Transport in Tourism

©Ramakrishna Kongalla Transportation

‡ Vital relationship between transport and tourism development ‡ For tourism development adequate and efficient transportation is needed ‡ Access to generating market ‡ ͞the means to reach the destination and also the means of movement in the destination͟ (Burkart & Medlik) ‡ For geographical distribution world travelers and domestic travelers ‡ Get from home to tourist destination ‡ Links tourist generation area with tourist destination

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 2 Dynamically changing needs and means

‡ Ancient times ‡ Many transport facilities ± Horse used to transfer soldiers ± Horse carriage during wars now used for ± Hand driven carriage general purposes and ± Boat tourism ‡ Modern times ‡ Technological ± Motor cars advancement ± Railways ‡ Modern replaced the old ± Buses ± Airways ± Private automobiles

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 3 Land marks in Transport sector ‡ Great eastern ship in 19th century by Isambard Kingdom Brunel ‡ First Airplane was invented by wright brothers in 1903 ‡ Grand trunk road was constructed in 1540-45 by Shershah suri ‡ First steamship invented in 1775 by JC pierrier ‡ Cook transported 570 passengers from leicester to Loughborough in 1841 ‡ In 1841 Henry wells started as a Shipper for tourists ʹ Wells Fargo ‡ Mass excursion started by Thomas Cook 1845 tourists travelled to Liverpool by train ‡ Cook executed a tour to Europe in 1862 ‡ In 1894, first turbiane ship called Turbinia was developed by Charies Parsons ‡ Luxury sea liner Titanic sank on Apr16, 1912, 1600 died ‡ First ever single rotor Helicopter was made in 1939 by Igor Sikorsky - Russia R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 4 ‡ First flight Imperial airways from to Cairo was made on jan8, 1927 ‡ First air station was constructed in Delhi in 1927 ‡ First flying club at Delhi at 1928 ‡ Full fledged airport at Delhi in 1939-45 ‡ In 1910, first ever powered seaplane made by Henri Fabre ‡ World͛s longest sea vehicle is Arctic Snow Train belongs to US army ‡ First Trans-Alantic mail had bag of 192 letters in 1919 ‡ First train from Mubai ʹthane in 1953, 32km ‡ 1984 Rakesh sharma on moon ‡ Ashok leyland designed , EXUBA, vehicle 1912 based in 2002 ‡ 2002 nedumbassery, first private international airport in India

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 5 Airlines ‡ History ± In December 1903, Wright Brothers - flew the first plane with a person ± In 1908 Wright Brothers - airborne for 1½ hours.

± In 1909 Wright Brothers - contract - US military, to build the first military plane.

± In 1911 first flight across the United States, from Sheepshead Bay (New York) to Long Beach (California), was made by Calbriath Rodgers. ± November 16, 1909 DELAG, was the world's first airline - government assistance - operated airships Mfg by Zeppelin Corporation - headquarters were in Frankfurt

± The 5 oldest airlines that still exist are Netherlands'KLM, Colombia's Avianca, Australia's Qantas, Czech Republic's Czech Airlines,Mexico's Mexicana.

± KLM first flew in May 1920.

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 6 Types of Airlines

‡ Trunk carriers The large airlines with long distances routes were designed as trunk carriers ‡ Regional carriers It served large areas with in a certain part of the country ‡ Commuter airlines Commuter airlines serve the many smaller communities that large airlines can͛t service economically, linking small airports with major hubs ‡ Charter airlines A charter flight operates under rules different from those governing scheduled flights. Planes may be chartered from airlines that offer scheduled service or from a company that operates charters only. Regulations ‡ ‡ limits a carrier's liability to at Warsaw convention most: ± Originally signed in 1929 in Warsaw ± 250,000 Francs or 16,600 (hence the name), it was amended D D in 1955 at The Hague and in 1975 in Special rawing Rights (S R) Montreal for personal injury; ± ± 17 SDR per kilogram for Intergovernmental Agreement checked luggage and cargo, ± It defines the legal responsibility of ± 5,000 Francs or 332 SDR for the a carrier to its passengers hand luggage of a traveller. ± Governs the airline͛s liability for ‡ Death and injury to passengers ‡ Loss, damage or delay to ‡ Special Drawing Rights baggage and Cargo ± International financing ± instrument created in 1970 by A limit is set for the liability the International Monetary ± The information is included in the Fund (IMF) to coincide with the passenger͛s ticket disfavour of the US dollar as ± Additional protection can be the principal currency of the obtained by purchasing travel world trade. ± At present, one SDR is the sum insurance of 0.6320 US Dollars, 0.4100 ± Liability not governed by the euro, 18.4 Japanese yen and convention is printed on ticket as ͚ 0.0903 pound sterling Conditions of Contract͛

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 8 ‡ ± Convention governs relations CHICAGO CONVENTION between state on both technical ± Chicago convention on and commercial matters which International Civil Aviation was include concluded at a meeting between governments in 1944 ‡ Flying over territories of ± In 1947, the convention created contracting states (Air a permanent international services, customs, rules of authority-ICAO the air) ‡ Nationality of aircraft, ± Convention also draws a facilitation (Customs, distinction between scheduled accident investigation etc,) and no scheduled services ‡ Documents (Recognition of ± Scheduled international air certificates and licenses) services may be operated by ‡ International standards and agreement between the two countries concerned- bilateral practices including those for Agreement the carriage of dangerous ± For non- scheduled services goods each country may impose such ‡ Financial and technical regulations and conditions as it assistance may consider desirable

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 9 Bermuda convention

‡ GOVERNMENT OF THE USA , GOVERNMENT OF UK OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, ‡ conclude an Agreement for the purpose of promoting direct air communications as soon as possible between their respective territories ‡ With 14 articles of agreement

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 10 ICAO

The aims and objectives of the Organization are to develop the principles and techniques of international air navigation and to foster the planning and development of international air transport so as to: ‡ Insure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout the world; ‡ Encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purposes; ‡ Encourage the development of airways, airports, and air navigation facilities for international civil aviation; ‡ Meet the needs of the peoples of the world for safe, regular, efficient and economical air transport; ‡ Prevent economic waste caused by unreasonable competition; ‡ Insure that the rights of contracting States are fully respected and that every contracting State has a fair opportunity to operate international airlines; ‡ Avoid discrimination between contracting States; ‡ Promote safety of flight in international air navigation; ‡ Promote generally the development of all aspects of international civil aeronautics.

