The Last Kings of Judah \

Manltoulln Chriatadolphlan Youth Camp

THE LAST KINGS OF JUDAH \

Dotrolt Christadelphian Book Supply 14676 Berwick, Livonia, Michigan 48154 U.S.A. THE 9 LAST KINGS OF JUDAH

fcy RP. Mansfield

Reprinted with Permission from "Story of the Bible" lo 6, 1962, Logos Publications, Adelaide, Australia Acknowledgements

We wUh to thank Brothel Η .P. ManA^ield far hu> permi^^ion to reprint tki& book* Tlvu book uxu produced QApzciaZJiy ion. thz 1986 Mid-Atlantic ChsU&tadoZpkian Vouuth Psiogtiam. BKothzti Mant>{)idld koA btzn active, in youth pfiogtiamA at both the ManitouZin Youth Camp and the ShippenAbuLtig Bible School, both by participation and through nehenenco. book tiepnlnting. are gtieatly appreciated.

THESE AND OTHER BOOKS AVAILABLE FROM DETROIT CHRISTADELPHIAN BOOK SUPPLY A COMPLETE SELECTION OF CHRISTADELPHIAN WORKS, STUDY NOTES, BIBLE INSERTS, BIBLE MARKING LESSONS AND SUPPLIES 14676 BERWICK, LIVONIA, MICH. 48154 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

1986 Table of Contents

Introduction. β . . . . 1 Hezekiah: Judah's Greatest King ο..·,3

Manasseh: The King Who Forgot...3 3 O37

Amon: The Pagan.o . . * . .o . ο .o o 45

Josiah: The Frustrated Reformer.0 β.46

Jehoahaz: King of the Retribution...o....75 Jehoiakim: The Frivolous Egotist. 81

Jehoiachin - A Despised and Broken Idol0.105

Zedekiah - Breaker of Covenants..0.0...108 Articles 1 Hezekiah s Political Crisis..00o.0.0...,o10 ! Hezekiah s Aqueduct0 ·o ...... β ...... :> 14

Hezekiah' s Life as a Type. .0 . . ο * 23

Hezekiah - A Summary O25 The Destruction of Sennacherib 29 Sennacherib ! s Glory and Death 30

Hezekiah as a Type of Christ.o 34 Shaphan's Family: A Record of Usefulness.55

Jeremiah's Temple Prophecy.0 <, 68 An Outline of the Prophecy of Jeremiah...77 Jeremiah at the Gate of the Potsherds.... 89 Wonderful Example of the Rechabites 97 Remarkable Link Between Jeremiah and Daniel.... 102 The Chapters of Jeremiah in Historical

Sequence ο ο125

Ezekiel - Messenger of Hope. . . · „0 · · · <> „ <> · 126 VOL. 6 APRIL 1962 No. Γ

^Introduction to <*x7eiume

Our new volume takes us immediately into the dramatic events associated with Hezekiah's life. For the reason outlined by Mr. Phillips in this issue, this is a most important section of the Word of God, and one demanding our closest attention. It is also full of interest and action, tor it moves along frcm crisis to crisis in the life of Judah's greatest king. Judah is at the crossroads of its existence, wedged in by two mighty powers: Assyria and Egypt. To gain a clear conception of the issues involved, it is necessary to consider the political circumstances of the times. This we do by appealing to history anu archaeology in confirmation of the Bible record. The reader of our Story will thus be able to see how sources outside the Bible thoroughly confirm its outline of historical events. If some of our younger readers find this a little dull, we advise them to skip it and read on. Some time in the future they can turn back to the Story again. Meanwhile, let them try to understand as much as they can concerning this important part of the Bible. Our "Story of the Bible" is designed as more than a monthly magazine: it is designed as a book to be read and re-read. We believe that its pages can help its readers to understand more about God's most wonderful Book, and therefore suggest that the monthly parts be kept and bound together at the conclusion of each volume for further use. 1 STORY OF THE BIBLE April, 19β3

We hope to make our Story as comprehensive as possible. For example, the more one studies the life of Hezekiah, the more evident it is that the incidents of the times had a great deal to do with the writings and teaching of Isaiah. We have therefore touched upon this in part, leaving it to the reader to go further into the matter if he desires. It would be simpler and easier merely to outline the life of Hezekiah in the conventional manner, but we are sure, that if the reader is a little patient with us, he will find the method we have adopted far better and more instructive. Our Story moves along a little more slowly, of course, but it is more a Story as God tells it in His Word than the normal "story- book" method of taking isolated incidents out of their context and presenting them as Stories from the Bible. The past year has been a difficult one for us, and for that reason the appearance of the numbers has been a little irregular. We hope to correct that (God willing) in this volume. In addition, heavy costs of publishing have threatened the continued existence of the Magazine, but we hope that they will be met by increased circulation during the coming twelve months. If we receive sufficient interest in the magazine we will play our part in trying to keep it in existence, even though it may represent a financial loss To that end, we love to hear from readers, and to learn what they think about our Story, and above all, their comments upon the Bible from whence it is derived. So we appeal to you to assist us in the directions suggested in the last paragraph. If you can help us extend the usefulness of our Story, by increasing the circulation, do so; we shall be delighted to send free sample copies to any who may be interested in taking it. But above all, the personal interest of readers in the matter set before them is our main concern — and if sufficent of this is received, we will always find the means of setting it before our readers. —THE EDITOR April, 1962 STOHY OF THE BIBLE

Our last Issue took us to the great religious reform conducted by king Hezekiah. Immediately he obtained sole control over the Kingdom of Judah, he put into effect a political and spiritual policy that completely reversed that of his father Ahaz (2 Chron. 29: 3). The holy place, the holy city, the holy people were each in turn re-dedicated to the worship of Yahweh. This commenced a period of joyous celebration which terminated in a day of thanksgiving in which king, priests and people all took part. Many were taken by surprise by this action of Hezekiah, for "the thing was done suddenly" (2 Chron. 29: 36), but most rejoiced that a man of strong, sound principles had taken over control in Jerusalem. Listen in to the conversation of Mr. Phillips as he explains these events to his family.

