ing bv Dr. Warren A. Jennings, as­ sociate professor of History, Southwest On May 7 the Fortnightly Club of Missouri State College, Springfield. Columbia toured the historical sites of Arrow Rock. Lt. Col. Leo E. Huff (Ret.), as­ sociate professor of History at South­ Friends of Florida west Missouri State College, Spring­ On May 25 the Friends held a carry- field, spoke at the April 24 meeting on in dinner and a "get acquainted with "The Martial Law Controversy in Historical Notes and Comments 513

Arkansas, in 1861-65: A Case History Clark Expedition was shown after the of Internal Conflict." business meeting.

Grundy County Historical Society Historical Association of Some 38 persons attended the or­ Greater St. Louis ganizational meeting, March 23, in the Members and guests met February Trenton Trust Company Bank. Dr. 28 in Brown Hall Lounge, Washing­ Richard S. Brownlee, director of the ton University, St. Louis, and heard State Historical Society, Columbia, Cynthia DeHaven Pitcock of St. Mary's spoke on the organization of a county Episcopal School, Memphis, Tennessee, society. A question and answer period speak on "Doctors in Controversy: An followed. A committee was appointed Ethical Dispute between William Beau­ to draw up a constitution and bylaws. mont and Joseph Nash McDowell, Officers of the Society are Marvin 1839." N. Webster Moore of Vashon Luehrs, president; Carl Muff, vice High School, St. Louis, presented a president; Mabel Burrill, secretary; paper on "James Milton Turner, and Clarence McCollum, treasurer. Diplomat, Defender of Rights: The Negro Moses to his People, 1840-1915." Harrison County Historical Society Dr. James F. Hood, assistant dean At the February 27 meeting in the and chairman of the History Depart­ First National Bank, Bethany, Mrs. ment at Lindenwood College, St. Homer Pyle and Ruth Milligan related Charles, spoke on "The Public Pur­ the history of "Old Lorraine." An in­ pose of the Historian," at the April 17 formative round-table discussion about meeting in Pope Pius Library, St. the town then followed. Members dis­ Louis University. An informal recep­ cussed the new system of double-record tion followed the meeting. bookkeeping. Jackson County Historical Society A color film showing various county- Mrs. Phoebe Apperson Hearst parks, recreation spots and historical Historical Society sites was presented after the busi­ The Society held its annual Arbor ness meeting, February 3, in the Harry Day observance near St. Clair, April S. Truman Library Auditorium, Inde­ 13, the 50th anniversary of the death pendence. Officers elected for the of Mrs. Hearst. A special program coming year wrere William Coleman honored her memory and a "show and Branton, president; Dr. Philip C. tell" of the pioneer school was held Brooks, Mrs. Herbert H. White and prior to the planting. Colonel S. D. Slaughter, vice presi­ dents; Mrs. Herbert H. Haukenberry, Historic Hermann secretary; Theodore R. Cauger, treas­ At the quarterly meeting, April 28, urer; and Mrs. Charles T. Wesner, in the Old German School, Hermann, historian. members discussed plans for the 1969 The Society has 2,426 paid members. Hermann Maifest. The event is spon­ sored by Historic Hermann and co- Jewish Historical Association of sponsored by the Hermann Chamber Greater St. Louis of Commerce and Jaycees. It was re­ On May 6 the Association cele­ ported that a children's museum had brated the 100th anniversary of the been added to the historical museum, dedication of the first Temple Shaare located in the German School Build- Emeth in St. Louis. At a meeting held ins. A color film on the Lewis and in the Jewish Community Centers As- 514 Missouri Historical Review

sociation in St. Louis County, Rabbi On February 22 members toured the Julius J. Nodel, Senior Rabbi of Tem­ sites to be marked by the Society. ple Shaare Emeth, delivered a paper A "Joplin Birthday Party," March on "The Reform Jewish Gateway to 23, celebrated the 96th anniversary of the West—The First Centennial of the incorporation of the city. A spe­ Temple Shaare Emeth and its People." cial tribute was paid to some 60 Jop­ Rabbi Nodel is president of the St. lin authors of published books, past Louis Rabbinical Association, has lec­ and present. Many of the authors' tured extensively at colleges and uni­ books were on display. Author Evelyn versities throughout the nation and is Milligan Jones spoke on "Fact is the author of The Ties Between. Stranger than Fiction in Joplin His­ Charles Horwitz of University City pre­ tory." Bob Hubbard was master of sented to the Association tape record­ ceremonies. ings of the Association's public meet­ The Society has sponsored two min­ ings during the past several years. ing history round tables. The first meeting, held March 5 in the Mu­ Johnson County Historical Society nicipal Building, featured a talk by Members held their annual spring W. F. Netzeband, chairman of the meeting, April 27, in the Old Court­ project, who summarized area mining house, Warrensburg, and heard a num­ activities from the 1840s through ber of committee reports. The presi­ World War II. At the second meeting, dent, Dr. A. L. Stevenson, announced May 1, Dr. A. Paul Thompson spoke that open house would be held the on "The Roisterous, Reckless Early weekend of May 30 at the Old Court­ Mining Days." house, the Heritage Library, the The Society also sponsored a Civil Country Store and the Pioneer Mu­ War round table which met April 3, seum. All but the Heritage Library in the Municipal Building. Fred G. will be open every weekend through Hughes, president of the Joplin Globe Labor Day. On display was a lock Publishing Company, related details from the door of the Nicholas Houx of events of the war in that area. home, where the first Johnson County Court was held, April, 1835. The lock Kingdom of Callaway was a gift to the Society by Mrs. Ewing Historical Society Fulkerson Greer. Mrs. Carmen Rand, of the Chamber of Commerce, spoke on "Fulton, To­ day," at the February 17 meeting in Joplin Historical Society Local architects were honored at the the Callaway Electric Co-op, Fulton. February 12 meeting of the Society in Members visited the Churchill Me­ Hotel Connor. Building designs by morial in Fulton, April 21. The pro­ several local architects were on dis­ gram was presented by Virgil John­ play. The program featured two sound ston, Jr. and color films, "Williamsburg Re­ Kirkwood Historical Society stored," and "The Story of a Patriot." Two new display cases have been The Historical Trail Committee re­ placed in the rotunda of the City Hall ported that 60 historical markers had for the exhibit of various historical been made and would be erected later items. Recent displays have included in the year. A large map showed the St. Louis World's Fair memorabilia, location of historical spots and sites an Easter exhibit, baseball mementoes to be marked. This is one of the major and a collection of catalogues dating projects of the Society. back to the 1870s. Historical Notes and Comments 515

Knox County Historical Society president; Mrs. Loyd Ellis, Aurora, The Society held its April 15 meet­ first vice president; E. D. Muhleman, ing in the county courthouse, Edina, Marionville, second vice president; during "open house week" of the mu­ Mrs. Jessie C. Miller, Aurora, cor­ seum room, located in the basement of responding secretary; and Fred G. the courthouse. Dr. J. L. Cornelius Mieswinkel, Mount Vernon, secretary- reported on some houses in Edina as treasurer. possible future sites of the museum. Lewis County Historical Society He also reported on the reprinting of Guidelines for the 1969 essay con­ the 1887 history of Knox, Lewis, Clark test were presented for approval at the and Scotland counties. April 10 meeting in the LaBelle Chris­ Officers elected for the coming year tian Church. Copies of these guides were J. S. Wilkerson, Jr., president; will be distributed to each high school Dr. J. L. Cornelius, vice president; Mrs. principal in the county. Essays are to Arthur Douglass, Jr., secretary; and be submitted before September 28. Mrs. J. S. Wilkerson, Jr., treasurer. Mrs. Nobel Allen gave the program on "The History and Heritage of Mis­ Lafayette County Historical Society souri," with emphasis on the pre­ Members enjoyed a program on historic and early periods of the crafts at the April 24 meeting in the state's history. Presbyterian Church, Odessa. Mina Meyer displayed two spinning wheels, Macon County Historical Society discussed kinds and colors of fleece Some 55 members and guests at­ and demonstrated the carding and tended the April 23 meeting at Trav spinning of yarn. L. H. Thieman told elier Cafe, Macon. Ida Graves pre­ the history of the spinning wheel and sented a program on early family some early-day experiences of his traditions. She discussed the traditions family. Herman Alewel, who had been of early county settlers which included apprenticed to a harnessmaker in his much unwritten history. Gerald Kerr youth, demonstrated the making of had prepared questionnaires on the harness and saddles by hand. Follow­ early history of the county. These ing the presentation, members were were distributed to those in attend­ able to examine the tools used in the ance to stimulate interest in the crafts and to ask questions about the county's history. They revealed many work. interesting facts. Officers elected for the coming year Officers elected for the coming year were Dr. Lambert Mehl, president; were Gerald Kerr, Macon, president; Roy Wahrenbrock, first vice president; Tom Dunham, Callao, vice president; V. D. Adair, second vice president; Mary Graves, Macon, secretary; and Mrs. William H. Cullom, secretary; Mrs. Howard Gilleland, New Cam­ and G. L. Trent, treasurer. bria, treasurer.

Lawrence County Historical Society Marion County Historical Society Mrs. Harriette Kimzey and Robert Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director of Turner related the histories of Marion­ the State Historical Society, Columbia, ville churches at the April 20 meeting spoke on "General Grant in Missouri," at Jones Memorial Chapel, Mount at the April 9 meeting at Rockcliffe Vernon. Mansion, Hannibal. Members toured Officers elected for the coming year the mansion as part of the evening's were Dan Stearns, Mount Vernon, program. 516 Missouri Historical Review

McDonald County Historical Society port—River Town of the Booneslick A history of area bridges was given Country," was presented at the March by Mrs. Floyd Fine at the May 4 17 meeting in the California American meeting in the Noel Community Legion Hall by Sergeant George Building. Martin Stauber told of the Grazier of the Missouri Highway Pa­ campaign to preserve the overhanging trol. bluff along the river when the high­ The Society plans to purchase a way was constructed. He displayed old bronze marker for the historic county pictures of the road and bluff. The courthouse. A sign will also be erected efforts of Dr. H. O. Beeson of Noel on Highway 50 to direct tourists to to promote the beginning of good the courthouse. roads in the county was told by Mrs. Hiram Carnell. Monroe County Historical Society Thirty-five persons attended the Mississippi County Historical Society February 24 meeting in the courthouse A record crowd attended the first at Paris. Subscriptions for some 250 annual Spring Garden Tour in copies of the 1884 history of Monroe Charleston, April 19-20, and visited and Shelby counties assured the re­ the Society museum and art gallery, printing of that work. A committee where Society members served free re­ was appointed to collect historical freshments. In addition to historical photographs of the area. President artifacts, the museum featured a col­ Ralph Gregory read an article on the lection of memorabilia belonging to early history of the county. Members Governor Warren E. Hearnes, and the discussed the possibility of purchasing art gallery featured a touring exhibi­ a historic house for a county museum. tion of paintings by ten Missouri art­ Mrs. Ralph Gregory presented a ists. The exhibition was sponsored slide-talk on historic sites of Monroe bv the State Council of Arts. The and Ralls counties at the April 28 Charleston Chamber of Commerce meeting in the county courthouse, beautification committee and coop­ Paris. erating civic clubs sponsored the Members held their May 18 meeting Garden Tour. at the Union Covered Bridge. J. C. Elliott, great-great grandson of the Moniteau County Historical Society bridge builder was the main speaker. Perry W. Wilson, a founder of the A display featured a model of the Society and one of its charter mem­ "Elliott type double arch" bridge. bers, was honored, February 10, at a Members also visited the nearby Union banquet of the California Kiwanis Cemetery. Club. He was presented a Distin­ guished Service Award from the Ki­ Morgan County Historical Society wanis, for his excellent record of civic Some 30 members attended the service in both California and Moni­ March 24 meeting in the Bank of teau County. He is active in the Versailles. It was reported that the Chamber of Commerce, Lewis and antique post office desk from the Clark Trail Committee, Missouri Gravois Mills post office had been do­ School of Religion, County Heart nated to the Society museum bv Mr. Fund Drive, "Boy Scouts, Kiwanis and Mrs. M. P. Shore. The Society dis­ Club, Civil Defense, Masonic Lodge cussed the possibility of organizing a and the Presbyterian Church. junior historical society. Several mem­ A program on the history of "Roche­ bers planned to give a program at Historical Notes and Comments 517 the Upper Elementary School, April A program on the history of Graham 2, in an effort to interest students. was given, March 31, by Jo Nelle George Gower, a veteran of World Holmes, a senior in Nodaway-Holt R- War I, displayed several articles VII High School. The Society hopes brought from Europe during the war. to encourage more students to write Moss McDonald gave a history of the the history of their home towns. war and the various nations involved. The April 21 meeting was held at Officers elected for the coming year the home of Mrs. Nellie Nicholson, were D. K. Hunter, president; Miss Maryville. Two of the city's oldest citi­ Michal Flottman, first vice president; zens, Fred Smith and Warren Jones, Mrs. Alice Brunjes, second vice presi­ presented the program. dent; Mrs. Ladean Drissen, secretary; Deputy Sheriff John Middleton and Tom Shcpp, treasurer; Elmer Welty, Judge Floyd Miller conducted mem­ sergeant-at-arms; Mrs. P. J. Mc- bers and other guests on a visit to the Donough, historian; Moss McDonald, old Nodaway County Jail, April 27. parliamentarian; and Mrs. Gerald Society members were luncheon Yarnell, corresponding secretary. guests of the Graham Historical So­ The Society's museum opened, June ciety, May 25, at Graham Park. The 1, and will remain open every day host society conducted a tour to in­ from 1:00-5:00 p.m. teresting points in that vicinity. Native Sons of Kansas City Old Trails Historical Society Randall Jessee, Public Information The Society is to be congratulated Officer for the Missouri Valley Dis­ for the publication, in January, of trict, Federal Water Pollution Control Volume I, Along the Trail. This is a Administration, Department of the In­ 70-page illustrated booklet which con­ terior, spoke at the February 26 meet­ tains historical articles on area sites, ing in Wishbone Restaurant. The title settlements and residents. of his talk was "Kansas City Forty Years Ago—In Western Australia." Pike County Historical Society The Native Sons have recently pub­ Members enjoyed a dinner meeting, lished a small directory which in­ April 22, at the Cyrene Community cludes lists of their charter and cur­ Center. Dr. Lyde J. Hayden, Pleasant rent members, officers and directors, Hill, Illinois, presented an illustrated past presidents and historians; by­ talk on his work in Iran as director laws and articles of agreement; and of Near East Foundation. a project report. Officers elected for the coming year were Cecile Thompson, Frankford, Nodaway County Historical Society president; Mrs. Willard Middleton, At the February 27 meeting in the Bowling Green, first vice president; Dream Kitchen, Maryville, Colonel Mrs. Champ Grimes, Eolia, second vice Paul Pruitt (Ret.) , presented an il­ president; Charles Meriwether, Louisi­ lustrated lecture on France and other ana, third vice president; Rose Crank, European countries, where he was Annada, secretary; Robert Henry, stationed a few years ago on duty Bowling Green, treasurer; Mrs. Mary with the armed forces. Dr. James Lowe, Hufty, Bowling Green, chaplain; and a member of the faculty of Northwest Rosalyn Smith, Louisiana, historian. Missouri State College, Maryville, re­ viewed several articles from the cur­ Platte County Historical Society rent issue of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL Members enjoyed a covered-dish REVIEW. dinner, April 29, at the Platte City 518 Missouri Historical Review

Elementary School. Under program field presented the awards and nu­ chairman, Mrs. Eugene Blankenship, merous other citations. Kenneth stories relating to county doctors from Coombs, city architect of Kansas City, the Civil War through the 1900s were presented an illustrated address on told by representatives from the major restoration and preservation of histori­ communities. cal buildings and sites in the State. Officers elected for the coming year On April 16 the Association received were Darwin Martin, president; Mack confirmation from Albert Rung, Pub­ Myers, first vice president; Ralph lic Relations Director of the Burling­ Dick, second vice president; Mrs. Mary ton Railroad offices, Chicago, that the B. Aker, executive secretary; and Ira historic Hannibal and St. Joseph Rail­ Hassenpflug, treasurer. road engine and replica of the orig­ inal mail car would be given to the Pony Express Historical Association Association. It will be installed and The Association received a check for displayed at Patee House. The Asso­ $10,000 on February 5 from the estate ciation plans to issue Souvenir Historic of the late Mrs. Elizabeth Patee Mason, Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad University City, for the preservation Stock to cover the expenses of installa­ and development of Patee House in St. tion and display. Joseph. Mrs. Mason was a great niece Patee House officially opened for of John Patee, builder of Patee House the summer season, May 30. The in 1858. Documents, family heirlooms building will be open week days from and other historic items have been 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. and from 1 to 5 received from her estate and will be p.m. on Sundays, no admission charged. permanently displayed with a bronze marker in her memory. The bequest Pulaski County Historical Society will be used to pay the mortgage on James W. Goodrich, associate editor the building, pay outstanding bills of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, and make further improvements. spoke on "Local Historical Societies- Their Importance," at the organiza­ The Association held its annual tional meeting, March 27, in the court­ spring antique gun and collectors house, Waynesville. Harry Thiltgen show at Patee House Museum, March discussed archaeology of the area and 29-30. The show featured exhibits of displayed a petrified mastodon jaw guns, knives, antiques, Indian relics, bone found in a cave on the Gasconade rocks, jewelry, coins, stamps and other River. Mrs. Mabel Mottaz was elected pioneer items, some for sale and trade. president with vice presidents from Special awards were given for the best each town in the county. Bill Morgan displays. A showing of color slides, was asked to prepare the bylaws and depicting the National Cowboy Hall the incorporation papers. The county of Fame in Oklahoma City, was pre­ court had voted to allow the use of the sented at intervals during the show. former county superintendent's office The Association held its 5th Annual to house records, papers and other Pony Express Historical Awards items of the Society. Luncheon at Hotel Robidoux, St. Jo­ Funds raised from country music seph, April 13. Each year the Associa­ shows of local talent, April 3 and tion gives five special Pony Express May 1, are being used to establish a Awards to persons and organizations museum. who have made major contributions to the promotion and interest of history Ray County Historical Society in the area. Mayor Douglas A. Merri- Over 100 members attended the an- Historical Notes and Comments 519 nual banquet, April 18, at Richmond gram of St. Joseph's early history to a High School Cafeteria. Lieutenant number of schools in the area. The Governor William Morris, president of slides of historic sites and buildings the Lewis and Clark State Committee, were taken by Mr. Hyde. Mrs. Hyde spoke on "Lewis and Clark Trail, Na­ provides the narrative. This program tional Heritage." Musical entertain­ is in its third year. The demand for ment wras presented by members of showings have been so great that it the Richmond High School band, un­ was necessary to limit them only to der the direction of R. K. Seward. school purposes. Officers elected for the coming year were E. S. Hamilton, president; Clark St. Louis Westerners Hargus, vice president; Mrs. Margaret On March 21, Nicholas Joost, pro­ Pigg, treasurer; and Mrs. W. Roy fessor of English at Southern Illinois Groce, secretary. University, Edwardsville, spoke on "D. H. Lawrence in the Southwest," Raytown Historical Society at a meeting in Garavelli's Restaurant. Lew Larkin, newspaperman for the Carl A. Brummett, professor of So­ Kansas City Star and author of Mis­ cial Sciences at Harris Teachers Col­ souri Heritage, was the guest speaker lege, St. Louis, gave the April 18 at the April 24 meeting in St. Mat­ meeting program on "A Western thews Episcopal Church, Raytown. Diary." The Society reports that various The May 16 meeting featured a members have spoken recently at serv­ "Ladies Night" with dinner at the ice clubs and schools regarding Ray­ Sheraton-Jefferson Hotel, St. Louis. At town and its history. a program in the St. Louis Public Li­ St. Charles County Historical Society brary, Frank E. Oakes, supervisor of The Society held its 8th annual technical services at the library, spoke Antique Show and Sale, April 11, 12 & to the group on "Western Material in 13, at Three Flags Restaurant, St. the St. Louis Public Library." Charles. Officers elected for 1969-1970 were At the quarterly dinner meeting, Carl H. Laemmli, president; Lyle S. April 24, several members of the St. Woodcock, vice president; Edward Louis Genealogical Society presented a Aguado, secretary; and Carl A. Brum­ panel discussion on "What's In A mett, treasurer. Name?" Shelby County Historical Society St. Joseph Historical Society Some 30 members attended the At the April 20 meeting in the Mis­ April 28 meeting in the Clarence Civic souri Valley Trust Bank Building Mrs. Building. It was reported that the So­ Mel Wigersma, librarian at Missouri ciety had sold 262 copies of the re­ Western College, St. Joseph, spoke on printed History of Shelby and Monroe methods of sorting and cataloging Counties. A project for the survey of historical materials. After the talk county churches was discussed, and a members began sorting Society ma­ church map was presented to the So­ terials under her supervision. The So­ ciety by Roy Neff. Members also dis­ ciety had voted previously to under­ cussed the writing of a new county take this project. history from 1911 to the present. Fol­ Fred A. Hyde, public relations chair­ lowing the business meeting, Charles man for the Society, reported that he Timmons showed slides of the Clarence had shown the 50-minute slide pro­ centennial and pony show. 520 Missouri Historical Review

Smithville Historical Society Golden Age of Missouri's History."' Members are saving Betty Crocker Mr. Larkin is the author of the re­ coupons so that the Society may obtain cently published book, Missouri Heri­ a microfilm reader for use in its tage. museum. Officers elected for the coming year New officers of the Society are Mar­ were Laurence Phister, president; Fred tha Swetnam, president; America Low- L. Lee, first vice president; Arthur miller, vice president; Frances Sum­ Lowell, second vice president; Samuel mers, secretary; and Lucille Taylor, Pollack, third vice president; Russell treasurer. Bettis, treasurer; Opal Watts, record­ ing secretary; and Eleanor Sheley, his­ Westport Historical Society torian. Mrs. Adrienne Christopher is At the February 28 dinner meet­ historical researcher and editor of the ing at Westport Presbyterian Church, Westport Historical Quarterly; Wil­ Journalist Lew Larkin spoke on "The liam A. Goff is associate editor.

Trapped Kansas City Star, July 16, 1965. Too shy to call for help, and lacking the courage to break a window, a Kansas City woman, clad onlv in a sheer nightgown, spent yesterday as a prisoner on her screened front porch. Shortly after her husband left for work she ventured out on the partly hidden porch after the morning Times. The door, with night-latch on, swung shut behind her and the window on the porch was tightly locked. There she spent the day, without either food or water, being released only when her husband arrived home from work. When passersby came too close to the porch she lay flat on a swing to escape being seen. Asked why she didn't break the window pane, her only answer was, "Well, it took me six months to get John to fix the screen. I didn't know what he'd do about a broken glass."

