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Copyright © 2020 James Joseph Kerr III All Rights Reserved. the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary Has Permission to Repro Copyright © 2020 James Joseph Kerr III All rights reserved. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without limitation, preservation or instruction. HONOR AND SHAME IN ECUADOR __________________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Missiology __________________ by James Joseph Kerr III May 2020 APPROVAL SHEET HONOR AND SHAME IN ECUADOR James Joseph Kerr III Read and Approved by: __________________________________________ John M. KIaassen (Chair) __________________________________________ David A. Bosch Date______________________________ For Katie. Sorry this took so long. I love you. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE ..................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 Purpose ........................................................................................................... 3 Definitions ...................................................................................................... 7 Limitations and Delimitations ......................................................................... 8 Methodology ................................................................................................... 9 2. THE BIBLICAL IMPLICATIONS OF HONOR AND SHAME ....................... 11 What is Biblical Theology? ........................................................................... 15 Honor and Shame and its Biblical Expressions .............................................. 19 Creation ........................................................................................................ 22 Imago Dei, the Image of God ................................................................ 22 Extend the Garden................................................................................. 24 Naked and Unashamed .......................................................................... 26 The Fall......................................................................................................... 27 Redemption ................................................................................................... 30 Noahic Covenant ................................................................................... 30 Abrahamic ............................................................................................ 32 Mosaic .................................................................................................. 38 Davidic ................................................................................................. 42 New Covenant ...................................................................................... 46 iv Chapter Page New Creation ................................................................................................ 52 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 53 3. CULTURAL IDENTIFICATION IN ECUADOR ............................................. 54 Definitions and Foundations of Cultural Identification .................................. 56 Definitions ............................................................................................ 56 The Work of Anthropology ................................................................... 57 The Work of Missions ........................................................................... 59 The Privileged Participants–Missionaries .............................................. 61 Minor Cultural Categories ............................................................................. 64 Time and Task Orientation. ................................................................... 64 Person or people.................................................................................... 66 Communication ..................................................................................... 66 Major Cultural Categories ............................................................................. 68 Fear and Power ..................................................................................... 70 Guilt and Innocence .............................................................................. 75 Honor and Shame .................................................................................. 78 4. OJALA: THE BEGINNING OF ECUADORIAN PEOPLE AND THEIR CULTURE .................................................................................. 87 The Iberian Peninsula .................................................................................... 88 Conquistador Commissioning ....................................................................... 91 Inca Conquest ............................................................................................... 93 Conquistador Conquest and Catholic Missiology ........................................ 102 Ecuador as a Nation and a Nation of Nations ............................................... 111 Colonialism ......................................................................................... 111 Haciendas ........................................................................................... 114 Time of Reform .................................................................................. 117 5. ENGAGING THE CULTURES OF ECUADOR ............................................. 122 v Page Using Honor and Shame in the Development of Leaders ............................. 125 The Benefits of Honor/Shame in Leader Development ........................ 127 The Dangers of Honor/Shame in Leader Development ........................ 128 Using Honor and Shame in the Confrontation of Sin ................................... 130 Using Honor and Shame in Evangelism .............................................. 132 Using Honor and Shame in Church Discipline .................................... 147 Using Honor and Shame to Encourage Believers ......................................... 150 Encourage Church Life ....................................................................... 151 Encourage Familial Relationships ....................................................... 154 Encourage Sending Ecuadorians ......................................................... 157 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................... 160 vi PREFACE School, papers, pastoring, and this dissertation would not have been possible without the constant support of my wife, Katie. She is an unfailing source of care, love, and comradery. She has sacrificed greatly for Christ and our family. She is an excellent wife and mother. I am most blessed to call her my wife and best friend. I am also blessed to have a daughter, Hannah. She brings an immense amount of joy to our family. I cannot imagine life without her. I have been in school her entire life, and writing this dissertation for much of it. I am thankful for her interruptions, tea parties, games, and hugs. I would not trade being a dad to her for anything in the world. As I end the process of writing my dissertation, I look forward to more time with Hannah and Katie. I am thankful to have served gospel-loving churches alongside many godly ministers of the gospel. No church is perfect nor is there a perfect pastor. We are all imperfect people desperately in need of the Perfect One. My education began at The Baptist College of Florida. There Dr. Robin Jumper’s first class on evangelism opened my eyes to the exclusivity of Christ. His passionate teaching stoked a fire for the gospel that I pray never leaves me. Many Southern Seminary professors poured into my life, and for them I am thankful. I am most thankful for Dr. John Klaassen and his supervision of this work. Any quality scholarship in this dissertation is a result of his investment, as he helped refine my argumentation. I am also thankful to Cheyenne Haste, who graciously served as my editor. James Kerr Pensacola, Florida May 2020 vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Everyone is not the same. Cultures communicate differently, think differently, and relate differently. Sarah Lanier categorizes cultures by either hot-natured or cold- natured.1 Even though her categories are simple, they function well when generalizing people. Geert Hofstede provides a more in-depth comparison with his six different cultural dimensions: power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation, and indulgence.2 A third way to categorize culture is through three aspects of worldviews: guilt and innocence, power and fear, or honor and shame. The three worldview categories are present in every culture. However, each culture ascribes value differently to these categories. Knowing the value or degree of cultural importance is necessary to clearly communicate. A great challenge is when one culture places a significant value on that which is completely opposite from one’s home culture. These challenges are not insurmountable. Since Ecuadorian culture places a greater value on honor and shame than that of traditional Western culture, it is necessary to study and know how to live and communicate through the lens of honor and shame. Understanding
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