THE PASSOVER FEAST the north and took the Israel- RE-INSTITUTED ites into captivity." "The great religious revival "Do you think that Hezekiah brought about by Hezekiah took would have made any prepara- place in the first year of his tions to set up the true worship reign," said Mr. Phillips, as he before he came to the throne?" outlined to his family the reign asked Peter. of Hezekiah. "At that time, the "Yes," replied his father. northern kingdom under "Hezekiah had jointly reigned Hoshea was still in existence, with his father during the last though the shadow of Assyrian years of the latter's life, and oppression fell heavily across it, had been able to make secret and a few years later it was preparations for what he would taken into captivity." do when he came to the throne. "Where do we find that in the Now secrecy was set aside, and Bible?" asked Peter, who was he publicly made known his taking notes, to later mark into policy. The doors of the the margin of his Bible.* Temple, which Ahaz had shut "In 2 Kings 18: 1 we read that up (2 Chron. 28: 24) swung open Hezekiah commenced to reign again, and, full of enthusiasm, in the 3rd year of Hoshea, whilst the king set about cleansing it in 2 Kings 17: 6 we learn that that it might be fit for Divine the northern kingdom fell in worship. The work was accom- the 9th year of his reign. There- plished in 16 days, and was fore, five years had yet to pass celebrated by the people with before the Assyrians invaded great joy. Many rejoiced to see *The Phillips' family all possess Oxford Wide-Margin Bibles. These Bibles have a wide margin designed to take notes, and are made of special paper to take ink. Send for further particulars to Mr. Phillips, Box 226, G.P.O., Adelaide. South Australia. STORY OP THE BIBLE April, 1962 the re-establishment of the true molested. Hoshea exercised but worship.t a weak hold upon the country "Hezekiah now determined to (2 Kings 17: 1-5). All the bonds bring Judah completely under which normally hold a healthy the influence of God's law. Ac- state together were relaxed. The cording to the Law of Moses, the people were contemptuous of Passover should have been kept their king, and were inclined to in the first month. For many think and act for themselves. years this feast had been neg- They knew that he was but a lected, but Hezekiah now de- nominal sovereign, and was in cided to revive it. It was too late subjection to the Assyrian to keep it at the appointed time, Power; therefore they did not however, so after taking counsel respect him much. Moreover, with the priests and elders of the prophets Hosea and Amos his realm, the King decided to had openly rebuked the leaders keep it in the second month (2 of the northern kingdom, and Chron. 30: 2)." warned the people of trouble to "Would not that be breaking come. This could have made the law?" asked Peter. them more receptive of Heze- "No, because the Law pro- kiah's appeal. vided for a second Passover in "Accordingly, m e s s e η gers the second month for such as were sent throughout all the could not keep it at the ap- land from Beersheba to Dan, pointed time (Num. 9: 10-11). advising the people that the Hezekiah took advantage of Passover would be held, and in- that provision, and arranged to viting them to assemble at keep it on a scale never before Jerusalem to keep it. The king attempted sinc<* the Kingdom wrote a personal letter which was divided. He decided to in- was publicly read out in the vite all Israelites of both king- various cities. It warned the doms to celebrate the Passover." people that the present state of "How could he do that if apostasy and wickedness must Hoshea was still reigning in the result in punishment; it spake north?" asked Peter, who likes of the widespread difficulties to place as many difficulties as that even then were facing the possible before his father. two nations; it reminded them "Under normal conditions a of the stubborn refusal of their monarch would resent any fathers to heed God's message interference in his Kingdom on and the punishment that fell on the part of a neighbouring them in consequence; it called ruler," agreed Mr. Phillips, "but upon them to submit to Yah- actually, at this time, conditions weh's requirements in the as- in the northern kingdom were surance that His compassion favourable for such an attempt, waited for them. Finally, it and Hezekiah was able to send concluded with a reminder that his messengers throughout He is 'gracious and merciful and Israel without them being will not turn His face from His ; These things were discussed in our last volume April, 1962 STORY OF THE BlBLBl people if they return unto Him'* who had previously held back (2 Chron. 30: 9)'." from dedicating themselves to "The people should have re- the service of Yahweh, were sponded to that appeal!" re- caught up in the general feel- marked Ann. ing, and hastened to sanctify 'One would have thought so," themselves and report for duty. continued her father. ''But no! "A great company was thus As the messengers went from gathered together from all parts town to town in the northern of the land. But many were in kingdom they were met with complete ignorance of God's re- scornful laughter and mocking quirements, and were not really taunts. There were but few in a fit state of spiritual pre- who were prepared to thought- paredness to celebrate the Pass- fully consider the King's words, over. After all, they had been so and had the moral courage to long separated from the true act upon them. This is not easy worship — particularly those to do in such circumstances. It from the northern kingdom. requires a person to humble This was obvious to Hezekiah, himself before God and man. and he realised that something Every age has seen a few who must be done about it. He pray- are prepared to do that, and ed to Yahweh that he might who are styled 'God's witnesses.' overlook anything that was And Hezekiah's times were no not in strict conformity exception. Some in the north- with the Law, and that He ern kingdom accepted his in- might receive the worship of vitation, so that a steady stream the people in the spirit in which of worshippers made their way it was offered. The mediation from the north to Jerusalem. of the King was successful, and "The messengers had a dif- his prayer on behalf of the ferent reception in Judah. The people was accepted (2 Chron. fine example of the king had 30: 18-19." made a great impression upon "That prayer is very interest- the people. They flocked to the ing," commented Graham in- capital to keep the Passover. In terrupting his father. "I have Jerusalem itself excitement was been following your comments at fever point. A spirit of keen with the Bible, and I notice that revival swept the city. The citi- Hezekiah prayed that Yahweh zens wanted to make it fit for should pardon 'every one who the coming Passover. Though prepareth his heart to seek God many altars had already been though he be not cleansed ac- destroyed, a further search was cording to the purification of made for any that might re- the Sanctuary.' You told us be- main, and they were smashed fore* that Hezekiah is a type of to pieces in the brook Kidron Christ. In the light of that, this outside the city. The greatest incident is significant, for we enthusiasm took hold of the have Hezekiah instituting a people. Those priests and levites Passover by which the people *See last issue. STORY OF THE BIBLE April, 1962 were accepted by God, though (2 Chron. 30: 22). They taught not according to the purifica- them the inner meaning of the tion of the Temple, i.e., the Law Passover, what was implied in of Moses. Christ did exactly the the sacrifice of the lamb, the same thing when he instituted service that Yahweh required of his Passover." each one. This teaching caused "A good point, Graham," a profound effect upon the commented his father. people. They learned the need "What does v. 20 mean?" of prayer, and of 'making con- asked Ann. "It says that 'Yah- fession to Yahweh1 (v. 22). weh healed the people/ Were "Seven days were thus spent they sick?" profitably together. At the end "They were not physically of the feast, the people did not sick, but they were spiritually want to disperse. They felt the sick and were in need of heal- need of further instruction, ing. Besides, in thus presenting they wanted to experience more themselves before Yahweh of the pure joy of Divine ser- without being cleansed accord- vice and communion. A further ing to the Law they were in seven days were set aside for danger of punishment by this purpose. Special services plague. But God overlooked were conducted. The King what they had omitted to do, donated 1,000 bullocks and 7,000 and did not plague them. In sheep for sacrificial offerings. that sense they were healed of Deeply move£ by the general the plague, i.e., by prevention." enthusiasm and the example of "It must have been a very their king, the princes of the wonderful time for Israel," said realm offered a further 1,000 Joan. bullocks and 10,000 sheep. Then "Never had there been a Pass- followed a period of solemn re- over like that one since the dedication. Publicly, in the days of Solomon. The people sight of the congregation, the rejoiced in the joy of com- priests entered into a solemn munion with God and with covenant to serve Yahweh. The each other. But Hezekiah re- congregation did the same. All alised that religious fervour and the people gathered together feeling needs the knowledge of from all parts of the land to the Word upon which to feed. rejoice before Yahweh. The He knew, full well, that in the whole city gave itself over to absence of this knowledge, all joy and gladness in the realisa- the enthusiasm of the people tion that God Was with them. would soon evaporate; that un- Never, since the days of Solo- less they had something more mon had Jerusalem witnessed than excitement to sustain such enthusiasm for God. them they would soon drift "The rejoicing was not back into their old ways. He limited to the city of the Great provided for this need. He ar- King (Mat. 5: 35). It extended ranged for Levites to be sent beyond there to heaven itself, among the people to teach them illustrating the saying of the the 'good knowledge of Yahweh' Lord Jesus that there Is "joy in April, STORY OP TUE heaven over one sinner that King, princes, priests and con- repenteth' (LukQ 15: 7). If that gregation will be united to- is the case when 'one sinner gether as 'one' (John 17: 21)." repents/ what must have been "I can understand who you the joy in heaven at the work mean by the King," remarked of Hezekiah, when the whole Graham, "but who will rep- nation gathered itself together resent the princes, priests and with one mind to give itself congregation of the Kingdom completely to God! We read: Christ will set up." 'The priests the Levites arose, and blessed the people; and "They represent all the re- their voice was heard, and their deemed. Though they will all prayer came up to His holy possess eternal life in common, dwelling place, even unto they will not all have the same heaven/ There was joy both in position or status in Christ's heaven and on earth. And what kingdom. Some will exercise were the words of blessing that authority and will teach the caused such joy? They are people constituting the royal familiar to many today who priesthood of the Age to come. have passed through the waters Others will occupy more humble of baptism, and have been re- positions as the general con- ceived into the Ecclesia with gregation. All will find positions the words of Anthem 19 in the adequate to their standing in Christadelphian Hymn Book. Christ's sight at that time." This anthem is taken from the FALSE RELIGION beautiful passage of Numbers OVERTHROWN 6: 23-27: "The Great Passover was "On this wise ye shall bless the over. But the people were not children of Israel, saying unto them: Yahweh bless thee, and keep thee: as yet satisfied. They had been Yahweh make His face shine upon lifted up in the fulness of en- thee, and be gracious unto thee: Yah- thusiasm, and had to manifest weh lift up His countenance upon it in some direction. Encouraged thee, and give thee peace. And they shall put My name upon the children by the King, they gave them- of Israel; and I will bless them." selves over to a tumultuous pro- "This was done on the great ceeding of a remarkable day when Hezekiah brought the character. The idols and altars people back to Yahweh, and the in Jerusalem had been des- priests blessed the congrega- troyed, but many remained in tion." other cities. The people decided "And this was all a type of these must go. Christ's coming work, I sup- "Throughout Judah there was pose?" queried Peter. a wholesale revulsion against "Yes. It takes us into the all forms of false religion and future, when there will be a worship which now felt the glorious gathering of the right- weight of popular antagonism. eous, when they shall eat the The people gathered at the 'second Passover' with the Lord Passover returned home smash- Jesus (Matt. 26: 26-29). Then ing the idols, destroying the STORY OF THE BIBLE April, 1962 altars, cutting down the images bol of apostasy to a world that in all the towns through which worships it." they passed. They did this not "Back to the story, Dad!" only in Judah but in some of warned Peter. the cities of the northern king- "Very well. Hezekiah had dom as well! accomplished much; but much "Among the things destroyed remained to be done. He care- was the brazen serpent that fully studied the order of Moses had made in the wilder- Temple worship established by ness. The people had come to Samuel and David, and re- worship it as an idol. Hezekiah instituted it again. The Levites was determined that nothing and priests were appointed should hinder the pure worship their courses and form of ser- of Yahweh. He therefore des- vice. He gave a public example troyed it, calling it 'Nehushtan* (see 2 Chron. 31: 3) of sacrifice (2 Kings 18: 4)." by arranging to personally "Whatever does that mean?" supply animals for the daily asked Joan. service. He re-instituted the "It means, 'a piece of brass.' principle of tithing so that the The King wanted to show the Priests and Levites should not people that Yahweh alone want. should be worshipped. The "And the people responded. Hebrew word for serpent is There poured into Jerusalem 'nechash' and the Hebrew word the firstfruits of wine, oil, for brass is 'nechust/ so there honey, corn; the tithes of the was a play on words." field; the freewill offerings of "Do you think there is any the people. Yahweh had res- significance in such a play on ponded to the enthusiasm of the words?* asked Graham. people by blessing their labours "Certainly. In this case it so that they had abundance. It showed the people how careful was obvious by the third month they must be. As it was so easy, (v. 7) when the Feast of Harvest l>y a slip of the tongue, to turn was celebrated, that Judafy was 'nechash' into 'nechust/ so to be blessed that year with small acts of thoughtlessness bumper crops. The firstfruits can turn true worshippers into were brought in and stored in idolators, as in the case of the stacks. By the time the seventh worship of the brazen serpent. month arrived, and the fulness It was excellent as a memorial; of the harvest was gathered in, but became a symbol of apos- it was seen how great was the tasy when worshipped. The Jews abundance. treated the formalism of the "This was the month when Law in that way, as Christ the solemn Day of Atonement showed at his first advent when was celebrated, and the sins of he set it aside as Hezekiah did the people were blotted out in the brazen serpent. We have a the covering provided by the similar example today in the Atonement sacrifice. It was fol- sign of the cross. This is excel- lowed (see Lev. 23) by the Feast lent as a memorial; but a sym- of Tabernacles, when the people April, 1962 STORY OP THE BIBLE camped out together for a week, corded of him in 2 Chronicles rejoicing before Yahweh be- 31: 20-21: cause of His goodness. " 'Hezekiah wrought that which was good and right and truth before Yah- "And they had ample cause weh his God. And in every work that to rejoice on this occasion. he began in the service of the house "Azariah, the chief priest, of God, and in the law, and in the showed Hezekiah the huge commandments, to seek his God, he did it with all his heart, and pros- heaps of produce that had come pered.' in through the ilrstfruits, the tithes and the freewill gifts of "But as Yahweh tests all His the people. workmen to perfect their char- "'Yahweh has indeed blessed acters/' said Mr. Phillips, as he His people/ he declared. concluded this portion of his "Storehouses were provided talk, "a great trial of faith was for the surplus after the priests soon to be experienced by the and Levites had received their King." dues. THE POLITICAL CRISIS "Hezekiah arranged for the Assyria on the March priests and Levites to be regis- tered in order that they might Whilst Hezekiah was busy in receive a regular distribution of the peaceful pursuit of restor- foodstuffs. Levites in authority ing the pure worship of Yah- were placed in charge of the weh, the world about him re- distribution and the tithes were sounded with the thunder of dispensed according to the size approaching war. of the families of those regis- The brutal Assyrian nation tered. Thus the priests and was on the march, determined Levites were relieved of any to extend its power over the necessity to be concerned with then known world. mundane matters, and could The Assyrians were a cruel devote their time exclusively to and ruthless nation. They knew teaching the people, and assist- only one argument — brute ing the king in his policy of force. Their name has echoed national worship. We, today, down the ages as synonymous benefit from this wise provision, with torture and cruelty. Assy- for among the things they did rian monuments, excavated by at that time, was to set in order archaeologists, depict their some of the writings of Solomon kings and generals gloating (Prov. 25: 1) and David. Heze- over their spoils, mocking at kiah used some of the psalms their tortured captives, tramp- of David to express his own ling underfoot their fallen and feelings and experiences, as we humiliated foes with haughty shall see. In fact, the evidence indifference. indicates that Hezekiah set in One writer (J. Urquhart) has order many of the Songs of Zion written: for use in the Temple service at "No considerations of pity were per- this time (see Isa. 38: 20). mitted to stand in the way of Assyrian policy. It could not afford to garrison "Meanwhile he prospered in its conquests, and it practised a plan all his ways. Notice what is re- which largely dispensed with the nee- STORY OF THE BIBLE April, 1062 essity for leaving garrisons behind the fearful work, inserts his hand into the Assyrian armies. There was unsparing victim's mouth, grips his tongue and slaughter to begin with. The kings wrenches it out by the roots. In an- seem to gloat in their inscriptions over other spot pegs are driven into the the spectacle presented by the field of ground. To these, another victim's battle. They describe how it was wrists are fixed with cords. His ankles covered with the corpses of the van- are similarly made fast, and tile man quished. This carnage was followed up is stretched out, unable to move a by fiendish inflictions upon individual muscle. The executioner then applies cities. The leading men, as at Lachish himself to his task; and, beginning at when Sennacherib had conquered that the accustomed spot, the sharp knife city, were led forth, seized by the makes its incision, the skin is raised executioners, and subjected to various inch by inch till the man is flayed punishments, all of them filled to the alive. These skins are then stretched brim with horror. Some of the victims out upon the city walls, or otherwise were held down while one of the band disposed of so as to terrify the people of torturers, who are portrayed upon and leave behind long-enduring im- the monuments gloating over their pressions of Assyrian vengeance. For

