DOCSLIB.ORG

Contrasting Augustinian Christian and Vedic Hindu Worldviews

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Contrasting Augustinian Christian and Vedic Hindu Worldviews A COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF JUST WAR: CONTRASTING AUGUSTINIAN CHRISTIAN AND VEDIC HINDU WORLDVIEWS by Keith J. Gomes A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2014 Keith J. Gomes ABSTRACT This dissertation examines some of the metaphysical assumptions that inform how people think about warfare. In the Christian West, rules on warfare developed into the just war doctrine, and St. Augustine is often acknowledged as the person who introduced these ideas to Western philosophy. However, all of Augustine’s thought is rooted in his understanding of reality through the lens of his Christian faith – a fifth century Roman Catholic worldview (Weltanschauung). As a result, current norms in international law on warfare (such as R2P) also reflect these Christian metaphysical assumptions. This dissertation examines not only how Augustinian metaphysical assumptions impact our ideas of warfare in international law but also how these ideas would change if one did not subscribe to this Augustinian worldview. Since Hinduism is often associated with non- violence, a Hindu worldview is examined to determine what kind of just war theory, if any, would arise. First, the link between Christian philosophy and modern international law is outlined, tracing the development of thought from Augustine to modern times by examining Bible verses and writings by political theorists and others on just war theory and Christian theology. Then, Christian metaphysical assumptions are examined in order to determine how these assumptions influence Christian ideas of warfare. Psychological impacts of Christian assumptions are also looked at through the lens of Girardian analysis. In the second half, Hindu political writings, scriptures and religious texts as well as books about Hinduism are examined to discover how Hindus have thought about war. Hindu metaphysical assumptions are examined and inferences are made to show the connection between these assumptions and Hindu ideas of non-violence. The following aspects are examined in order to see how they generate ideas about war: ontology, creation myths and conceptions about God, the afterlife and end of the world, axiology, praxeology and epistemology. The research shows that Christian metaphysical assumptions (which many Christians now consider outdated) continue to influence modern ideas about war idea while Hindu metaphysical assumptions tend to influence the kind of non-aggression associated with Gandhi. 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my adviser, Peter Emberley, for piquing my interest in Political Theory and the connection between religion and political science. Also, many thanks to Noel Salmond for his extensive comments, insightful feedback and meticulous editing. I am also grateful to Farhang Rajaee and Rajesh Shukla, who at short notice graciously agreed to be part of my committee and provided valuable feedback and suggestions to further focus my research. Finally, my sincere gratitude to Marc Tyrrell for his interest in this dissertation and for being invaluable in the publishing of a paper which would later form the basis of the first chapter. The numerous hours of conversation, feedback and constant efforts to get me to think more clearly about aspects such as methodology and application of this research were instrumental in completing this dissertation. Also a big thank-you goes out to everyone who kept me sane throughout this programme. Amongst others, the large number people who have become part of my closest circle of friends since starting this programme who are connected to the Christ Church Cathedral Choir of Men and Boys. Thanks to Matthew Larkin, I was able to enjoy many wonderful musical opportunities that were a welcome distraction from school. Choir trips to the UK made it possible for me to find some interesting books (like Beier’s A Violent God- Image: An Introduction to the Work of Eugen Drewermann) while searching through the shelves at the Cambridge University bookstore, and enabled me to be able to proofread much of the dissertation in Edinburgh and London. A special mention to the clergy at Christ Church Cathedral, Ottawa, namely, Shane Parker (who read the first version of Chapter 1), Dawna Wall, Catherine Ascah and Robert Graham, who provided me with many opportunities for discussions on religion and my thesis. Finally, special thanks to Catharine Marceau for her comments and for being so willing to help with final proofreading, and to Larry Kempffer for lending me some books on the Christian just war. And lastly, to my parents, for their love and support, and especially their financial sacrifices that allowed me to continue with my education to this extent. This dissertation is dedicated to all my friends and acquaintances, past, present, and future, whose lives have been irrevocably changed by the horror of war. Even at its best, war can result in loss of country or national identity, reluctance to return to one’s homeland, cynicism in the unity of people, and the belief in an uncertain future. At its worst, war causes unimaginable bodily harm, stress and mental trauma, the loss of or separation from friends and loved ones, the loss of income and hard-earned savings, and the loss of a life once cherished. 2 CONTENTS Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 6 Religion and War ................................................................................................................ 