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 11 Bilateral Agreement ‡ The agreements specify the ‡ Freedoms of Air rights that the designated ± The freedoms of the air are a carrier may enjoy in the set of commercial aviation rights granting a country's other country airline(s) the privilege to ‡ Eg. A foreign carrier may be enter and land in another permitted to import the country's airspace. ± Formulated as a result of spare parts and supplies disagreements over the free of duty, but under extent of aviation customs bond for use in liberalisation in the Convention on International maintaining and supplying Civil Aviation of 1944, their aircraft (known as the Chicago ‡ It specifies the cities that Convention). may be served by the designated airlines ‡ Include Freedoms of Air

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 12 ‡ Fifth freedom ‡ First freedom ± This freedom is also sometimes referred to as 'beyond ± The first freedom is the right to fly over a foreign rights'. country without landing ± ± It is the right of an airline from one country to land in a It is also known as the technical freedom second country, to then pick up passengers and fly on to ± It grants the privilege to fly over the territory of a treaty country without landing. a third country where the passengers then deplane. ± Member states of the International Air Services ± An example would be a flight by American Airlines from Transit Agreement grant this freedom (as well as the US to England that is going on to France. Traffic could the second freedom) to other member states, be picked up in England and taken to France. subject to the transiting aircraft using designated air routes. ‡ Sixth freedom ‡ Second freedom ± The right to carry traffic from one state through the home ± The second freedom allows technical stops country to a third state. without the enplaning or deplaning of passengers ± Example: traffic from England coming to the US on a US or cargo. airline and then going on to Canada on the same airline ± It is the right to stop in one country solely for ‡ Seventh freedom refueling or other maintenance on the way to ± another country. The right to carry traffic from one state to another state ‡ Third freedom without going through the home country. ± Example would be traffic from England going to Canada ± The third freedom is the right to carry passengers or cargo from one's own country to another on a US airline flight that does not stop in the US on the ± The third freedom was the first commercial way freedom ‡ Eighth freedom ‡ Fourth freedom ± This is also called cabotage and almost no country ± The right to carry passengers or cargo from permits it. another country to one's own ‡ Airline cabotage is the carriage of air traffic that ± Third and fourth freedom rights are almost always originates and terminates within the boundaries of granted simultaneously in bilateral agreements a given country by an air carrier of another between countries. country. ± The right of an airline from one country to land in ± The unofficial eighth freedom is the right to carry a different country and board passengers passengers or cargo between two or more points in one travelling to the airline͛s own country. foreign country ‡ European Union, which has granted such rights between all of its member states. ‡ Single Aviation Market (SAM) established between Australia and New Zealand in 1996 R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 13 Open sky policy

‡ Open skies refers to a ‡ Open sky's provisions bilateral (and sometimes ± Free market competition: multilateral) Air Transport ± No restrictions on Agreement international route rights; number of designated ‡ liberalizes the rules for airlines; capacity; frequencies; and types of international aviation aircraft. markets and minimizes ± Pricing determined by market government intervention forces: ‡ ± Fair and equal opportunity to The U.S. began pursuing compete: Open Skies agreements in ± Cooperative marketing 1979 and, by 1982, it had arrangements signed twenty-three bilateral ± Designated airlines may enter into code-sharing or leasing air service agreements arrangements with airlines of worldwide, mainly with either country, or with those smaller nations. of third countries, subject to usual regulations. An ‡ That was followed in the optional provision authorizes code-sharing between 1990s by agreements with airlines and surface some individual European transportation companies. states.

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 14 ‡ IATA is a global trade organisation, with its head office at Montreal, Canada. It provides standards and recommended practices for airline operations.

‡ Over 60 years, IATA has developed the commercial standards that built a global industry.

‡ Today, IATA͛s mission is to represent, lead and serve the airline industry.

‡ Its members comprise some 230 airlines - the world͛s leading passenger and cargo airlines among them - representing 93 percent of scheduled international air traffic. ‡ Scope of IATA ‡ The scope of IATA encompasses all Air Transport activities.

‡ IATA only controls International flights. However because they must comply with the IATA processes the involved parties tend to apply the same processes to domestic flights.