HEZEKIAH'S POLITICAL CRISIS A Memo from Mr. Phillips The political crisis which now disturbed the reign of Hezekiah demands the closest attention of every keen student of the Bible. There is, perhaps, no more dramatic incident in Scripture than the record of the triumphal descent cf the mighty Assyrian, his boastful assurances that he would reduce Jerusalem to pulp, and his ignominious defeat. This tremendous crisis and deliverance foreshadows the impending crisis of this age predicted in Ezekiel 38, when the Russian Power will re-enact the same self-confident advance upon Palestine, only to experience the same measure of defeat. Thus we are living in times similar to those of Hezekiah's day. In addition, the events of Hezekiah's times form the background of the prophecies of Isaiah and anticipate the future. The people of his day had actually witnessed such a crisis as will usher in the Kingdom of God in the future. They could hardly doubt that what God had accomplished in their day He will repeat in the future. These incidents must have made a tremendous impression upon the faithful in Judah. So important are these incidents of history in the purpose of Yah- weh that He has recorded the Political and Personal crises that disturbed Hezekiah's life no less than three times in His book (2 Kings 17; 2 Chron. 32; Isaiah 36). In Isaiah Chapters 36-39, the prophet turns historian because the things he describes in these chapters form the typical foundation for the events he predicts, many of which have yet to be fulfilled. In the embattled city of Jerusalem, a drama was enacted seven hundred years before Christ that foreshadowed the sufferings and the glory of Messiah. The King was first brought low in sickness, was then made great in victory by the defeat of Sennacherib, was exalted over the surrounding nations, and finally completed the spiritual revival in Judah which he had commenced at the beginning of his reign. Christ, too, was brought low in the sickness of mortality 1900 years ago; will be made great in victory in the Age to come; will establish his power; will complete the spiritual revival he commenced at his first advent. The grand prophecy of Isaiah cannot be properly understood without some conception of Hezekiah's life and times.