6 Problems of Warfare/Problems of Christianity ................................................................... 8 The Relevance of Hinduism.............................................................................................. 10 Outline of the mode of inquiry.......................................................................................... 12 Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 13 The Connection between Religion and International Relations ........................................ 15 Embracing International Political Theology (IPT) ........................................................... 16 Chapter 1 - A Genealogy of the Just War: A Survey of Christian Political Thought on the Justification of Warfare..................................................................................................... 19 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 19 Starting Point: Christianity’s Jewish Heritage .................................................................. 21 Monotheism and the Violence-of-God ............................................................................. 23 War in the Old Testament ................................................................................................. 26 Explanations for the Old Testament Images of War ......................................................... 28 The New Testament and War: From Pacifism to Just War ............................................... 30 Christian Politics Pre-Constantine .................................................................................... 32 The New Testament View on Warfare ............................................................................. 35 The Soldiers Who Came to John the Baptist .................................................................... 36 Jesus and Military Imagery ............................................................................................... 38 The Unbelting of Peter ...................................................................................................... 39 The Sermon on the Mount and Lex Talionis .................................................................... 40 The Epistles of the Early Church Leaders ........................................................................ 45 Pacifism or Just War? The Choice of Early Church Leaders............................................ 48 St. Ambrose of Milan – the Precursor to Augustine ......................................................... 51 Christian Attitudes towards War during the time of Augustine ........................................ 54 Augustine’s Just War Criteria ........................................................................................... 59 Violence towards Religious Dissenters ............................................................................ 66 Christianity and the Law: Christian Influences on the Law ............................................. 67 Thomas Aquinas: Creating a Manual of Christian Theology ........................................... 71 The Crusades..................................................................................................................... 75 The Early Modern Period.................................................................................................. 77 The Protestant Reformation and Just war Theory ............................................................. 77 Just War and Natural Law: The Salamanca School .......................................................... 83 Hugo Grotius: Bridging Religious Ideas and State Law ................................................... 87 Just War: The Contemporary Viewpoint .........................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Examination of the Correlation Between the Justification and Glorification of War in Charles Mee's Iphigenia
    An Examination of the Correlation Between the Justification and Glorification of War in Charles Mee’s Iphigenia 2.0: A Director’s Approach Caroline Donica Table of Contents Chapter One: Charles Mee and the History Behind Iphigenia 2.0 4 Introduction 4 The Life and Works of Charles Mee 4 Just War 8 Production History and Reception 11 Survey of Literature 13 Conclusion 15 Chapter Two: Play Analysis 16 Introduction 16 Synopsis 16 Given Circumstances 24 Previous Action 26 Dialogue and Imagery 27 Character Analysis 29 Idea and Theme 34 Conclusion 36 Chapter Three: The Design Process 37 Introduction 37 Production Style 37 Director’s Approach 38 Choice of Stage 38 Collaboration with Designers 40 Set Design 44 Costumes 46 Makeup and Hair 50 Properties 52 Lighting 53 Sound 55 Conclusion 56 Chapter Four: The Rehearsal Process 57 Introduction 57 Auditions and Casting 57 Rehearsals and Acting Strategies 60 Technical and Dress Rehearsals 64 Performances 65 Conclusion 67 Chapter Five: Reflection 68 Introduction 68 Design 68 Staging and Timing 72 Acting 73 Self-Analysis 77 Conclusion 80 Appendices 82 A – Photos Featuring the Set Design 83 B – Photos Featuring the Costume Design 86 C – Photos Featuring the Lighting Design 92 D – Photos Featuring the Concept Images 98 Works Consulted 102 Donica 4 Chapter One Charles Mee and the History Behind Iphigenia 2.0 Introduction Charles Mee’s Iphigenia 2.0 is a significant work in recent theatre history. The play was widely recognized and repeatedly produced for its unique take on contemporary issues, popular culture, and current events set within a framework of ancient myths and historical literature.