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 15 For the benefit of all parties involved:

‡ For consumers, IATA simplifies the travel and shipping processes, while keeping costs down. Passengers can make one telephone call to reserve a ticket, pay in one currency and then use the ticket on several airlines in several countries. ‡ IATA allows airlines to operate safely, securely, efficiently and economically under clearly defined rules. ‡ IATA serves as an intermediary between airlines and passenger as well as cargo agents via neutrally applied agency service standards and centralised financial systems. ‡ A large network of industry suppliers and service providers gathered by IATA provides solid expertise to airlines in a variety of industry solutions. ‡ For governments, IATA seeks to ensure they are well informed about the complexities of the aviation industry to ensure better, long-term decisions. ‡ IATA's Industry Priorities for 2008 Safety ± Implement IATA Safety Audit for Ground Operations (ISAGO), conducting at least 60 station audits and 8 headquarters audits ± Develop plan to address future airline training and qualification requirements ‡ Environment ± Achieve a reduction of at least 6 million tones of CO2 from operations and infrastructure ± Implement a strategy to reach carbon neutral growth ± Develop standards and guidelines for an industry carbon offset programme and pilot it with at least 6 airlines in four different regions ‡ Simplifying the Business ± Achieve 100% E-Ticketing penetration in IATA Billing and Settlement Plan (BSP) ± Ensure 130 airports offer Common Use Self-Service (CUSS) facilities by end 2008 and that 200 airlines are Bar Coded Boarding Pass (BCBP)-enabled Implement e-freight pilots at 8 additional locations (14 total) by end 2008 ‡ Financial ± Achieve savings/cost avoidance of $1.5 billion in industry taxes, charges and fuel fees, including at least $800 million in real cost reduction R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 16 ± Launch four new initiatives to reduce airline costs and improve service. Functions and Duties of IATA

‡ The main objective of the ‡ ICAO also assigns airport and airline codes. organisation is to assist airline For Rail&Fly systems IATA also assigns IATA companies to achieve lawful train station codes. competition and uniformity in prices. ‡ For fare calculations IATA has divided the world in three regions ʹTC1, TC2, TC3. ‡ IATA has two functions: 1. Trade Association ‡ IATA teamed with Sita for an electronic (technical, legal, financial, traffic ticketing solution services and most agency matters); ‡ IATA is pivotal in the worldwide accreditation of travel agents although for practical 2. Tariff Coordination purposes this, and giving permission to sell (passenger fares and cargo rates, airline tickets from the participating carriers, agents' commissions). is achieved through national member organisations. ‡ IATA assigns 3-letter IATA Airport ‡ They also regulate the shipping of dangerous Codes and 2-letter IATA Airline D Designators, which are commonly goods and publish the IATA angerous Goods used worldwide. Regulations manual, a globally accepted field source reference for airlines shipping hazardous materials. R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 17 India ‡ istory ± K. M. Mathen, was the first Indian Pilot to fly a Boeing 747 in 1970. he is "First Indian Jumbo Pilot". India's first lady Pilot was Sarla Thakral, first solo flight at the age of 21 in the year 1936. ± In 1912 - first flight - Karachi to Delhi started by Indian State Air Services and Imperial Airways UK collaboration, just an extension of the London-Karachi flight ± Tata Airline by JRD Tata in 1932, the first Indian to get an A-License. In 1946, Tata Airlines - into . At the dawn of independence, India had 9 air transport companies providing both cargo and passenger services. ± In 1953, nationalized all - formed Indian Airline Corporation for domestic and Air India International for international ± Till 1991, private airlines -'air taxi scheme', they could operate chartered and non- scheduled to uplift of Indian tourism. ± In 1994, air corporation act - private airline companies obtained permission. ± In 2003, - budget flying lowering to 17% foll0wed by Spice Jet, Go Airways and Kingfisher Air, All-business class airline, Paramount Airlines. ± These budget airlines - major Indian Aviation Industry market share, newer trends.

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 18 ‡ Airlines in India ± Aviation Industry & airlines are managed by Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India. ± All are supposed to obtain license from the ministry. ± 10 Airlines =FIA (Federation of ) to deal Aviation Industry challenges in domestic segment and newer trends.

‡ Airports in India ± standards in operational, terminal and cargo services, the International AAI + National AAI=Airports Authority of India (AAI). responsible for infrastructure, aviation industry market tasks. ± Airports in India are managed AAI

‡ But the entry of private Airlines and their various schemes have reduced airfare drastically. The recent tax relaxation on air fuel and such sops will further make air travel within the reach of a greater section of the Indian Populace. ‡ The domestic scene is now dotted with private airlines as the government has now very wisely ended the monopoly of Indian Airlines. ‡ Today, though India has many airlines - domestic as well as international - like SpiceJet, IndiGo, Kingfisher, Deccan, Sahara, and many more. And not until 1994, Air India and Indian Airlines were the only popularly known airlines of India.