10 April, 19&2 STORY OF THE BIBLE

others, long· sharp poles are prepared. while, Assyria rode the crest of The sufferer, taken like all the rest from the leading men of the city, is the wave of success. Under the laid down; the sharpened end of the mighty warrior-king Shalman- pole is driven in through the lower eser IV, its power was extended part of the chest; the pole is then raised, bearing the writhing victim on all sides. Syria, then Israel, aloft; it is planted in the hole dug for was invaded. In Judah, news it, and the man is left to die/' came through of cities des- The archaeologist, Professor Sayce, troyed, of brutalities inflicted wrote: upon the Israelites, of families "The barbarities which followed the capture of a town would be almost torn from the land and de- incredible, were they not a subject ported to foreign parts. of boast in the inscriptions which record them. Assurnatsir-pal's In the midst of this cam- cruelties were especially revolting. paign, Shalmaneser died, and Pyramids of human heads marked the his son Sargon came to the path of the conqueror; boys and girls throne. He, too, delighted in were burnt alive or reserved for a worse fate; men were impaled, flayed war. This was the 4th year of alive, blinded, or deprived of their Hezekiah's reign (2 Kings 18: hands and feet, of their ears and noses, 9). Samaria was besieged,* and while women and children were car- for three years resisted the ried into slavery, the captured city plundered and reduced to ashes, and weight of Assyrian arms. At last the trees in its neighbourhood cut it fell, and the Assyrians swept down." south against Philistia. The The Assyrians were the Ger- Egyptians sent help to the Phil- man Nazis of the ancient world. istines, but it was in vain. Phil- One can imagine the fear istia fell and was ravaged by that would be engendered in the the Assyrians. hearts of all as news of the ap- Hezekiah now had the Assy- proach of such an army was rians on the north and west of rumoured. him. Fear swept through the That is why so much is men- nation of Judah. Busy with the tioned of Assyria in the records restoration of Divine worship, of the Bible, why it is the sub- the king was not ready for war. ject of prophecy so continu- In the face of the Assyrian ously. threat, and the fears of his own Nahum the prophet foretold people, Hezekiah capitulated the doom of this nation, in lan- and agreed to pay tribute. guage that expresses uninhibit- ed relief and joy in the complete King Sargon, of Assyria, overthrow of a vile and hated boasts of this in his Annals that enemy. The doom of Assyria have been discovered. He calls was a cause of rejoicing to all himself the "subjugator of the mankind. The nation contri- land of Judah which is far off buted nothing to the progress . . . the uprooter of Hamath, of humanity. whose ruler was captured by his But in Hezekiah's time, over own hands." a century was to elapse before For a time Hezekiah paid this that came to pass. In the mean- tribute. The story of Samaria's fall was told in the last issue of our last volume. if STORY OF THE BIBLE April, 1962 The Challenge of Isaiah vance of the Assyrian, and his equally sudden destruction. His From Jerusalem the states- warning was expressed in rapid man-prophet Isaiah looked out staccato statements that spell upon a troubled world. In a out all the fear and panic that series of prophetic utterances swept Israel and Judah as the he spake of the fate of the vari- tramp of Assyrian feet were ous nations; he spake of the heard in the distance. "tumultuous noise of the kingdoms of nations gathered to- Assyria is on the march from Rimmon, he has reached Ai, gether" (Is. 13: 4). Babylon he has passed through Migron, would fall, Moab would be he has stored his baggage at Mich- humbled, Syria would be over- mash, thrown, confusion would sweep he is through the pass, he camps at Geba. Egypt. Raman is in a panic, Only those who put confid- Saul's Gibeah is in flight; Shriek, Ο folk of Gallim! ence in Yahweh, and sought the Listen, Laishah! Kingdom He will set up on earth Answer, them, Anathoth! under Christ, would find the Madmenah runs away, strength to rise above the The natives of Gibbim scurry for safety. threatening storm. Today he is halting at Nob, He exhorted the people of shaking his fist at the hill of Zion, Judah that the triumph of As- at the hill of Jerusalem. But lo! the Lord, Yahweh of hosts, syria was for but a time: lops Assyria's boughs with his axe. "It shall come to pass, that when The towering trees are felled, Yahweh hath performed his whole the lofty is laid low! work upon Mount Zion and on Jeru- (Isa. 10: 27-34—Moffatt) salem, I will punish the fruit of the stout heart of the king of Assyria, and But the people had little faith the glory of his high looks'1 (Isa. 10: in Isaiah's words. They could 12). not see how any nation could "Be not afraid of the Assy- conquer Assyria unless it be rian," he told the people (Isa. Egypt. Certainly it was beyond 10: 24), "for yet a very little the power of little Judah to do while, and the indignation shall so. When the Assyrian swept cease, and mine anger in their down south to Ashdod and Phil- destruction" (v. 25). istia (see Isa. 20: 1), the fear He predicted the sudden ad- was at its height. There was a

