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COVID-19 Pandemic and the Fool's Errand of Pseudoscience-Based Decision-Making COVID-19 Pandemic and the Fool's Errand of Ps

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COVID-19 Pandemic and the Fool's Errand of Pseudoscience-Based Decision-Making COVID-19 Pandemic and the Fool's Errand of Ps TIO CA N A DU N COVID-19 Pandemic and the Fool’s Errand of E D 9 A 1 C - Pseudoscience-Based Decision-Making T D I I O V N O C Science is a very successful and reliable enterprise for denial or inappropriate skepticism — rejecting or creating understanding the natural world. Without science and the doubt about science in order to fabricate an illusion that a technology that stems from science, human population scientific controversy exists. Both forms result in and life-expectancy would be a fraction of what it is now. uncertainty about and resistance to reliable scientific Tombstones in cemeteries provide testimony of how knowledge and consensus. This leads to doubting the prevalent childhood and early adult deaths were prior to community of authentic experts and a hesitancy to act advancements in science. Ironically, the success of appropriately to very real problems. Most disconcerting is science and technology blinds many people to the realities the purposeful promotion of pseudoscience for personal, of life and death in the not-to-distant past. Those who economic, and/or ideological reasons. The COVID-19 faced the ravages of disease, common ailments, pandemic illustrates how pseudoscience promotes poor inhospitable weather, and other devastating realities of life decision-making that places all of society at risk, and how would be shocked at the advances that we now take for the navigation of information and identification of granted. They would likely be equally perplexed at the trustworthy expertise are crucial for better decision- significant and growing distrust of advances in science making. that have mitigated the suffering they had to endure. ! Distrust of science and increasing adherence to Strategies of those spreading pseudoscience pseudoscientific claims follow, in part, from how far include: 1) appeals to the public via media rather science has progressed. Suspicions increase because of than through expert peer-review; 2) “cherry the advanced study often required to comprehend many picking” reports and data to support claims that scientific ideas and their justification. Few citizens or are at odds with the full body of scientific policymakers have the requisite background to evidence and the consensus view; and 3) understand and judge scientific claims. Even scientists are challenging science using inconsistent so specialized that they can only speak authoritatively in arguments2 (i.e., using unreasonable standards their own field of expertise. But citizens and policymakers to challenge well-supported scientific claims can and must understand how to judge who are the while at the same time putting forward weak authentic scientific experts, and then respect that evidence for a pseudoscientific claim). expertise in personal and societal decision-making. Accurately identifying the community of authentic experts to trust in decision-making is crucial because the misuse A clear example of deliberate pseudoscience promotion is and misrepresentation of science is a long-standing and the tobacco industry's doubt campaign during the growing threat to personal and societal well-being. twentieth century regarding smoking that has resulted in an estimated 100 million deaths. Early efforts employed Distinguishing science from pseudoscience can be persuasive advertising with images of doctors and difficult for two reasons. First, while a strength of science is researchers to encourage smokers to determine for its ability to revisit and possibly revise ideas about the themselves whether cigarettes cause throat irritation natural world, non-experts may wrongly see changing (Figure 1). This tactic inappropriately conveyed that 1 scientific knowledge as fleeting and unreliable . Second, personal experience and scientific research were equally pseudoscientific claims often sound scientific, invoke reliable. By the mid-1950's, converging evidence from some aspects of authentic science, and wrongly promote clinical observations, epidemiology, animal experts, and doubt when scientific knowledge is modified. chemical analyses established a clear link between Pseudoscience takes two broad forms: (1) Pseudoscience smoking and lung cancer. The tobacco industry, idea promotion — encouraging ideas that are anticipating the economic threat to their industry, changed unsubstantiated or at odds with ideas that the community their pseudoscience approaches to cast doubt on the link of experts maintain are best supported; and (2) Science between smoking and cancer. Rather than attack science COVID-19 Pandemic and the Fool’s Errand of Pseudoscience-Based Decision-Making 1 www.storybehindthescience.org FIGURE 1 cancer was based on “animal studies” Cigarette advertisements appearing in 1947 and 1951 and “merely statistical7.” The tobacco industry further exploited the public's lack of science expertise by promoting inappropriately skeptical questions that were already well understood by the scientific community, thus creating a false narrative of scientific controversy. 