    [Show full text]
  • The Philosophy of War and Peace
    THE PHILOSOPHY OF WAR AND PEACE Oleg Bazaluk1 — Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi State Pedagogical University (Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine) E-mail: [email protected] Tamara Blazhevych2 — Senior lecturer, Kyiv University of Tourism, Economy, and Law (Kyiv, Ukraine) E-mail: [email protected] In the paper the author comprehends ontology of the war and peace. Using the results of empiri- cal and theoretical research in the field of geophilosophy, as well as neuroscience, psychology, social philosophy and military history, the author comprehends the philosophy of war and peace. The author proves that the problem of war and peace originates in the features of forming men- tality. War and peace are the ways to achieve a regulatory compromise between manifestations of the active principle, which was initially laid in the foundation of the human mentality, and the influence of the external environment through natural selection; between the complicating needs of mental space as a totality of mentalities at the scale of the Earth and the possibilities of satisfying them; between the proclaimed idea that unites mental space, and the possibility of its implementa- tion. War and Peace regulate high-quality structure and manifestations of mental space: reduce the number of mentalities, whose structures predispose to aggression, and increase the number of men- talities, whose manifestations are directed at integration and cooperation. Through the proposed theory of war and peace, I have come to realize that, the state of peace for the evolving mental space includes the philosophy of war; the transition from peace to war depends mainly on the effective- ness of educational technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Peace and War
    Peace and War Christian Reflection A SERIES IN FAITH AND ETHICS BAYLOR UNIVERSITY GENERAL EDITOR Robert B. Kruschwitz ART EDITOR Heidi J. Hornik REVIEW EDITOR Norman Wirzba PRODUCTION ASSISTANT Julie Bolin DESIGNER Eric Yarbrough PUBLISHER The Center for Christian Ethics Baylor University One Bear Place #97361 Waco, TX 76798-7361 PHONE (254) 710-3774 TOLL-FREE (USA) (866) 298-2325 W E B S I T E www.ChristianEthics.ws E-MAIL [email protected] All Scripture is used by permission, all rights reserved, and unless otherwise indicated is from New Revised Standard Version Bible, copyright 1989, Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. ISSN 1535-8585 Christian Reflection is the ideal resource for discipleship training in the church. Multiple copies are obtainable for group study at $2.50 per copy. Worship aids and lesson materials that enrich personal or group study are available free on the website. Christian Reflection is published quarterly by The Center for Christian Ethics at Baylor University. Contributors express their considered opinions in a responsible manner. The views expressed are not official views of The Center for Christian Ethics or of Baylor University. The Center expresses its thanks to individuals, churches, and organizations, including the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship, who provided financial support for this publication. © 2004 The Center for Christian Ethics at Baylor University All rights reserved Contents Introduction 8 Robert B. Kruschwitz War in the Old Testament 11 John A. Wood The War of the Lamb 18 Harry O. Maier Terrorist Enemies and Just War 27 William T.