Bound Volumes of Story of the Bible (Vol. 4) This deals with the "Story of the Bible" from The Time of David's Triumph to The Sad History of Israel and Judah. The issues are well bound in attractive blue cloth covers, with the title in gold on the spine. Cost: £1 or 2 dollars 50 cents. Apply now to Box 226, G.P.O., Adelaide, South Australia. Bound Volumes of Story of the Bible (Vol. 5) These will be ready shortly. They cover the "Story of the Bible" from The Divided Kingdom to The Captivity of The Northern Tribes. The cost will be £1 or 2 dollars 50 cents per volume. The issues will be well bound in matching blue cloth with previous volumes. Please ORDER NOW, and when ready we will mail immediately to you. U April, 1962 STORY OP THE BIBLE general demand that Hezeklah "What is the matter with you!" should seek the assistance of he demanded of them (Isa. 22: Egypt. 1). The very people who had Isaiah knew that that policy so eagerly swarmed the city of was disastrous. Egypt has Jerusalem, destroying the idols never helped Israel, and would in the first flush of enthusiasm not do so then. He knew that for Hezekiah's religious revival, Egypt was destined to be over- were now full of dread. The test thrown by the Assyrians, that that Yahweh now brought upon if Judah turned to Egypt, it them found the weak places in would be overwhelmed in the their armour. Jerusalem, which destruction that would be had earlier resounded with poured out upon the Kingdom vows of what the people would of the Nile. do for God, of how strong they His message was dramatically were in faith, now became a city presented to the people. He ap- in which God's protection was peared before them as a cap- forgotten. An excitement be- tive, divested of his normal gotten of dread dominated the clothing, without shoes on his people. It became a "city of feet. As the people wondered stirs, a tumultuous city, a city at the strange appearance of given over to pleasure," a city the prophet, he gave them the whose leaders were so weak that message from Yahweh: they considered themselves as good as dead before they went "Yahweh hath said, 'Like as my servant Isaiah hath walked naked and to battle (Isa. 22: 2). barefoot three years for a sign and People reacted differently to wonder upon Egypt and upon Ethi- opia; so shall the king ν f Assyria lead the terrible crisis facing them. away the Egyptians and Ethiopians There was a class that prisoners" (Isa. 20: 3-4).* thought death was inevitable: There was no help to be that put no confidence in God gained from Egypt; the only or man. They reasoned that source of help was from Yah- defence, either spiritual or phy- weh. But in the face of the As- sical, was in vain. Completely syrian threat the people of lacking faith, they set aside Judah had forgotten their vows, Isaiah's message of hope, and forgotten what they had pro- gave themselves over to riot and mised to do at the time of the revelry. They believed that religious revival and the Great death was near, therefore they Passover; had completely lost would enjoy life whilst they their faith. could. "Let us eat and drink; The prophet went among the for tomorrow we die," was their people trying to bring them fatalistic philosophy. back to their former conduct. "You shall certainly die," was

* Isaiah probably only walked among the people for three days in the manner described. The words can be rendered: "As my servant Isaiah hath walked naked and barefoot, a three years' sign and wonder. . . ." He was not neces- sarily completely naked, but divested of his customary clothing in similar manner as Saul is described in 1 Sam. 19: 24. IS STORY OP THE BltiLK April,

Isaiah's rebuke to such a class. He told them that they had Others did seek to defend the been diligent in making prepa- city. They busied themselves in ration for defence in regard to strengthening the walls of the these waters of Jerusalem, "but city; they observed with pleas- ?e have not looked unto the ure the plans of Hezekiah to cut Maker thereof, neither had re- an aqueduct from the spring of sPect unto Hlm that fashioned Gihon to the pool of Siloam and it long ago" (Isa. 22: 11). Seek to wall in this reservoir so the Him and ^ουΓ defences will be water would not be available to sure> he exhorted (Psalm 127). the invader. These prepara- Another class was quite con- tions were good as far as they fldent that the enemy would not went, but they did not go far succeed. Their confidence was enough. Men were putting their not in God but in themselves, confidence only in the flesh, and They were haughty and self- overlooking the true Source of righteous, and thought that Defence available to them. Yahweh must surely preserve Isaiah reminded them of this. them. Such a one was Shebna,

HEZEKIAH S AQUEDUCT His Preparations for the Defence of the City

Hezekiah's aqueduct is one of the archaeological mysteries of the city of Jerusalem. It was laboriously dug out of rock, and follows an "S" shape for 1,700 feet linking the spring of Gihon with the Pool of Siloam (2 Chron. 32: 3-4) which was then surrounded by a wall so closing it off from outside contact (Isa. 22: 19-11 — the word "ditch" signifies "reservoir"). Why this aqueduct followed the "S" shape is not known, for if it travelled in a straight line some 700 feet of difficult digging would have been avoided. The record says that "many people were gathered together" for the purpose of digging (2 Chron. 32: 4). Perhaps in the panic and confusion mistakes were made and thus the curious shape of the aqueduct came into being. The construction of the aqueduct was apparently mooted when the Assyrians marched south and fear dominated Jerusalem (Isa. 22: 9-11), but only constructed or completed when it was obvious that Sennacherib was going to attack Jeru- salem (2 Chron. 32: 1). The aqueduct stopped the water of Jerusalem from flowing into the Kidron valley, and therefore being available to any invading enemy. The story of the digging is told on an inscription in stone found on the spot of the aqueduct in 1880 and today exhibited in Istanbul Museum. It makes interesting reading: "The boring through is completed. And this is the story of the boring: while yet they plied the pick, each towards his fellow, and while yet there were three cubits to be bored through, there was heard the voice of one calling to the other that there was a hole in the rock on the right hand and on the left hand. And on the day of the boring through the workers in the tunnel struck each to meet his fellow, pick upon pick. Then the water poured from the source to the pool 1,200 cubits, and a hundred cubits was the height of the rock above the heads of the workers in the tunnel.