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 19 ‡ About DGCA ± Directorate General of Civil Aviation is an attached ‡ Aircraft Certification & Registration office of the Ministry of Civil Aviation. ‡ DGCA under Rule 49 of the Aircraft Rules, 1937, is ± The DGCA is the regulatory body in the field of Civil empowered to issue Type certificate of aircraft and Aviation primarily dealing with safety issues. its engines/ propellers manufactured in India and also revalidate the Type Certificate issued to an ± It is responsible for regulation of air transport services to/from/within India and for enforcement of aircraft by foreign airworthiness authority. civil air regulations, air safety and airworthiness ‡ D standards. GCA is responsible for registration of all civil aircraft in India. Rule 30 of the Aircraft Rules, ± It also co-ordinates all regulatory functions with 1937 empowers the DGCA to register aircraft and International Civil Aviation Organisation. to grant certificate of registration in India. ± The headquarters are located in New Delhi with ‡ The procedure for registration and de-registration regional offices in the various parts of India. of an aircraft is given in Civil Aviation Requirements ± There are 14 (fourteen) Regional Airworthiness Offices located at Delhi, , Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Trivandrum, Bhopal, ‡ Wide range of Authorities of DGCA Lucknow, Patna, Bhubaneshwar, Kanpur, Guwahati ‡ and Patiala. Certificate of Airworthiness ± Apart from the Regional Airworthiness Offices, there ‡ Special Flight Permits are 5 (five) Regional Air Safety offices located at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Hyderabad, the ‡ Safety Oversight Regional Research and Development Office located ‡ at Bangalore and the Gliding Centre at Pune. Examination for Pilots and Engineers ± The regulations are in the forms of the Aircraft Act, ‡ Flight Crew Licenses 1934, the Aircraft Rules, the Civil Aviation Requirements, the Aeronautical Information ‡ Aircraft Maintenance Engineers Circulars. ‡ Training Schools ‡ Recognition of Foreign Licenses R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 20 DGCA Duties & Functions 1. Registration of civil aircraft; 9. Granting approval to aircraft maintenance, repair and manufacturing organizations 2. Formulation of standards of airworthiness and their continued oversight; for civil aircraft registered in India and grant 10. To act as a nodal agency for implementing of certificates of airworthiness to such Annex 9 provisions in India and for aircraft; coordinating matters relating to facilitation at Indian airports including holding 3. Licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenance meetings of the National Facilitation engineers and flight engineers, and Committee; conducting examinations and checks for 13. Coordination at national level for flexi-use of that purpose; air space by civil and military air traffic 4. Licensing of air traffic controllers; agencies and interaction with ICAO for provision of more air routes for civil use 5. Maintaining a check on the proficiency of through Indian air space; flight crew, and also of other operational 14. Keeping a check on aircraft noise and engine personnel such as flight dispatchers and emissions in accordance with ICAO Annex 16 cabin crew; and collaborating with the environmental 9. Coordination of ICAO matters with all authorities in this matter, if required; agencies and sending replies to State Letters, and taking all necessary action 15. Promoting indigenous design and arising out of the Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP) of manufacture of aircraft and aircraft ICAO; components by acting as a catalytic agent; 10. Supervision of the institutes/clubs/schools 16. Approving training programmes of operators engaged in flying training including for carriage of dangerous goods, issuing simulator training, or any other training authorizations for carriage of dangerous related with aviation, withR'tist@Tourism, a view to Pondicherry goods,University etc. 21 ensuring a high quality of training; Airports Authority of India ‡ The Airports Authority of India (AAI) was formed on ‡ Consultancy Services by AAI 1st April 1995 by merging the International Airports ‡ Authority of India and the National Airports Authority Airport Feasibility with a view to accelerate the integrated development, ‡ Airport Commercial Viability /Airport Audit Services expansion and modernization of the operational, ‡ Airport Master Planning terminal and cargo facilities at the airports in the ‡ Designing & Construction of: country conforming to international standards. ± Air Passenger Terminals/Air Cargo Terminals ± Airport Pavements ‡ AAI manages 126 airports, which include 11 ± Design of Aircraft Hangars and Supporting international airports, 89 domestic airports and 26 Infrastructure ± Airport Electrical Installations/Approach and Night civil enclaves at Defence airfields. Landing Facilities ‡ AAI also provides Air Traffic Management Services ± Remodeling, Modernisation of Airports over entire Indian Air Space and adjoining oceanic ‡ Planning, Installation, Operation & Maintenance of: areas with ground installations at all airports and 25 ± Radars, Navigational Aids, Visual & Non-Visual Landing other locations to ensure safety of aircraft operations. Aids and Communication facilities. ‡ AAI's endeavour in enhanced focus on 'customer's ‡ Air Space & Air Traffic Management, Air Route Re-Structuring expectations' has evinced enthusiastic response to ‡ Airport Management independent agency organised customer satisfaction ‡ Flight Calibration of Airport Ground Facilities surveys at 30 busy airports. ‡ ‡ Commissioning & routine flight check of RADAR System, etc. AAI's proposal to lease out, on global tender basis, the ‡ D Computerisation four most profitable jewels in its crown viz. elhi, ± Cargo Handling Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai airports primarily aims ± Passenger Information System to upgrade these to emulate the world standards. ± Airport Terminal Information System ± Air Traffic Management and Airlines Billing ‡ AAI's successful implementation of Automatic Dependence Surveillance system, using indigenous ‡ Training ± Air Traffic Controllers technology, at Calcutta and Chennai Air Traffic Control ± Airport Air Side Management (Ground Flight Safety) Centres, gave India the distinction of being the first ± Radar & Nav. Aids & Communication Equipment country to use this advanced technology in the South ± Engineers East Asian region enabling effective Air Traffic Control ± Airport Terminal Management ± over oceanic areas using satelliteR'tist@Tourism, mode of Pondicherry UniversityAirport Fire Services 22 communication. AIR CORPORATIONS (TRANSFER OF UNDERTAKINGS AND, REPEAL) ACT, 1994

‡ An act to provide for the transfer and vesting of the undertakings of Indian Airlines and Air India respectively to and in the companies formed and registered as Indian Airlines Limited and Air India Limited ‡ repeal the Air Corporations Act, 1953.BE it enacted by Parliament in the 45 Year of the Republic

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 23 INDIAN CARRIERS ‡ Jet Airways ‡ Air India ± is based in Mumbai, and ± offers over 370 daily flights is India͛s national carrier, across 44 domestic and after merging with destinations. Jet Airways also Indian Airlines, is the only operates numerous international flights to government owned airline destinations like the United in India offering domestic Kingdom, United States, flights in India. Canada, Thailand, and Nepal. ± Jet Airways became the first ± Air India was initially Indian carrier to offer founded in 1932 as Tata internet check-in facilities for Airlines. its passengers. ± Jet Airways offers youth ± Air India͛s primary hubs in discount (25%) for those India are Chhatrapati Shivaji under 29 years of age, and Senior Citizen discounts for International Airport in those 65 years and older. To Mumbai and Indira Gandhi get the discount rates for International Airport in domestic flights in India, the D airline requires you to fax elhi. over credit card as well as pass port ID details. R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 24 ‡ Limited ‡ JetLite, ± is based in Bangalore, and was ± formerly known as Air Sahara, is established in May 2005. It one of the older privately- operates over 200 domestic owned airlines in India. Indian flights a day across 37 ± It was founded in September, destinations in India. Its primary 1991, is has bases in Indira hub is in Bangalore Gandhi International Airport in International Airport. New Delhi, Begumpet Airport in ± Although Kingfisher only Hyderabad, Chatrapati Shivaji operates flights in India, the International Airport in airline has plans to expand into Mumbai, Chennai International the international market by Airport in Chennai, and Netaji adding the Unted States as a Subhash Chandra Bose possible destination. International Airport in Kolkata. ± Check- e e in baggag rul s for ± domestic India flights: JetLite covers domestic flights all over India, as well as travel Kingfisher Class - 20 kg, D Kingfigher First - 35 kg. between elhi and Chicago through a code share with American Airlines. Check-in baggage for domestic flights in India (per person): 20 kg.