Who Has an Oyster Shell? St. Louis Chaperone Magazine, March, 1899. In regard to the agate or iron teakettles that are generally kept on every stove or range, it has probably been noticed by careful housekeepers that iron rust, or "fur"— to use a homely expression—will gather on the inside of the kettle, causing the water to become discolored. To prevent this, two good-sized lumps of borax should be dropped in the water and the kettle placed on the front part of the stove where it can boil; the fur and rust will soon loosen, and the water should then be poured slowly through the spout of the kettle, for that is the place where most of it will be found to gather. An oyster shell, thoroughly cleansed and kept in the kettle, will be found an excellent pre- ventitive [sic] of rust. Historical Notes and Comments 521

HONORS AND TRIBUTES

Artist Benton Honored Research Fund Established On 8Gth Birthday Honoring Lewis E. Atherton

On April 15, a number of events highlighted the 80th birthday of Mis­ souri Artist Thomas Hart Benton, Kansas City. Kansas City Mayor Ilus Lewis E. Atherton Davis named Benton "citizen extra­ ordinaire" in a special ceremony in The establishment of a research fund the mayor's office. The Library of in the name of Dr. Lewis E. Atherton, Congress opened a 2-week exhibit of professor of History at the University books illustrated by Benton and books of Missouri, Columbia, and second vice president and trustee of the State about Benton; the Associated Ameri­ Historical Society, was announced at can Artists Gallery in New York the Eleventh Missouri History Con­ opened an exhibition of Benton's lith­ ference luncheon meeting, on April 26, ographs, as did the Amon Carter Mu­ at the Ramada Inn, Columbia. Dr. seum in Fort Worth, Texas. A book by J. Neal Primm, professor of History Benton, An American in Art, a Profes­ at the University of Missouri, St. sional and Technical Autobiography, Louis, reported that the fund would was published by the University Press be administered to assist worthy grad­ of Kansas, and Creekmore Fath's, The uate students in history to conduct Lithographs of Thomas Hart Benton, research for an advanced degree. Some was published by the University of 150 friends of Dr. Atherton contributed Texas Press. The Kansas City Star, nearly $8,000 to the fund. The lunch­ April 13, featured the artist in an eon, attended by 125 persons, was article entitled, "A Barrel of Apples followed by a reception honoring Dr. Atherton, Mrs. Atherton and their for Tom Benton's Birthday." The daughter, Barbara. article was illustrated with a color reproduction of one of Benton's most A member of the University's fac­ recent paintings, "Lewis and Clark ulty since 1936, Dr. Atherton has won at Eagle Creek." wide recognition for historical research 522 Missouri Historical Review and authorship and is known as an tablished by the Robert Earl McCon- outstanding classroom teacher. In 1960 nell Foundation, is given to a person he was the recipient of the Univer­ of the four-campus University system sity's first Distinguished Faculty Award. who best exemplifies the attributes of A contributor of numerous articles to Thomas Jefferson. A citation and $500 scholarly journals, Dr. Atherton has were given to Dr. Bugg. In accepting authored major book-length studies the presentation, Dr. Bugg spoke on of The Pioneer Merchant in Mid- Jefferson's importance to American;ed­ America, The Southern Country Store, ucation. 1800-1860, the Main Street on the Middle Border and the Cattle Kings. He presently is engaged in a study of Irwin Ross Receives the comparative frontiers in American Truman Book Award history. On March 29 the Harry S. Truman Library Institute announced the award Dr. Bugg Receives to Irwin Ross, New York, of a biennial Jefferson Award prize for the best book on the Truman Dr. James L. Bugg, Jr., chancellor period. For his book, The Loneliest of the University of Missouri at St. Campaign: The Truman Victory of Louis, received the third annual 1948, Ross received the David D. Lloyd Thomas Jefferson Award, April 14. prize, a certificate and a $1,000 check. The award was presented by Dr. Elmer The award is a memorial to the late Ellis, University president emeritus, at David D. Lloyd, assistant to the presi­ the Jefferson Day ceremony on the dent in the Truman Administration steps of Jesse Hall, University of Mis­ and a vice president of the Truman souri at Columbia. The award es­ Library Institute.

The Supply Didn't Equal the Demand Jefferson City State Times, December 2, 1887. "Sir," said the young man, "I have come to demand your daughter in mar­ riage." "Well," returned the old gentleman, "I've only got two daughters, and they are both engaged. I'm sorry, but the supply don't equal the demand."—Merchant Traveler.

The Measurements Don't Agree Hartville Wright County Progress, December 16, 1898. The man with the narrow mind usually makes up for it in the length of his argument.

Bad Manners Paris Mercury, February 4, 1873. Someone speaking against suicide says, as a clincher, that it is the height of impoliteness to go anywhere unless you are sent for. Historical Notes and Comments 523 GIFTS

WILLIAM D. BAILEY, Sulphur, Louisiana, donor: Stephen Bailey discharge and related papers from Co. K, 15th Regiment Mo. Cav. Vols. M*

MR. & MRS. ARTHUR L. BONNEWITZ, Raytown, donor: An index and directory concerning Jackson County, Map of Jackson County, Missouri, John P. Edwards, compiler/publisher, 1887 (reprinted) . R

HERBERT W. BRACKNEY, Kansas City, donor: A collection of male names and branch charts of the Brackney family. R

SPENCER HENTON BROWN, BENJAMIN HENTON BROWN, IRWIN HEPIN BROWN & LEONARD HAROLD BROWN, donors, through MRS. G. R. HUTCHERSON, Marshall: Typed copy of General J. O. Shelby's "Address to His Division." M

REX BUNDY, Kevin, Montana, donor: "Oregon Independent Company, [Cornelius] Gilliam Train of 1844." R

MRS. JOHN P. CARGILL, Shawnee Mission, Kansas, donor: "Captain David Cargill of Londonderry, N. H., and Some of His Descend­ ants," by John and Helen Cargill, a reprint from Neiv England Historical and Genealogical Register (October, 1963). R

DR. CARL H. CHAPMAN, Columbia, donor: Papers of the Lewis and Clark Trail Committee. M

CHEDWATO SERVICE, Burlington, Vermont, and MRS. A. RAY OLIVER, St. Charles, donors: Marriage and Cemetery Records, St. Charles and Warren Counties, Missouri, by Mr. and Mrs. Ray Oliver, and Crow's Nest, by Lilian Hayes Oliver. R

ROBERT H. CLAYTON, Brunswick, donor: Photographs of the Brunswick area loaned for copying. E

CYRIL CLEMENS, Kirkwood, donor: Mark Twain's Jest Book. M Newspaper clippings from the St. Louis Times, October 20, 1910, and from the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, August 12, 1917, and June 25, 1922. M

MRS. ROBERT COCHRAN, Boonville, donor: Authentic Osage Indian Roll Book. R

A. LOYD COLLINS, New Orleans, Louisiana, donor: Experiences in an army camp in Missouri during World WTar II, written by a Red Cross Field Director. M

•These letters indicate where the gift materials are filed at Society head­ quarters: M refers to Manuscript Collection; E, Editorial Office; R, Reference Library; N, Newspaper Library; A, Art Room; and B, Bay Room. 524 Missouri Historical Review

MRS. CHARLES COLYN, Lenox, Iowa, donor: Joseph Glick Family Scrapbook, compiled by Esther L. Irvine and Glick descendants. R

MRS. HENRY ESTEP, Black, donor: A History of Black River Baptist Church [at Black], compiled by Flora Angel Estep. R

JOHN L. N GRINSTEAD, donor, through MR. 3C MRS. TED MOORE, Santa Marie. California: "Life Sketches and Reminiscences of T. J. Stockton, Sr., written by himself to my Father & Friends this book is Respectfully Dedicated. Maryville, Mo. 1878." R

ROSWELL P. HENDERSON, Moberly, donor: Photograph of Mark Twain. E

MRS. THELMA SCOTT HICKOK. Eldon, donor: "Index to the Marriages of Miller County, Mo., Book A, Vol. I," compiled by donor. R

MRS. HALE HOLTS, Kansas Citv, donor: U.S. Senate Speeches (1856-1879') , Message of Governor Robert M. Stewart to General Assembly (1861) and Journal of Agriculture (St. Louis, 1889) . R Broadside notices to voters (1862) and tax pavers (1869). A Newspapers. N

VANCE JULIAN, Clinton, donor: Reproduction of The Constitution of the State of Missouri, 1915, with sig­ natures of delegates, and pictures of delegates and staff of Constitutional Convention of Missouri, 1943-1945. M

MRS. MARY PAXTON KEELEY, Columbia, donor: Columbia Cemetery Association Deed, 1859. and Ann Gentry Postmaster Commission, 1839. M

CATHERINE B. KELLER, St. Louis, donor: "Keller & Weis: Of Germany R: St. Louis," a family historv, compiled bv Catherine Barbara Keller. R

MRS. AGNES L. KENDALL, Warren, Indiana, donor: Photographs of the children of Reverend Benjamin S. Mabry and his wife. Delilah Zora Murphy, Cape Girardeau and Farmington. E

R. KEITH KERBY, Redfield, Iowa, donor: The History of Glenwood. Missouri, bv donor. R

MRS. JANE E. KERR, Denver, Colorado, donor: The Ancestry of Walter Gladstone & His Descendants, IS 17-1967. R

EMMET LAYTON, St. Louis, donor: Jefferson Barracks & The 6th Infantry, edited by Layton & Layton Asso­ ciates, and Master Plan Report, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mis­ souri, prepared by Lavton & Layton Associates. R Historical Notes and Comments 525

HOWARD R. LONG, Carbondale, Illlinois, donor: Frank Luther Motl, Scholar, Teacher, Human Being, by donor. R

GEORGE R. LOUGHEAD, Poplar Bluff, donor: Marceline Messenger of Peace (Baptist newspaper) , January 15, March 15, June 1 & 15, August 1, 1896; January 1, 1897; and March 1, 1900. N

GREGORY R. LUCY, St. Louis, donor: The Lucy Family and the families of Ramsey, Sullivan, Eidson, Joins, Charlton, Eaton, Jamison, Grubbs, Tennison, Wildman, Buford, Carty, Abernathy, Hailey, Moorman, Pate, Copeland, Carter, Flanagan, Senevey, Pinet, Moran, Coughlin and Kane. R

JAMES G. MAY, Columbus, Ohio, donor: Group photographs of University of Missouri men. M

MR. & MRS. M. F. MELONI, Lawton, Oklahoma, donors: Audrain County Justice of Peace Docket 8c Record Book, 1856. M

MRS. CHARLES L. MILLER, Macon, donor: Community Survey of Macon, Missouri, May 1, 1959. R

MISSOURI DAUGHTERS OF 1812, donor, through MRS. KERMIT WATKINS, Liberty: "Daniel Morgan Boone," by Mrs. A. Ray Oliver, and other papers. R

MISSOURI STATE PARK BOARD, Jefferson City, donor: "Condition Report and Restoration Estimate, The Valle-Rozier House, Ste. Genevieve, Missouri." M

MRS. WALDO MOTTAZ, Columbia, donor: Papers and scrapbooks of the Columbia, Missouri, Republican Women's Club, 1934-1963. M

GEORGE W. OAKES, Crystal City, donor: History of Ellenwood—Wharton and Twenty Allied Families, 1620-1968, compiled by Willard White Ellenwood. R

MRS. NELDA N. PAUL, Indianapolis, Indiana, donor: Genealogy of the Woolwine & Herndon Families. R

PICKLER MEMORIAL LIBRARY, NORTHEAST MISSOURI STATE COLLEGE, Kirksville, donor: Numerous issues of Sheep Breeder, 1938-1961. R

DR. JOHN PERRY PRITCHETT, Trenton, New Jersey, donor: Letters of Jabez Smith, Independence, Missouri, 1847-1855, and other misc. materials and pictures. M

PUBLIC LIBRARY, Springfield, donor: Grappling with the World, by James D. Salts. R

KENNETH RUTHERFORD, Lexington, donor: Genealogical History of the Rutherford Family, by donor. R 526 Missouri Historical Review

ST. LOUIS PIONEER CHAPTER, NATIONAL SOCIETY, UNITED STATES DAUGHTERS OF 1812, through MRS. ISABEL S. GIULVEZAN, Afton, donor: Bible Records and Tombstone Inscriptions of Franklin, Ste. Genevieve, St. Charles and Warren Counties, Missouri, as well as some Spanish Land Grants in the St. Charles District, Missouri. R

MRS. CLARENCE SCHUBERT, Bonner Springs, Kansas, donor: "The Rigsby Family in America," compiled by Cecilia Marie Drimmel Schubert and Shirley Ann Stang Drimmel. R

REVEREND AND MRS. GEORGE W. SCOTT, Houstonia, donors: United Methodist Church, Houstonia, Missouri, 1869-1969. R

MRS. A. D. SEGUIN, Dublin, California, donor: Ritter Genealogy. R

W. M. SHANKLAND, St. Louis, donor: "An Editor in Columbia, Missouri—1845," from the Missouri antebellum press collections of donor; and "A Commemoratory Tribute: Two Franklin County, Missouri, Pioneers and Patriots of the War of 1812: Rev. John H. Thompson (1795-1865), Thomas Wood (1790-1851)," by donor. M

MRS. STEPHEN SHELDON, Columbia, donor. Old postcard views of the University of Missouri, Columbia. E

RUBY T. SMITH, Eagleville, donor: Dux, 1928, yearbook from Chillicothe Business College. R

MRS. WALTER W. SMITH, Huntsville, donor: Color photograph of Randolph County Courthouse (1950s) . E

MRS. HAZEL LANGLOIS SMITHERS, Milwaukie, Oregon, donor: Genealogy on the Tillotson Family. R

MRS. GUY M. SONE, Jefferson City, donor: "Soldiers, Sailors, Marines, Air Force, et al, from Cole County, Missouri in World War One, 1917-1918/' and "Index to Record Book 'A' of Circuit Court of Cole County, Missouri, January 5th, 1821-March 5th, 1840," both compiled by Guy M. and Ruth Wells Sone. R

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF NEBRASKA, Lincoln, donor: Samuel Horton notice to Southwest Pacific Railroad Company concerning land in Newton County, 1867. M

CHARLES C. STEMMER, Cottonwood, Arizona, donor: Typescript: excerpts from "Hardships and Perils on the Western Frontier," by donor. M

MRS. JERROLD STUART, Trenton, donor: Thirty-one books, pamphlets and brochures relating to U.S. and Missouri history. R Historical Notes and Comments 527

JOHN L. SULLIVAN, Flat River, donor: "History of Missouri-Illinois Railroad Company Through Flat River, Mis­ souri," by donor; "History of St. Joe and Desloge Railway and Mississippi River and Bonne Terre Railroad"; "History of the St. Francois County Rail­ road Company (Electric) "; "Big River Mills," by Mrs. Lon Pettus; and "History of Iron Mountain, Missouri," and "History of the Valley Dolomite Corporation at Bonne Terre, St. Francois County, Missouri," both compiled by donor. M

MRS. PAUL TAYLOR, Rushville, Illinois, donor, through MRS. VIRGINIA BOTTS, Columbia: "The Perdue Family—The Frost Family—The Munday Family—The Moutrey Family," compiled by donor. R

NELL TRAIL, New Haven, donor: Thomas S. Roberts, The Birds of Minnesota, 2 volumes. R

ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico, donor: One hundred books and pamphlets relating to U.S. and Missouri history. R

MRS. H. W. WILCOX, Jefferson City, donor: From Covered Wagon to Jet Plane—My Life Journey, by Docia M. Wilcox. R

MARIE WOODS, Columbia, donor: Altrusa Club, Columbia, Minutes: Board Minutes (July, 1964-June, 1968), and Club Minutes (July, 1964-June, 1968). M

The Elephant Didn't Get Enough Peanuts Ava Douglas County Herald, December 29, 1910. An elephant escaped from Robinson's circus at Lamar before daylight. He uprooted three apple trees for E. L. Kazee, a prosecuting attorney, and ate a tubful of apples and tomatoes. At a store he helped himself to a lot of mixed food. The propritor [sic] heard the commotion and informed his keepers, who soon captured him.

A Lonely Heart Sedalia Rosa Pearle's Paper, July 11, 1903. A Moberly (Mo.) man, who was contemplating matrimony, sent in the following reply to an advertisement he saw in a newspaper: "I enclose my photograph, with my full description. It shows the fetures as nachel as can bee only it is too dark. I am very lite complexion, gray eyes, orbon hair, 6 foot high, waigh 190 pounds, leetle inclined to bee humpshouldered. The girl that steels my hart I will make happy for I am hunting a girl that I can idelise and make a happy angle of." 528 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Ashland Boone County Journal February 19, 7969-"Ashland Church Bell Found in River in 1369." "Cholera Takes Toll In Rocheport in 1800 V and "Ashland in 1904." February 26—"3rd Missouri Governor Lived in Boone Countv," and "Whig Party Convenes At Rocheport—1840." March 27—A biography, "Tyre Rice Finally Settles in Ashland"; "Did Abraham Lincoln Visit Here?" April 3—"Some Tales About Old Ashland." April 10—"The Early Days in Columbia." April 17—A history of New Salem Church; "The Old Plank Road," and "Ashland Had Phone in 1879." April 24—"The Old Town of Nashville," and "Lost Cemeteries In Boone County."

Brunswick Brunswicker March 6-April 24, 1969—A weekly column, "You Write the Caption," featured early photographs of area scenes. March 6, 13, 27, April 3, 10, 17, 24—A series on the history of Brunswick, written many years ago by Edith Mars ton but not previously published.

Columbia Daily Tribune February 10, 1969—"History Lovers Fight to Save Lohman's Landing." April 17—The article, "Benton Exhibit gives life to bygone Missouri era," noted the display of some Thomas Hart Benton works of art at the State His­ torical Society. April 21—"Old diary [of a party from Johnson Countv] tells of 1890 float trip." April 27—A picture story of the Winston Churchill Memorial at Westminster College Campus, Fulton, by Keith McMillin.

Columbia Missourian February 2, 1969—" 'Half-Time' Perche Church," a picture storv, written and photographed by Dcm Najolia March 9—"What's Behind the Millersburg Sign?" a picture storv bv Paul W. Bower. April 1—"At Historical Library Pleasant Patrons Make Their Work En­ joyable," an interview with Mrs. James E. Comfort, reference librarian at the State Historical Society. April 23—"[Columbia] Streets' Names Tell of the Past," by Helen Vollmar. April 24— The article, "Tribute To A Speech," by Jerry Schwartz, recalled the "Iron Curtain Speech" by Sir Winston Churchill, and reported on the re­ stored Christopher Wren Church on Westminster College Campus. Fulton. April 27—A picture story of A. F. DeWreese, conductor on the Columbia- Centralia branch of the Norfolk and Western Railroad, by Herb Slodounik. The railroad abandoned passenger service on the line, April 18.

De Soto Press January 6-February 17, 1969—A weekly series on De Soto and the railroad. February 24—"What De Soto Read in Earlier Days." Historical Notes and Comments 529

March 3-10-"T\vo Hours From Dry Creek to De Soto in 1800's." March 17—"Family Life in Earlier De Soto." March 24-April 7—"Weather in Earlier De Soto," a weekly series. April 14—" 'Simpler' Times in De Soto." April 21 & 28—"Aha Vista, Historic Mansion of De Soto's Past." All the articles above written by Eddie Miller in the column, "As You Were." Florissant Florissant Valley Reporter February 6-April 24, 1969—"Calico Jam/' by Lee Mercer, a weekly series on the history of the Florissant area. Jackson Journal February 5-March 5, 1969—A weekly historical series, "The Great Adventure," written and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran. February 5, 12, 19, March 5, 19, 26, April 2, 9, 16, 23, 30-A series of old photographs of the Jackson area. March 12 &* 19—"The High Roads and the Low Roads of Travel in Missouri, 1800-1969," written and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran. March 26-April 30—A series of excerpts from the Cape Girardeau Eagle, June 29, 1855, compiled and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran. Kansas City Star February 1, 8, 15, 22, March 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, April 5,12, 26, 25tfP-"Missouri Heritage," by Lew Larkin, featured respectively lotteries, George Morgan, base­ ball, Dr. Antoine Francois Saugrain de Vigne, Fulton schools and institutions, Carl Schurz, Wilson Price Hunt, the ballad of Joe Bowers, Missouri-Kansas border warfare, Charles Marion Russell, Governor Lilburn W. Boggs, and Alex­ ander Doniphan and the Mexican War. February 9—"King of Old Float Trip Operators, Jim Owen Still Turns a Fancy Phrase," by Ray Heady. February 16—"Burroughs Nature Club Celebrates 50 Golden Years of Serv­ ice," by Mary Louise Myers. March 1, 8, 29, April 26—Postcards from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray featured respectively First Congregational Church, Hyde Park Grade School, Baltimore Avenue and the flood of 1908. March 22—"Kansas City Once [Walter] Cronkite's Beat," a biographical sketch, by Gary Murrell. March 23—"Last Stop for Truman's Rail Car," by Carleton Kent. March 27—Bugle Call Was Death Knell for Four [Creighton] Brothers [in Civil War]," by Hugh P. Williamson. April 3—"[Joplin Mineral] Museum Rich in Mining History."

Kansas City Times February 1, 8, 15, 22, March 15, 22, April 5, 12, 19, 1969—Postcards from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray featured respectively McClintock's Restaurant, University Medical College, John Taylor Dry Goods Company, George Wash­ ington Monument, Wrest Terrace Park, Midland Hotel, Old St. Teresa's Academy, Penn Valley Park and Swope Park Lagoon. February 11—"Fate of Riverfront Building [Lohman's Landing, Jefferson City] Debated," by Byron Davis. February 18—"Struggle for Young [George Washington] Carver in Kansas," by Peg Nichols. 530 Missouri Historical Review

February 20—"Mixed Emotions on [Henry Countv] Courthouse Tower," by Margaret Olwine. February 20—The article entitled, "Saddlemakers Fewer, But the Demand Is Greater," by Jean Wuellner, described the business of Monroe Veach, Trenton. March 6—"Old Stone [Bothwell] Lodge in Sedalia at Last May be Unlocked to Public," by Margaret Olwine. March 13—"Sleepy River Belies [Gasconade] Town's Bustle," by James J. Fisher. March 17—The article, "In Driver's Seat 50 Years," by Michael D. Miller, recalled some incidents in the life of Leo T. Scott, a driver of Kansas City transit vehicles since 1919. March 27—"Second Century for Transit System/' by Calvin Manon. March 28—"Big Steamboat Toll on the Missouri [River]," by Cornelius Ashley. March 28—"The Annie Cade [Ferryboat] Linked Jackson and Clay Counties in the Late 19th Century," by Fred L. Lee. April 17—"Newspaperwoman [Mary Paxton Keeley] Still Writing at 82," by Charles Hocker. April IP—"Missouri Heritage," by Lew Larkin, featured Actor Solomon Franklin Smith. April 22—"Shoot-Out for the [Jesse] James Gang," by John Edward Hicks.

Linn Osage County Observer February 6, 20, 27, March 13, April 3, 10, 1969—"History of Osage County," by Hallie Mantle.

Neosho Daily News December 23, 1968—"Tells History of Granby Schools," by Helen Woodcock. January 29, 1969--"Old Records Reveal Interesting History of Granby Schools," by Helen Woodcock.

Owensville Gasconade County Republican February 6, 1969—"Old Iron Road Played Role in Pioneering Area Progress," by Tom Warden.

Paris Monroe County Appeal January 30 & February 6, 1969—A two-part article concerning the relocation of cemeteries in the Cannon Dam area in Northeast Missouri. A listing of burials is included. February 6-April 24—A weekly series, "History of Monroe County," reprinted from an 1884 history of the county. March 13-April 24—"Stories at Which Early Residents Laughed," a weekly series of humorous stories, compiled by Ralph Gregory, Mark Twain Shrine Curator, from old newspapers, books and documents of Monroe Countv. March 20—"History of the [Paris] American Legion and Auxiliary." March 27—"Historic Stoutsville Pictures." March 27, April 3, 17, 24—A historical series, entitled "Business Anniversary,'' featured the following: Mac Donavan Garage, M. W. Speed Furniture Store, Harley Electric Company. Jonesy's Co-op, Willard Reavis and the Paris Wool- house and the Baker Lumber Company. April 3 & 17—Old photographs of Paris scenes. Historical Notes and Comments 531

Perry Enterprise February 20, 1969—"M. A. 'Dad' Violette, A Life Sketch," by Ralph Gregory.

Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic January 27, February 19 and April 17, 1969—A series on early education in the area was told by George R. I.oughead in "Butler County History as Told Bit By Bit."

Princeton Post-Telegraph February 20-April 24, 1969—A weekly series, "Post Offices and Other Mercer Co. History," by Mary Casteel Linn.

St. Charles Journal January 23, 1969—"Father P. J. DeSmet." January 30—"[Moscow Mills] Town That Changes Counties." February 6-"All Saints Church [St. Peters]." February 13—'Benjamin Franklin." February 20—"The Robbin's Tomb." February 27—"The Gait House." March 6—"St. Joseph Hospital Growth." March 13—"Andrews Tavern." March 20—"California Tavern." March 27—"Two Hundred Years of History." April 3— "Station Duquette." April lO-'St. Charles Dairy." April 17—"Geo. Buckner Fant Home." All the articles above written by Edna McElhiney Olson.

Ste. Genevieve Fair Play February 14April 25, 1969—A weekly series, "History Of Our Town," by Mrs. Jack Basler.

