Transport in Tourism ©Ramakrishna Kongalla Transportation Vital relationship between transport and tourism development For tourism development adequate and efficient transportation is needed Access to generating market ͞the means to reach the destination and also the means of movement in the destination͟ (Burkart & Medlik) For geographical distribution world travelers and domestic travelers Get from home to tourist destination Links tourist generation area with tourist destination R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 2 Dynamically changing needs and means Ancient times Many transport facilities ± Horse used to transfer soldiers ± Horse carriage during wars now used for ± Hand driven carriage general purposes and ± Boat tourism Modern times Technological ± Motor cars advancement ± Railways Modern replaced the old ± Buses ± Airways ± Private automobiles R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 3 Land marks in Transport sector Great eastern ship in 19th century by Isambard Kingdom Brunel First Airplane was invented by wright brothers in 1903 Grand trunk road was constructed in 1540-45 by Shershah suri First steamship invented in 1775 by JC pierrier Cook transported 570 passengers from leicester to Loughborough in 1841 In 1841 Henry wells started as a Shipper for tourists ʹ Wells Fargo Mass excursion started by Thomas Cook 1845 tourists travelled to Liverpool by train Cook executed a tour to Europe in 1862 In 1894, first turbiane ship called Turbinia was developed by Charies Parsons Luxury sea liner Titanic sank on Apr16, 1912, 1600 died First ever single rotor Helicopter was made in 1939 by Igor Sikorsky - Russia R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 4 First flight Imperial airways from Delhi to Cairo was made on jan8, 1927 First air station was constructed in Delhi in 1927 First flying club at Delhi at 1928 Full fledged airport at Delhi in 1939-45 In 1910, first ever powered seaplane made by Henri Fabre World͛s longest sea vehicle is Arctic Snow Train belongs to US army First Trans-Alantic mail had bag of 192 letters in 1919 First train from Mubai ʹthane in 1953, 32km 1984 Rakesh sharma on moon Ashok leyland designed , EXUBA, vehicle 1912 based in 2002 2002 nedumbassery, first private international airport in India R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 5 Airlines History ± In December 1903, Wright Brothers - flew the first plane with a person ± In 1908 Wright Brothers - airborne for 1½ hours. ± In 1909 Wright Brothers - contract - US military, to build the first military plane. ± In 1911 first flight across the United States, from Sheepshead Bay (New York) to Long Beach (California), was made by Calbriath Rodgers. ± November 16, 1909 DELAG, was the world's first airline - government assistance - operated airships Mfg by Zeppelin Corporation - headquarters were in Frankfurt ± The 5 oldest airlines that still exist are Netherlands'KLM, Colombia's Avianca, Australia's Qantas, Czech Republic's Czech Airlines,Mexico's Mexicana. ± KLM first flew in May 1920. R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 6 Types of Airlines Trunk carriers The large airlines with long distances routes were designed as trunk carriers Regional carriers It served large areas with in a certain part of the country Commuter airlines Commuter airlines serve the many smaller communities that large airlines can͛t service economically, linking small airports with major hubs Charter airlines A charter flight operates under rules different from those governing scheduled flights. Planes may be chartered from airlines that offer scheduled service or from a company that operates charters only. Regulations limits a carrier's liability to at Warsaw convention most: ± Originally signed in 1929 in Warsaw ± 250,000 Francs or 16,600 (hence the name), it was amended D D in 1955 at The Hague and in 1975 in Special rawing Rights (S R) Montreal for personal injury; ± ± 17 SDR per kilogram for Intergovernmental Agreement checked luggage and cargo, ± It defines the legal responsibility of ± 5,000 Francs or 332 SDR for the a carrier to its passengers hand luggage of a traveller. ± Governs the airline͛s liability for Death and injury to passengers Loss, damage or delay to Special Drawing Rights baggage and Cargo ± International financing ± instrument created in 1970 by A limit is set for the liability the International Monetary ± The information is included in the Fund (IMF) to coincide with the passenger͛s ticket disfavour of the US dollar as ± Additional protection can be the principal currency of the obtained by purchasing travel world trade. ± At present, one SDR is the sum insurance of 0.6320 US Dollars, 0.4100 ± Liability not governed by the euro, 18.4 Japanese yen and convention is printed on ticket as ͚ 0.0903 pound sterling Conditions of Contract͛ R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 8 ± Convention governs relations CHICAGO CONVENTION between state on both technical ± Chicago convention on and commercial matters which International Civil Aviation was include concluded at a meeting between governments in 1944 Flying over territories of ± In 1947, the convention created contracting states (Air a permanent international services, customs, rules of authority-ICAO the air) Nationality of aircraft, ± Convention also draws a facilitation (Customs, distinction between scheduled accident investigation etc,) and no scheduled services Documents (Recognition of ± Scheduled international air certificates and licenses) services may be operated by International standards and agreement between the two countries concerned- bilateral practices including those for Agreement the carriage of dangerous ± For non- scheduled services goods each country may impose such Financial and technical regulations and conditions as it assistance may consider desirable R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 9 Bermuda convention GOVERNMENT OF THE USA , GOVERNMENT OF UK OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, conclude an Agreement for the purpose of promoting direct air communications as soon as possible between their respective territories With 14 articles of agreement R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 10 ICAO The aims and objectives of the Organization are to develop the principles and techniques of international air navigation and to foster the planning and development of international air transport so as to: Insure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout the world; Encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purposes; Encourage the development of airways, airports, and air navigation facilities for international civil aviation; Meet the needs of the peoples of the world for safe, regular, efficient and economical air transport; Prevent economic waste caused by unreasonable competition; Insure that the rights of contracting States are fully respected and that every contracting State has a fair opportunity to operate international airlines; Avoid discrimination between contracting States; Promote safety of flight in international air navigation; Promote generally the development of all aspects of international civil aeronautics. R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 11 Bilateral Agreement The agreements specify the Freedoms of Air rights that the designated ± The freedoms of the air are a carrier may enjoy in the set of commercial aviation rights granting a country's other country airline(s) the privilege to Eg. A foreign carrier may be enter and land in another permitted to import the country's airspace. ± Formulated as a result of spare parts and supplies disagreements over the free of duty, but under extent of aviation customs bond for use in liberalisation in the Convention on International maintaining and supplying Civil Aviation of 1944, their aircraft (known as the Chicago It specifies the cities that Convention). may be served by the designated airlines Include Freedoms of Air R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 12 Fifth freedom First freedom ± This freedom is also sometimes referred to as 'beyond ± The first freedom is the right to fly over a foreign rights'. country without landing ± ± It is the right of an airline from one country to land in a It is also known as the technical freedom second country, to then pick up passengers and fly on to ± It grants the privilege to fly over the territory of a treaty country without landing. a third country where the passengers then deplane. ± Member states of the International Air Services ± An example would be a flight by American Airlines from Transit Agreement grant this freedom (as well as the US to England that is going on to France. Traffic could the second freedom) to other member states, be picked up in England and taken to France. subject to the transiting aircraft using designated air routes. Sixth freedom Second freedom ± The right to carry traffic from one state through the home ± The second freedom allows technical stops country to a third state. without the enplaning or deplaning of passengers ± Example: traffic from England coming to the US on a US or cargo. airline and then going on to Canada on the same airline ± It is the right to stop in one country solely for Seventh freedom refueling or other maintenance on the way to ± another country. The right to carry traffic from one state to another state Third freedom without going through the home country. ± Example would be traffic from England going to Canada ± The third freedom is the right to carry passengers or cargo from one's own country to another on a US