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 25 ‡ ‡ Deccan, GoAir ± is another low-cost carrier, and ± formerly known as Air Deccan, is a relative new-comer for is India͛s first low cost airline Indian domestic flights, having carrier. It was founded been established in June 2004. in August 2003, " with the It is based in Mumbai. vision to empower every Indian ± GoAir does not differentiate in to fly by providing the lowest fares between NRI, tourists, airfares and connectivity to and residents, and flies unconnected towns and cities". between , Deccan is based in Bangalore, Mumbai, Coimbatore ad Goa. with another hub in Chennai. ± GoAir offers 10,000 Free Tickets Per Month. Check-in ± Deccan does not differentiate in baggage rules for domestic fares between NRI, tourists, and India flights: 15 kg (Rs 70/kg for locals for Indian domestic excess check-in luggage) flights. Check-in baggage rules for domestic India flights (per person): 15 kg (Rs 70/kg for excess check-in luggage)

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 26 ‡ Indigo Air ‡ Paramount Airlines͛ ± began its flight operations ± primary focus is on the for domestic Indian flights in business traveler, and flies August 2006, and currently between Tamil Nadu, Kerala, links Agartala, Ahmedabad, Andhra Pradesh, and Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Karnataka. Some of its Chennai, Goa, Guwahati, Indian domestic flight Hyderabad, Imphal, , destinations include Kochi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Kochi Nagpur, New Delhi, Pune, (Cochin), Hyderabad and , and Vadodara. This Madurai. low cost Indian flight carrier͛s main hub is in ± It is based in Madurai India, Delhi. with its primary hub located in Chennai International ± Indigo Air does not Airport. The airline started differentiate between NRI, operating in October 2005. tourist, and local fares for Click here for a schedule of domestic Indian flight flights. tickets. R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 27 ‡ SpiceJet ‡ Jagson Airline, ± was voted the best low-cost ± carrier in Central Asia by established in November SkyTrax in 2007. It is based in 1991, is India͛s first private New Delhi, with its main hub airline. It is based primarily in Mumbai and an additional in Delhi. hub in Ahmedabad. SpiceJet currently operates Delhi- also offers service to Kullu and Delhi-Shimla Bangalore, Chennai, Goa, routes, as well as Shirdi- Hyderabad, Kolkata, and Mumbai and Shirdi-Pune Varanasi. flights. Jagson airlines has ± SpiceJet offers online offices in Mumbai, Shirdi, booking services, and has no Manali, Kullu, Shimla, with differentiation in fares good connects for the Delhi- between NRI, tourists, and sector locals. Check-in baggage rules for domestic flights in ± Jagson airlines does offer India: 20kg. internet booking facilities for domestic Indian flight tickets through their online booking site. R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 28 International Airlines in India ‡ There are a number of India ± no longer exists as a international airlines. The main international carrier, having gone out airlines of India are given below: of business few months after its launch. It was ‡ Air India: originally based in ± The government of India owns air India. , with its main This national flag carrier airline of India hub in Indira Gandhi has its main base in Mumbai. The other International Airport in hubs of Air India are New Delhi and Delhi. The airline started Chennai. It also provides cargo services its domestic Indian flight worldwide. It is one of the two state- operations in December owned airlines in the country, the other 2006. one is Indian Airlines. ‡ Indian Airlines: ± Indian Airlines is the second state owned Indus Air was a . It is primarily a domestic airline. But, carrier, and operated it operates internationally also. It is based in flights between Amritsar, New Delhi. Chandigarh, Delhi, and Mumbai. ‡ Jet Airways: Jet Airways is another privately owned airline operating in the international sector also. This airline also got international flying rights some time back only. R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 29 R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 30 R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 31 MARKETING STRATEGIES OF AIR INDIA

‡ Political Factors : - Excise Duty and Sales Tax on Aviation Turbine Fuel - Modernization of Airports - The government does not allow any domestic airline operator to operate international flights unless they have served minimum of 5 years in the domestic market. This acts as deterrent for the other operators to enter the industry. AI also has to deal with Safety Regulatory Authorities (DGCA,FAA etc.).

‡ Technological Factors : - Growth of Electronic Ticketing Systems - Satellite based Navigation Systems for aircrafts - Time and speed of delivery being of special importance in the aviation industry, AI has rolled out the ORACLE supply chain solution, a module of ORACLE ERP application.

‡ Demographic Factors : * India has a wide demographic reach and hence at times it becomes difficult for AI to operate on this hug scale. Also the expectations of customers across regions is very varied.

‡ Marketing strategies like low cost carriers, Indian food services etc͙.