St. Louis Globe-Democrat February 1-2, 1969—"Jean Baptist DuSable," by Reasons and Patrick. February 2, 16, 23, March 2, 9, 23, April 20—The column, "Then and Now," featured respectively Union Station, Tower Grove Park, Olive Street, DeBar Theater, Olive Street, Samuel Cupples home and Nugents Department Store. February 9—"River Center's Plan for Laclede's Landing," by Nell Gross. February 15-16—"George Washington Carver, 'The Wizard of Tuskegee'," by Reasons and Patrick. February 16—"[St. Mary's] The Oldest Seminary West of the Mississippi," by John Brod Peters. March 5 & 6—A two-part article on St. Louisans wTho fought for women's right to vote and helped found the League of Women Voters, by Mary Kim- brough. March 6—"Ancestor Hunt," by Beth Ann Boundy. March 16—"Land Ho, St. Louis!" an article by David Brown, reported on the Santa Maria, a replica of Christopher Columbus' ship which will become a permanent tourist attraction in St. Louis. April 9—"The Legend of Rose O'Neill," by Mary Kimbrough. April 30—"Soldiers of Christ," a history of Christian Brothers College, St. Louis, by John Brod Peters. 532 Missouri Historical Review

St. Louis Post-Dispatch February 16, 1969—"[Lohman's Landing] Landmark on Shaky Ground," by Kevin O'Neill with photographs by Arthur Witman. February 16—"St. Louis Hero [Lyle Bouck, Jr.] Recalls Battle of Bulge," by Jack Rice. February 23, 25, 26—A series on James S. McDonnell by Harry Wilensky. March 13— "Golden Age of St. Louis Radio," by Irving Litvag. March 28—"[Thomas Craven] Painter-Poet Who Became an Art Critic," by Robert K. Sanford. April 4—"Blue Lantern Bohemians [in St. Louis]," by Helen Seevers.

Sedalia Capital February 6, 1969—"Cole Camp Began As Resting Place on Journev." February 13— "Holden Suffered a Setback During the Civil War." February 20—"Mute Reminders in Georgetown of a Lively Past." March 6—"Lead Mines Were Life Source For Fortuna in the Early 1800's." March 13—"North and South Clashed in Early Days of Syracuse." March 20—"Blacksmith's Shop Marked Original California Site." March 27—"Longwood Took Name From Famous English Country Home." April 3— "Lincoln Recalls History In Its Centennial Year." April 10—"Florence Was Pioneer Morgan County Settlement." April 18—"Marshall Was Named For Famous U.S. Chief Justice." April 24—"LaMonte—How It Received Its Name is Uncertain." All the articles above by Hazel Lang.

Steelville Crawford Mirror January 2, 9, 16, February 6, 20, March 6, 13, 20, 27, April 3, 10, 17, 24, 1969—"Souvenir Photos," each containing a number of old prints of area residents and sites.

Urich Herald-Montrose Tidings March 21, 1969—A history of the 100-year-old Montrose Cumberland Pres­ byterian Church.

Marbles Were "Ripe" California Moniteau Monitor, March 9, 1881. Marbles are ripe. The boys are all wearing out the knees of the "trowsers" kneeling around the "ring," and the air is filled with such exclamations as "vents rounders," "vents dubs," "everythings," etc., etc

Wash it With Mashed Potatoes California Dispatch, January 16, 1903. A laundry man of Paris has discovered a method of cleansing fine linen and other fragile textures without using soap or other chemicals. Instead of these he uses boiled potatoes, which he rubs into the goods and then rinses out. It is said that this method will make soiled linen, silk, or cotton much whiter and purer than washing in the ordinary wav. Historical Notes and Comments 533

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

American Jewish Historical Quarterly, December, 1968: "President Truman's Recognition of Israel," by Ian J. Bickerton. American Scene [Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art], 1968: "Indian Mission Frontier in North America," by David C. Hunt. Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Spring, 1969: "Traders and Factories on the Arkansas Frontier, 1805-1822," by Wayne Morris. Bulletin, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, April, 1969: "Thomas Hart Benton and Missouri State Politics: A Re-Examination," by Robert E. Shalhope; "The Broom Brigade, Colonel Donan and Clementine," by Lewis O. Saum; "Death and Adornment." by Mrs. Stewart McCormack; "Loath to Leave An Account of a Visit to St. Louis," by Lilburn A. Kingsbury; "Municipal Reform in Two Missouri Cities," by Jack Muraskin; "John A. Ouarles, Mark Twain's Ideal Man," by Ralph Gregory; and "Carl Schurz and the Negro," by L. Moody Simms, Jr.

Chronicles of Oklahoma, Autumn, 1968: "Confederate Indian Forces Outside of Indian Territory," by LeRoy H. Fischer and Jerry Gill.

Civil War Times Illustrated, April, 1969: "The Spring Hill Legend," by Stanley F. Horn.

Clay County Museum Association Nexusletter, February, 1969: "Background Notes on Waltus Lockett Watkins," Part I, by Ruth Bogart Ronev.

, March, 1969: "Waltus L. Watkins of Northeast Clay County, Mis­ souri," Part II, by Ruth Bogart Roney. Colorado Magazine, Winter, 1969: "Bent, Carson, and the Indians, 1865," edited by Richard N. Ellis.

Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly, February, 1969: "Away from the Crowd: The Deaf Mission of The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod," by August R. SueTfiow.

Jackson County Historical Society Journal, Spring, 1969: "Fred Latimer Grand­ children Have Noted Ancestors,' by Sue Gentry; "Triumph of Quality Hill, Rebirth of Once Fashionable Home Site Is Happy Ending To Once De­ pressing Story," Section II. by Clifford Naysmith; and "Old Woodland Col­ lege Had Some Lofty Aims."

Journal of Spelean History, Winter, 1968: "Historic Caves of St. Louis, Missouri," by Charlotte A. and Hubert Rother, Jr.

Kansas City Genealogist, April, 1969: "Synopsis of the History of Lone Jack Baptist Church," contributed by Leo Jane Shore.

Kirkwood Historical Review, March, 1969: "Marianne Moore," by Mary B. Chomeau; "Frances Warfield, Memories of a Kirkwood Childhood," by Josephine B. Farrington; and "Diary of Anna B. Richter," with footnotes by Dr. Donald R. Alter. 534 Missouri Historical Review

Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, April, 1969: "Buck Prairie Church Has Had Long and Interesting History," by Ethel Sestak and reprinted from the Aurora Advertiser, about 1952.

Missouri Shamrock [University of Missouri Engineering Department], February, 1969: "A Short History of [University of] Missouri's Famed Columns," by D. Brent Mendenhall.

Newsletter, Chariton County Historical Society, April, 1969: "The Bentley-Hery- ford Tobacco Factory at Forest Green," by Jordan Bentley.

Palimpsest, February, 1969: A special Civil War edition included "The First Battle—Wilson's Creek" and "Fort Donelson and Pea Ridge."

Social Justice Review, March, 1969: "St. Louis Episcopacy and the Annunciation," by Reverend Peter J. Rahill.

Westport Historical Quarterly, March, 1969: "The Sword of De Vaca," by John Edward Hicks; "Interurban to Westport," by Calvin Manon; "Zenas Leonard, Fur Trapper, Early Sibley, Missouri Merchant," by Fred L. Lee; "The Leonard Narrative"; "John F. Richards, Son-in-law of Zenas Leonard," bv Adrienne Christopher; and " 'Old Bill' Williams," compiled by W. A. Goff.

White River Valley Historical Quarterly, Winter, 1968-1969: "City of Crane," by Don C. Wright, reprinted from Stone County Booklet; "Aunt Sis [Mrs. Ben McKinney]," from Stories of the Pioneers, by E. J. and L. S. Hoenshel; " 'Joe of the Ozarks' and Family," by Pearl Hodges; "The Dye Family," by Bertha Dye Larson; and "Marriage Records of Taney County, Missouri, 1885-1900," copied by members of Taneycomo Chapter, Daughters of American Revo­ lution.

He Had Reached the Age of Discretion King City Chronicle, March 20, 1908. A Kansas City centenarian says that he did not take up smoking until he was 96. He wisely avoided the chances of acquiring a bad habit until he had reached the age of discretion.

The Lesser of Two Evils Paris Mercury, April 1, 1873. An old bachelor who bears his lonely state with much equanimity, says: "It is better to be laughed at for not being married than to be unable to laugh because you are." Historical Notes and Comments 535

IN MEMORIAM

BUCKNER, WILLIAM L., Kansas City: MUNSEY, PIERCE, Denver, Colorado: July 10, 1891-March 18, 1968. October 11, 1877-February 27, 1969. Native of Missouri. Owner and editor CATRON, MRS. T. K., Columbia: Sep­ of a number of newspapers in Colo­ tember 15, 1884-March 13, 1969. rado, New Mexico and Oklahoma. CHITTENDEN, D. W., SR., Kansas City: Noted for editorial in Woodward, November 19, 1894-March 28, 1969. Oklahoma, Daily Press, which was CROLE, CLAUDE, LaMonte: Septem­ critical of Scopes "Monkey Trial" in ber 27, 1887-September 17, 1968. Dayton, Tennessee. CUTHBERTSON, H. W., Dayton, Ohio: PIEPMEIER, D. F., Appleton City: February 1, 1892-June 20, 1968. March 30, 1907-January 31, 1969. DILL, A. J., Affton: October 15, 1895- PRATHER, PHIL D., JR., Columbia: April 16, 1967. August 22, 1904-April 30, 1969. DILLE, G. E., University City: May RIGGS, JOHN L., Liberty: June 11, 20, 1892-November 11, 1968. 1913-March 4, 1969.

ERNST, DOCTOR EDWIN C, St. Louis: ROFFE, COLONEL A. W., Houston: June 26, 1885-March 14, 1969. November 6, 1890-December 31, 1968. FAIRLEIGH, MRS. J. O., St. Joseph: SERCU, F. A., Onawa, Iowa: March 16, September 30, 1872-November 19, 1968. 1908-June 17, 1968. FERRY, H. C, Nevada: October 11, SMITH, FRANK W., Canton: November 1897-October 24, 1968. 22, 1898-October 20, 1966. FLYNN, J. FRANK, Kansas City: De­ SONE, GUY M., Jefferson City: Feb­ cember 9, 1890-October 25, 1967. ruary 6, 1893-February 20, 1969. Vet­ eran Cole County circuit clerk. GLADNEY, A. LYNDON, Elsberry: Jan­ uary 27, 1897-February 2, 1969. STEVENS, MRS. E. H., Independence: October 17, 1899-March 8, 1969. GUENTHER, FRANK J., Kansas City: May 2, 1901-June 3, 1968. SWOFFORD, MRS. EDITH M., Raytown: October 18, 1890-January 2, 1969. HAUSER, MRS. ORVILLE R., Richmond: September 24, 1878-January 17, 1969. TALLMAN, ROSCOE S., St. Louis: July 22, 1884 December 17, 1968. HOWELL, CLARK M., Springfield: No­ vember 26, 1884-March 30, 1969. TODD, HELEN D., Maryville: Febru­ ary 21, 1890-February 16, 1969. JAMES, QUEEN, Clarence: September 4, 1889-September 18, 1968. TORSON, MRS. ONA, Olathe, Kansas: October 10, 1897-December 4, 1968. KERR, ARTHUR J., St. Louis: April 6, 1896-May 27, 1968. VAN DYKE, MRS. MILDRED, Buckner: June 17, 1902-August 21, 1968. LUKENS, JOSEPH M., Kirkwood: No­ vember 16, 1893-May 17, 1968. WOODSON, ARCH M., JR., Bonnots MARTIN, MRS. FRANK LEE, Columbia: Mill: September 24, 1889-March 22, April 7, 1886-April 28, 1969. 1969.

MOORE, CATHERINE R., Palmyra: ZIMMERMAN, DELBERT T., Richmond: October 16, 1889-May 3, 1968. August 19, 1887-September 14, 1968. 536 Missouri Historical Review

BOOK REVIEWS

An American in Art. By Thomas Hart Benton (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1969). 197 pp. Illustrated. In­ dexed. $10.00. The Lithographs of Thomas Hart Benton. Compiled and edited by Creekmore Fath (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1969). 195 pp. Illustrated. Chronology. Bibliography. In­ dexed. $12.50. It is rare and wonderful wheni the fates happily conspire to illuminate an already long, productive and illustrious life with a book. Thomas Hart Benton has recently been the focus of not one, but four such books. When Benton last updated his personal auto­ biography, An Artist in America, he provided his ever growing number of admirers with sparkling reading, more grist for the controversy that enveloped him for years, and fresh, poignant in­ sights into the colorful life of one of the strongest and most exciting personalities around. In 1968 the University of Missouri Press published Benton Drawings and initiated a still more revealing examination of Benton as a draftsman. This aspect of Benton is richly continued in The Lithographs of Thomas Hart Benton, compiled and edited by Creekmore Fath. All of these, coupled with his professional and technical autobiography, An American in Art, complement one an­ other and bring us full circle around and through a rare and fas­ cinating odyssey. An American in Art is a unique book and one of considerable value to a great variety of publics. It is, in addition to being skill­ fully written, a vivid and good-natured account of the development of his "artistic techniques and intentions." It also is a lucid and exciting revelation of the esthetic, social, economic and political Historical Notes and Comments 537 evolution of an era in which Benton formed the kind of realism called Regionalism. Naturally, researchers, Sunday painters, historians, artists and students will enjoy the telling of his discovery and use of the in­ genious techniques that became the characteristic style which is so recognizably Benton's. He recalls for us his first instruction in draw­ ing, his first job as pen and ink reportorial artist for the Joplin American, plus the amazing diversity of his work from portraiture to mural painting. There are recollections from his days at the Chicago Art Institute, the Academie Julian and sketching at the Louvre. The story of his plunge into the bohemian and intellectual life of Paris gleams with incidents, politics, forces, philosophies and personalities that influenced Benton throughout his future search for a way of communicating meaning through his art. This search took Benton over amazingly varied terrain. From discovery of El Greco and Goya to Pointalism and Cezanne, he tried synchronism and constructivist painting, and finally rejected much of interna­ tional abstraction for his definitive philosophy which requires that his art be an art of social communication. His magnificent personal elucidation of the Regionalist move­ ment and his association with Grant Wood and John Steuart Curry are, by themselves, worth the reader's respect and interest. Benton the battler is also revealed. He explains each event and round of the several bouts he has had with the powerful forces, both political and artistic, which attacked him for being everything from "hick" and "politically reactionary" to "chauvinistic." He tells it "like it is" and in so doing draws us a portfolio of sketches revealing his life, this age, and all the corners of America, its religions, factories, mines, fields and mountains and Missouri landscapes peopled with everyone from Persephone to Huck Finn. Sixty-eight illustrations selected by the artist as key examples of the main stream of his life's work give further evidence of the signifi­ cance of Thomas Hart Benton, An American in Art. The Lithographs of Thomas Hart Benton add another dimen­ sion to our appreciation of the artist. In them we have the mirror image of all the attributes of Bentonian style and content starkly revealed in the richest possible chiaroscuro and without the aid of color. The lithographic print is an ideal vehicle for the expression of Benton's realism which he says, "is largely technical and con­ cerned with spacial positions of objects and their projection in a three dimensional scheme." In addition, the highly dramatic play 538 Missouri Historical Review of velvet black against snow white, woven into rhythmical, textured, transparent grays produce prints of astonishing vitality. This is truly a handsome and rewarding book. The prints repre­ sent open windows through which Benton presents remarkable views of the American scene. He shows us peaceful rivers, raging floods and mountains from the Alleghenies to the Rockies and back to the Ozarks. And we see the American people on farms and ranches and at work and play. Benton's wax crayon embellished several dozens of litho stones which he did for all sorts of reasons and for all manner of patrons. He typically drew them in pairs, one on each side of the stone which he then put in the capable hands of George Miller, the master lithographic printer who printed stones and zinc plates for nearly every important American artist of the age. The excellent quality of the reproduced lithos in this book must be credited first to Miller. Credit is also due to Russell Lee who photographed the Fath collection well enough to encourage the artist to recollect ancient circumstances of half-for gotten editions. Creekmore Fath is a successful lawyer, an art collector and a long-time Benton admirer. He already owned fifty-five Benton lithographs in 1964 when in a chat with Sylvan Cole, Jr., president of the Associated American Artists, he first recognized the need for an accurate listing of Benton's lithographic production. When even the artist could not recall or locate all the answers that Fath's zeal required, Benton gave his blessing and cooperation to the consid­ erable task of compiling and editing a definitive catalogue. Fath has done a good job. Each lithograph is titled, noting in some cases the several titles attributed to them. The dimensions of each print are listed as well as the date, the number of prints in each edition and the circumstances associated with the reason for executing the lithograph. There are eighty Benton lithos reproduced and of these nearly fifty have never before been published in book form. The prints are listed chronologically and are cross-indexed. One of the fine touches this reviewer delighted in finding was the inclusion of many of Benton's remarks, reproduced in his hand­ writing, concerning several dozen of the lithos. This device works very well for it gives the reader even more empathy and insight into the work and character of this distinguished American artist.

Christian College Sidney Larson A Union Soldier in the Land of the Vanquished: The Diary of Sergeant Mathew Woodruff, June-December, 1865. Edited by F. N. Boney (University, Ala.: University of Ala­ bama Press, 1969). 103 pp. $5.00. After serving through the Civil War in Colonel David Moore's vaunted 21st Missouri Infantry, it fell to the lot of First Sergeant Matthew Woodruff of Company G to remain in lower Alabama dur­ ing the first year of Reconstruction. This diary, written by a post­ war Democratic clerk of Clark County, Missouri, provides a day-by-day account of a crack combat regiment's transition to occupation duties. It was a tumultous transition. Shakespeare's dictum on the gaiety of men "from home" rang true again, as Missourians around Mobile, their Confederate enemy subdued, promptly turned on the 15th U. S. Infantry, 96th Colored Infantry, and assorted civilians. Incidents of sporadic violence triggered reprisals, "escalating" fre­ quently into mass confrontations in the streets of Mobile, before taverns, and around the encampments of the concerned combatants. Naturally, this was aggravated by the abundance of potent bottled spirits. But the visiting Missourians did show interest in civic con­ cerns: One Knox Countian, sky-high from Southern hospitality at the city elections, reported he had "voted 6 times & got fifty dollars for it, a good days work." If we may credit the diarist, he was a semi-puritanical on-looker, revolted at the immersion of his friends in their lust and alcoholic bestiality. True, Woodruff thought of replacing the "girl back home" with a local diversion. He assiduously cultivated a swinging doll from Pascagoula—until she took employment at a Mobile house of "Illfame." Matt recorded his dismay: "begin to loose confidence." Aside from loneliness and disgust with his friends, Woodruff was what his neighbors in northeastern Missouri called a "Con­ servative Unionist." The eschatology of the Radical Republicans never thrilled him, nor had he any cultural predisposition to under­ stand Southerners, white or black. As Boney sizes him up, Woodruff respected neither the traditions nor the power of the South, and had "no liking for slavery or, one surmises, the Negro." Convinced of the futility of his work, Woodruff "went over the hill" on April 3, 1866, missing an honorable muster-out by little more than a fortnight. The War Department, considering his good service and the hip wound at Fort Blakely, cancelled desertion charges in 1874. Unable to "stomach the dreary regimentation of 540 Missouri Historical Review

army life," says Boney, the diarist disappeared "into the main­ stream of American life, an apt symbol of his country's failure to win the peace." For those who regard editing a dairy as a scholarly milk run, Professor Boney has a few words of cautionary wisdom. He has gone into the thickets of original documentation to wage a manful and generally successful fight to put credible flesh on the bare bones of dairy entries. He picks up an occasional thorn. For example, Jonathan Johnson of Company H is identified as the "Ike Johnson" who got innocently involved in a brawl while shopping for cigars with Major Henry McGonigle of Edina; "Ike" was in reality Isaac T. Johnston of Canton, regimental blacksmith and a more logical shopping-companion of the major. The George "Wagoner" beaten up by the 15th Infantry was a German-born fellow named Wagner. Nor was Governor Fletcher "easily reelected" in 1866, there being no gubernatorial election that year. Finally, this reviewer is mystified at Boney's preference for spelling the diarist's given name with a single "t", when Woodruff, who wrote a beautiful hand, clearly spelled the name with a double "t" in his enlistment papers and pension application. Little errors of this kind should in no case seriously affect the worth of this little book to the scholar or the casual reader. It is more important that the editor has brought wit and understanding to a challenging task, that he has resurrected from the files of the Henry Huntington Library a valuable document shedding needed light on the Reconstruction story. Social and military historians are going to be grateful for Nash Boney's work in untold years to come.

Central Missouri State College Leslie Anders

The M. Waldo Hatler Story. By Margaret and Waldo Hatler (Neosho, Mo., Ozarkana Book Press, 1968). 220 pp. Not indexed. Illustrations. $6.00. Today's recruit on his way to boot camp where he will train for duty in our current war is removed for the same period of time from World War I as M. Waldo Hatler was removed from the American Civil War when Hatler joined up at Camp Funston, Kansas, in 1917. Therefore, it is high time to get in print the story of the Missourian who became one of the foremost heroes of World Historical Notes and Comments 541

War I. He is said to have been second only to the incomparable Sergeant Alvin C. York in honors in World War I. Hatler's story of his youth is typical of boys who grew up in a small midwestern town at the beginning of this century. Hunting, fishing, high school sports, town band and wheat harvest in the summers consumed his time. Hatler's drive took him on to college and through the Law School of the University of Michigan. But he never practiced law. Instead he opened a small country bank. Once when the bank was robbed they took Hatler captive in the get-away horse buggy. But before long he had captured the robbers with an empty gun. Hatler was 24 when he went overseas with the 89th Division. The book is impressive because it contains Sergeant Hatler's ac­ count of his heroics on the Western Front in 1918 which won him many military awards, including the Congressional Medal of Honor. It was dark and cold the night of November 8, 1918, when Hat­ ler and another soldier volunteered to swim the swollen Meuse River near Pouilly, France. "We dropped into the water and it w7as over our heads at the bank," he said. His companion died near the middle of the stream from a stray bullet or cramps. Hatler pulled himself out of the water on the other side only to find that he was in the midst of Germans on the alert to shoot or club him to death. Then he started to gather information which might be helpful to his officers who were planning a battalion river crossing. He observed places where the river bank was too steep to land a boat or anchor a pontoon bridge. He concluded that the rank and file could not swim across nor could they wade the river. He noted that the area was free from swamp. Then he finished his reconnaisance by tying a piece of cloth to a bush so that it could be seen the next morning through a field glass and then half frozen but otherwise unharmed, he slipped back into the icy waters to return across the river and make his valuable report. He almost did not make it. "I was seized with a cramp in one of my legs and it drew tight under me," he recalled. Later this night before a roaring fireplace in a farmhouse with the windows covered by blankets, Hatler stripped of his clothes and baking before the fireplace, related the valuable information he had gained while his Major took it down. Less than forty-eight hours later the battalion chose the place to try for a river crossing. Under heavy fire they crossed in eighteen-foot boats brought up from the Marne River by four horses at a gallop and unhooked at 542 Missouri Historical Review the river's edge. Hatler says, "We succeeded in landing by boat about two squads of men; they put a long rope at each end of the boats and worked them as a shuttle backwards and forwards across the river." The following day was the eleventh day of November and soon after the eleventh hour Hatler noted that "strange things began to happen. . . . We learned the war was over." He called the night of November 11, 1918, "the night of nights." "I had lost hope of ever returning to America," he said, "but slowly it began to dawn on me that I would return to friends and loved ones." Weeks later Hatler, sporting black eyes from a brawl on a train, could not participate in his Regimental Review before General John J. Pershing. The company commander said to Hatler, "You have a college education so you write the history of our company from the time we left Camp Funston up to date. You will be relieved from duty and stand no formation for two weeks." And so Hatler wrote a short history of Company B, 356th Regiment, 89th Divi­ sion. It was published in Trier, Germany, by German printers who could neither read nor write English. Today it is a collector's item and may be seen in archives of the Soldier's Monument in Kansas City, Missouri. During the Occupation Hatler traveled a great deal in Germany and in France. In Germany, he noted, "Women, children and old men were striving to put their fields in cultivation." But it was different in France where the fields had gone to weeds. Here he observed that the "soldiers were still wearing their uniforms, and the people in general were still dancing, drinking and crying 'Finis le guerre, finis le guerre'." The greatest experience in the life of the young soldier was now ended, so he came back home to the post war years of the 1920s. He tried raising apples. But floods, hail and rabbits cut profits in half. He backed a runner in the celebrated C. C. Pyle "Bunion Derby" which was a cross country foot race by a group of men running on old U. S. Highway 66 from California to New York. But his runner was put out of the race at Miller, Missouri, for stealing a ride on a truck. He staked a tomato grower who let the crop get over-ripe. But it was real estate dealings which consumed most of his time for the remainder of his life. He started with the Florida boom, moved into the big oil play in Oklahoma, and once went to Shef- Historical Notes and Comments 543 field, England, to buy a Missouri farm for subdivision purposes. He was often up; often he was down, but he was never out. Margaret Hatler, co-author of the book, wrote the moving account of the trip she and her hero husband made to Europe and back. They visited the cities and battlefields Sergeant Hatler knew so well in 1918-1919. The old soldier had suffered a series of strokes, but this did not deter him. He put on a leg brace and aided by his cane outstepped his younger wife. Mrs. Hatler also lets the reader in on several stirring affairs which were open only to Medal of Honor men and their wives. The end came on August 31, 1967. Hatler, born at Bolivar, had been almost a lifetime resident of Neosho, Missouri. But he chose to be buried on a hilltop in a cemetery across the state line in Sulphur Springs, Arkansas. Thus ended the saga of an old soldier who half a century ago attained marked distinction in the First Army. An Army General Pershing once pronounced to have attained an achievement "scarcely to be equalled in American history."