14 April, STORY OP THE BIBLE the treasurer, who was over the "broken reed," that those who Palace. Confident in his self- trusted in it would find it to be righteousness, he had actually their shame and confusion. built a sepulchre on high where But the city was not com- it would be seen by all. He was pletely given over to wicked sure he would be preserved, and men. There were some who fol- that his descendants would re- lowed Hezekiah and had faith main in the land as well, &nd in Yahweh. Among them was would see in the wonderful Eliakim, the son of Hilkiah, sepulchre he had made for him- whose name means "El (God) self, a memorial of his glory for shall establish, for Yahweh is a all time. He found pleasure in Protection." He was one who that which the Law showed to delighted to serve Yahweh even be defiling, associated with in this time of crisis, for he is death and cursing. styled His servant (Isa. 22: 20). But Isaiah showed that tire self-righteous would be re- Isaiah told him that he would buked. Yahweh is not mocked, be preserved and promoted. He and such as Shebna would be would be given a position of punished. He would be "whirled authority and honour in the round and round" violently like realm of David: he would be a stone in a sling, and cast into given the charge of the Palace a far-distant land (Isa. 22: 18). in place of Shebna who would be deposed. A final class whom he describes as "rebellious children" Hezekiah must have heard were politicians. They served the message of Isaiah and acted Yahweh when it was politic to upon It, for later, when the As- do so, but now they sought an syrian army was destroyed, Eli- alliance with Egypt. They saw akim is represented as being the shadow of Pharoah as their "over the household," and only hope, and desired to turn Shebna is merely the scribe back to that land from whence (Isa. 37: 2).* the nation had been delivered Meanwhile, as the feared and under Moses. This, as Isaiah hated Assyrian moved south, knew (Isa. 30), was a disastrous uprooting nations, creating a policy of complete apostasy and reign of terror throughout the doom for those trusting in it. countries; as fear and dread He warned them that Egypt stalked Jerusalem, and men was a land of darkness, a arose with faithless and con-

•Shebna and Eliakim are typical of the purpose of God in Christ (see Isa. 22: 15-25). The former's name means "To lead captive." He is representative of Israel trusting in the flesh. He was deposed in favour of Eliakim who represents Israel trusting in faith, the chief of whom is the Lord Jesus. The former was scattered into a "far country," the latter (both Jew and Gentile) will become ruler in Zion. As Eliakim was placed over Shebna, so spiritual Israel (with Christ as head) will gain the supremacy in the Kingdom the Lord Jesus will establish. Mr. Phillips will be happy to answer any further questions on this chapter. They should be directed to Mr, Hf Phillips, Box 226, G.P.O., Adelaide, South Australia. 15 STORY OP THE BIBLE April, 1962 flicting policies and demands; the powerful forts towards whilst the trials and testing of Egypt. the times separated the right- This strengthened Judah and eous from the wicked, and Jerusalem considerably. It caused all to appear in their meant that the Assyrian would true light; the prophet Isaiah have to retake these forts be- performed his ministry for the fore he could press his claim benefit of the nation: streng- against the Jewish capital. To thening those who were pre- do otherwise would have al- pared to be helped, warning and lowed the Egyptians to move condemning the foolish and the north against the Assyrian wicked, striving to bring forth army under cover of these pro- fruit to the glory of Yahweh's tective forts. name. And Egypt was the deadly Hezekiah's Challenge enemy of Assyria. Although Hezekiah had not Hezekiah's action sparked off capitulated to the demand of revolts in other countries, probably encouraged by Egypt. those who said he should seek Nations rashly cast off their al- Egyptian aid, he nevertheless legiance to Assyria, placing gave way to the Assyrian and confidence in Egypt, that agreed to pay tribute. "broken reed," as Isaiah des- King Sargon returned to As- cribed it. in one of the Assy- syria, and Hezekiah paid trib- rian inscriptions, Sargon makes ute at Nineveh. The people of mention of this. "The people of Jerusalem breathed a sigh of Philistia, Judah, Edom and relief. The city returned to nor- Moab . . . were speaking treas- mal. But Heenkiah was not son," he declared. satisfied with what he had done. Hezekiah's challenge angered The word of Yahweh exhorted1 the Assyrian monarch but did him to "bear not the Assyrian/ not deter him. Sennacherib, but here he was humbly submit- the son of Sargon, and crown ting to him. prince of the realm, marched Hezekiah decided to revolt (2 against the nations of the south Kings 18: 7). and west. To his west, in the land of the He was a most efficient Philistines, Sargon had placed general: ruthless, determined, rulers who were prepared to do brutal. his will. Among them was the king of Ekron. Hezekiah at- The whole country was in re- tacked the Philistines with suc- volt from Sidon down to Egypt, cess, capturing this king, and but one by one they were at- taking him to Jerusalem. He tacked and crushed. over-ran the whole country, oc- They had no hope against the cupying even Gaza, the last of efficient Assyrian war-machine. • VOL. 6 MAY, 1962 No. 2

political (Continued from last issue)

SENNACHERIB ATTACKS JUDAH Our last issue showed how Hezekiah determined to throw off the yoke of Assyria that had rested so heavily on Judah. In this action he was supported by Isaiah the prophet, though many in Jerusalem were bitterly opposed to his policy. The Assyrians were a cruel and brutal nation, and as they invaded the countries north of Judah leaving a trail of destruction and suffering: behind them, the inhabitants of Judah and Jerusalem became even more fearful of the consequences of the king's action.