    [Show full text]
  • The Returning Warrior and the Limits of Just War Theory
    THE RETURNING WARRIOR AND THE LIMITS OF JUST WAR THEORY R.J. Delahunty Professor of Law University of St. Thomas School of Law* In this essay, I seek to explore a Christian tradition that is nei- ther the just war theory nor pacifism. Unlike pacifism, this tradi- tion teaches that war is a necessary and inescapable aspect of the human condition, and that Christians cannot escape from engaging in it. Unlike just war theory, this tradition holds that engaging in war is intrinsically sinful, however justifiable that activity may be considered to be in the light of human law, morality or reason. Mi- chael Walzer captured the essence of this way of thinking in a cele- brated essay on the problem of “dirty hands.”1 Although Walzer’s essay was chiefly about political rather than military action, he rightly observed that there was a strand in Christian reflection that saw killing, whether in a just or unjust war, as defiling or even sin- ful, even if it conformed to moral and legal standards. That tradi- tion, though subordinate, still survives in Christian, especially Lu- theran, thought. The Church’s thought about war and peace went through sever- al phases before finally settling on the just war theory. Throughout much of the Middle Ages, the Church’s approach to war was pri- marily pastoral and unsystematic. Although opinions varied widely depending on the circumstances, the early medieval Church was commonly skeptical of the permissibility of killing in warfare. Ra- ther, the Church at that time tended to the view that killing – even in a just war – was sinful and required penance.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Theories of Just War: Understanding Warfare As a Social Tool Through Comparative Analysis of Western, Chinese, and Islamic Classical Theories of War
    THREE THEORIES OF JUST WAR: UNDERSTANDING WARFARE AS A SOCIAL TOOL THROUGH COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WESTERN, CHINESE, AND ISLAMIC CLASSICAL THEORIES OF WAR A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN PHILOSOPHY MAY 2012 By Faruk Rahmanović Thesis Committee: Tamara Albertini, Chairperson Roger T. Ames James D. Frankel Brien Hallett Keywords: War, Just War, Augustine, Sunzi, Sun Bin, Jihad, Qur’an DEDICATION To my parents, Ahmet and Nidžara Rahmanović. To my wife, Majda, who continues to put up with me. To Professor Keith W. Krasemann, for teaching me to ask the right questions. And to Professor Martin J. Tracey, for his tireless commitment to my success. 1 ABSTRACT The purpose of this analysis was to discover the extent to which dictates of war theory ideals can be considered universal, by comparing the Western (European), Classical Chinese, and Islamic models. It also examined the contextual elements that drove war theory development within each civilization, and the impact of such elements on the differences arising in war theory comparison. These theories were chosen for their differences in major contextual elements, in order to limit the impact of contextual similarities on the war theories. The results revealed a great degree of similarities in the conception of warfare as a social tool of the state, utilized as a sometimes necessary, albeit tragic, means of establishing peace justice and harmony. What differences did arise, were relatively minor, and came primarily from the differing conceptions of morality and justice within each civilization – thus indicating a great degree of universality to the conception of warfare.
    [Show full text]
  • Spring 2012 CAS Department of Philosophy Undergraduate Courses
    01/20/2012 Spring 2012 CAS Department of Philosophy Undergraduate Courses http://www.philosophy.buffalo.edu/courses PHI 101 BEE Intro. to Philosophy Beebe, J M 6:00pm - 8:40pm Cooke 121 13444 This course will introduce students to some of the basic questions and methods of philosophy. We will begin by looking at the birth of Western philosophy in ancient Greece. We will read three of Plato's dialogues and will learn about the life of Socrates, the first great Western philosopher. We will then wrestle with philosophical questions such as the following: What must one do to be truly happy? Are there absolute truths? Is truth relative? Is it ethically permissible to clone human beings? Is euthanasia morally permissible? How is the mind related to the brain? Is it anything more than the brain? Can computers think? Do humans have free will? If so, what is the nature of that freedom? Is it rational to believe in God? Is the existence of evil incompatible with the existence of a wholly good God? PHI 101 CHO Intro. to Philosophy Cho, K MWF 9:00am-9:50am O’Brian 109 15620 In addition to discussing the standardized introductory topics such as Reality, Knowledge, Ethics, Religion, Art, Mind and Body, based on the works of classical Western philosophers, the course is designed to make ourselves to be more critically inquisitive about what we normally take (in the Western world) for granted. For this purpose, a second textbook with sources from John Dewey and Confucius, is selected. Required texts: 1. R. Solomon, Introducing Philosophy, 10th edition, Oxford University Press.