Springfield, Missouri John K. Hulston

Love's Labor Lost King City Tri-County Nexus, February 1, 1924. It is an interesting fact that a man who chooses his work because he loves it, often chooses a kind at which he can make no money.

A Tasty Solvent Columbia Missouri Statesman, November 30, 1860. If the Union is dissolved one of the Democrats of Columbia wants to know if it wouldn't be better to dissolve it in brandy and sugar?

People Were Tolerant Paris Mercury, July 22, 1873. As an evidence of the docility and forbearance of the American people, it is stated that only two sewing machine agents have been killed in this country during the present year. From an original wood engraving by Fred Geary, owned by The State Historical Society

THE CIRCUS COMES TO FAYETTE

[From the Fayette Howard County Advertiser, May 31, 1877, edited and con­ tributed by Professor Hobart L. Morris, Jr.] Monday, May 28, 1877, was a bright and beautiful day. Hundreds of "Old Howard's" citizens flocked into town to see, and be seen, while enjoying the relaxation of a day's pleasure. The main attraction was "The Creat European Hippodrome, Circus and Menagerie." For some weeks past the surrounding countryside, and the most conspicuous places around town, had been plastered with gorgeously pictured and extravagantly worded "bills." Everybody was planning to attend. Even the farmers, behind in their corn planting because of the late spring, were coming. Another day's postponement would not affect their crop, and after all, "a fellow might die before another circus came around." Heaven could not be heaven to the unhappy angel who should carry the sad reflection with him throughout eternity that "he might have gone but didn't." Whatever his course of reasoning—on this day so con­ ducive to agricultural "chores"—the farmers joined the large throng in town. The crowd was a curious crowd—made up of many incongruous elements— in some respects more interesting, more of a puzzle, than the circus itself. Like VANITY FAIR it was a conglomerate mass of surging, restless and sweltering humanity, coming in all sizes, shapes, ages, colors and sexes. By 9 o'clock in the morning Fayette's streets defied description. There were "Uncle Ned" and the two-hundred-pound partner of his bosom, and five little flowers of their mutual love, all mounted upon a blind mule, slowly progressing in a dignified manner through the crowded streets toward the show grounds. Soon after this interesting family came a "dashing team," driven by an aristocratic young Granger, who was smiling and smirking at the richly attired young beauty at his side. After them, they came—on horseback, in wagons, in buggies, "democrats," in rockaways, in carriages and in phaetons. In one's, two's 544 Historical Notes and Comments 545

and in hundreds, until the town was black with people and "thick" with dust. And they still came like "locusts." Finally, the band began to play signifying the start of the "Grand Parade." No sooner had the first shrill bugle sounded than a tall, lean Negro "appointed himself" to organize a guard of honor. Fie assumed a position at the head of the parade, and, with an "air of grave responsibility," led the procession through the town. He was joined by others of both sexes having similar "martial im­ pulses." They followed in the van. Old, grey-haired, rheumatic men, "dull and listless before," picked up their ears at the first "tap" of the drum, and re­ gardless of age and infirmities, fell into line with the crowd and marched along "as blithely as the youngest there." The parade presented nothing unusual, except for the new feature of a "calliope." Notably absent was the "giraffe" which had been so conspicuously "billed." The animal died, of course, just before the show got into Fayette. There was, however, the largest black bear ever seen, occupying the "giraffe's" cage. The calliope brought up the rear of the parade, and from its first "un­ earthly screech," till its final, was surrounded by an astonished and admiring crowd. The effect it produced on many "uninitiated" in the crowd, was akin to that of the mules hitched to the rack around the Court House square. "It was highly distracting to their self possession." The mules broke and ran not stopping to reason after "they saw the thing wasn't after them." The circus performance was enjoyed by all. The trapeze act of "Austin and his wife" was superb. Willis Cobb's trained dogs performed a variety of amusing tricks. What was more amazing, the dogs "seemed to have a very intelligent idea of what they were doing and why they did it." The "bareback" riding of young "little Willie Sells" was extraordinary. The ever popular menagerie was small but contained "choice" animals. There were a zebra, two kinds of camels, elephants, leopards, lions, monkeys and others. The show horses were in "bad order." This could be easily understood since, for the past two or three months, these horses had hauled the show's wagons through wet weather and bad Missouri roads. There was one "side show" connected with the circus. It featured two "small people," a bearded woman, and the best "slight of hand" performer ever seen in Fayette. There were refreshments for all. Scurrying through the crowd was the "peanut man," the lemonade boy and many Negro pie vendors. They cried their wrares while "scooping in the crowd's stray nickels." The circus' management, much to the delight of the "right people," did not permit "faro," "three card monte," or anything like a confidence operation. After the afternoon performance a balloon ascension was made. The balloon was quite large, and was inflated with hot air. Many in the excited crowd ex­ pected the man who went up to "hang by his toes to a trapeze and fall off and break his neck." On the contrary, he stood in the relatively safe confines of a large basket, firmly attached to the balloon. The ascension was not very high nor for very long, but it was highly satisfactory for those who had never seen a balloon ascension. As the weary crowd slowly departed the show grounds, they were in unanimous agreement that the show was a very good one—well worth the price of admission!

INDEX TO VOLUME LXm COMPILED BY MRS. SUE PLATT

Anderson, Dorsey, 484 Abbott, Clayton, Historical Sketches of Anderson, James, memorial tablet Cedar County, Missouri, noted, 130 dedicated, 261 Abernathy, Dan, 100 "Andrews Tavern," art. on, listed, 531 Abernathy, L. G., obit, 121 Angelo, Mike, donor, 394 Abernathy, Mrs. Roy, obit., 404 Angert, Henry, home, art. on, listed, Academy of Squires, 265 400 Act of April (1814), 11 Annual meeting of State Historical Act of Congress (1814), 10 Society, 241-242 Adair, V. D., 515 Antioch Community Church Historical Adams, Edward D., 351 Society, 255 Adams (frigate), 212 Applebaum, R. H., obit., 404 Adams, Mrs. J. O., 509 Archaeology, arts, on, listed, 115, 120 Adams, John Quincy, 333 Archaeological Society of Missouri, 246 Adamson, W. S., donor, 267 Archambault family, art. on, listed, Addison, George, 387 277 Adet, P. A., 186 "Archivist Report," art. on, listed, 400 Adkins, Katie Marie, 509 Archuleta, Don Diego, 341 Agee, Daisy C, obit., 121 Argent, Mr. & Mrs. C, 512 Aguado, Edward, 263, 519 Arkansas frontier, art. on, listed, 533 Airborne, 101st, art. on, listed, 115 Armbruster, John H., donor, 108 Airmail service, Kansas City, art. on, Armistice silence in Kansas City, art. listed, 114 on, listed, 399 Aker, Mary B., 262, 518 Armstrong, Frank, obit., 404 Alewel, Herman, 515 "Arrival of the Caravan at Sante Fe," Alexis, Grand Duke, 433 340 (illus.) Allee, Harry, 390 Art Gallery, exhibit of Benton water- Allen, Mrs. Ben, 391 colors, 242 Allen, Lois, 391 Arthaud, John Bradley, donor, 108 Allen, Mrs. Nobel, 515 Artist in America, An, by Thomas Allen, Thomas M., 148, 149, 150 (il­ Hart Benton, reviewed, 122-124 lus.), 156, 164, 166 As I Remember, by Haysler Allen Allgood, Richard, 385 Poague, noted, 411 Allonby, Charles, donor, 394 "As You Were," column, De Soto his­ Allston, Samuel, 301 tory, arts, on, listed, 529 Almond, Mr. & Mrs. Charles, 100 Asbury, Herbert, 487 Along the Trail, 517 Ashland, arts, on, listed, 528 Alter, Donald, 389 Ashley, William H., art. on, listed, 118 Altman, Richard, 508 Atchison County Historical Society, 96, Ambrose Bierce's Devil's Dictionary, 508 433 Atchison, David Rice, 145, 157, 163, American in Art, An, a Professional 333 and Technical Autobiography, by Atchley, Earnest B., 58 Thomas Hart Benton, 521; reviewed, Athens Park Development Associa­ 536-538 tion, 97, 383, 508 American Association of Railroaders, Atherton, Barbara, 521 train trip, 504 Atherton, Lewis E., 241; honored, 521 American Institute of Architects, 246 Atherton, Mrs. Lewis E., 521 American Royal, art. on, listed, 277 Ames, Fisher, 284 Athlete's Conquest, Bernarr Macfad­ "Ancestor Hunt," art. on, listed, 531 den, book by, 79 Anders, Leslie, 256, 394, 396, 504, 510; Atteberry, James, 509 The Eighteenth Missouri, reviewed, Atwood, Mrs. C. N., donor, 267 124-125; book reviews by, 405-406, Audrain County Historical Society, 539-540 384, 508 547 548 Index

Aurora (Philadelphia newspaper) ,185, Baum, Mildred Rutledge, 99 186, 187, 189, 197, 200, 203 Bauman, G. Duncan, 393 Automobile Club of Missouri, 290 Baxter, W. A., 101 Automobiles in Missouri 1890s and Beatty, Charlton E., 501 early 20th century, 289-291 Beckley, John, 212 Auxvasse Presbyterian Church, art. on, Beecher, Henry Ward, 428 listed, 271 Beerbower, Hazel, donor, 267 Avery, Mrs. Clarence, 509 Beeson, H. O., 516 Aviation in Missouri, 414-416 Behnken, John W., memorial service, Aviation's Golden Age exhibit at Kan­ art. on, listed, 277 sas City Museum, 250 Behrens, Edward G., 262 Bell, Francis J., obit., 281 Bell, Ovid, donor, 108 Bellamy, William, Jr., 104 B Bellevue Collegiate Institute, dedicated marker, 251 Bach Society, St. Louis, art. on, listed, Belt, H. W., 373 115 Benjamin, Henry, 62, 67 Baclay, W., 261 Bennett, Marvin, 384 Bacon College, 139 Bennett, Opal, 512 Bad Moccasin, 313 "Bent, Carson and the Indians," art. Baggerman, Mrs. William F., 381 on, listed, 533 Bahrenberg, L. C. H., 68 Bent, Charles E., 335, 339, 341 Bailey, Gamaliel, 143 Bent, William, 335 Bailey, William D., donor, 523 Bentley, Jordan, 385 Baker, James, 359, 360 (illus.) Benton County Historical Society, 384, Baldwin, Rollie, 511 509 Balwin, Mrs. Richard, 389 Benton County settlers, art. on, listed, Bannon, John Francis, S.J., 241, 242, 275 250; "Missouri, a Borderland," art. Benton, Thomas Hart (artist) , 242, by, 227-240; art on, listed, 116 265, honored 521 (illus.) ; arts, on, Baptist Church, Jefferson City, anniv., listed, 116, 275, 528; Life on the Mis­ 251 sissippi, paintings by, front cover Barbe-Marbois, Francois, 183, 192, 193 illus., Oct., Jan., Apr. & July issues; Barclay, Esther, 384 An Artist in America, reviewed, 122- Barclay, Thomas, 445 124; An American in Art and The Barlow, Joel, 212 Lithographs of Thomas Hart Ben­ Barlow, Samuel L. M., 326 ton, reviewed 536-538 Barnes, A. S., 68 Benton, Thomas Hart (senator), 145 Barnes, D. A., 223 (illus.), 150-152; "Thomas Hart Barnes, D. E., 218 (illus.) Benton and The Oregon Question," Barnes Shelling Company, Bolivar, 223 489-498; Benton and Missouri poli­ Barnett, Fred, 265 tics, art. on, listed, 533 Barnett, George, 380, 381 Bent's Fort, 336 (illus.) Barnett, George D., 92 Berger anniv., 250 Barnett, George H., 92 "Bernarr Macfadden," William H. Barnett George Ingham, 92 Taft, art. by, 71-88 Barnett, Mrs. R. E., obit., 121 Bernays, Edward L., 86 Barnett, Ray, 389 Berninghaus, O. E., "Marquette De­ Barnett, Thomas P., 92 scending the Mississippi, 1673," Barnitz, Frank H., 99 painting by, 230; "Indian Attack on Barry County Historical Society, 97, the Village of Saint Louis, 1780," 384, 508 mural by, 237 Barry, James G., 176 Bethel Presbyterian Church, anniv., Barton, Mrs. Ralph, 263 art. on, listed, 274 Bartram, Gene, 390 Bettis, Russell, 520 Bar tram, Mrs. Gene, donor, 108 Betz, Annette, donor, 108 Bartshe, Frankie, 258 Beyer, Arthur K., 510 Baseball, art on, listed, 115, 275 Bickel, Emil L, 390 Basler, Mrs. Jack, 99, 387 Bienville, Jean B., 232 Bassett, Dr. & Mrs. Charles F., 387 Bierly, Joan, 392 Bauer, Helen Stanley, 102 Big Axe, Pawnee chief, 298-314 Index 549

Big Star, Pawnee chief, 298, 307, 309- Bounds, Carl, 261, 390 314 Bourgmont, Etienne, de Veniard, 233, Billings, Josh, 44 234 Bingham, George Caleb, 153, 157, 162; Bower, Clarence, 104 arts, on, listed, 277, 403 Bowles, Samuel, 420, 445 Birbeck, Robert, donor, 268 Bowling, Robert A., 241 Birdsong, Mrs. Estell, 509 Boy Scout music, art. on, listed, 278 Bishop, Ada, 387 Boyd, Trenton, donor, 108 Black River Missionary Baptist Brackney, Herbert W., donor, 523 Church, anniv., art. on, listed, 115 Bradley, Larry, 260 Black walnut delivery truck (1933), Brady, Edwin, 384, 509 218 (illus.) Brammer, George C, obit., 121 Blaine, James G., 447 Branson school, art. on, listed, 278 Blair, C. O., obit., 121 Bran ton, William Coleman, 513 Blair, Emily Newell, verso back cover Bratton, Mrs. Sam T., donor, 267 Oct. issue (illus.) Braun, Hazel, 385 Blair, James T., 265 Bray, Sanford, 98 Blake, Mrs. Robert E., obit., 281 Brazeau Presbyterian Church, art. on, Blakely, Mrs., 472 listed, 272 Blanchette, Louis, statue, art. on, Brearton, Edward T., donor, 394 listed, 115 Bretegani, Luigi, 94 Bloom, Mrs. W. A., donor, 394 Bricker, Robert J., 384 Blow family, 319 Bridger, James, arts, on, listed, 278 Blow, Henry T., 324 (illus.), 325 Bridges in Jackson and Clay counties, Blow, Taylor, 325, 326, 327 art. on, listed, 399 Blue River towns, art. on, listed, 399 Briggs, Frank P., 241 Blue Springs cemetery, art. on, listed, Briggs, Jerrol, 258, 388 114 Brinkley, Thelma, 260 Boatmen's National Bank, art. on, Brinkman, E. C, 356 listed, 400 Bristow, Mrs. Robert, 391 Boder, Mrs. Bartlett, 263 Brock, Milo N., obit., 404 Bogart, James E., obit., 281 Brodrick, Mrs. Curtis, 262 Bohemians in St. Louis, art. on, listed, Brodsky, Rose, donor, 267 532 Broermann, Harry, 508 Bolton, Herbert Eugene, 227 Brooks, George R., 102 Bond, Mrs. Leslie F., 393 Brooks, Philip C, 513 Boney, F. N., A Union Soldier in the Brooks, Mrs. Robert F., donor, 394 Land of the Vanquished: The Diary Broom brigade, art. on, listed, 533 of Sergeant Mathew Woodruff, Brown, Mrs. Audley, donor, 267 June-Dec, 1865, reviewed, 539-540 Brown, B. Gratz, 164, 386, 419, 421, Bonnewitz, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur L., 425 (illus.) donor, 523 Brown, Mrs. B. Gratz, 386 Book notes, 128-131, 286-287, 408-412 Brown, Benjamin Henton, donor, 523 Book reviews, 122-127, 283-285, 405- Brown, Clarah F., 104; obit., 404 407, 536-543 Brown, Irwin Hepin, donor, 523 Boone County, art. on, listed, 528 Brown, Leonard Harold, donor, 523 Boone County Historical Society, 97, Brown, Mildred, 385 255, 384, 509 Brown, Spencer Henton, donor, 523 Boone, Daniel, 251; postage stamp, Brown, W. Crosby, 257; "The Fed­ art. on, listed, 271 eral Historic Preservation Act of Boone family, 2, 3, 8 1966 (Public Law 89-665) and its Boonslick country, 1-37 Implementation in Missouri," art. Boonslick Historical Society, 255, 384, by, 244-247 509 Brown, Willina S., 504 Borders, James E., 505 Browne, Carl, 465 Borland, Geraldine, 67 Browning genealogy, art. on, listed, Boston Advertiser, 360 119 Bothwell Lodge, art. on, listed, 530 Brownlee, Richard S., 241, 243, 245, Botts, Thomas, donor, 267 250, 258, 513, 515 Botts, Virginia, donor, 527 "Brucker Hardware," art. on, listed, Boucher, Homer R., obit., 121 400 Bouck, Lyle, Jr., art. on, listed, 532 Brummett, Carl A., 519 550 Index

B run jes, Alice, 517 California's early site, art. on, listed, Brunk, Arthur T., obit., 281 532 Bruns, Mr. & Mrs. W. A., 387 Callaway County Fox Hunt, art. on, Brunswick history, arts. on. listed, 528 listed, 114 Brush, H. M., obit., 281 Callaway, F. B., obit., 404 Bryan, John A., 387 Callaway, Paul S., 500 Bryant, Ernest E., obit., 281 Calloway, Robert, 258 Buchanan, James. 495 Calvert, Donald, 383 Bucher, Mrs. J. C, obit, 121 Calvert, Harold, Tiventy-Tiventy Buchroeder's Jewelry Store, art. on, Hindsight, noted, 128 listed, 113 Camden County Historical Society, 97, Buck, Archie, 383 255, 384 Buck Prairie Church historv, art. on, Campbell, Alexander, 138-142, 139 listed, 534 (illus.) Buckner, Alexander, 494 Campbell, Clyde, obit., 281 Buckner, William L., obit., 535 Campbell, Mrs. E. Taylor, 391 Bu£g, James L.. Jr., honored, 522 Campbell, Ida Grace, 509 Bull, fohn, 198 Campbell, John, 386 Bullock, E. H., 56-70, 67 (illus.) Campbell, Lloyd, 391 Bunch, Tade W., obit., 121 Canan, Howard V., 241 Bundschu, Henry A., 241 Cantalin, John E., obit., 121 Bundy, Rex, donor, 523 Cape Girardeau County history, arts. Burk, Cassie, obit.. 281 on, listed, 271-272 Burns. Robert, 45 Cape Girardeau Countv Historical Burrill, Mabel, 513 Society, 97, 385 Burroughs Nature Club, art. on. listed, Cape Girardeau Eagle (newspaper) , 529 1855 series, arts, on, listed, 529 Burruss, WT. B., 484 Cargill, Mrs. John P., donor, 523 Bush, Douglas, 500 Carl Friedrich Gauss, Titan of Science, Bushwhacker Antique Show and Sale, 505 255 "Carl Schurz and the Negro," art. on, Butler, Ben, 427 listed, 533 Butler Countv caves, art. on, listed, Carnegie, Dale, 390 274 Carnell, Mrs. Hiram, 516 Butler Countv Historical Societv, 255, Carnell, Pauline, 260 384, 509 Carondelet, Baron de, 239 Butler Countv history, art. on, listed, Carondelet Historical Societv, 98, 255. 531 385 Butts, Opal Stewart, donor, 108; Tales Carondelet history, 504 of Old Hickory County, Fact and Carpenter, W. W., obit., 281 Fiction, noted, 125 Carr, Mrs. Fred, 391 Byrne, Mrs. Daniel, donor. 267, 394 Carrizal affairs, art. on, listed, 278 Carroll, Boyd, obit., 404 Carroll County Historical Society, 509 C Carroll, Mrs. Walter, 101 "Carry Nation, A Missouri Woman, Cabanne, Lewis, 342 Won Fame in Kansas," Dorothy J. Cabanne Place, art. on, listed, 402 Caldwell, art. by, 461-488 Cadillac, Antoine de la Motte, 232 Carson, Kit, arts, on, listed, 113, 114, Cain, Mrs. Wesley, 474, 475 116 Caldwell, Dorothy J., 100, 107, 245, Carter, Ethel, donor, 267 255, 381, 511; donor, 108; "Missouri's "Carter, John Henton, alias 'Com­ National Historic Landmarks, Part modore Rollingpin,' " John T. Flan­ III: Watkins Mill," art. by, 365-377; agan, art. by, 38-54; 44 (illus.) "Carry Nation, A Missouri Woman, Carter, Proctor N., 265 Won Fame in Kansas," art. bv, 461- Carver, George Washington, arts, on, 488 listed, 529/531 Calhoun, John C, 143, 496 Carver, Paul E., 101 "Calico Jam" column, arts, listed, 271, Caso Calvo, Sebastian de, 204, 239 398, 529 Cass County Historical Society, 255 "California Tavern," art. on, listed, Cassingham, Mrs. Chet, 504 531 Casteel, Mrs. Dana B., donor, 394 Index 551

Castel, Albert, General Sterling Price Civil War Round Table of St. Louis, and the Civil War in the West, re­ 256, 386, 510 viewed, 405-406 Civilian Conservation Corps, art. on, Catlin, George, 213 listed, 273 Catron, Mrs. T. K., obit., 535 Claggett, Charles E., 102 Cattle Kings, 522 Claiborne, William C. C, 206 Caucasian (Lexington newspaper) , Clamorgan, "Santiago," 239 during reconstruction, 419-450 Clarence centennial and pony show, Caucasion Horse Opera Troupe, 442 519 Cauger, Theodore R., 513 Clark, George Rogers, 212 Cemeteries, arts, on, listed, 119, 528, Clark, Mark, 500 530 Clark, Mrs. T. J., 509 Cemetery Census, 506-508 Clark, William, 212, 251, 294, 314 Centaur Station, art. on, listed, 275 Clarke, Kate King, art. on, listed, 120 Centennial History of the Civil War, Clary, Robert E., 336, 338 386 Clausius, Gerhard, 385 Cervantes, Alfonso J., 93 Clay County families, arts, on, listed, Chaffee, Calvin Clifford, 321, 326, 327 277 Chambers, William Nisbet, 490 Clay County Museum Association, 98, Chandler, C. Q., 473 256, 386, 510 Chaney, Audrey, obit., 404 Clay, Henry, 331, 333 Chapin, Edward D., 258, 388 Clay, James M., obit., 121 Chapman, Carl, 245; donor, 523 Clay, Mrs. Thomas E., 390 Chariton County Historical Society, Clayton, Robert H., donor, 523 256, 385, 509 Clemens, Cyril, donor, 523 Charles IV of Spain, 196 Clemens, Sam (Mark Twain) , 86 Cherry, Roy H., obit., 404 Cleveland, Grover, 362 Chiles, Nick, 482 Clevenger, Homer, 381; art. on, listed, Chillicothe store front, 244 (illus.) 400 Chittenden, D. W., Sr., obit., 535 Clodfelter, Mrs. George, 103 Chitwood, Mr. & Mrs. Ray, 512 Clodfelter, Paul, 390 Cholera epidemic in St. Louis in 1849, Cochran, Mrs. Lee G., donor, 267 171-181 Cochran, Mrs. Robert, 523 Chouteau, Pierre, Jr., 323 Cochran, Thomas, 355 Chrisman, Lee, art. on, listed, 118 Cockerell, John, 442 Christian Brothers College history, Coffman, J. L., 387 art. on, listed, 531 Coffman, Mrs. Richard, 387 Christian University (Canton, Mo.) , Colborn, R. I., 241 166, 167 (illus.) Cole Camp, art. on, listed, 532 Christopher, Adrienne, 99, 105, 386, Cole County Historical Society, 386, 392, 520 511; donor, 394 Christy, John, 504 Cole, Harry, 512 Churchill Memorial Library, arts, on, Cole, Mrs. Redmond Selecman, donor, listed, 271, 531; dedication, 449-501 267, 394 Churchill, Winston, 106, 499, 500 Coleman, Edwin P., Jr., 265 Cincinnati Commercial (newspaper) , Coleman, William, 208, 209 419, 420, 422, 423, 446, 447 Collins, A. Loyd, donor, 523 Circus (illus.) from wood engraving Collot, Victor, 186 by Fred Geary, 544 Colman, N. J., 426 "Circus Comes to Fayette," edited by "Colonization of the St. Louis and Hobart L. Morris, Jr., 544-545 San Francisco Railway Company, "City of Crane," art. on, listed, 534 1880-1882: A Study of Corporate Civil War battle at Pilot Knob, anniv., Diolomacy," Craig Miner, art. by, 251 345-363 "Civil War Cannon," art. on, listed, Columbia Business and Professional 115 Women's Club, donor, 109 Civil War, Lafayette County, art. on, Columbian Centinel (Boston news­ listed, 119 paper) , 198, 201, 202 Civil War Round Table of Kansas Columbia Missouri Statesman, 484 City, 98, 256, 385, 510 Columbia's early street names, art. on, Civil War Round Table of the Oz­ listed, 528 arks, 98, 256, 385, 510 Colyn, Mrs. Charles, donor, 524 552 Index