Sennacherib swept south, (to be rendered) annually without leaving behind him a trail of ceasing." vengeance and violence. The Only pausing sufficiently to record of his campaign is still punish and demand, Sennach- recorded on an inscription pre- erib marched south wreaking served in the British Museum. his vengeance on the cities that Portion of it reads as follows: did not bow in submission "In my third campaign I marched quickly enough. One by one against Hatti. The awful splendour of they fell. Down as far as Phil- my lordship overwhelmed Luli, King istia he continued. The Assy- of Sidon, and he fled far off over the sea and died (an infamous death). rian inscriptions speak of the The fearsome nature of the weapon guilt of the Philistines in sub- of the god Ashur, my Lord, over- mitting to Hezekiah: whelmed Great Sidon, Little Sidon, Bit-Zitti, Zariptu, Mahalliba, Ashu, "The officials, nobles and people of Akzib and Akku. His strong walled Ekron, had thrown Padi, their king, cities, places where there were food into iron fetters as one loyal to the and drinking facilities for his gar- treaty and obligations of Assyria, and risons (were overthrown) and they had given him up to Hezekiah the bowed in submission at my feet . . . Jew, as an enemy." I sat on the throne to be king and The Philistines appealed to Imposed tribute, due to my lordship Egypt for help — but in vain, 17 STORY OF THE BIBLE May, 1962

Full vengeance was exacted of Prism, preserved in the British them by Sennacherib. Then, at Museum, he records the details last, he turned the full weight of this campaign: of his wrath on to Judah. Forty- "I caused Padi, their king, to come six cities were besieged and fell. out of Jerusalem (probably part of the Two hundred thousand people tribute imposed on Hezekiah—Editor), and sat him on the throne as lord over were brought into subjection. them, fixing upon him tribute to my Destruction, devastation and lordship. But as for Hezekiah the ruin became the order of the Jew, who did not bow in submission to day. my yoke, forty-six of his strong walled towns and innumerable small villages Sennacherib was bent on in their neighbourhood I besieged and crushing Judah as his father conquered by stamping down earth- had crushed Israel. ramps and then by bringing up battering rams, by the assault of foot- In Jerusalem dismay reigned. soldiers, by breaches, tunnelling and Reports arrived of city after sapper operations. I made to come out city falling, of terrible atrocities of them 200,150 people, young and old, being committed on the con- male and female, innumerable horses, mules, donkeys, camels, large and quered, of the full measure of small cattle, and counted them as the pain and misery experienced by spoils of war. He himself I shut up the nation. like a caged bird within Jerusalem, his royal city. I put watch-posts strictly News came that Lachish was around it and turned back to his besieged. This was a strong fort disaster any who went out of its city about 35 miles from Jerusalem, gates. ... As for Hezekiah, the awful which Sennacherib now set splendour of my lordship overwhelmed him, and the irregular and regular about to systematically destroy. troops which he had brought in to Jerusalem became panic- strengthen Jerusalem, his royal city. stricken. Fierce demands were . . . Together with 30 talents of gold, made that Hezekiah should give 300 talents of silver ... he paid tribute (see 2 Kings 18: 15—Editor) . . . and way. The people could stand no made slavish obeisance/f more. Hezekiah capitulated. He sent There is a significant feature to Sennacherib at Lachish. about this boast. Sennacherib "I have offended," he said. claims to have shut up Heze- "Return from me; that which kiah like a caged bird within you put on me I will bear." Jerusalem, but he does not Sennacherib accepted the claim to have taken the city. offer. He demanded that Heze- That is an important omission kiah give up Padi the Philistine for an Assyrian king to make. ruler, that he pay 300 talents of It means that though he be- silver and 30 talents of gold, to- sieged the city, it did not fall to gether with other tribute. him. To that extent the attack Hezekiah submitted. To pay failed. the tribute he had to strip the And the reason why it failed gold and silver from off the was that the mighty Assyrian Temple. How sadly Isaiah must came face to face with a Power have observed this desecration. he could not match. And Sennacherib boasted of It was the challenge of Yah- his triumph. On the Taylor weh that destroyed him. May, 1962 STORY OF THE BIBLE