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 32 ROAD TRANSPORT IN INDIA ‡ National Highways connecting all ‡ National Highways carry about the major cities and state capitals 40% of total road traffic, though ‡ economic backbone of the country only about 2% of the road ‡ India has a total of 66,590 km network is covered by these (41,377 mi) of National Highways, roads of which 200 km (124 mi) are ‡ Average growth of the number of classified as expressways vehicles has been around 10.16% ‡ National Highways Development per annum over recent years Project (NHDP) ‡ All national highways ‡ are metalled, but very few are plan to convert some stretches of constructed of concrete, the most these roads to six lanes notable being the Mumbai-Pune ‡ As per the National Highways Expressway Authority of India, about 65% of ‡ Golden Quadrilateral and North- freight and 80% passenger traffic is South and East-West Corridors carried by the roads which link the largest cities ‡ around 40% of villages in India lacked access to all-weather roads and remained isolated during the monsoon season

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 33 ‡ To improve rural Expressways connectivity, Pradhan Mantri Gram ‡ 650 km Sadak Yojana (Prime Minister's National Highways Rural Road Program), a project ‡ 66,590 km funded by the Central Government with the help of World State Highways Bank, was launched in 2000 to build ‡ 131,899 km all-weather roads to connect all Major District Roads habitations with a population of ‡ 467,763 km 500 or above (250 or above for hilly areas Rural and Other Roads ‡ As per 2009 estimates, the total ‡ 2,650,000 km road length in India is 3,320,410 km Total Length (2,063,210 mi); making the Indian ‡ 3,300,000 km road network the third largest road network in the world. ‡ ‡ Buses are an important means of At 0.66 km of highway per square public transport kilometre of land the density of India͛s highway network is higher ‡ predominantly owned and than that of the United States (0.65) operated by public agencies and far higher than that of China's ‡ State Road Transport Corporations (0.16) or Brazil's (0.20) introduced during 1960-70s connecting villages and towns across the country

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 34 R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 35 R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 36 TRAVEL AGENTS & TOUR OPERATORS OF INDIA

‡ International travel ‡ Online travel agencies agencies and tour ± Expedia, operators ± Voyages-sncf.com, ± Thomas Cook ± Travelocity, ± Cox&Kings ± Orbitz, ± American Express ± CheapTickets, ± Kuoni ± Priceline, ± Orbitz ± CheapOair, ‡ National travel agents and ± Hotwire.com. tour operators ± Expedia ± Sita ± WorldHotel-Link ± Chetak ± Kayak.com ± Southern Travels ± TripAdvisor ± Kesineni Travels ± SideStep ± Rao Travels etc

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 37 R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 38 RAILWAY SYSTEM OF INDIA ‡ first introduced in 1853 ‡ owns locomotive and coach produc ‡ transporting over 18 million tion facilities passengers and more than 2 million ‡ operates both long distance and tonnes of freight daily across one of suburban rail systems on a multi- the largest and busiest rail networks gauge network in the world of broad, metre and narrow gauges ‡ 1951 the systems were nationalised , and is in the process of converting as one unit all the metre gauge (14,406 km ‡ is divided into (8,951 mi)) into broad gauge in a sixteen zones, which are further project called Project Unigauge sub-divided into sixty seven ‡ The Rajdhani trains introduced in divisions, each having a divisional 1969 provides connectivity headquarters between the national capital, Delhi ‡ covering 6,909 stations over a total and capitals of the states route length of around 63,465 km ‡ provides ‡ world's largest commercial or utility connectivity between centres of employer, with more than tourism, pilgrimage or business 1.4 million employees ‡ The Shatabdi Express trains run ‡ owns over 200,000 (freight) over short to medium distances wagons, 50,000 coaches and 8,000 while the Rajdhani Expresses run locomotives over longer distances R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 39 ‡ Bhopal Shatabdi express, however, ‡ runs at a peak speed of 161 km/h Two UNESCO World Heritage Sites (100 mph), which makes it the Ͷ the Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus fastest train in India and the Mountain railways of India ‡ D ± Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, uronto provides non-stop point to a narrow gauge railway in West point rail services, Garib Rath aims Bengal. to provide comfortable rail travel at ± Nilgiri Mountain Railway, a metre an economical rate gauge railway in the Nilgiri ‡ luxury trains which cater to various Hills in Tamil Nadu tourist circuits ± The Kalka-Shimla Railway, a narrow ± gauge railway in serves the Rajasthan the Shivalik mountains in Himachal circuit Pradesh. ± The serves the Karnataka and Goa ± ± D The Maharaja Railways (Gwalior eccan Odyssey - Konkan route Light Railway), a narrow gauge line of ± - New Delhi to Alwar just 0.6m width ± Maharajas' Express - Delhi-Taj from Gwalior to Sheopur of 198 km. ± Royal Orient Train - in length is world's longestnarrow and Rajasthan gauge railway line is in the UNESCO world heritage tentative list. ± Royal Rajasthan on Wheels ± The Neral-Matheran Railway, a narrow gauge railway connecting Matheran is also a historic line.