Compton family, art. on, listed, 402 Culver, Nancy Estep, 330 Comstock, Anthony, 83, 84 Culver, Romulus Estep, 329-344 Conception Abbey, Missouri, art. on, Culver, William, 330 listed, 115 Cuninggim, Mrs. Merrimon, 393 Concordia Historical Institute, 257 Curby, Mrs. John E., 102 Concordia Seminary Memorial Service, Curtis, Mrs. G. R., donor, 109 art. on, listed, 277 Curtis, Thomas B., 380 Condensed History of the Kansas City Cuthbertson, H. W., obit., 535 Area its Mayors and some V.I.P.S, Cutter, Mrs. Frederick J., 40 assembled by George Fuller Green, noted, 408 Condie, Katherine Teasdale, obit., 121 D Confederate Indian forces, art. on, d'Abbadie, Santiago, 237 listed, 533 d'Eglise, Jacques, 239 Congregational Church, First (Spring­ d'Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, 232 field) , donor, 395 Dabbs, Eleanor, obit., 281 Conklin, Roland, 73 Dade Countv Historical Society, 98, Connor, Lucille, obit., 281 511 Convention Hall, Kansas City, art on, Dahl, L. C, 389 listed, 119 Dallas County Historical Societv, 98, Conway, Mrs. Ralph, 512 257 Cooley, Thomas M., 183 Dalton, John M., 250 Coombs, Kenneth, 518 Dalton, Orville, 65 Coon, Mrs. Perry, 260 Dana, Judith Brown, 386 Cooper, Benjamin, 8, 14 Daniel Boone Bridge, Weldon Springs, Cooper County Indian fighting, art. art. on, listed, 115 on, listed, 401 Daniel Boone Regional Library, Co­ Cooper's Bottoms, 8, 9, 14, 23 lumbia, donor, 267 Cornelius, J. L., 515 Daniels, C. O., 257 Corrigan, Edward, 510 Darby, Walter N., obit., 121 Cortez, Manuel, 341, 343 Daughters of the American Revolu­ Coryell, John R., 84 tion, St. Charles Chapter, marker Cotton, Philip, Jr., 381, 394 dedication, 251 Court decisions in Dred Scott owner­ Daughters of Old Westport, 99, 386 ship, 317-328 Daume, Ida, 385 Cowden, Mrs. Bernard, 262 Davenport, George L., 322 Cowgill, James, 58, 59 (illus.) Davidson, Robert L. D., 106, 500 Cox, Lester E., obit., 281 Davis, E. Curtis, 152, 153 Cox, Phyllis, 511 Davis, Eliza, 511 Coxe, Lottie, 386 Davis, Ilus, 521 Coy, Roy, 241 Davis, Mrs. James D., donor, 268 Craddock, Mrs. Ezra, 512 Davis, James W., obit., 404 Crain, Earnest, 65 Davis, Jefferson, 424 Crane, Arba N., 324 Davis, Lois, donor. 394 Crank, Rose, 517 Davis, Webster, Kansas City mayor, Craven, Thomas, art. on, listed, 532 art. on, listed, 399 Crawford County Historical Societv, Davis, Will W., 250, 251 511 Day, O. L., 475 Creighton brothers, art. on, listed, 529 De Lassus, Carlos Dehault, 239, 261 Crole, Claude, obit., 535 De Menil, Alexander, 40 Cronkite, Walter, art. on, listed, 529 De Soto, Fernando, art. on, listed, 118 Croskey, Mrs. Thomas, 391 De Soto's early history, arts, on, listed, Croy, Homer, 390 528, 529 Cruikshank, John J., mansion, 92 Deardorf, Everett, 508 (illus.) DeArmond, Fred, 256, 386 Cubbon, G. T., 479 "Death and Adornment," art. on, Cullen, Joseph P., 510 listed, 533 Cullom, Mrs. William H., 515 Decres, Due Denis, 194 Culmer, Frederic A., 243 "Dedication Ceremony for Winston Culver, Fred J., donor, 394 Churchill Memorial and Librarv,' Culver, George W., 333 499-501 Culver, John, 330 DeKalb County Historical Societv, 511 Index 553

Demarce, Mrs. James L., donor, 108 Drake, Robert, Jr., 384, 509 Dempsey, Jack, 88 Dred Scott case, 317-328; art. on, Dent, Alice, 99 listed, 277 Dent County Historical Society, 99, Drefs, Mrs. Arthur G., 389 257, 386, 511 Dresden founding, art. on, listed, 401 Deserted Village, History of Grandin, Drissen, Ladean, 577 Missouri, Gene Oakley, by, noted, Drummond, Malcolm C, and Walter 408-409 L. Eschbach, Historic Sites of Jef­ DeSmet, P. J., art. on listed, 531 ferson County, Missouri, noted, 410- DeVaca sword, art. on, listed, 534 411 Dew, Samuel A., 261 du Pont, Victor,, 189 DeWeese, A. F. and railroad, art. on, du Sable, Jean Baptiste Point, dedica­ listed, 528 tion of marker, 263; arts, on, listed, Dick, Ralph, 518 115, 274 Dickinson, Clement C, art. on, listed, Du Tisne, Claude, 233 277 Duane, William, 187, 190 Dickman, Marvin, 388 Duck Creek Ballads, John Henton Dickson, Lester N., donor, 109 Carter, book by, 39, 42, 47 "Dierker Delivery Stable," art. on, Duke, Angier Biddle, 500 listed, 274 Duke, G. Nelson, 251 Diesel Engine Co.—Busch-Sulzer, art. Dumbbells and Carrots, Mary Wil­ on, listed, 402 liamson Macfadden and Emile Dietrich, Karl, donor, 394 Gauvreau, book by, 88 Dill, A. J., obit., 535 Dun, James, 355 Dill, W. H., 259 Duncan family, art. on, listed, 402 Dille, G. E., obit., 535 Duncan, Richard M., 265 Dilliard, Irving, 243, 258 Dunham, Tom, 515 Dillon, Brooks, 264 Dunnington, G. Waldo, 505 Dillon, Earl, art. on, listed, 275 Duquette, Station, art. on, listed, 531 Dillon, Mrs. Edward, Sr., 510 Durst, Henry, 475 Dirck, Mrs. Norvel, 259 Dye family, arts, on, listed, 278, 534 Disney, Roy O., 265 Dye, Russell V., 241 Disney stamp dedicated, 265; art. on, listed, 274 Disney, Mrs. Walt, 265 E Dixon, Ben F., 508 Dixon, Mrs. Clyde, 100 Eads, Mrs. David F., 512 Dobson, Jasper, 476 Eagleton, Thomas, 94 Dollar Missouri Journal (Columbia Earney, Mrs. Edward, 388 newspaper), 159, 162 Earthquakes (1811, 1812), 11 Dolliver, Robert, donor, 395 Easterly, Thomas M., art. on, listed, Donaldson, Frank, donor, 395 118 Donan and Clementine, art. on, listed, Eastham, Mrs. George, 388 533 Echo Express Station, art. on, listed, Donan, Patrick, 420 403 Donan, Peter, 419-450; 419 (illus.) Eckert, Conrad L., 392 "Donan and the Caucasian," Lewis O. Edwards, Darrell B., 393 Saum, art. by, 419-450 Edwards, Hillard, 260 Doniphan, A. W., 157, 338, 386 Edwards, John Cummings, 393 Donnell, John L., obit., 404 Edwards, John N., 442, 443, 447, 448, Donze, Mrs. Norbert, 99 449 (illus.); art. on, listed, 114 Dorward, Mrs. John, Sesquicentennial Ehrlich, Walter, "Was the Dred Scott Louisiana, Missouri, 1818-1968, Case Valid?" art. by, 317-328 noted, 128 Eichhorst, Richard A., 504 Dougherty, Ernest T., obit, 404 Eighteenth Missouri, by Leslie Anders, Dougherty, John, and the Pawnee rite reviewed, 124-125 of human sacrifice, art. on, 293-316, Eisenman, Harry J., "Origins of En­ 293 (illus.) gineering Education in Missouri," Douglas, James M., 102 art. by, 451-460 Douglas, Marjory, 261 Elder, Mrs. William, 104 Douglass, Mrs. Arthur, Jr., 515 Elder, William E., 104 Dow, Blanche, 107 Elizabeth, Queen of England, 500 554 Index

Elkins, Stephen Benton, art. on, listed, Farmers Tavern, St. Charles, art. on, 403 listed, 115 Elliott, Inez, 97, 385 Farrar, Mr. & Mrs. Richard, 512 Elliott, J. C, 516 Fath, Creekmore, The Lithographs of Elliott, R. Kenneth, 386 Thomas Hart Benton, reviewed, 536- Ellis, Abraham, art. on, listed, 120 538 Ellis, Elmer, 243, 522 "Federal Historic Preservation Act of Ellis, Mrs. Loyd, 515 1966 (Public Law 89-665) and its Elmore, Fletcher, 256 Implementation in Missouri," W. Elsworth, J. F., 66 Crosby Brown, art. by, 244-247 Embattled Democracy: Missouri Demo­ Federer/ Richard L., 98, 504 cratic Politics, 1919-1932, by Frank­ Felling R. J., donor, 268 lin D. Mitchell, reviewed, 283-285 Fellows, Baird, 385 Emerson, F. W., 462 Ferguson, Oliver B., 265 Emerson, Irene, 319, 321, 323, 327 Ferrin, Mrs. Russell, 261 Emerson, John, 319 Ferrv, Mr. & Mrs. Arlow V., donor, 108 Emery Bird Thayer Dry Goods Co., Ferry, H. C, obit., 535 art. on, listed, 114, 277 Ferryboat, Annie Cade, art. on, listed, "Emmaus Home," art. on, listed, 274 530 Emporia Gazette (newspaper) , 478 Fessler, Ted, 385 Engineering education in Missouri, Fibelman, Ken, 99 451-460 Fickle, William, 393 Engineers Club, St. Louis, art. on, Field, Eugene, 39, 47, 53, 448 listed, 400 Field, Roswell M„ 324, 325 England, Marvin T., obit., 281 Field, Ruth K., 260 England, Mary Ann, donor, 395 Fine, Mrs. Floyd, 516 Engle, Wanda, 511 Firemen, Kansas City, art. on, listed. Ensley, Harold, 94 114 Enquirer (Richmond newspaper) , 213 Fitzgerald, Ruth, obit., 281 Ernst, Edwin C, obit., 535 "Flae Raising Ceremony at St. Louis." Eschbach, Walter L., and Malcolm C. 182 (illus.) Drummond, Historic Sites of Jeffer­ Flanagan, John T., "John Henton son County, Missouri, noted, 410-411 Carter, alias Commodore Rolling­ Estep, Mrs. Henry, donor, 524 pin," art. by, 38-54; 263 Estep, Nancy, 330 Fleming, Beulah, 388 Esther, Winston, 97 Fletcher, Tom, 424, 425 Eulitt, Leonard E., obit., 404 Fletcher, Thomas Clement, home, plans Evans family, art. on, listed, 277 for restoring", 505 Evans, James, 97 Float trip, 1890, art. on, listed, 528 Evans, John, 239 Florence, pioneer settlement, art. on. Evans, Julia, 479 listed, 532 Evening Post, (New York newspaper), Florissant area history, art. on, listed, 187, '190, 206, 208, 209, 210, 213 113 Ewing, Thomas, Order No. 11, 468 Florissant Valley Historical Society, 99. Exploring Missouri and Southwest by 257, 387, 512 Spain and France, 227-240 Flottman, Michal, 517 Flower, Richard B., 241 Flynn, J. Frank, obit., 535 Flynn, M. A., 466, 467 Fontaine, Tillie, 87 Faddis, Roy S., obit., 281 Fontenelle, Lucien, 297, 298, 299 Faeth, Mrs. Lloyd J., donor, 109 Ford, Henry, 86 Faherty, William B., 250 Forest Green tobacco factorv, art. on, Fair, Eugene, 243 Fair Oak Church, art. on, listed, 277 listed, 534 Fairleigh, Mrs. J. O., obit., 535 Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 256 Fant, George Buckner, house, art. on, Fort "D", Cape Girardeau, art. on. listed, 531 listed, 113 Farley, Alan, 388 "Fort Donelson and Pea Ridge," art. Farley, Eldora, 388 on, listed, 534 Farley, Leland J., donor, 395 Fort Osag-e, arts, on, listed, 120, 398, Farley, Margaret, 264 403 Index 555

Forts Gasconade River, art. on, listed, 530 —Fort Cooper, 9 Gashland United Presbyterian Church, —Fort Hempstead, 9 art. on, listed, 273 —Fort Kincaid, 9 Gasper, Leonard, 263 Fortuna lead mines, art. on, listed, Gasper, Mrs. Leonard, 263 532 Gauss, Carl Friedrich, honored, 505 Foundation for Restoration of Ste. Gauvreau, Emile, 88 Genevieve, 99, 387 Gazette (Philadelphia newspaper), 186 Fourth of Julv, 1868, arts, on, listed, Geary, Fred, wood engraving by, 544 114, 119 " Gehrig, Pearl, 256 Foutch, Harriet, 391 Genealogical Society of West Central Foutch, Larry, 391 Missouri, 504 Franklin, Benjamin, art. on, listed, 531 General Land Office, 8, 10 Franklin County, anniv., 94 General Sterling Price and the Civil Frass, Henry, Jr., 374 War in the West, by Albert Castel, Frazier, Carl, art. on, listed, 116 reviewed, 405-406 Freeman, John, 500 Gentry County Historical Society, 100, Freeman, R. W., donor, 109 257, 387, 512 Freeman, Robert, 501 "Geo. Buckner Fant House," art. on, Fremont, John, 493; art. on, listed, listed, 531 271 George, Todd Menzies, donor, 109 French—American Treaty, 196 "George Washington Carver," art. on French settlements in Missouri 1700- listed, 531 1809, 234 (map) Georgetown's past, art. on, listed, 532 Freund, Roy, 509 German immigration, art. on, listed, Friends of Arrow Rock, 572 117 Friends of Florida, 387. 512 German Language in Missouri Synod, Friends of Rocheport, 99 art. on, listed, 402 Frisco locomotives, Capt. C. W. Rog­ "German Methodist Church, (St. ers and C. P. Huntington, 356 (illus.) Charles) ," art. on, listed, 400 Frisco railway advertisement, 362 Geyer, Henry S., 145 (illus.) Gibault, Pere, 238 Frontier life sketch, 329, 332 Gibbany, Mrs. W. W., obit, 281 Frost. Walter L.. 351 Gibson, George Rutledge, 338 Fulbright, J. William, 266 Gierke, Victor A.. 241 Fulbright Museum dedicated, 266 Gifts, 108-112, 267-270, 394-397, 523- Fuller, Bertha H., obit., 281 527 Fulton Telegraph, 431 Gilded Aae, 448 Funk, Joseph, 342 Gill, Ed, 512 Fur Trappers, art. on, listed, 278 Gilleland, Mrs. Howard, 515 Fusco, Tony, 504 Gilmore, Robert K., 512 Givens, Spencer H., obit., 281 Giulvezan, Isabel S., donor, 526 Gladney, A. Lyndon, obit., 535 Gnfkc, Loren A., obit., 281 Glasgow, Leslie, 500 C.a>e. John, 301, 305 Glazier, Robert C, 107 Gallatin, Albert, 206 Glenn House hotel, Paris, Mo., art. "Gait House," art. on, listed, 531 on, listed, 274 Gamble, Hamilton R., 320 Globe-Democrat (St. Louis newspa­ Gamblin, Mrs. Norman, 509 per) , 359 Gannon, A. J., 56, 58, 59, 60, 64, 66, Gloyd, Charles, 468, 469, 470 68, 70 Gloyd, Charlien, 470, 471, 472 Gano, James, 475 Gloyd, Mrs., 470, 471, 472 Garansson, Marjorie, donor, 109 Godkin, E. L., 420 Garber, Mrs. Leo, 101 Godoy, Manuel, 188 Gardner, Mrs. Hugh, 100 Gardner, Mrs. Prince A., Jr., 393 Godsey, Mrs. Roy, donor, 109 Garner, Ida, 99 Goe, Mrs. Emmett, 264 Garrison, R. C, 263 Goff, William A., 520 Gasconade County Tours, by Anna Golden, James, 104, 381 Hesse and Marion South, noted, 129- Goodman, A. U., Jr., obit., 404 130 Goodrich. C. R., donor, 395 556 Index

Goodrich, James W., 100, 255, 504, Guitar, Odon, 158 518; "Romulus Estep Culver: A Gunnels, Mr. & Mrs. D. L., 386 Sketch of Frontier Self-Improvement Gunnels, Joy, 510 and Tragedy," art. by, 329-344; book Guy, Ovid Fish, donor, 395 reviews by, 122-124, 407 Gordon, Russell, obit., 281 H Gould, George, 363 Gould, Jay, 353-363, 353 (illus.) Hackethorn, Jack, donor, 110 Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri Hadaller, George E., 392 History, 279-280 Haddock, Ernest, 224 Graduation Act (1854), 21, 23 Hagedorn, William C, obit., 121 Graham, Mrs. R. R., donor, 109 Hagel Nut Exchange, 217, 219 (illus.) , Granby school history, arts, on, listed, 220, 224 530 Hagel, W. A., 217 Grand River Historical Society, 100, Hagel, William, donor, 395 387, 512 Hager, Charles R., 264 Grannemann, Mrs. Dennis, 504 FJale, Allean Lemmon, Petticoat Pio­ Grant, R. A., 168 neer, noted, 411 Grant, Ulysses S., 419, 428 (illus.), Hale, Donald R., 259 433 Haley, Millard, 261 Graphic (New York newspaper), 72, 86 Hall, Herman J., obit., 281 Graves, Ida, 389, 515 Hall, John, 104 Graves, Mary, 515 Hall, John R., obit., 121 Gravier, Jacques, 231 Hall, Mrs. John R., donor, 395 Gray, Fern, 100 Hall, Lena, 385 Greeley-Brown ticket, 419; electoral Hall, Leonard, 259 ticket, 423 (adv.), 446 (adv.) Hall, Thomas B., 104; donor, 268 Greeley, Horace B., 419, 421, 422 Hall, Warren E., 264 (illus.) Hall, William K., donor, 268 Green, George F., 259; A Condensed Halsey, Milton B., 101 History of the Kansas City Area, its Halsey, R. J., donor, 110 Mayors and Some V.I.P.S, noted, 408 Halstead, Murat, 419 Green, Russell, home 255; arts, on, Hamilton, E. S., 519 listed, 113, 271 Hammond, Loy, 512 Green, Warren, 256 Hammons, B. Ralph, 223 Greene County Historical Society, 100, Hammons Products Company, Stock­ 257, 387, 512 ton, 214 (illus.), 223 Greene, Lome, 391 Hand sorting walnuts, 219 (illus.) Greenlee, Frank E., obit., 404 Hannibal Bridge, Kansas City, art. on, Greenwood Cemetery, monument un­ listed, 114 veiled, 251 Hannibal Courier, 448 Greer, Mrs. Ewing Fulkerson, 514 Hansen, Henry, 390 Greer, Grover W., 384 Hansen, William A., "Thomas Hart Gregory, Adele, 512 Benton and the Oregon Question," Gregory, Ralph, 261, 390, 395, 516 art. by, 489-497 Gregory, Mrs. Ralph, 516 Hardy, Estel, 264 Gregory, Robin, 384 Hargus, Clark, 519 Griffin, Ernest F., obit., 121 Harlin, E. L. Bob, 388 Griffith, Clark, 393 Harmon, Terry, 259 Griffiths, Martha, 107 Harmony Church, art. on, listed, 271 Grimes, Mrs. Champ, 517 Harper's Weekly, 422, 423, 424 Grinstead, John L. N., donor, 524 Harr, John, 261 Grisell, John, 102, 389 Harrell, David E., Jr., "James Shan­ Groce, Mrs. W. Roy, 519 non: Preacher, Educator, and Fire- Grothaus, Larry, book review by, 283- eater," art. by, 135-170 285 Harriman, Averell, 500 Groves, Lafayette, 442 Harris, George W., 47 Gruber, J. M., 101 Harris, James S., 94 Grundy County Historical Society, 513 Harrisburg mines, art. on, listed, 398 Guengerich, Marie A., donor, 109 Harrison County Historical Society, Guenther, Frank J., obit., 535 258, 513 Guerry, C. G., donor, 109 Harrison, Eldred, 81 Index 557

Harry S. Truman Library, by Betty Hesse, Anna, and Marion South, Gas­ Jean Mueller and Edward Miller, conade County Tours, noted, 129- noted, 409-410 130; donor, 110 Harry S. Truman Library Institute, Hester, H. I., donor, 110 264 Hicklin, James, home, art. on, listed, Harryman, Eugene, 100 278 Hart, Mrs. D. A., 390 Hickman Mills high school, art. on, Hart, M. M., 387, 512 listed, 399 Hartley, Mr. & Mrs. Delbert, 92 Hickok, Thelma Scott, donor, 524 Hartmann, Henry, 256 Hickok, Wild Bill, art. on, listed, 114 Harty, A. J., obit., 404 Hickory County Historical Societv, 100, Hartzog, George B., Jr., 250 258, 388 Harvey, Fred, art. on, listed, 399 Hickory Grove Schoolhouse, 261 Harvey, Montague, obit., 121 Hicks, John Edward, 105 Harvey, Paul, 94 Higginbotham, Valle, donor, 395 Haskell, Henry C, 265 High Point school, art. on, listed, 271 Hassenpflug, Ira, 518 High Tide at Gettysburg, 510 Hatchet (periodical) , 485 (illus.) , 486 Highway near Joplin, art, on, listed, Hatler, Margaret and Waldo, The M. 272 Waldo Hatler Story, reviewed, 540- Hilbert, Grace, 512 543 Hill, Homer H., 511 Haukenberry, Mrs. Herbert H., 513 Hill, Hope, 468 Hauser, Mrs. Orville R., obit., 535 Hill, Opal S., golfer, art. on, listed, Hawkins, Robert L., Jr., donor, 110 273, 393 Hay, Paul C, Jr., 509 Hill, Robert R., 385 Hayden, Lyde J., 517 Hill, W. Hobart, 104 Flayes, Rutherford B., 446 Hinshaw, Joseph C, donor, 110 Hayes, William, 391 Historic Hermann, 513 Hayes, Mrs. William, 391 Historic Jefferson Barracks, 504 Haynes, John, 92 Historic Sites of Jefferson County, Mis­ Haynes, Kenneth E., donor, 268 souri, by Walter L. Eschbach and Hays, Paul C, Jr., 255 Malcolm C. Drummond, noted, 410- Havs, Upton, brigade, art. on, listed, 411 120 Historical Association of Greater St. Hays, Will H., art. on, listed, 277 Louis, 388, 513 Hazlett, James A., 261 Historical Notes and Comments, 92- Head, Bolivar S., 158 131, 241-276, 380-412, 499-543 Heagerty, Hollis, 101 Historical Review of Franklin County, Hearnes, Warren E., 245, 250, 265, 500, Missouri, 1818-1968, by Melvih B. 516; art. on, listed, 275 Roblee and Vera L. Osiek, noted, Hearnes, Mrs. Warren E., 92, 257, 265, 128-129 393 Historical Sketches of Cedar County, Hedrick, Clyde, 99 Missouri, by Clayton Abbott, noted, Heege, George F., Ill, 389 130 Hemingway, Ernest, art. on, listed, 114 Historical societies, planning of meet­ Henderson, D. Pat, 152, 166 ings, 253-254 Henderson, Frances, 512 Historical Trail Committee, Joplin, Henderson, J. R., 385 514 Henderson, Orval, 261 "History of Our Town," series listed, Henderson, Roswell P., donor, 524 115, 274, 400, 531 Hendren, Mrs. John H., 511 History of Shelby and Monroe Coun­ Henley, H. A., obit., 404 ties, 519 Henry County courthouse tower, art. Hoffman, Charles, obit., 404 on, listed, 530 Hoffman, Dimmitt Heard, obit., 281 Henry County politics, art. on, listed, Holden during Civil War, art. on. 275 listed, 532 Henry, Marjorie, 385 Hollander, James, 381 Henry, Robert, 517 Holloway, Mary Ann, 365 Hensons of Missouri, art. on, listed, Holman, Haskell, 504 278 Holmes, Jo Nellie, 390, 517 Hermann Maifest, 505 Holt County Sentinel (Oregon, Mo., Herring, Fern Lord, donor, 395 newspaper) , 444 558 Index

