Reform, Conflict, and the Shaping of Corporate Identities: Collected

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Reform, Conflict, and the Shaping of Corporate Identities: Collected TABLE OF CONTENTS Gert Melville, Zum Geleit ...................................................................................... VII Introduction ............................................................................................................... IX Abbatial Leadership, Institutional Competition and the Solution(s) of Reform I. Crises of Cenobitism. Abbatial Leadership and Monastic Competition in Late Eleventh-Century Flanders ................................. 3 II. How Reform Began. ‘Traditional’ Leadership and the Inception of Monastic Reform in Late Eleventh-Century Flanders ..................................................................................................... 31 III. Fulcard’s Pigsty. Cluniac Reformers, Dispute Settlement and the Lower Aristocracy in Early Twelfth-Century Flanders ............... 51 Managing Reformed Benedictinism IV. Abbatial Obedience, Liturgical Reform, and the Threat of Monastic Autonomy at the Turn of the Twelfth Century ................. 83 V. A Time of Great Confusion. Second-Generation Cluniac Reformers and Resistance to Monastic Centralisation in the County of Flanders (ca. 1125-1145) .................................................... 111 Societal Discourse, Warfare, and the Shaping of Corporate Identities VI. Monks, Knights, and the Enactment of Competing Social Realities in Eleventh- and Early Twelfth-Century Flanders ............ 135 VII. A Compromised Inheritance. Monastic Discourse and the Politics of Property Exchange in Early Twelfth-Century Flanders ................................................................................................... 171 VIII. Itinerant Lordship. Relic Translations and Social Change in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Flanders .......................................... 193 VI Reform, Conflict, and the Shaping of Corporate Identities IX. A Miracle of Jonatus in 1127. The Translatio sancti Jonati in Villa Saliacensi (BHL 4449) as Political Enterprise and Failed Hagiographical Project .......................................................................... 215 X. Monastic Literate Practices in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Northern France .................................................................................... 247 ZUM GELEIT Die Veröffentlichung dieser Aufsatzsammlung von Steven Vanderputten in der Reihe Vita regularis freut mich als Reihenherausgeber, aber auch als Freund des Autors ganz besonders. Zum einen liegt dies in dem Sachverhalt begründet, dass der vorliegende Band just in der Zeit erscheint, in der Steven Vanderputten als Träger des Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel-Forschungspreises der Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung zu Gast ist in der Forschungsstelle für Vergleichende Ordensgeschichte (FOVOG). Somit symbolisiert dieses Buch in einer ganz besonderen Weise die Dichte einer Kooperation, die uns seit längerem mit gemeinsamen Perspektiven, mit komplementären Methoden und nicht zuletzt mit der gleichen Neigung zu dem faszinierenden Thema der mittelalterlichen Klosterwelt eng verbindet. Keine geringere Freude aber bereitet es, darüber hinaus zu beobachten, wie es dem Autor in diesem Band auf filigrane Weise gelingt, seinen klostergeschichtlichen Ansatz so herauszuarbeiten, dass dessen innovativer Kern ungeachtet bereits langer Forschungstraditionen und einer scheinbar recht konventionellen Thematik glänzend hervortritt. Liest man nur die Titel der versammelten Aufsätze, so erwartet man wohl vor allem regionalgeschichtliche Abhandlungen über Flandern – eine Land- schaft, die schon im Hochmittelalter von monastischem Leben tief durchdrungen war und die in dieser Hinsicht seit den antiquarischen Interessen des 17. Jahrhunderts stets und bis heute unter recht unterschiedlichen Be- trachtungsdimensionen eine intensive Erforschung fand. Steven Vanderputten reiht sich mit Qualität in diese Kette ein, aber er tut eben auch wesentlich mehr. Betrachtet man nämlich den Gesamttitel des Bandes – “Reform, Conflict, and the Shaping of Corporate Identities. Collected Studies on Benedictine Monasticism, 1050-1150” –, so kann man sich hinwiederum des Eindruckes nicht erwehren, dass er augenscheinlich so gar nichts mit einer klosterge- schichtlichen Perspektive zu tun hat, die unumgänglich einer regional- geschichtlichen Einbindung bedürfe. Der Autor indes verdeutlicht durch seine Abhandlungen, dass gerade Fragen nach Reform und Konflikt und vor allem nach der ‘Corporate Identity’, die scheinbar so übergeordnet und abstrakt daherkommen, zumindest wesentlich präziser, aber wohl in vielen Fällen auch ausschließlich in Bezugnahme auf regionalgeschichtliche Gegebenheiten zu beantworten sind. So hebt er schon in seiner programmatischen Einleitung aus- drücklich hervor, dass er sich durch die vorliegende Aufsatzsammlung gerade nicht weiter als ein Regionalhistoriker profilieren möchte, der die Richtigkeit von generellen Strukturen bezweifelt, sondern dass es ihm darum geht, solche Strukturen in einer verfeinerten, differenzierteren Weise sehen zu lassen. 