1. How do the smoking advertisements above use imagery and statements to i n f u s e d o u b t a n d u n - certainty among the public, while also endowing the consumer with a false sense that they have expertise like that of medical researchers and practitioners? http://tobacco.stanford.edu/tobacco_web/images/tobacco_ads/pseudoscience/single_case/large/case_01.jpg http://tobacco.stanford.edu/tobacco_web/images/tobacco_ads/pseudoscience/pseudoscience/large/pseudo_01.jpg directly, the tobacco industry sought to convince the public ! of its own scientific credibility while simultaneously Pseudoscience efforts may also include undermining the notion that scientific consensus existed 3 misuses of well-established scientific claims about the ill effects of smoking . For instance, they created to advance economic, ideological, and a Council for Tobacco Research, spending $300 million personal agendas. For instance, e-cigarette between 1954 and 1997 to manufacture doubt about the marketers wrongly convey that vaping is safe science on smoking and health invoked (Figure 2). This by emphasizing the well-established scientific included releasing scientifically sounding reports and conclusion regarding the adverse health recruiting doctors and scientists (many of which lacked consequences of smoking. relevant expertise) to promote those reports4,5,6. These pseudo-experts claimed that evidence linking smoking to Many examples exist illustrating how FIGURE 2 pseudoscience has caused widespread Cigarette advertisements in 1954 and 1959. Kent’s filter was made of doubt and detrimental public and crocidolite asbestos, which is considered the deadliest form of asbestos due to the small amounts that can cause mesothelioma. personal decision-making, including the 1918 Spanish Flu and the COVID-19 pandemics. The 1918 Spanish Flu began during the end of World War I. Crowded c a m p s a n d t r o o p m o v e m e n t s significantly contributed to the spread of the influenza strain8. The politics and cultural milieu during the war greatly exacerbated the effects of the 1918 Flu and fostered an environment conducive to pseudoscience promotion and questioning the severity of the pandemic. Censorship laws in Europe were increasingly utilized at that time to suppress news about the pandemic that might negatively impact national morale9. A strong sense of patriotism among http://tobacco.stanford.edu/tobacco_web/images/tobacco_ads/filter_safety_myths/protects_your_health/large/protects_14.jpg Americans and Europeans encouraged http://tobacco.stanford.edu/tobacco_web/images/tobacco_ads/pseudoscience/pseudoscience/large/pseudo_48.jpg citizens to remain supportive and 2 COVID-19 Pandemic and the Fool’s Errand of Pseudoscience-Based Decision-Making www.storybehindthescience.org consumed with the war effort to the point that expressing demic was over, social distancing measures were relaxed, concerns about the flu was discouraged. On September businesses and churches were reopened, and on the 21st 28, 1918 in Philadelphia, 200,000 citizens gathered for the the mask ordinance was repealed. The mask ordinance Liberty Loan Parade held to promote government war repeal was met with such public jubilation that people bonds, creating a fertile ground for the Spanish Flu to literally ripped off their masks in the streets and spread10. Within three days every city hospital was filled, celebrated. Unfortunately, thousands of new flu cases and approximately 12,000 people died of the flu in the occurred over the following weeks and a reinstatement of ensuing month. the mask ordinance was deliberated on December 4th by the Board of Health and pivotal community members. The As the pandemic progressed, pseudoscientific thinking San Francisco mask ordinance reinstatement proposal and remedies, including cigarettes (Figure 3) and snake oil was highly contentious, particularly given the upcoming elixirs gained traction11. At the same time, more holiday season, and met with resistance by those with scientifically grounded preventative measures were political and economic interests. This resistance to mask enacted in major cities. San Francisco wearing grew throughout the winter closed all schools, businesses, bars, FIGURE 3 of 1918 to spring of 1919 despite the and churches on October 18th and Example of pseudoscientific advertising San Francisco Board of Health and four days later passed an ordinance used during the 1918 Flu Pandemic the American Public Health Assoc- requiring masks consisting of at least iation declaring
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