Holt, Lawrence, 99 Hvde, Mrs. Fred A., 519 Homan, B. P., 258 Hver, John, 99 Homecoming traditions, Missouri Uni­ versity, art. on, listed, 398 Honey, William C, 504 Honors and Tributes, 106-107, 265- 266, 393, 521-522 Iffrig, Albert Bernard, art. on. listed, Hood, James F., 513 400 Hooper, Tom, 262 Impression Club, John Henton Carter. Hoover, Mrs. David, 100 book by, 51 (illus.) Hoover, Mrs. Lonnie, 260 Independence Cemetery, art. on, listed, Hoover, Mario Gomez, 100 118 Hopper, Leo, 512 Independent Chronicle (Boston news­ Horak, Ella L., donor, 268 paper) , 196, 197, 198, 200, 201 Horn, Elford, 102 "Indian Attack on the Village of Saint Horwitz, Charles, 514 Louis, 1780," Oscar Berninghaus, Hostick, King V., 256 mural by, 237 Houchins, Claude M., obit., 121 "Indian Missouri Fronteer in North Houston Post (Texas newspaper) , 472 America," art. on, listed, 533 Houts, Mrs. Hale, donor, 524 Indian War, 9 Howard County, 1810-1859, 1-37; Indians, the Osage, 232 (illus.) graves, art. on, listed, 277 "Influenza Epidemic, Kansas Citv, Howard, Jean Smalley, 220, 221 1918," Kevin C. McShane, art. bv, Howe, Ed. 44 55-70 Howell, Clark M., obit., 535 Influenza in Kansas City (1918), art. Howell County Historical Society, 258, on, listed, 399 388 Ingram, Forest, 375 Hubbard, Bob, 514 "Interurban to Westport," art. on, Huddleston, Mrs. Charles, 385 listed, 534 Hudnut, Nannette, 260 Irminger, Rudolph, family, art. on, Hudson Bay Company, 490 listed, 118 Hudson, Harold J., obit., 121 "Iron Curtain Speech," 500 Hudson, W. W., 166 Iron road role in pioneering, art. on. Hudspeth, Benoni Morgan, art. on, listed, 530 listed, 402 Ironton St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Huff, Leo E., 386, 512 anniv., 505 Huff, Merrifield, obit., 121 Irwin, Hadley K., 97 Hufty, Mary, 517 Irwin, Rav W., 381 Hughes, Fred G., 514 Hulen, C. M., 391 Hulin, Donald F., donor, 268 J Hull, Edna Montgomery, donor, 110 Hull, George Z., 264 Jaccard Jewelry Store, 42 Hull, William, 265 Jackson, Andrew, 142, 334 Hulston, John K„ The M. Waldo Hat­ Jackson area historical series listed, ler Story, reviewed by, 540-543 113, 271-272, 398 Humphrey, Hubert H., 93 Jackson County Historical Society, 100, Hungate, William, 94 258, 388, 513 Hunt, Mary Elizabeth, art. on, listed, Jackson County history, arts, on, listed, 119 271, 277, 398 Hunt, Wilson Price, art. on, listed, 118 Jackson Homecomers history, art. on, Hunter, D. K., 517 listed, 271 Hunter, Marjorie, donor, 395 Jackson Journal, anniv., art. on, listed, Hunter, Robert, 75 398 Huntineton, Collis P., 349, 357, 358, Jackson, W. Turrentine, 259 360, 361 jaeger, Joseph, Jr., 245 Huskey, W. T., 391 jaeger, Rudolph, obit., 404 Huston, Glenda, 380 James gang, arts, on, listed, 402, 530 Hutcherson, Mrs. G. R., donor, 523 James, Jesse, family, art. on, listed, 114 Hutchins, Mrs. Lloyd, 388 James, Jesse, Farm fund, 250; art. on, Hutchison, Mrs. Preston, 103 listed, 398 Hvde, Fred A., 104, 519 James, Queen, obit., 535 Index 559

"James Shannon: Preacher, Educator Joplin, anniv., 514 and Fire-Eater," David E. Harrell, Joplin First Presbyterian Church, art. Jr., art. by, 135-170 on, listed, 272 Jay Treaty, 188, 190, 208 Joplin Historical Society, 100, 259, 388, Jefferson City education, art. on, listed, 514 113 Joplin history, art. on, listed, 402 Jefferson County history, art. on, Joplin mining history, art. on, listed, listed, 401 529 Jefferson County landmarks, art. on, Jordan, Henry, 68 listed, 116 judson, Mary A., 99 Jefferson National Expansion Memo­ Julian, J. M., 429, 432, 435, 436 rial, art. on, listed, 119 Julian, Vance, donor, 524 Jefferson, Thomas, 183-213, 185 (illus.) July Fourth, 1868, arts, on, listed, 114, 491 119 Jennens, W. C, 510 Jump, E., 42 Jenner, William H., obit., 121 Jungmeyer, Mrs. Robert, 390 Jennings, Warren A., 385, 512 Jesse, Randall, 517 K Jewish Historical Association of Great­ er St. Louis, 258, 513 Kaemmerlen, T. J., home, art. on, Jewish Hospital, art. on, listed, 275 listed, 115 "Jim Kane and His Mule Skin," 46 Kansas City, congested district, 61, 63 (illus.) (illus.) Jinkens, Nannie, donor, 110, 258, 388, Kansas City, fashionable area, art. on, 395 listed, 277 "Joe of the Ozarks and Family," art. Kansas City, fire department, art. on, ' on, listed, 534 listed, 273 "John Dougherty and the Pawnee Rite "Kansas City Influenza Epidemic 1918," of Human Sacrifice: April, 1827," Kevin C. McShane, art. by, 55-70 Dorothy V. Jones, art. by, 293-316 Kansas City Journal, 478 John Findley Green lecture series, 499 Kansas City Main Street history, art. "John Henton Carter, alias 'Commo­ on, listed, 113 dore Rollingpin'," John T. Flanagan, Kansas City, politics during influenza art. by, 38-54, 44 (illus.) epidemic (1918), 55-70 Johnson, Clyde G., donor, 268, 395 Kansas City Star, 481, 519, 521 Johnson County Historical Society, Kansas City Times, arts, on, listed, 114, 259, 514 273, 448 Johnson County landmarks, art. on, Kansas City Westerners, 100, 259, 388 listed, 116 Kansas City, growth, art. on, listed, Johnson, Josephine, art. on, listed, 403 273 Johnson, Lyndon B., 500 Kansas land claims, art. on, listed, 120 Johnston, Virgil, 514 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 145, 157, 159 Jolliet, Louis, 229; art. on, listed, 278 Karnes, Kermit, 386 Jolly Flatboatmen, painting by Bing­ Katsev, Robert, 256 ham, art. on, listed, 277 Kayser, Henry, 172 (illus.) Jones, Anna L., obit., 281 Kearney, Mr. & Mrs. Dennis, 256 Jones, Benjamin Williams, obit., 121 Kearny, Stephen Watts, 335 Jones, Dorothy V., "John Dougherty Keeley, Mary Paxton, donor, 395, 524; and the Pawnee Rite of Human art. on, listed, 530 Sacrifice: April, 1827," art. by, 293- Keil, Willie, burial, art. on, listed, 403 316 Keller, Catherine B., donor, 524 Jones, Douglas H., obit., 121 Keller, Emma K., obit., 281 Jones, Evelyn Milligan, 514 Kelly, George, B., 501 Jones, J. K., obit., 121 Kelly, Marguerite, 88 Jones, Leo L., 65 Kelsoe, William A., 39, 40 Jones, Paul C, 380 Kemp, J. W., 465 Jones, Peter, 46 Kemp, William E., obit., 281 Jones, Robert B., 264 Kenaston, A. F., obit., 121 Jones Store Co. advertisement, 57 Kendall, Agnes L., donor, 524 (illus.) Kennedy, Clay, 508 Jones, Warren, 517 Kennerly, George H., 302 joost, Nicholas, 519 Kennett, Luther N., 180 (illus.) , 181 560 Index

Kent, H. Ren, 98 Lafavette County history, art. on, list­ Kerbv, R. Keith, donor, 524 ed; 275 Kerr, Arthur J., obit., 535 Laffoon family, art. on, listed, 402 Kerr, Charles, 391 Laidlaw, Mr. & Mrs. George William. Kerr, Gerald, 515 98 Kerr, Tane E., donor, 524 Lake, Delman, 260 Kctterlin, Mr. & Mrs. Francis, 389, 390 LaMar, John B., 388 Kiel, Henry W., 68 LaMar, Stephen, 390 Kierolf, Alf, 442 LaMonte, art. on, listed, 532 Kimsey, Aloha, 391 Land, Helen Coulson, donor, 110 Kimzey, Harriette, 515 Lane, Rose Wilder, art. on, listed, 399 Kincai'd Fort, 9 Lane, Mrs. Spencer, donor, 396 King, Lloyd, 251 Lanning, G. O., 99, 107 Kingdom of Callaway Historical So­ Larkin, Lew, Missouri Heritage, re­ ciety, 388, 514 viewed, 407, 519, 520 Kingsbury's St. Louis visit, art. on, Larson, Sidney, 509; An American in listed, 533 Art and The Lithographs of Thom­ Kinney, Joseph, river home, art. on, as Hart Benton, reviewed by, 536- listed, '271 538 Kinnev, Michael, arts on, listed, 275; Lathrop, John Hiram, 146 393 Latimer ancestors, art. on, listed, 533 Kioline. Rudyard, 47 Latty, Mrs. Lloyd, 260 Khbv/ Milton B., 256, 386 Lauer, Frederick, 257 Kirchner, Carl, 509 Laussat, Pierre Clement, 204 Kirkpatrick, James C, 265, 384 Lawrence, B. I., donor, 396 Kirkwood, art. on, listed, 278 Lawrence County Historical Societv. Kirkwood Historical Society, 101, 259, 101, 259, 389, 515 389, 514 Lawson, Mary Ann, 330 Klement, Frank L., 445 Layton, Emmet, donor, 524 Knife Chief, Skidi leader, 294, 295, League of Women Voters, art. on. 296, 300, 310 listed, 531 "Knights of the Road," 289-291, 289 Leahy, David, 477 (illus.) Lear, Mary Dell, 385 Knowles, Lois, 106 Lebow, Stanley E., 259 Knox County Historical Society, 515 Leclerc, George Louis, 210 Knudson, Jerry W., "Newspaper Reac­ Ledbetter, Bud, 484 tion to the Louisiana Purchase," art. Lederc, Charles, 192 bv, 182-213 Ledyard, John, 491 Koch, Mrs. G. David, donor, 110 Lee and Longstreet at Gettysburg, 510 Koch, Robert, 177 Lee, Fred L.,\520 Koetting, John, 99 Leech, Howard, 512 Kolb's farm affair, art. on, listed, 402 Lemmon, George R., obit., 404 Krakel. Dean, 101 Lemos, Don Manuel Gayoso de, 239 Krakow, Jere, 385 Leonard, Zenas, merchant, art. on. Kramer, 'Gerhard t, 104, 262, 384 listed, 534 Kratz, William G., 380 Levell, Margaret, 265 Krohn, Ben, 224 Lewis, Alfred Henrv, art. on, listed, Krum, John M., 173 273 Lewis and Clark, arts, on, listed, 119, 120 "Lewis and Clark at St. Charles, Mav 21, 1804," Charles A. Morgenthaler, La Beaume, Charles Edward, 325, 327 mural by, 211 La Maison de Ville, St. Louis academy, Lewis County Historical Societv, 101, art. on, listed, 116 259, 515 La Plata Christian Church, donor, 395 Lewis, Meriwether, 212, 251, 294 la Salle, Nicholas de, 232 Lexington Democratic Intelligencer, La Salle, Robert de, 230 441, 442 Laclede's Landing, art. on, listed, 531 Lexington, Kentuckv, Apostolic Times, Lacummli, Carl H., 519 443 Lafayette County Historical Society, Lexington News, 448 101, 515 Lexington Republic Register, 441, 442 Index 561

Lexington Weekly Caucasian, 420-450 Louisville Courier-J our rial, 420, 426 Liason Officer, State of Missouri, 246 Louisville Democrat, 174 Liberty, 72 Love, Mr. & Mrs. James, 468 Life on the Mississippi, by Thomas Love, William, 99 Hart Benton, front cover illus.; Oct. Lowe, James, 517 Jan., Apr., July issues Lowe, Kenneth, obit., 404 Lightfoot, B. B., 386 Lowell, Arthur, 520 Lincoln, Abraham, 318 Lowmiller, America, 105, 264, 520 Lincoln, Levi, 206 Loyles, Forestyne, donor, 396 Lincoln, Mo., anniv., art. on, listed, Loyles, Irene, 264 532 Lucy, Gregory R., donor, 525 Linn, Joe D., 389 Luehrs, Marvin, 513 Linn, Lewis F., 493 (illus.) ; 494 Lukens, Joseph M., obit., 535 Linnemann Library, art. on, listed, 274 Lumber industry of Missouri, 248-249 Linsenmeyer, C. M., 391 (illus.) Lippman, Virginia F., obit., 404 Lusher, Naomi, 97 Lisa, Manuel, 294, 295, 296, 300, 310 Lutheran Church—Missouri Svnod, art. Lithographs of Thomas Hart Benton, on, listed, 533 compiled and edited by, Creek­ Lutherans Aid Association, donor, 257 more Fath, 521; reviewed, 536-538 Lykins, Johnston, 386 Livingston, Robert, 184, 187, 190, 198, Lynch, Paul F., obit., 404 201 Lvon, E. Wilson, 183, 194 Lloyd, Mrs. Clarence, 380 Lloyd, David D., 522 Local Historical Societies, 95-105, 253- Mc 264, 382-392, 506-520 Lockhart, Mrs. Lawrence, 511 McAmis, Mrs. Guy, 104 Loeb, Isidor, 243 McCanles, David C, art. on, listed, 114 Loehr, Rodney C, 98, 256 McCann, Gordon, 386 Log of Commodore Rollingpin: His McCluer, Franc, 499 Adventures Afloat and Ashore, 1874, McClure, Clarence Henry. 495 John Henton Carter, book by, 45 McClurg, Joseph W., 457 Logan, John A., 447 McCollum, Clarence, 513 Logan, Sheridan, 263 McConnell houseboat trip. art. on, Logging (1900s), art. on, listed, 116 listed, 272, 273 Lohman's Landing, arts, on, listed, 272, McConnell, Norma, 386 275, 528, 529, 532; placed on Nation­ McCue, George, 106 al Register of Historic Places, 511 McCue, Pat, 252 Loisel, Regis, 239; art. on, listed, 120 McCullagh, Joseph B., 47 Lomax, Victor W., obit., 121 McDaniel, D. J., donor, 110 Lone Jack Baptist Church history, arts, McDermott, John Francis, 392 on, listed, 402, 533 McDonald County Historical Society, Loneliest Campaign: The Truman 101, 260, 389, 516 Victory of 1948, by Irwin Ross, prize McDonald, Johanna, 103 winner, 522 McDonald, Moss, 517 Long, E. B. (Pete) , 385, 386 McDonnell, James S., art. on, listed, Long, Edward V., 380 532 Long, Howard R., donor, 525 McDonough, Mrs. P. J., 517 Long, Isaac A., 265 "McDonough Street," art. on, listed, Long, Stephen H., 295; art. on, listed, 400 119 McElwain, Alan, 102 Longley, Alcander, art. on, listed, 402 McFadden, Alma, 73 Longwood, art. on, listed, 532 McFadden, (Macfadden) Bernarr, Loomis, Ralph, donor, 110 physical culturist, publisher, writer, Lortz, Mrs. Russell E., 393 71-89; 71, 74, 87 (illus.), Physical Loughead, G. R., 255; donor, 525 Culture Hotel, 84 (illus.) Louis XIV of France, 206 McFadden, Jud, 83 Louisiana College, Louisiana, 138 McFadden, Mary, 73, 83. 88, 89 Louisiana Purchase, 182-213 McFadden, Penn, 73 Louisiana Purchase Territory, 8; 199 McFadden, William, 73 (illus.), 205 (illus.) McFarland, Arthur, 391 Louisiana Treaty, 204, 207, 208 McFarland, Robert Lee, 260 562 Index

McGregor, F. H., 56 Marquette, Jacques, 229; bronze mark­ "McGuffev's Reader," art. on, listed, er commemorating expedition, 250; 400 art. on, listed, 278 Mcintosh, Mrs. Robert, 258 Marr, Mrs. George, Jr., 264 Mclntyre, Donald J., 101 Marrs, Henry, 260 McKinney. Mrs. Ben, art. on, listed, Marsh, Elias J., art. on, listed, 114 534 Marshall, art. on, listed, 532 McKinney. Edgar Duane, 100 Marshall, John, 206 McKissack, William, M.D., 338, 339 Martignon, John, 464 McLear. Patrick E., "The St. Louis Martin, Darwin, 518 Cholera Epidemic of 1849," art. bv, Martin, Mrs. Frank Lee, obit., 535 171-181 Martin, Jack, 92 McMaster. John Bach, 202 Martin, Sophie, 391 McMurtrcy, J. N., 99 Martin, Theodore T., donor, 396 McPheeters, William M., 179 Marvel, Mrs. M. A., 255 McRevnolds, Allen, 243 "Mary Jewell," art. on, listed, 400 McShane. Kevin C, "The 1918 Kansas Maryville College of the Sacred Heart, Citv Influenza Epidemic," art. bv, St. Louis, donor, 268 55-70 Maryville Daily Democrat-Forum, 501 McWbir. 136-137 Mason, Mrs. C. A., 375 Mason, Elizabeth Patee estate to Patee House, 518 M Mason, Logan, obit., 404 M. Waldo Hatler Story, by Margaret Massey, Park, 478 and Waldo Hatler, reviewed, 540-543 Maverick Parish, art. on, listed, 400 Mabrey, Thomas W., 73 May, James G., donor, 525 Macfadden, Bernarr (see McFadden) May, Morton D., 93 Macfadden, Helen, 82 Maybee, Bert, 510 Macfadden, Jonnie Lee, 88, 89 Mazzuca, Frank C, obit., 404 Macfadden, Mrs. William, 74 Meador, L. E., 241, 265 Mackay, James, 239 Medals of Honor, Civil War, art. on, Macon County Historical Societv, 389, listed, 273 515 Medart, Mrs. J. Reynolds, 393 Madrid Bend, Ky., art. on, listed, 116 Medearis, E. F., 77 Maevers, Alvin, 385 Medicine Lodge Cresset, (Kansas news­ Main Street on the Middle Border, 522 paper) , 473 Majors, Alexander, Kansas Citv home, Mehl, Lambert, 515 93; art. on, listed, 273 Meier, C. Tom, 386 Makeever, Mrs. John, 259 Meier, Herbert G., 389 Man at the Wheel, John Henton Car­ Meloni, Mr. & Mrs. M. F., donor, 525 ter, book by, 49, 50; 49 (illus.) Membre, Zenobius, 229 Manley, C. B„ obit., 281 Memorials, 121, 281-282, 404, 535 Manning, George W., donor, 268 Menefee, Christie, 261 Mantle familv history, art. on, listed, Meramec Iron Works, 454, 459 274 Mercer County Historical Society, 102, Maps & Charts of Missouri and How­ 260, 389 ard County, 25-37 Mercer County post offices and his­ Marbois. Francois, Marquis de, 192 tory, art. on, listed, 531 (illus.) Mercier, Pere Jean Baptiste, 234 Marceline Press souvenir edition, arts, Meriwether, Charles, 517 listed. 274 Mermoud, Mrs. J. Fred, 384 Marest, Pierre Gabriel, 231 Merrifield, Douglas A., 518 Marheineke building, St. Peters, art. Mexican War, 335-344 on, listed, 115 Mexico Ledger, 384 Marion Countv Historical Societv, 101, Meyer, Mina, 515 515 Meyer, Nancy Frazer, 389 Mark Twain, 448 Meyer, Robert A., 381-391 Marquette Descending the Mississippi, Middlebush, Frederick A., 243 1672, O. E. Berninghaus, painting Middleton, C. A., 470 by, 230 Middleton, J. N., 470 Marquette in Missouri, art. on, listed, Middleton, John, 517 402 Middleton, Reuben, 333 Index 563

Middleton, Mrs. Willard, 517 Missouri Republican (St. Louis news­ Mieswinkel, Fred G., 515 paper) , 174, 175 Mifflin, A. B., 104 Missouri School of Mines and Metal­ Millar, Leola, 391 lurgy, Rolla, 451 (illus.) , 459 Miller, Mrs. Clarence A., obit., 281 Missouri schools, 502-503 (illus.) Miller, Mrs. Charles L., donor, 525 Missouri "Show Me" Club, 102, 261, Miller, Edward and Betty Jean Muel­ 389 ler, The Harry S. Truman Library, Missouri, State Historical Society of, noted, 409-410 245-246 Miller, Floyd, 517 Missouri State Legislature, 245 Miller, James, 500 Missouri State Library, donor, 110 Miller, James L., 386 Missouri State Park Board, 246; do­ Miller, Jessie C, 515 nor, 525 Miller, Roy E., obit., 281 Missouri Synod (Lutheran) and the Miller, Mrs. William, 512 German language, art. on, listed, 402 Miller's Shoe Store (1890), art. on, Missouri University, arts, on, listed, listed, 113 116, 534 Milligan, Ruth, 513 "Missouri Women in History," series, Mills of Missouri, 90-91 (illus.) Emily Newell Blair, verso back cov­ Miner, Craig, "The Colonization of er Oct. issue (illus.); Marie Watkins the St. Louis and San Francisco Rail­ Oliver, verso back cover Jan. issue way Company, 1880-1882: A Study (illus.) ; Louise Stanley, verso back of Corporate Diplomacy," art. by, cover July issue (illus.) ; Laura In­ 345-363 galls Wilder, verso back cover April Mining industry in Missouri, 451-460, issue (illus.) 455 (illus.) Missouri Writers Guild, donor, 268 Mink, Charles R., review by, 124-125 "Missourians at Work and Play," pic­ Minter, Jeremiah, 365 torial collection, 242 Minter, William, 365 "Missouri's Black Walnut Kernel In­ Miracle of Milk, Bernarr Macfadden, dustry," Milton D. Rafferty, art. by, book by, 82 214-226 Mississippi Argonauts, John Henton Missouri's first capitol, art. on, listed, Carter, book by, 39, 52 400 Mississippi County Historical Society, "Missouri's National Historic Land­ 516 marks, Part III: Watkins Mill," Dor­ Mississippi River history, art. on, othy J. Caldwell, art. by, 365-377 listed, 115 Mitchell, Clarence Dewey, donor, 396 "Missouri, a Borderland," John F. Ban­ Mitchell, Franklin D., Embattled Dem­ non, S.J., art. by, 227-240 ocracy: Missouri Democratic Politics, Missouri Daughters of 1812, donor, 525 1919-1932, reviewed, 283-285 Missouri Democrat (St. Louis news­ Mitchell, Mrs. Grave, 511 paper) , 162, 163 Mitchell, William, 511 Missouri former governor honored, 393 Mix, Alva, 511 Missouri French settlements, 1700-1809, Moberly— 234 (map) —Daily Enterprise, 501 "Missouri Heritage," arts, listed, 272, —Daily Enterprise—Monitor, 501 273, 398, 399, 529, 530 —Daily Monitor, 501 Missouri Heritage, Lew Larkin, book —Evening Democrat, 501 by, reviewed, 407 —Monitor-Index, 501 Missouri Historical Society, 102, 260, Moberly's "House of Music," art. on, 389 listed, 272 Missouri history, arts, on, listed, 113, Modoc Indians, art. on, listed, 114 114, 115, 403 Money, art. on, listed, 400 Missouri History in Magazines, 118- Moniteau County Historical Society, 120, 277-278, 402-403, 533-534 102, 261, 389, 516 Missouri History in Newspapers, 113- Moniteau County settlers, art. on, list­ 117, 271-276, 398-401, 528-532 ed, 275 Missouri House impeachment, art. on, Monnett, Howard N., 93, 105 listed, 116 Monnett, John H., 388 Missouri Martyrs, 387 Monroe County Historical Society, 261, Missouri poetry, art. on, listed, 398 390, 516 564 Index