9,,, Reform, Conflict, and the Shaping of Corporate Identities Gewiss, Klöster sind wie alle organisierten Vereinigungen immer auch ein- gewoben in ihr soziales, politisches, wirtschaftliches und intellektuelles Umfeld. Das ist wesensbedingt, und Marie-Dominique CHENU hat diesen Sachverhalt exakt auf den Punkt gebracht mit folgenden, an Augustinus gemahnenden Worten: “Le monastère est en même temps la cellule d’une cité terrestre”. Doch Steven Vanderputten begnügt sich nicht mit der Feststellung, dass es so ist, und fügt nicht einfach weitere regionalgeschichtliche und sich selbst genügende Details hinzu, sondern er sucht zu ergründen, was eine solche Verwebung in regionale Verhältnisse für die Entwicklung, für die Gestaltung und für die Eigendefinition des Monastischen bedeutet hat. Darin liegt Vander- puttens Stärke. Seine Perspektive ist analytisch, nicht deskriptiv und damit ermöglicht sie, ja fordert sie geradezu auf, vom Regionalen paradigmatisch auf das Ganze zu blicken. Steven Vanderputten hat sich für diesen Ansatz aber auch eine recht viru- lente Epoche und mit den benediktinischen Klöstern gleichermaßen eine besonders anschauliche Form des Monastischen ausgewählt. So kann er unterstreichen, dass im 11. und 12. Jahrhundert nahezu alle Bereiche der klösterlichen Entwicklung in regionalen Einrichtungen, Netzwerken und Identitäten ihre Verankerung hatten, aber darin gleichwohl als eigene Entitäten zu handeln wussten. Die Richtigkeit dieser Annahme erweist sich wohl dadurch am besten, dass in der zweiten Hälfte jener Epoche, massive Anstrengungen unternommen worden sind, eine solche disparate und als hinderlich empfun- dene Struktur zu beseitigen bzw. zu verhindern. Die Institution ‘Orden’ – vorangebracht von benediktinischen Zisterziensern oder augustinischen Prämonstratensern schon im frühen 12. Jahrhundert – wollte die Einheit (unitas) und die Gleichförmigkeit (uniformitas) erreichen. Wir wissen, dass dies ein ideales Ziel war und dass Orden sich nur entwickelten, weil sie auch ihre Regionalitäten und Peripherien hatten. Der in diesem Band zentral vorgetragene Forschungsansatz wird also durch die nachfolgenden klostergeschichtlichen Abläufe nicht falsifiziert. Steven Vanderputtens Weg ist demnach mit Gewinn weiterzugehen. Ich wünsche ihm viel Erfolg, ihn der Mediävistik auch künftig überzeugend zu weisen. Gert Melville INTRODUCTION The beginnings of scholarship on Flemish monasticism during the central medieval period lie in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when antiquarian historians such as François DE BAR († 1606),1 Jean BUZELIN († 1626)2 and Albert LE MIRE († 1640)3 compiled (and in some cases published) monographic studies relating to the monastic history of the region. In addition to reflecting new methods of historical research, several of these works explicitly celebrated the Benedictine order’s historical contribution to the Catholic Church’s then- current, triumphant self-understanding. Similar methodological interests and ideological concerns motivated several campaigns to edit large numbers of primary evidence. For hagiographical material, there were the Acta Sanctorum, published by the Bollandists from the early seventeenth century onwards and based upon the initial work of the Antwerp Jesuits Heribert ROSWEYDE and Godfrey HENSCHEN.4 For library catalogues and book collections, there was the research of the Bollandists (much of which remains unpublished) and that of Antonius SANDERUS, whose Bibliotheca Belgica Manuscripta continues to hold great interest for scholars.5 And for diplomatic texts and historiographical sources, the most notable examples are respectively Jean MABILLON’s De re diplomatica6 and MARTÈNE and DURAND’s Thesaurus novus anecdotorum.7 Many of these early studies and editions, nearly all of which continue to be relevant in some way or other, were relied upon by the compilers of the multi-volume, ground-breaking Gallia Christiana, a survey of all religious institutions and their leadership in the then-current territory of France.8 1 DE BAR was prior of the abbey of Anchin; all of his works remain unpublished, and are mainly preserved at the Bibliothèque Municipale in Douai and the Royal Library in Brussels; see E.A. ESCALLIER, L’abbaye d’Anchin 1079-1792 (Lille, 1852), pp. 263-306. 2 J. BUZELINUS, Annales Gallo-Flandriae (Douai, 1624) and IDEM, Gallo-Flandria sacra et profana (Douai, 1624-1625). 3 A. MIRAEUS, Origines coenobiorum Benedictorum in Belgio (Antwerp, 1606); on this and other works, see C.B. DE RIDDER, Aubert Le Mire, sa vie, ses
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