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 40 ‡ Kashmir Railway is the ‡ Two trains operate second highest in the world to Pakistan ‡ In 1999, the ± Samjhauta Express between Corporation introduced Delhi and Lahore the Roll On Roll Off (RORO) ± Thar Express between service, between Kolad in Jodhpur and Karachi. Maharashtra and Verna in ‡ Bangladesh is connected Goa extended up by a bi-weekly train, to Surathkal in Karnataka the Maitree Express. ‡ The RORO service, the first of its kind in India, transported on flatbed trailers. highly popular,carrying about 1,10,000 trucks and bringing in about 74 crore worth of earnings R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 41 R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 42 MAJOR RAILWAY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD British Railways (BR) Eurorail ‡ from 1965 traded as British Rail ‡ informally known as Eurail ‡ formed from ‡ the nationalisation of the "Big Netherlands-based company, Four" British railway registered in Luxembourg companies ‡ sells passes and tickets for ‡ 1997, British Rail was European railroads privatised ‡ Eurail pass covers 21 ‡ with the trunk routes of countries, as of 2009: the West Coast Main Line, East ± Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech D Coast Main Line, Great Republic, enmark, Finland, Fran ce, Germany, Greece, Hungary, It Western Main aly, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Line and Midland Main Line Norway, Portugal, Republic of Ireland, Romania, Slovenia, Spai n, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 43 Amtrak INDRAIL PASS ‡ National Railroad Passenger ‡ special railway pass available to Corporation, doing business foreign nationals created along the as Amtrak lines of the Eurail Pass for unlimited ‡ travel without reservation of government-owned corporation a ticket on the Indian ‡ provide intercity passenger Railways network. train service in the United States ‡ special time period from half a day to ‡ "Amtrak" is combination of 90 days. "America" and "track͞ ‡ It is only available to: ‡ headquartered at Union Station in ± Foreign Tourists Washington ± Indian Nationals residing abroad ‡ employs nearly 19,000 people travelling on valid passport ‡ 21,000 miles (34,000 km) ± Indian spouse of a foreign tourist ‡ connecting 500 destinations in 46 ± A guide accompanying foreign tourists states and three Canadian provinces ‡ Its validity period starts from the ‡ 15 busiest routes in the Amtrak date of the first train journey and system ends on the midnight of the last journey. ‡ Covers ʹ west coast , midwest, ‡ northeast, east/southeast Payment may only be made in US dollars or pounds sterling or euro currencies.

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 44 LUXURY TRAINS OF INDIA ‡ In 1943, the locomotive was shifted to the ‡ to boost tourism on the Konkan route of the Indian Railway Zonal Training School at Chandausi, Railways. where it served as a curiosity object for many ‡ starts in Mumbai and travels of the students based there. to Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Goa, Belgaum, Kolhapur, Pu ‡ In 1972, the Indian government bequeathed ne, Nashik, Aurangabad,Ajanta-Ellora heritage status to the engine, rendering it a ‡ It is a venture of the Maharashtra Government national treasure. ‡ complete 5-star hotel on wheels, with two restaurants and a bar, a sauna, business centre ‡ The locomotive was spruced up and given a ‡ The duration of the tour is 7 nights, starting every special spot in the newly built National Rail Wednesday from Mumbai Museum, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi. ‡ In 1997, return to commercial service on July Fairy Queen, 18. The two-day excursion sees the train ‡ built in 1855, is the world's oldest steam plying from New Delhi to Alwar to the Sariska locomotive in regular operation today, plying Tiger Reserve. D between New elhi to Alwar . ‡ The train pulled by this locomotive can ‡ The locomotive was certified by the Guinness Book of accommodate 38 passengers and the ticket is Records to be the oldest operational locomotive after priced at Rs. 7,500 for adults and Rs. 3,750 for the Rajasthan government invoked it in 2004 to lug a deluxe train in order to boost tourism in the area. children. The Fairy Queen is run on the lines of the Palace on ‡ It was built in 1855 by Kitson, Thompson, & Wheels Hewitson, (Leeds, UK). Previously it was ‡ constructed in Leeds, England in 1855 AND SERVED locomotive No. 22 on the East Indian Railway, TILL 1909 R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherryand University used on the Howrah-Raniganj line and45 then in Bihar Golden Chariot ‡ Maharajas' Express ‡ Karnataka and Goa. It is named after the Stone ‡ from early 2010. Chariot ‡ It is a joint venture between irctc and Cox and ‡ The 19 coaches on the train are coloured purple Kings India Ltd and gold, and sport the logo of a mythological ‡ The all-inclusive costs begin at $800 (£535 or INR animal with the head of an elephant and a body 40000)per person per day, and can climb to $2,500 of a lion. (£1,670 or INR 125000)per person per day. ‡ operates weekly and had its maiden commercial ‡ four itineraries, all of which either begin or end run on March 10, 2008. in Delhi and include a visit to the Taj Mahal ‡ with accommodations, spa treatments and ‡ Each morning, the train arrives at a different dining. station for off-rail excursions, including visits to ‡ Karnataka State Tourism Development monuments, heritage sites, shopping, palaces, Corporation forts, and hotels. ‡ 7-day/8-night tour ‡ The trains include a 23-guest carriage train, of Bangalore, Kabini, Mysore, Hassan, Hospet, Ba designed to recreate the personal state carriages dami and Goa used by the Maharajas of India. Facilities include ‡ COVERS Nagarhole National Park, Mysore two ornate restaurants with decorative arched Palace, Srirangapatna forts, Hoysaleswara ceilings, an observation lounge and souvenir shop, Temple, Gomateshwara and the Badami Cave and 43 cabins and suites starting at roughly 110 Temples square feet in size ‡ 44 cabins in 11 coaches that are named after ‡ most expensive luxury train in India dynasties ‡ 24 carriages, 14 guest carriages ʹ 88 passengers Kadamba, Hoysala,Rashtrakuta, Ganga, Chalukya, ± Royal India (8 Days / 7 Nights): Delhi - Agra - Bahamani, Adil Ranthambore - Jaipur - Bikaner - Jodhpur - Udaipur - Shahi, Sangama, Satavahana, Yadukula and Vijaya Vadodara - Mumbai nagar. ± Classical India (7 Days / 6 Nights): Delhi - Agra - ‡ Gwalior - Khajuraho - Bandhavgarh - Varanasi - HAS two restaurants, a lounge bar, and Lucknow - Delhi conference, gym and spa facilities ‡ only train in India to have onboard Wi-Fi ‡ accommodate 88 passengers