Monroe Countv history, arts, on, list­ Mullett, Charles F., 500 ed. 274, 400,'530 Municipal reform, art. on, listed, 533 Monroe. James, 184, 189, 190 (illus.), Munkers family, art. on, listed, 277 191, 193, 194, 198, 201 Munro, Donald D., Jr., obit., 281 Montee, Dorothy, 386 Munsey, Pierce, obit., 535 Montgomery. Mrs. Murrav M., donor, Murphy, Edward, 482 396' Murphy, Mrs. King, 98 Montoya, Pablo, 341, 342 Musial, Stan, art. on, listed, 275 Montrose Cumberland Church history, Musick, Edna Jane, donor, 268 art. on, listed, 532 Mussolini, Benito, 86 Moon, Parker F., 386 Mustin, Carroll S., 102 Moonev, Robert H., art. on, listed, 273 Myers, Edward, 480 Moore, Catherine R., obit., 535 Myers, Mrs. Edward, 480 Moore, David, 505 Myers, Florence, 511 Moore, Dorothy O., 258 Myers, Mack, 518 Moore, George, 467, 468, 469 Moore, J. V., 461 Moore, j. W., obit., 404 Naeel, Robert, 241 Moore, Marianne, art. on, listed. 533 Nalle, William N., 456, 458 Moore, Mary Campbell, 467, 469 Napoleon Bonaparte, 184, 189, 194; Moore, N. Webster, 513 238 Moren, Leo, obit.. 404 Napton, W. B., 145 Morgan, Bill, 518 Nasatir, Abraham P., Spanish War Morgan County Historical Societv, 103, Vessels on the Mississippi 1792-1796, 261, 390, 516 reviewed, 125-127 Morgenthaler, Charles A., Lewis and Nasby, Petroleum V., 45 Clark at St. Charles, mural by, 211 Nashville history, art. on, listed, 528 (illus.) Nast, Thomas, cartoons, 423; 418, 437- Morning Chronicle (New York news­ 440 (illus.) paper), 190, 191 Nation, Carry, 256; art. on, 461-488; "Morning Star Sacrifice," 306 (illus.) sketches, 461, 466, 467, 479, 480, 483, Morrill Land Grant Act, 456 (illus.) Missouri home, 469 (illus.) Morris, Mrs. Carl, 389 Nation, David, 470, 471, 472, 473, 481, Morris, Hobart L., Jr., 255; One Year 484 at War, The Diary of Private John Nation, Lola, 471, 472 A. Shultz, edited and published by, National Intelligencer (Washington, 251; "The Circus Comes to Fayette," D. C, newspaper), 187, 197, 200, 201, edited by, 544-545 203. 204, 207, 210, 212, 213 Morris, Mrs. John Paul, 259 National Museum, Smithsonian Insti­ Morris, Robert L., obit., 281 tute, 251 Morris, Roz Gilbert, donor, 268 National Park Service, donor, 110 Morse, Matthew F., obit., 121 National Prohibition Act (1920) , 487 Moscow Mills, art. on. listed, 531 National Recovery Act, 83 Moser, Arthur Paul, donor, 396 National Trust for Historic Preserva­ "Mother Missouri,'" art. on, listed, 403 tion, 246 Mothershead, Edgar J., donor, 396 Native Sons of Kansas City, 261, 390, Motley, William P., 58, 59, 63, 66, 70 517 Mottaz, Mabel, 518 Navajo campaigns in New Mexico, art. Mottaz, Mrs. Waldo, donor, 525 on, listed, 119 Motter, Fave. 101 Neal, Minnie Mills, obit., 404 Mottin, J. F., art. on, listed, 277 Neff, Roy, 263, 519 Moulder, Nelle, 97, 385 Negro newspapers in Missouri, art. on, Mount Vernon soldiers, art. on, listed, listed, 271 403 Neihardt, John G., 106 Mountbatten, Earl. 500 Nelson, Ralph O., 257 Mountjoy, Shannon, 484 Netzeband, W. F., 514 Mueller, Betty Jean and Edward Mil­ Nevada State Asylum, art. on, listed, ler, The Harry S. Truman Library, 399 noted, 409-410 "New, Immense, Unbounded World: Mueller, Helen, 97 Newspaper Reaction to the Louisi­ Muff, Carl, 513 ana Purchase," Jerrv W. Knudson, Muhleman, E. D.. 515 art. by, 182-213 Index 565

New Madrid earthquake, art. on, list­ Orscheln, Mary Beth, 92 ed, 118, 400 Ortiz, Tomas, 341 New Mexico, occupation of, 335-344; Osage County history, arts, on, listed, art. on, listed, 119 115, 274, 399, 530 New York Metropolitian Record and Osiek, Vera L. and Melvin B. Roblee, Vindicator, 420, 424, 448 Historical Review of Franklin Coun­ New York Tribune, 421 ty, Missouri, 1818-1968, noted, 128- Newcomb, Rexford, obit., 121 129 News in Brief, 93-94, 250-252, 380-381, Otahki Girl Scout Council, art. on, 504-505 listed, 272 "Newspaper Reaction to the Louisiana Otten, Mrs. M. S., 103 Purchase," Jerry W. Knudson, art. Outlaws in dime novels, art. on, listed, by, 182-213 402 Nicholson, Joseph H., 206 Owaku, Meme, 387 Nicholson, Nellie, 517 Owen, Jim, king of old float trips, art. Nicholson, Terry, 256 on, listed, 529 Nickerson, A. W., 351 Ozarks, School of, art. on, listed, 278 Nickerson, Thomas, 351, 352 Nicolay, Louis, 98 Niven, Alexander, C, 255 Nixon, Harriet C, 39 Noble, Mrs. A. L., 475 Packwood Shelling Company, 223, 224 Nodaway County Historical Society, Padgett, Earl C, 510 261, 390, 517 Papin, Alexander, 295, 307 Nodel, Julius, 514 Paris, Missouri, hotel, art. on, listed, Nolf, Richard, 263 273 Norbury, Mrs. Lee, 509 Paris and Monroe County history, arts, Nuderscher, Mrs. Frank B., obit., 281 on, listed, 530 Nye, Bill, 47, 53 Parker, Edward, 478 Parrack, Cattie, 97 O Parton, James, 436 Patee House, 518 O Bryan, Hank, 475 Patee, John, 518 O'Neill, Rose, legend, art. on, listed, Patent Claims Book, Howard County, 531 4 Oak Ridge Church, art; on, listed, 117 Patterson, Norman G., donor, 268 Oakes, Frank E., 519 Paul, Nelda N., donor, 525 Oakes, George W., donor, 525 "A Pawnee Priest," 313 (illus.) Oakley, Gene, The Deserted Village, Pawnee rite of human sacrifice, 293- History of Grandin, Missouri, noted, 316, 305 (illus.) 408-409 Peabody, A., 159 Oberholtz, Lee, 375, 510 Pearson, Ralph, donor, 269 Old Lobb Church, Jackson County, Peculiar, anniv., 93, 255 art. on, listed, 118 A Peculiar Heritage or a Century of "Old Plank Road," art. on, listed, 528 Persons, Places and Events in the Old Trails Historical Society, 103, 262, Life of Peculiar, Missouri, 1868-1968, 517 Grace Elizabeth Taylor, book by, Oliver, Mrs. A. Ray, donor, 523 noted, 410 Oliver, Marie Watkins, verso back Peerman, J. Leonard, 385 cover Jan. issue (illus.) Peipergerdes, Willis, 511 Olney, Richard, 362 Pemberton, John, III, 510 Olson, Edna McElhiney, donor, 396 Penninger, Grace, 388 One Year at War, The Diary of Pri­ People's Tribune (Jefferson City news­ vate John A. Shultz, Hobart L. Mor­ paper) , 501 ris, Jr., edited and published by, 251 Peoria Journal (Illinois newspaper) , Oregon, art. on, listed, 278 463 Oregon Territory, 489-497 Pepper, Jesse A., 264 "Origins of Engineering Education in Perry County Lutheran Historical So­ Missouri," Harry J. Eisenman, art. ciety, 390 by, 451-460 Perry, Milton, donor, 269 Orr, A. H., 104 Pershing, John J., 251; arts, on, listed, Orr, Lois, 100 118, 251, 277, 278 566 Index

Petalesharo, Skidi leader, 294, 295, "Ply Twister, a Rare Piece of Machin­ 296, 297 (illus.), 300, 310 ery," 374 (illus.) Peterman, Bill, 260 Poague, Haysler Allen, As I Remem­ Peters, Edward, grocery store, art. on, ber, book by, noted, 411 listed, 274 Poe, Mrs. Leroy, obit., 281 Peters, George L., 167 Poehlman, George, donor, 111 Petersen, Mr. & Mrs. Vernon P., 259 Political cartoons, art. on, listed, 277 Petersen, William J., 388 Polk, James K., 333, 334; 494 (illus.) , Petete, Mrs. Genia Graham, obit., 121 495 Petticoat Pioneer, Allean Lemmon Pollack, Samuel, 520 Hale, book by, noted, 411-412 Pollock, Elizabeth, 260 Pettis County, art. on, listed, 116 Pollock, Thomas H., donor, 396 Pettis County Historical Society, 103, Pony Express Historical Association, 262 103, 262, 391, 518 Pettus, Charles P., 102 Pony Express Historical Award, 518 Petty, Gerald, donor, 111 Poole, Mrs. Lynn D., donor, 396 Phelps County Historical Society, 390 Porter, Horace, 362 Phelps County Museum dedicated, 390 Pound, J. Presley, donor, 396 Philanthropist, 143 Powers, Gladys, 264 Phinney, Edward S., Jr., 388 Powers, Howard M., obit., 404 Phister, Laurence, 520 Practical Birth Control and Sex Pre­ Phoebe Apperson Hearst Historical So­ determination, Bernarr Macfadden, ciety, 513 book by, 82 Phoebe Apperson Hearst Memorial Prairie View School, Nodaway County, Association, 258, 387 art. on, listed, 272 Phoenix, John, 53 Prante, Howard, 262 Photojournalism competition, art. on, Prather family, art. on, listed, 118 listed, 398 Prather, Phil D., obit., 535 Physical Culture, 1899 magazine, 78, 89 Pratt, L. C, obit., 404 Pickett, Gilbert, 391 Preemption Act (1841), 22 Pickler Memorial Library, donor, 525 "Presidential Physiques," art. on, list­ Piepmeier, D. F., obit., 535 ed, 277 Pierce City water mill, art. on, listed, Prewitt, Benjamin, 342 274 Price, Mrs. Acel, 263 Pigg, Margaret, 519 Price, Albert M., 241 Pike County Historical Society, 103, Price, Dan D., obit., 404 262, 391, 517 Price, Mrs. E. D., donor, 111 Pilcher, Joshua, 297, 298 Price, Sterling, 145, 339, 468 Pilot Knob and Fort Davidson, art. on, Primm, J. Neal, 521 listed, 398 Princeton football teams, art. on, list­ Pilot Knob Battle, art. on, listed, 113; ed, 274 anniv., 251 Pritchett, John Perry, donor, 525 Pinckney, Charles, 187, 188 Prohibition fight by Carry Nation, Pinet, Francois, 231 461-488 Pineville, art. on, listed, 114 Pruente, Mr. & Mrs. Don, 101 Pineville Democrat, 389 Pruitt, Paul, 517 Pineville Herald, 389 Public Law 89-665 in Missouri, 244-247 Pinkston, F. O., 390 Pulaski County Historical Society, 518 "Pioneer Cabin," art. on, listed, 402 Pulitzer, Joseph, 251; art. on, listed, "Pioneer Life in Missouri 1820," 1 118; World, edited by, 40 (illus.) "Purification of the Sacred Bundles," Pioneer Merchant in Mid-America, 308 (illus.) 522 Purteet, Bryan, donor, 269 Pitcock, Cynthia DeHaven, 513 Pyle, Mrs. Homer, 513 Planes in Kansas City, 1918, art. on, listed, 273 Platte City Landmark, 447 Platte County Historical Society, 262, 517 Quality Hill, art. on, listed, 533 Platte. County, Missouri, Cemetery Quantrill, William, arts, on, listed, Records, Vol. II, published, 262 119, 120, 402 Plumer, William, 184 Quarles, John A., art. on, listed, 533 Index 567

Queeny, Edgar Monsanto, art. on, Rickenbrode, Francyl, 512 "listed, 278 Riddle, Ethel D., 509 Quinley, Charles, 264 Rieckus, Helen, 98 Riggs, John L., obit., 535 Righter, Richard H., 258 Rightmire, Bertha M., donor, 111 Rafferty, Milton D., "Missouri's Black Riley, James Whitcomb, 45, 47, 53 Walnut Kernel Industry," art. by, Ripley County Historical Society, 263 214-226 Ripple, Otto, 512 Ragan, Anna, pioneer, art. on, listed, River being wonderfully crooked, 272 painting by Thomas Hart Benton, Rahill, Peter J., Ill front cover April issue (illus.) Raible, Mr. & Mrs. Joseph, 92 Rivercene, home of Joseph Kinney, Railroad Gazette, 346 art. on, listed, 271 Railroad in Ozarks, art. on, listed, 278 Rives, T. L., art. on, listed, 115 Railroading in St. Joseph, art. on, Rivet, Antoine, 39 listed, 403 Road building in Missouri, art. on, Railway history and corporate diplo­ listed, 273 macy in the 1800s, 345-363 Roads in Missouri, art. on, listed, 275 "Railways on City Streets," 133 "Robbin's Tomb," art. on, listed, 531 Ramsey, Mr. & Mrs. James, 256 Roberts, Florence, 255 Rand, Carmen, 514 Roberts, Theron, E., obit., 404 Randall, Jack, 510 Robidoux, Louis, 464 Rankin, A. C, 462-463 Robinson, Canby, 68 Rathgeber, Paul, 98 Roblee, Melvin B., and Vera L. Osiek, Ray, Bob, 252 Historical Review of Franklin Coun­ Ray, C. W., donor, 396 ty, Missouri, 1818-1968, noted, 128- Ray County Historical Society, 518 129 Ray, Mrs. Sam, postcard collection, Rocheport, arts, on, listed, 114, 528 arts, on, listed, 113, 114, 272, 273, Rockcliffe Mansion, Hannibal, 92 399, 529 Rockefeller, Frank, 259 Raymond, Mrs. Harvey, 386 Rockefeller, John D., 259 Raytown Historical Society, 263, 391, Roden, Loren, 508 519 Roden, Mrs. Loren, 384 Read, Daniel, 443 Roffe, A. W., obit., 535 Ream, Alice Lomax, donor, 396 Rogers, Charles W., 351, 353, 354, 357 Reavis, Dorotha, 388 Roller, Dr. & Mrs. Merrill, 92 Reavis, John R., 425 " 'Rollingpin, Commodore,' alias John Recorder (Richmond newspaper), 189 Henton Carter," John T. Flanagan, Red Star school district, art. on, listed, art. by, 38-54; Almanac, 1897, 41 117 (illus.); portrait, 44 (illus.); Rol­ Redpath, James, 163 lingpin Annual of the Fall Festivi­ Reed, John S., 265 ties 43 Reed, Roger Vernon, 386 Rollins, James S., 153, 157, 158, 161, Rehme, Virginia, 98 162, 164, 457 Reid, Michael, donor, 111 Romero, Tomasito, 341 Relief Act (1815), 11 "Romulus Estep Culver: A Sketch of Remington, Frederic, 213 Frontier Self-Improvement and Republican chairman, Will H. Hays Tragedy," James W. Goodrich, art. (1918) , art. on, listed, 277 by, 329-344 Rethwisch, Henry, 255 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 500 Reuland, George, 375 Roper, Bessie, 260 Rexford, Oscar W., 102 Roscoe, gun battle at, art. on, listed, Reynolds, C. Les, 257 402 Reynolds, William W., 331 Ross, Francis, 391 Rhoda, Mrs. William C, 393 Ross, Irwin, honored, 522 Rhodes, Neva, 380 Rothwell, Rolla R., 501 Richards, John F., art. on, listed, 534 Routt, Henry, 511 Richardson, Mr. & Mrs. Hal, 101 Rozier, George A., 243 Richmond, Virginia, Conservator, 447 Rozier, Mrs. George, donor, 111, 386, Richter, Anna B., diary, arts, on, list­ 394 ed, 278, 403, 533 Rozier, Leo J., 241, 243 (illus.) 568 Index

Rucker, Jessie, 391 St. Louis history, arts, on, listed, 115, Ruff, Robert H., 243 116, 402 Rung, Albert, 518 St. Louis levee, 178 (illus.) Rusk, E. W., obit., 281 St. Louis Municipal Opera, arts. on. Rusk, Howard A., 265 listed, 115 Russell, Mrs. George, 100 St. Louis municipal reform, art. on, Russell, John W., Jr., 251 listed, 277 Russell, Sally, 100 St. Louis Pioneer Chapter, U.S. Daugh­ Russell, William H., monument un­ ters of 1812, donor, 526 veiled, 251 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 442 Rutherford, Kenneth, donor, 525 St. Louis radio, art. on, listed, 532 Ryland, John F., 320 St. Louis and San Francisco Railway Ryan, John Phillip, obit., 281 Company map, 350 St. Louis Soulard Market area rehabil­ itation, 504 St. St. Louis Times, 425 St. Louis University history, art. on, St. Charles barrel factorv, art. on, listed, 400, 401 listed, 275 St. Louis Westerners, 104, 263, 392, 519 St. Charles Bi-Centennial, Inc., 381 St. Mary Aldermanbury, 500 St. Charles County Historical Societv, St. Mary's Seminarv, art. on, listed, 104, 263, 391, 519 531 "St. Charles Dairy," art. on, listed, 531 St. Mary's Sisters nursing order, art. St. Charles doctors, art. on, listed, 274 on, listed, 274 "St. Charles Factories," art. on, listed, St. Matthew Parish, art. on, listed, 275 400 St. Paul M. E. Church, St. Charles, St. Charles pioneer family letters, art. art. on, listed, 115 on, listed, 401 St. Peters All Saints Church, art. on, St. Francis Academy, Nevada, art. on, listed, 531 listed, 272 "St. Stanislaus—Chapel," art. on, listed, St. Francis Xavier Church, art. on, 118 listed, 400 St. Vincent College, Cape Girardeau, St. John's Church, anniv., art. on, art. on, listed, 272 listed, 275, 402 Ste. Genevieve historv, arts, on, listed, St. John's Methodist Church, donor, 115, 274, 400 396 St. John's United Church of Christ, St. Louis, donor, 269 St. Joseph Gazette, 447 St. Joseph Herald, 441, 444 Sachs, Howard F., donor, 396 St. Joseph Historical Societv, 104, 263, Saddlemaking business, art. on, listed, 519 530 St. Joseph hospital, art. on, listed, 531 Sage, Russell, 358, 361 "St. Joseph, Next Door Williamsburg," Sainte-Denis, Luis Juchereau de, 229 art. on, listed, 272 Salcedo, Don Manuel de, 204, 239 St. Joseph Vindicator, 421, 424, 425, Salem Church historv, art. on, listed, 427, 441 528 St. Louis Car Company, art. on, listed, Saline County Historical Society, 104 115 Saline County history, art. on, listed, St. Louis caves, art. on, listed, 533 114 "St. Louis Cholera Epidemic of 1849," Salt springs Patrick E. McLear, art. by, 171-181 -Buffalo Lick, 17 "St. Louis Courthouse in the 1850s," —Moniteau Lick, 17 322 (illus.) -Salt Pond, 17 St. Louis Enquirer, 490, 491 Salter, Mrs. J. A., obit, 281 St. Louis Episcopacy, art. on, listed, Salvador, James, 97 534 San Ildephonso treaty (1800) , 196 St. Louis Gateway Arch, dedicated, San Lorenzo Treaty (1795) , 188 93; art. on, listed, 116 Sanford, Alexander, 323 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 393 Sanford, John F. A., 318, 319, 321 St. Louis gymnasium, 19th century, 80 Sanner, Mrs. Ralph, 509 (illus.) Santa Fe trail, 15 Index 569

Santa Maria (ship) purchased, 505, Shannon County Historical Societv, 531 104 Sauer, Carl O., 15 Shannon, James, 135 (illus.) ; art. on, Sauerburger, Joseph, 464 135-170 Saum, Lewis O., "Donan and the Sharrah, Mr. & Mrs. Bobbie, 391 Caucasian," art. by, 419-450 Shaw, George Bernard, 86 Saunders, Betty, 384 Shaw, Roger, 256 Sayman's soap, art. on, listed, 275 Sheffield, Mrs. E. H., donor, 111 Scarborough, Mrs. Dallis, obit., 281 Shelby County Historical Society, 104, Schafer, Charles W., obit., 281 263, 392, 519 Schaper, J. A., career, art. on, listed, Shelby, Joseph, 427 271 Shelby's Mexican campaign, art. on, Schilling, Joan, 479 listed, 272 Schilling, John, 479 Sheldon, Mrs. Stephen, donor, 526 Schmoll, John, 68 Sheley, Eleanor, 520 Schnute, Samuel E., obit., 121 Shemwell, Mrs. Max, 263 Schools of Missouri, 502-503 (illus.) Shepherd, Fred C, donor, 269 Schroeder, Walter A., "Spread of Set­ Shepp, Tom, 517 tlement in Howard County, Mis­ Shields, Ted R., obit, 282 souri 1810-1859," art. by, 1-37 Shippee, J. Met, 257 Schubert, Mrs. Clarence, donor, 526 Shoemaker, Floyd C, 241, 259; hon­ Schulte, Arthur J., obit., 281 ored by Society, 243 (illus.) ; art. on, Schuyler, Remington, art. on, listed, listed, 398 402 Shoemaker, Pearle McCown, 243 Schwada, Mrs. John W., 107 Shope, R. E., 56 Schworm, William B., donor, 111 Shore, John, home, art. on, listed, 400 Scoggins, Merle, 385 Shore, Mr. & Mrs. M. P., 516 Scott, Mrs. A. C, obit., 282 Shulze, G. F., obit., 404 Scott, Betty, 260 "Signing the Louisiana Purchase Scott, Dred, 317-328, 319 (illus.) Treaty," 195 (illus.) Scott, Mr. & Mrs. George, donor, 526 "Silver Dollar City," art. on, listed, Scott, Harriet, 322 400 Scott, Herbart H., 99 Simmons, Ida, 97 Scott, Leo T., transit driver, art. on, Simmons, Lucy, obit., 282 listed, 530 Simpson, Harold B., 510 Scott, William, 320 Sims, Aubrey, 103 Scotten, Mrs. Fleet, 509 Sims, William Benjamin, family, art. Scurlock, Paul, donor, 269 on, listed, 278 Seay, Mrs. Earl, 99 Sinclair, Upton, 86 Sedalia history, arts, on, listed, 116, Sisson, Marshall, 500 275 Skeens, Ruth, 384 See, Warren G., donor, 269 Slaughter, Carl, 258 Seguin, Mrs. A. D., donor, 526 Slaughter, S. D., 513 Seifert, Robert, 255 Slavback, Alonzo, 432, 442 Selby, P. O., donor, 111, 269 Smalley, A. E., 220-222 Seligman, DeWitt, 352 Smallwood, Mrs. Charles, 391 Seligman, Joseph, 352 Smasher's Mail, 482, 483 Sellers, Paul, 260 Smiser, Mrs. A. Lee, 259 Seltzer, Mrs. William S., 393 Smith, Edward W., 98 Semsrott, William H., 102 Smith, Elbert B., 490 Smith, Ellsworth, 68 Sercu, F. A., obit, 535 Smith, Frank W., obit., 535 Service, Chedwato, donor, 523 Smith, Fred, 517 Sesquicentennial Louisiana, Missouri, Smith, George R., 158 1818-1968, by, Mrs. John Doward, Smith, H. L., obit., 404 noted, 128 Smith, Jackson, 103 Settle, J. Boulton, obit., 121 Smith, Jedediah Strong, art. on, listed, Setzer, Glenn, 100 119, '278 Sexauer, Glennon, 99 Smith, Mary Ann, 255 Seymour, L. E., 510 Smith, Peggy, 392 Shankland, Wilbur Morse, donor, 396, Smith, Rosalyn, 517 526 Smith, Ruby T., 258; donor, 526 570 Index