    [Show full text]
  • The Philosophy of Loyalty
    29 The Philosophy of Loyalty I. The Nature and the Need of Loyalty One of the most familiar traits of our time is the tendency to revise tradition, to reconsider the foundations of old beliefs, and some­ times mercilessly to destroy what once seemed indispensable. This disposition, as we all know, is especially prominent in the realms of social theory and of religious belief. But even the exact sciences do not escape from the influence of those who are fond of the reexamination of dogmas. And the modern tendency in question has, of late years, been very notable in the field of Ethics. Conven­ tional morality has been required, in company with religion, and also in company with exact science, to endure the fire of criticism. And although, in all ages, the moral law has indeed been exposed to the assaults of the wayward, the peculiar moral situation of our time is this, that it is no longer either the flippant or the vicious who are the most pronounced or the most dangerous opponents of our moral traditions. Devoted reformers, earnest public servants, ardent prophets of a coming spiritual order,-all these types of lovers of humanity are represented amongst those who to-day demand great and deep changes in the moral standards by which our lives are [The complete text of The P!Jilosopby of Loyalty is reprinted here from PL.] 8 )6 MORAL AND RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE to be governed. We have become accustomed, during the past few generations,-during the period of Socialism and of Individualism, of Karl Marx, of Henry George, of Ibsen, of Nietzsche, of Tolstoi, -to hear unquestionably sincere lovers of humanity sometimes de­ claring our traditions regarding the rights of property to be im­ moral, and sometimes assailing, in the name of virtue, our present family ties as essentially unworthy of the highest ideals.
    [Show full text]
  • “Against Such Hellish Mischief Fit to Oppose”: a Grotian Reading of Milton’S War in Heaven
    Elizabeth Oldman “Against such hellish mischief fit to oppose”: A Grotian Reading of Milton’s War in Heaven y the time the latter parts of Paradise Lost came to be written,” remarks Stevie Davies, “the revolution had failed and the new tyrant, Charles II, had been restored” (45). In Paradise Lost, this essay proposes, Milton “Bcalls upon Hugo Grotius’s version of natural law to distinguish evil from good at a time when evil seemed to prevail. He attempts to make natural law perform beyond the restoration of monarchy, to ultimately prove God’s just intention in allowing the unfortunate outcome of the English Civil War to take place. Demonstrating the poet’s Grotian belief that the parameters for legitimate military action must be circumscribed in accordance with the laws of nature, two models of warfare—criminal battle originated by Satan, and God’s justifiable defensive response—take place in the War in Heaven in Book 6 of the epic. This three-day conflict fought between God’s troops and Satan’s enables Milton to investigate “what kind of rebellion was justified and what not” (Hill 366). As explanation for why the angels agree to battle, I consider how the War in Heaven ensues in a Grotian manner as a necessary instrument, for there is no other way of obliging errant nations which are uncivil to conform to reason. In response to unjust war, that is, one must wage just war. In contrast to Satan, who reveals himself as a usurper who initiates his ‘‘foreign” or international campaign for conquest and plunder of land, commendable rulership is embodied in juxtaposition with the author’s depiction of God.
    [Show full text]
  • Genesys John Peel 78339 221 2 2 Timewyrm: Exodus Terrance Dicks
    Sheet1 No. Title Author Words Pages 1 1 Timewyrm: Genesys John Peel 78,339 221 2 2 Timewyrm: Exodus Terrance Dicks 65,011 183 3 3 Timewyrm: Apocalypse Nigel Robinson 54,112 152 4 4 Timewyrm: Revelation Paul Cornell 72,183 203 5 5 Cat's Cradle: Time's Crucible Marc Platt 90,219 254 6 6 Cat's Cradle: Warhead Andrew Cartmel 93,593 264 7 7 Cat's Cradle: Witch Mark Andrew Hunt 90,112 254 8 8 Nightshade Mark Gatiss 74,171 209 9 9 Love and War Paul Cornell 79,394 224 10 10 Transit Ben Aaronovitch 87,742 247 11 11 The Highest Science Gareth Roberts 82,963 234 12 12 The Pit Neil Penswick 79,502 224 13 13 Deceit Peter Darvill-Evans 97,873 276 14 14 Lucifer Rising Jim Mortimore and Andy Lane 95,067 268 15 15 White Darkness David A McIntee 76,731 216 16 16 Shadowmind Christopher Bulis 83,986 237 17 17 Birthright Nigel Robinson 59,857 169 18 18 Iceberg David Banks 81,917 231 19 19 Blood Heat Jim Mortimore 95,248 268 20 20 The Dimension Riders Daniel Blythe 72,411 204 21 21 The Left-Handed Hummingbird Kate Orman 78,964 222 22 22 Conundrum Steve Lyons 81,074 228 23 23 No Future Paul Cornell 82,862 233 24 24 Tragedy Day Gareth Roberts 89,322 252 25 25 Legacy Gary Russell 92,770 261 26 26 Theatre of War Justin Richards 95,644 269 27 27 All-Consuming Fire Andy Lane 91,827 259 28 28 Blood Harvest Terrance Dicks 84,660 238 29 29 Strange England Simon Messingham 87,007 245 30 30 First Frontier David A McIntee 89,802 253 31 31 St Anthony's Fire Mark Gatiss 77,709 219 32 32 Falls the Shadow Daniel O'Mahony 109,402 308 33 33 Parasite Jim Mortimore 95,844 270