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 46 Palace on Wheels Royal Orient Train promote tourism in Rajasthan ‡ between Gujarat and Rajasthan ‡ relaunched in August 2009 with a ‡ taste of royal luxury while new decor, itinerary and cuisine "showcasing the best of Indian ‡ started on January 26, India's culture and heritage͞ Republic Day, in 1982 ‡ 13 coaches, five-star hotel comforts ‡ 14 coaches, a bar, ‡ offer Rajasthani, Gujarati, Indian, ‡ two restaurants, The Chinese and continental cuisine Mahārāja and The Mahārāni ‡ bar on board, intercom, channel ‡ Each coach has four cabins with music, TV, DVD system and a twin beds massage-cum-beauty parlor ‡ wall-to-wall carpeting, air- ‡ offers a 7-day/8-night package - conditioning, DTH satellite ,Jaipur, Udaipur, Ahme television, channel dabad, Mehsana, Junagarh, Veraval, music, intercom, attached toilets, Sasangi, Ahmedpur, Mandvi, Palita running hot and cold water, with na and Sarkhej personal attendants. ‡ Covering - Qutub Minar, Red ‡ Covers Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, S Fort and Jama Masjid in Delhi, awai Chittorgarh Fort and Rani Padmini's Madhopur, Chittaurgarh, Udaipur, B Palace in Chittorgarh, Sabarmati haratpur, and Agra. Ashram, lake palace, Gir sanctuary, Hawamahal & Jantar mantar

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 47 Royal Rajasthan on Wheels ‡ modelled on the Palace on Wheels, and follows a similar route through Rajasthan. ‡ 7-day/8-night tour through Rajasthan ‡ starts from New Delhi's Safdarjung railway station ‡ attractions covered are the Hawa Mahal (Palace of Winds), Moti Mahal, Sheesh Mahal, Ranthambhor National Park, Chittaurgarh Fort, Jag Niwas (Lake Palace), Keoladeo Ghana National Park, Agra Fort and finally the Taj Mahal

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 48 Reservation procedures AIRLINE RESERVATION ‡ Computer Reservation systems, later STAGE I- Manual to automatic reservation called Global Distribution Systems ‡ Way back in 1950-1974 D (G S), were created by Airlines to allow ‡ Then came SABER (Semi Automated Travel Agents to make online bookings. Business Environmental Research)- The ‡ Started in 1960; accepted in 1970 fore father of modern GDS- developed for American Airlines ‡ Huge transactional systems that process STAGE II- The True CRS around 5000 requests per second from 40000 to 50000 terminals. ‡ Between 1974- 1984 ‡ Allow making booking on airlines that ‡ Installation of terminals in Travel accept to pay a booking fee. agency and Tour Operation companies. ‡ Are more and more independent of STAGE III- From CRS to GDS their founding companies. ‡ 1984 it came into existence ‡ Used to store, retrieve - information, contact, transactions etc., designed by ‡ Got spread to hospitality industry too airlines ‡ Can accept reservations and bookings from more than 60,000 tour operators and travel agents.

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 49 ‡ Features AMADEUS ± Global perspective ± Created by Air France, KLM, ± Automatic rate and inventory control Siberian Air, ., ± ± Full reservation functionality Used by online travel agencies- e- bookers, expedia etc., ± Group block features ± Over 400 individual airlines and ± Sales flow control ± Over 800 travel agencies ± Multi air craft͛s rate availability GALILEO ± Efficient searching ± Owned by Air Lingus, Air Canada, British Airways, Swiss Air, United ± Reports and Logs Air ‡ Main Roles and Functions SABRE ± Provision of up-to-date, accurate ± Owned by Nippon Airlines, information American Airlines, Cathay Pacific Airlines ± Fully integrated reservation system allowing confirmation WORLD SPAM ± D ± Owned by elta, North west and Allowing changes and amendments Trans West Airlines ± Issuing tickets and related documents ± Provision of travel info, routings and the like R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 50 ‡ BUS RESERVATIONS ‡ RAILWAY RESERVATIONS ± State owned websites ± CRS ± Affliated service providers ± Travel agents on ± Travel agents and commission basis commission basis ± Common sale

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 51 WATER TRANSPORT IN INDIA ‡ National Waterway 1 - Allahabad - ‡ extensive network of inland Haldia stretch of the Ganges - waterways in the form Bhagirathi - Hooghly river system with of rivers, canals, backwaters and cre a total length of 1,620 km in 1986 ‡ National Waterway 2 - Saidiya - eks Dhubri stretch of the Brahmaputra ‡ navigable length is 14,500 Km, out of river system with a total length of 891 km in 1988. which about 5,200 km of river and ‡ National Waterway 3 - Kollam - 485 km of canals Kottapuram stretch of the West Coast ‡ Canal along with Champakara and Freight transport by waterways is Udyogmandal canals, with a total length highly underutilised in India of 205 km in 1993. compared to other large countries ‡ National Waterway 4 - Bhadrachalam - ‡ Rajahmundry and Wazirabad - cargo moved by inland waterways is Vijaywada stretch of the Krishna - just 0.15% of the total inland traffic Godavari river system along with compared to the corresponding the Kakinada -Puducherry canal network, with a total length of 1,095 km figures of 20% for Germany and 32% in 2007 for Bangladesh ‡ National Waterway 5 - Mangalgadi - ‡ Paradeep and Talcher - Inland Waterways Authority of India Dhamara stretch of the Mahanadi - (IWAI) is the statutory authority Brahmani river system along with the R'tist@Tourism, PondicherryEast University Coast Canal, with a total length 52of 623 km in 2007 R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 53 R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 54 Thank you

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