Smith. Walter Robinson, 183 Stanley, Margo, 107 Smith. Mrs. Walter W., donor. 526 Stanley, William, 480 Smith, William, soldier, art. on. listed, Stanton. Edwin M., 436 278 Stapleton, jack, Sr., 241 Smith. William E., donor, 269. 397 Stark home. Louisiana, Mo., art. on. Smithers, Hazel Langlois, donor, 526 listed, 401 Smithey, Ann, 261, 390 Starkloff, Charles. 68 Smithton area churches, art. on, listed, Starnes, Mrs. Lee, 391 275 State Historical Society of Nebraska. Smithville Historical Society, 105, 264, donor, 526 520 State Leader (Mexico. Mo. news­ Smut/. Harold T., donor, 397 paper) , 465 Snider, Felix E. and Jess E. Thilenius, State tree, art. on, listed, 115 Tower Rock (la Roche de la Croix), "Station Duquette," art. on, listed, 531 noted, 131 Stauber, Martin, 516 Snow, Estelle, 255 Steamboat levee era in Kansas City, Snvder. William K., donor, 269 art. on, listed, 399 Soames, Mrs. Christopher, 500 Steamboat toll on Missouri River, art. Soames, Nicholas, 500 on, listed, 530 Somerville, Ronald L., 241 Steamboats Sone, Guv M., donor, 269; obit., 535 —Duke of Orleans, 54 Sone, Mrs. Guy M., donor, 269, 526 -/. M. White, 50, 54 Souers, Sidney E., 265 —Sultans, 54 Soulard Market, art. on, listed. 275 Steamboats near Boonville, art. on. South, Marion, & Anna Hesse, Gascon­ listed. 271 ade County Tours, noted, 129-130 Stearns, Anna, 98 Southard, Grace, 99 Stearns, Dan, 515 Southeast Missouri State College, art, Steele, William, obit., 282 on. listed, 272 Steelman, John Rov. art. on, listed, Southern Country Store, 1800-1860, 522 277 Southworth, George, 475 Stemmer, Charles C, donor, 526 Soux'enir Guide to Missouri's Capitol, Stephen, Mrs. J. F., donor, 397 265 Stephens, Cleo, donor, 268 'Spanish Trader's Bride." art. on. Stephens, Edwin, 443 listed, 403 Stephens, Marion L., Jr., 387 Spanish War Vessels on tlie Mississippi Sternberg, Frederick C, 500 1792-1796, bv Abraham P. Nasatir, Sterner, James F... 384 reviewed, 125-127 Steuber, Bob, 393 Spas of Missouri, 378-379 (illus.) : art. Stevens. Mrs. E. 1L, obit., 535 on. listed, 399 Stevens, Earl, 258 Speare, Alden, 351 Stevens, Walter B., 39 Spiers, Mrs. Marion, 511 Stevenson, A. I... 259, 514 Sports Hall of Fame, 393 Stewart, Mrs. Bert, 509 Spradling, Albert M., 250 Stewart. Mr. & Mrs. Cecil, 390 "Spread of Settlement in Howard Stiffler, R. Ewinsj, obit.. 121 County, Missouri 1810-1859." Walter Stilley, George, 375 A. Schroeder, art. by, 1-37 Stockton, Mrs. Tesse, 261 "Spring Hill Legend," art. on, listed, Stockton, Leo F., donor. 397 533 ' Stone, Barton, 138 Spring River Shelling Company. Ve­ Stone County pioneers, arts, on, listed, rona, Mo., 223, 224 278 Springfield, Mass., Republic, 420. 445 St raver. Mrs. Harrv, 391 Springfield, The Nation, 420 St reck. Edwin P., 386 Springfield, Public Library, donor. 525 Street cars, 133 Stadter, E. L., obit., 404 'Street Scene in Santa Fe," 340 (illus.) Stagecoach travel, art. on, listed, 118 Strong, C. M., 484 Staging and freighting, art. on. listed, Strong, Mart, 474, 475 no' Strothmann, William F. I.., 250 Stahl. Glenn, 259 Stuart, Mrs. Jerrold, donor, 525 Stubbs, Roy,'259 Stable. Frank M., 482 Stucker. Essie, donor, 111 Stalzer. Theodore, obit., 121 Si urges history, art. on. listed, 271 Stanford, Leland, 358 Index 571

Sullivan, Ed, 86 Thespian Theater, Boonville, art. on, Sullivan, John L., donor, 397, 527 listed, 273 Summers, Frances, 264, 520 Thieman, L. H., 515 Sumner, Charles, 427 Thilenius, Emma K., obit., 404 Sunbury Academy, Sunbury, Georgia, Thilenius, Jess E., and Felix E. Snider, 136 Tower Rock (la Roche de la Croix), Sutherland, James Logan, donor, 397 noted, 131 Sutter, Henry R., 256 Thiltgen, Harry, 518 Swain, E. E., 243 Thirty Years' View, 493 Swanson, Robert, 262 "Thomas Hart Benton and the Ore­ Swetman, Martha Ellen, 264, 520 gon Question," William A. Hansen, Switzler, William F., 147-170, 154 art. by, 489-497 (illus.), 426 Thomas, Henry K., obit., 282 Swofford, Edith M., obit., 535 Thomas Rutherton, John Henton Sylvester, Benjamin E., 461 Carter, book by, 39, 48, 49, 52 Syracuse early days, art. on, listed, 532 Thompson, A. Paul, 100, 514 Thompson, Cecile, 517 Thompson, James B., 501 Thomson, Esther M., obit., 404 T, John Smith, 258 Thorne, Judith Virginia Dana, 386 Taft, William H. (Pres.), 84 Tiemann, Norbert T., 106 Taft, William H., "Bernarr Macfad­ Ties Between, 514 den," art. by, 71-88 Timmons, Charles, 104, 264, 392, 519 Taggart, Mrs. Ross, 252 Tipton, Dillon, 258 Taille De Noyer, Florissant, art. on, Tirawahat, Pawnee god, 312 listed, 118 Todd, Helen D., 261; obit., 535 "Taking a Cemetery Census," 506-508 Todd, James, 501 Tales of Old Hickory County, Fact and Tolin, Mrs. C. Alvin, 393 Fiction, by Opal Stewart Butts, Toombs, Mrs. George, obit., 121 noted, 129 Topeka State Journal, 486 Taliaferro, Harry Monroe, obit., 404 Torson, Ona, obit., 535 Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice Tower Rock (la Roche de la Croix), de, 184, 193 (illus.), 194 by Jess E. Thilenius and Felix E. Tallman, Roscoe S., obit., 535 Snider, noted, 131 Tammany, Stephen C, obit., 282 Trail, Nell, donor, 527 Taney County history, arts, on, listed, Transit system, art. on, listed, 530 403 "Transportation," series, "Railways on Taney County marriage records, art. City Streets," 133; "Knights of the on, listed, 534 Road," 289-291; "Wings in the Sky," Taney, Roger B., 317 (illus.) 414-416 Tapp family, art. on, listed, 277 Traveling westward, arts, on, listed, Tatum, Stewart E., 100 118, 120 Taylor, Mrs. Elizabeth, 508 Trent, G. L., 515 Taylor, Grace Elizabeth, A Peculiar Tripartite Agreement of Jan., 1880, Heritage or a Century of Persons, 349, 351 Places and Events in the Life of Troxel, Mrs. Lee, 508 Peculiar, Missouri 1868-1968, noted, Trudeau, Zenon, 238 410 True Story (1919), 72 Taylor, James M., 391 Truman, Harry S., arts, on, listed, 118, Taylor, Joseph, donor, 397 251, 499, 529, 533 Taylor, Lucille, 264, 520 Truteau, Jean Baptiste, 239 Taylor, Mrs. Paul, donor, 527 Tucker, Glenn, 510 Taylor, Mrs. Ray, 390 Tunks, John, 511 Taylor, Zachary, 178 Turner, Mr. & Mrs. Charles W., 97 Teagarden, Ellen, 512 Turner, Edwin, 442 Tebow, Mrs. Kenney, 380 Tecumseh—Vision of Glory, 510 Turner, Harry C, 465, 486 Temperance Leagues, art. on, listed, Turner, Robert, 515 119 Turner, Winslow, 334 Temple Shaare Emeth anniv., 513 Turney, anniv., 94 "Then and Now," column, arts, listed, Twain, Mark, 39, 46, 48, 49, 50, 53; 400, 402, 531 arts, on, listed, 115, 119, 251, 403, 533 572 Index

Twenty-Tiventy Hindsight bv Harold Violette, E. M„ 243 Calvert, noted, 128 Violette, M. A., art. on, listed, 531 Tyler, John, 494 Volker, Bert, obit., 282 Volker House, art. on, listed, 399 Vollmar, Mrs. R. Lewis, obit., 282 U Von Sparkenburg, Frederick, art. on, listed, 114 L'dall, Stewart L., 93, 106 Union Bridge, Paris, Mo., art. on, listed, 272 Union Signal, 482 W Union Soldier in the Land of the Van­ quished: The Diary of Sergeant Waganer, Mrs. Lawrence, donor, 111 Mathew Woodruff, June-Dec, 1865, Wagner, Peter R., art. on, listed, 118 edited by, F. N. Boney, reviewed, Wahrenbrock, Roy, 515 539-540 Waldo, David, art. on, listed, 118, 343 United States map (1827) , 489 Waldo, Lawrence, 342, 343 "United States Senate in Session," 496 Waldo, Ray, 263 (illus.) Walker, Mrs. Frank, 389 University of Georgia, 137 Walker, William, 39 University of Missouri (1849-1856) , Walkup, Lucian L., donor, 111 battleground on religion, race and Walnut huller, 223 (illus.) politics, 135-170; University's main Walnut industry, 214-226; maps and building, 160 (illus.) charts, 225, 226 (illus.) University of Texas Library, donor, Walter, Vesper A., obit., 404 269 Walther, Carl F. W., 257 Updike, Hilary, 78 Wampler, Dee, II, 386 War of 1812, 23 Upirikutsu, Morning Star of the Paw­ T nee Indians, 294 W ard, Artemus, 45, 53 Uppinghouse, Mr. & Mrs. Charles. 512 Warfield, Frances, art. on, listed, 533 Utlev/lza, 509 Warrensburg, art. on, listed, 401; his­ torical marker dedicated, 259 Warrensburg Weekly Journal, 470 "Was the Dred Scott Case Valid?" Walter Ehrlich, art. by, 317-328 Van Ackeren, Maurice E., 243 Washington, Mo., arts, on, listed, 276 Van Cleve, W. C, 501 Wasson, Mr. & Mrs. Victor, 102 Van Dvke, Mildred, obit., 535 Watkins, A. Judson, 373, 374 Vancil,' O. C, obit., 404 Watkins, Benjamin, 365 Vandiver, Mrs. Virgil, 264 Watkins home, 368, 369 (illus.) Vaughan, Alma, 107 Watkins, James Minter, family, art. on, Vaughn, Charles, 384 listed, 118 Vaughn, Harry, 500 Watkins, Jane Minter, 365 Veiled Prophet's Ball, 39, 40, 43 Watkins, Joe B., 374 Verona, anniv., 94; art. on, listed. 119 Watkins, John H., 374 Verona, Missouri, 1868-1968, noted, Watkins, Mrs. Kermit, donor, 525 286-287 "Watkins Mill Carding Machine," 372 Versailles, art. on, listed, 114; Method­ (illus.) ist Church, art. on, listed, 276 "Watkins Mill: Missouri's National Vest, George, 449 Historic Landmarks, Part III," Dor­ Vial, Pedro, 238 othy J. Caldwell, art. bv, 365-377, Victor, Claude Perrin, 191, 204 365 (illus.) "View7 of Early St. Louis," 171 (illus) . Watkins Mill State Park, 375-377, 376 "Views From the Past," series, "Mis­ (illus.) ; art. on, listed, 403 souri Mills, 90-91 (illus.) ; "Mis­ Watkins, Spencer, 367, 374 souri Lumber Industry," 248-249 Watkins, Waltus Locket, 365, 366 (il­ (illus.) ; "Missouri Spas," 378-379 lus), 367, 374; arts, on, listed, 533 (illus.) ; "Missouri Schools," 502-503 Watkins Woolen Mill historv, 365- (illus.) 377, 370 (illus.) Viles, Jonas, 170 Watson, Mrs. Robert A., obit., 282 Vine Street's musical heritage, art. on, Watson, W. Marvin, 265 listed, 399 Watters, T. Ballard, 241, 243 Vineyard, Mrs. John, donor. 269 Watterson, Henry, 420 Index 573

Watts, Opal, 264, 520 Williams, James, 388 Weant, Earl B., obit., 404 Williams, "Old Bill," art. on, listed, Weaver, H. Dwight, 97 534 Webb home, Independence, art. on, Williams, Pauline, 101 listed, 119 Williams, Mrs. Robert, 97, 504 Webdell, John, 92 Williams, Walter, 243, 450 Weber, Elizabeth Patterson, 264 Williamsburg Nine Mile Presbyterian Weber, Otto, 465, 466 Church, art. on, listed, 271 Weekly Missouri Sentinel (Columbia Williamson, Hugh P., 102; donor, 270 newspaper), 152, 153, 155 Williamson, Mary, 88 Weekly Missouri Statesman (Columbia "Willow Bend," art. on, listed, 275 newspaper), 147, 154 Wills, Nellie, donor, 397 Wells, Mary Leslie Dana, 386 Wilson, Mrs. C. E., 103 Wenger, Mrs. P. Cedric, obit., 282 Wilson, Mrs. G. P., donor, 397 T Wesner, Mrs. Charles T., 513 W ilson, James M., 256 West, Gene E., 389 Wilson, Ola B., donor, 112 Wilson, Perry W., 516 West Plains Walnut Company, 224 7 Western Historical Manuscripts Col­ W ilson, Richard, 384 lection exhibit, 242 Wilson's Creek Battle, art. on, listed, Western Journal (St. Louis news­ 534 paper) , 175 Wilson's Creek Civil War Battlefield Westfall, Ruth Rollins, donor, 111, 270 Park deeded to Federal government, Weston Historical Museum, 264 250 Westport battle, art. on, listed, 273 Windwagon, art. on, listed, 114 Westport Historical Quarterly, 520 Wingfield, J. S., 99 Westport Historical Society, 105, 264, "Wings in the Sky," 414-416, 414 392, 520 (illus.) Wetmore, Alphonso, 2, 19, 301, 302 Winkelmeyer, Mr. & Mrs. Charles, 256 (illus.), 315 Winkels, Al, obit., 121 Wheat, Zachariah Davis, of baseball Winkler, John A., 241 fame, art. on, listed, 271 Winograd, Arnold, 250 Wheaton, Clarence L, donor, 112 Winslow, Edward F., 351, 352, 354, Whig party at Rocheport, art. on, 355, 357, 358, 361 listed, 528 Winston car, art. on, listed, 115 White, E. C, School, art. on, listed, 114 Wise, Henry, 165 White, F. Howard, obit., 282 Wohlgemuth, Elmer, 257 White, Mrs. Herbert H., 513 Wolfe, Byron B., 392 White, Kathleen, donor, 397 Wolff, Marcus A., 42 White, L. Mitchell, 243 Wollard, Lee, 99 White, Mrs. Mahlon N., 384 Women of Achievement honored bv White, Mrs. Orlyn, 261 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 393 White, Robert M., 243, 527 WTood, Charles L., 388 White, Samuel, 183 Woodcock, Lyle S., 519 White, William Allen, 478 Woodland College, art. on, listed, 533 Whiteaker, Bessie L., 511 Woodrugg, James, 68 Whiteford, Blanche, 262 Woods, Marie, donor, 397, 527 Whitely, Alexander, 82 Woodside, Leigh B., 99 Wickersham, Stella, 102, 260 Woodson, Arch M., Jr., obit., 535 Wiedenmann, Mrs. Merle, 99 Woodson, Letha, 259 Wigersma, Mrs. Mel, 519 Woodward, C. Vann, 447 Wilcox, Mrs. H. W., donor, 527 Woodward, Grace Steele, 106 Wilder, Laura Ingalls, verso back cover Woodward, Guy H., 106 April issue (illus.) WToodward, Ralph L., 251 Wilkerson, J. S., Jr., 515 Wool market in Middle West, art. on, Wilkes, B. C, 68 listed, 402 Wilkinson, James, 206; art. on, listed, World War I, arts, on, listed, 113, 114 277 Wren Chapel at Westminster College, William Jewell cemetery, art. on, art. on, listed, 401; dedication, 499, listed, 398 500 Williams, Betty Harvey, donor, 270 Wren, Christopher, 500 Williams, Charles P., 459 Wrestling, 78 (illus.) Williams, Erma, 384 Wright, Anthus, 388 574 Index

Wright, Harold, art. on, listed, 114 Young, R. W., obit., 121 Wright, Kenneth M., obit... 121 Young, Samuel A., 153, 156 Wright, T. L., 263

Z Yarnell family history, art. on, listed. Zanoni Mill, art. on, listed, 401 398 Zeiser, Edna, donor, 397 Yarnell, Mrs. Gerald, 517 Ziegfeld, Florenz, Jr., 82 Yarnell, Ilene Sims, donor, 112. Zimmerman, Delbert T., obit., 535 397 Zimmerman, Mr. & Mrs. H. M., 512 Yates, Marguerite D., 380 Zion Lutheran Church, Peveley, Mo., Ycager, Dick, art. on, listed, 120 donor, 270 Yoest, Don, donor, 397 Zumwalt, Jacob, 251; art. on, listed, Young, John C, 142 274 Young, Merit, 334 Zumwalt, Mrs. Jacob, 251 MISSOURI HISTORICAL

REVIEW

Published Quarterly

by

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

DOROTHY CALDWELL ASSOCIATE EDITOR VOLUME LXIII OCTOBER, 1968- JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR JULY, 1969 CONTRIBUTORS

VOLUME LXIII

BANNON, JOHN F., S.J., professor of History, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri.

CALDWELL, DOROTHY J., associate editor, MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, Columbia, Missouri.

EHRLICH, WALTER, associate professor of History, Evening Division, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri.

EISENMAN, HARRY J.; assistant professor of History, University of Missouri, Rolla, Missouri. FLANAGAN, JOHN T., professor of English, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

GOODRICH, JAMES W., associate editor, MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, Columbia, Missouri. HANSEN, WILLIAM A., Ph.D. candidate in Rhetoric and Public Address, Uni­ versity of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.

HARRELL, DAVID E., associate professor of History, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. JONES, DOROTHY V., M.A. candidate in History, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. KNUDSON, JERRY W., assistant professor of History, University of Kentucky, Lex­ ington, Kentucky. MCLEAR, PATRICK E., Ph.D. candidate, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. MCSHANE, C. KEVIN, M.A. candidate, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri.

MINER, CRAIG, Ph.D. candidate in History, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.

RAFFERTY, MILTON D., assistant professor of Geography, Southwest Missouri State College, Springfield, Missouri.

SAUM, LEWIS O., associate professor of History, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

SCHROEDER, WALTER A., instructor in Geography, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.

TAFT, WILLIAM H., professor of Journalism, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. CONTENTS

VOLUME LXIII

Page

BERNARR MACFADDEN. By William H. Taft 71

CARRY NATION, A MISSOURI WOMAN, WON FAME IN KANSAS. By Dorothy J. Caldwell 461

THE COLONIZATION OF THE ST. LOUIS AND SAN FRANCISCO RAILWAY COMPANY 1880-1882: A STUDY OF CORPORATE DIPLOMACY. By Craig Miner 345

DONAN AND THE CAUCASIAN. By Lewis O. Saum 418

JAMES SHANNON: PREACHER, EDUCATOR, AND FIRE-EATER. By David E. Harrell, Jr 135

JOHN DOUGHERTY AND THE PAWNEE RITE OF HUMAN SACRIFICE. By Dorothy V. Jones 293

JOHN HENTON CARTER, ALIAS "COMMODORE ROLLINCPIN." By John T. Flanagan 38

MISSOURI, A BORDERLAND. By John F. Bannon, S.J 227

MISSOURI'S BLACK WALNUT KERNEL INDUSTRY. By Milton D. Rafferty 214

MISSOURI'S NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS: WATKINS MILL. By Dorothy J. Caldwell 364

NEWSPAPER REACTION TO THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE. By Jerry W. Knudson 182

THE 1918 KANSAS CITY INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC. By C. Kevin McShane 55

ORIGINS OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN MISSOURI. By Harry J. Eisenman 451

ROMULUS ESTEP CULVER: A SKETCH OF FRONTIER SELF-IMPROVEMENT AND TRAGEDY. By James W. Goodrich 329

THE ST. LOUIS CHOLERA EPIDEMIC OF 1849. By Patrick E. McLear 171

SPREAD OF SETTLEMENT IN HOWARD COUNTY, MISSOURI, 1810-1859. By Walter A. Schroeder 1

THOMAS HART BENTON AND THE OREGON QUESTION. By William A. Hansen 489

V 1 In History

Louise Stanley Louise Stanley, second chairman of the Home Economics Department of the University of Missouri and first chief of the Bureau of Home Econom­ ics, United States Department of Agri­ culture, helped lay the foundation for the development of Home Economics education throughout the world. In 1907 Miss Stanley joined the staff of the University of Missouri Home Economics Department and two years later she started the first research pro­ gram in Home Economics at the University. Professor and chairman of the de­ partment, 1917-1923, she resigned to become chief of the newly organized national Bureau of Home Economics, and served for 20 years. As Bureau chief, she directed work in the fields of food and nutrition, clothing and textiles, housing and equipment, and studies in household economics and social relationships. From 1943 until 1950 Dr. Stanley served as special assistant to the administrator of the Agricultural Research Service, coordinating research in Home Economics and advising representatives of foreign countries. After re­ tiring in 1950 she was recalled as consultant. She represented the United States at international conferences and served as chairman of the international com­ mittee of the American Home Economics Association, 1949-1951. In 1953 one of the AHEA international scholarships was named the Louise Stanley Latin American Scholarship in her honor. In 1940 she was the first woman to receive the LL.D. degree from the University of Missouri; she was the first woman member of the American Standards Association and a life member of AHEA. In a national ballot in 1934-1935, she was voted one of the four most outstanding persons in the educational field. The daughter of Gustavus Augustus and Elizabeth Munro Stanley, she was born in Nashville, Tennessee, June 8, 1883. She received undergraduate degrees from Peabody College, Nashville, and the University of Chicago. She was gradu­ ated with an M.A. degree from Columbia University, 1907, and a Ph.D. degree in biochemistry at Yale University, 1911. Her death occurred in Washington, D. C, July 15, 1954. Friends who worked with her wrote, "Her cosmopolitan vision, under­ standing of human nature, sense of humor and well-balanced set of values made her work effective, and contacts with her pleasantly stimulating. . . ." Stanley Hall, a building of the School of Home Economics, University of Missouri, was dedicated March 24, 1961.