    [Show full text]
  • Fall 2014 Department of Philosophy Graduate Course Descriptions
    Fall 2014 Department of Philosophy Graduate Course Descriptions http://www.buffalo.edu/cas/philosophy/grad-study/grad_courses.html CANCELLED: PHI 519 (w/489) DIP Topics in Logic: Phi Software Dipert, R (Special Topics) #22597 After a rapid review of propositional and quantificational logic, including some alternative logics and alternative notations, we will study two important "extensions" of first-order logic, axiomatic formulations of mereology (part-whole theory) and axiomatic (Zermelo-Fraenkel) set theory. We will discuss some of the philosophical issues that surround these theories but will mostly explore their deductive structure. The last part of the course will be devoted to software tools for use in exploring logical theories: the computer language Prolog (and the paradigm of logic programming), software tools in Prolog, and then various “automatic” theorem-provers and reasoners, such as Prover9 and SNARK. At the end of the course we will also look at logical formulations of metaphysics, in the form of characteristic axioms of the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO 2.0). PHI 556 PWL Topics in History of Philosophy Powell, L TH, 4:00-6:50 Park 141 #24196 In this course, we will read Thomas Reid’s Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense, as well as related works from John Locke, David Hume, George Berkeley and Mary Shepherd, as well as secondary literature on these figures. Thomas Reid’s concerns in the work are centered around Epistemology, Perception, and the Philosophy of Mind. Students will gain familiarity with some major early modern positions about epistemology and perception, and influential criticisms of those views.
    [Show full text]
  • The Modern Secularization of Just War Theory and Its Lessons for Contemporary Thought
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 7-15-2015 12:00 AM The Modern Secularization of Just War Theory and its Lessons for Contemporary Thought Aviva Shiller The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dennis Klimchuk The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Philosophy A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Aviva Shiller 2015 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Shiller, Aviva, "The Modern Secularization of Just War Theory and its Lessons for Contemporary Thought" (2015). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 3007. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/3007 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Modern Secularization of Just War Theory and its Lessons for Contemporary Thought (Thesis format: Monograph) by Aviva Shiller Graduate Program in Philosophy A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Aviva Shiller 2015 Abstract Just war theory is a family of views that has undergone many important changes throughout its development in the Western philosophical tradition. The following is an historical analysis of the transition from a religious to a secular conception of just war theory in the Early Modern period.
    [Show full text]
  • Who May Fight Just Wars?
    Who May Fight Just Wars? Right Authority for States and Non-States A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at George Mason University by Oren J. Litwin Master of Arts George Mason University, 2010 Bachelor of Arts Yeshiva University, 2006 Director: Char R. Miller, Professor Department of Political Science Fall Semester 2014 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Copyright © 2014 by Oren J. Litwin. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my wife Diane, to my parents, and to the memory of Dr. Frances Harbour, who encouraged me to pursue this topic and gave critical support and advice up to the end. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would have been far inferior (if it would have existed at all) without the input of many different people over several years. Dr. Frances Harbour was my original dissertation committee chair; it was in her Ethics in IR class that the nucleus of this argument first took shape, and she strongly encouraged me to turn it into my dissertation and was a great support during the early "flailing around" phase of theory development. Dr. Char Miller agreed to step in as chair when Dr. Harbour passed away, and he and my other committee members have supported me despite imperfect circumstances and the difficulties of working remotely. Dr. Eric McGlinchey and Dr. Jo-Marie Burt in particular guided my engagement with the Comparative Politics subfield, the main concepts of which mark this dissertation in fundamental ways; I owe them both a great intellectual debt.
    [Show full text]