Meanwhile, Hezekiah realised Hezekiah Prepares to Defend that his policy of appeasement Jerusalem was a failure. He had paid the When Hezekiah realised that tribute, he had spoiled the his policy of appeasement had Temple to do so. But Sennach- failed, and that Sennacherib erib made no attempt to raise was determined to take Jeru- the siege of Lachish, and it was salem (2 Chron. 32: 1), he called obvious that Jerusalem would together a gathering of his be attacked once Lachish had counsellors, and they planned fallen. preparations for the war. Lachish fell, and Sennacherib He strengthened the walls of made it his headquarters. The Jerusalem, completed the aque- defenders were treated with duct (see p. 14), raised its great cruelty. Sennacherib towers, prepared munitions, did caused a wall relief to be made everything in his power to resist of his triumph and placed in his the Assyrian. palace at Nineveh. It is still But his main confidence was in existence today. It depicts in Yahweh. the cruel king sitting on his It is not Inconsistent with high-backed portable throne faith to do what we can for our- with armrests and footstool, selves. In fact, God expects us which was placed in his camp to do so. The Lord Jesus was outside the city. Surrounding prudent in the face of trouble, him is his officers, whilst re- even though he knew that the presentatives from the stricken Jews could not destroy him un- city pay homage, and the cap- til his hour had come (John 7: tives, including women and 1-8). children, are led past. Above And Yahweh desires us to use the bas-relief is the following the means He provides for us in caption: "Sennacherib, King of time of need. all, King of Assyria, sitting on Faith permits us to trust in his nimedu-throne while the God despite what we might do spoil from the city of Lachish for ourselves. In fact, what we passed before him." do for ourselves provides the foundation upon which God can Thus Sennacherib sat in work for our deliverance or pomp and enjoyed his triumph; benefit. but his rejoicing was short- The farmer who does not sow lived. his seed will not reap a bounti- He was soon to learn that his ful crop, no matter how much claim of being "King of all" was he prays. The man who does not untrue. He was to be opposed by work will lack the essentials of the King of heaven, before life, no matter how great his Whose power the mighty Assy- faith. rian army was to be brushed So Hezekiah prepared for the aside like "thistledown before defence of the city. Whirlwind" (Isa. 17: 12-14). But he did not neglect the STORY OF THE BIBLE May, 1962 essential thing. He not only the walls of the city. Here, at strengthened the walls, but the one time, the waters of the people as well. Gihon used to flow, but Heze- With the captains of his army, kiah's newly-built aqueduct had he called them together in the stopped all that, so that there broadspace of the city,* and was no water for the enemy. there he gave them a heart-to- The Assyrians could see in the heart talk. He warned, coun- walled-up reservoir and the selled, exhorted and comforted strengthened walls of the city, them. Hezekiah's determination to "Be strong and courageous," he maintain his independence. declared, "be not afraid nor dismayed for the king of Assyria, nor for all the Jerusalem was not to be taken multitude that is with him: for easily. THERE BE MORE WITH US THAN The Assyrian chieftains cal- WITH HIM! With him is an arm of led for the king that they might llesh, but with us is Yahweh our God discuss the situation. Under the to help us, and to fight our battles." terms of a truce, three of Heze- The courageous, faithful atti- kiah's officers emerged from tude of the King helped the Jerusalem to parley with the people immensely. They forgot Assyrians. They were Eliakim, their fear, and put confidence who had been newly appointed in Yahweh. They believed the over the king's palace (cp. 2 king and "leaned on his word" Kings 18: 18 with Isa. 22: 15- (see margin). 19); Shebna, who had been de- Rabshakeh's Blasphemous posed to the position of Scribe; Demand and Joah, the recorder or official (Isa. 36, 2 Kgs. 18, 2 Chron. 32) historian. It was not long before the Angrily and haughtily the people of Jerusalem had their Rabshakeh addressed them: first sight of the feared and "What foolish confidence is this in which you trust?" he asked. "If you hated enemy. Sennacherib sent claim you have counsel and strength a large portion of his army to for war, on whom do you trust? Do the city, under the charge of you trust in the support of Pharoah Tartan, the Commander-in- the king of Egypt? Do you think he can help you? Why he is but a bruised Chief; Rabsaris, the chief of his reed, upon which if a man lean it will officers; and Rabshakeh, the only pierce his hand, like the reeds of chief of the captains, a sort of E^ypt, but will not support his weight. But perhaps you trust in Yahweh, the political chief. God of Israel. Has not Hezekiah re- The army marched to the val- moved His high places and altars and ley of the Kidron just outside told the people they must worship in *In this action, Hezekiah restored the formula for fighting laid down by Yahweh in His law. Israel was taught to go into battle with an exhortation to "fear not" in their minds, and a prayer on their lips. See the provision laid down in Deut. 20: 1-4. The principle of this can be incorporated into the actions of every-day life. It is not always physical warfare in which we are engaged or a visible enemy that we fight. •Hebrew = "Ma habbittachon hazzeh." Bettachon is a diminutive intended to express the utmost contempt for Yahweh. Thus to trust in Him was in the mouth of Rabshakeh nothing but "foolish confidence." 20, May, 19*2 STORY tf 1M BIBLE Jerusalem? Now I wager* that if we Jerusalem, for the walls of the gave you 2,000 horses you could not find riders for them. How then do you city were crowded with people think you will cope with the least of who looked down in curiosity at the captains of the Assyrian arniy the negotiations going on below. who each have more cavalry under Hezekiah's officers pleaded him than that? But if you think that Yahweh will save you, why Yahweh with the Assyrians that they has told us to go up and destroy Jeru- speak in the Syrian language salem! It is because He is with us that which they understood very we are so successful!" well, but Rabshakeh contempt- This was a clever speech, very uously rejected their request. damaging to the cause of Judah. "Do you think that my master has It was designed to set the people sent me to your master to speak these words?" he haughtily asked Eliakim. against their king by represent- "He wants the common people of Jeru- ing him as being a despotic salem to hear what I have got to say, autocrat, who had taken away and then if they are forced to great the places of worship they had extremities through the siege that will surely take place, they can only blame set up, and had forced them to themselves." go up to Jerusalem which was So saying, he turned to the now in trouble. It was a speech people that crowded the walls well calculated to cause dissen- of Jerusalem, and with a loud s i ο η and dissatisfaction voice he shouted to them: throughout Jerusalem. "Do not let Hezekiah deceive you; The Jewish embassy well he is not able to deliver you. Do not knew this. They realised that in let him lead you astray by suggesting that Yahweh can deliver you. It is not the divided state of the people possible that this city will escape the of Jerusalem, Rabshakeh's king of Assyria. Seek my favour by a arguments would appeal to present, and come out to me. You will many. Some defeatists were then have security, and we will look after you. You will be taken to a land still saying that the king should just like your own where you will give way; many were cowards have ample to eat. But beware lest at heart and would be made Hezekiah persuade you by saying that more so by the bold and boast- Yahweh will deliver you. Have any of # the gods of the nations delivered their ful attitude of the Assyrians. countries out of the hands of the king Some had heard the prophecy of Assyria? Where are the gods of of Isaiah in which he had de- Hamath and Arphad? Where are the gods of Sepharvaim? Have the gods clared that the Assyrian was delivered Samaria out of my hand? the rod of Yahweh's anger (Isa. What gods have delivered any nation 10: 5-6) and would find con- out of the hands of Assyria, so why firmation of this in the last trust that Yahweh should deliver statement of Rabshakeh. Jerusalem out of our hands?" It was dangerous for the de- A deep silence followed this fence of Jerusalem for the confident, boastful shout. The people to hear such words as Jewish representatives did not those. answer the Assyrian, but re- And they were spoken in the turned to report to Hezekiah hearing of many inhabitants of the result of their conference.

•In A.V. "pledge." But the Hebrew "aurob" signifies to traffic, barter, pledge; hence to wager or gamble. 21 STORY OF THE BIBLE May, 1962 They came Into his presence living God; and will reprove the words which Yahweh thy God hath heard: with their clothes rent, and with therefore lift up thy prayer for the all the marks of sorrow, to tell remnant that are left!" him the grim news. Back to Hezekiah there came Nor did the people answer the a wonderful message of com· Assyrian, for the King had in- fort: structed them not to do so. -Thus saith Yahweh, Be not afraid But though silence followed of the words which thou hast heard, the shout of Rabshakeh, the with which the servants of the king of conference had demonstrated Assyria have blasphemed Me. Behold, one important factor that was I will send a blastf upon him, and he shall hear a rumour, and shall return of benefit to Hezekiah. The im- to his own land; and I will cause him pudent, blasphemous, insulting to fall by the sword in his own land." speech of Rabshakeh had taken The prophecy began to be ful- the quarrel from out of the filled almost immediately. hands of Hezekiah and placed it When Rabshakeh re- into the hands of Yahweh. It turned to Lachish, he found was no longer a battle between Sennacherib had completed his kings, but one in which the gods conquest of the fortress, and of Assyria versus the God of was attacking Libnah, another Israel. city about 10 miles north. There could be only one re- He also learned that a report sult from such a battle as that! was current that Tirhakah of Yahweh's Comforting: Reply Ethiopia, who had gained power When Hezekiah heard the re- in Egypt, was marching north port of Eliakim, he rent his to attack the Assyrian army. clothes, covered himself with In the fact of this new threat, sackcloth, and went into the the conquest of Jerusalem had Temple to beseech the aid of to be delayed. Sennacherib Yahweh. massed his forces to meet the He also sought the help and attack from the south. guidance of Isaiah. A deputa- But he was still determined to tion comprising Eliakim, Sheb- destroy Hezekiah. He sent a na and the chief priests, clothed threatening letter to the king: "Let not your God in whom yon in sackcloth the garb of mourn- trust deceive you, saying, Jerusalem ing, approached the prophet shall not be delivered into the hand with the message of the king. of the king of Assyria. You have heard "This is a day of trouble, punish- what the kings of Assyria have done ment and provocation/' they declared. to all lands by destroying them utterly "For the children are come to the and shall you be delivered? Have the birth, and there is not strength to gods of the nations delivered them bring: forth.* It may be that Yahweh which my fathers have destroyed? thy God will hear all the words of Where is the king of Hamath, of Rabshakeh, whom the king of Assyria Arpad, of Sepharvaim, of Hena and his master has sent to reproach the Ivan?" •Judah is represented as experiencing all the pain of childbirth without having the strength to deliver and bring to an end (2 Kgs. 19: 3). tThe word in Hebrew is "ruach," rendered elsewhere as "spirit." Yahweh would cause a spirit of fear to come on Sennacherib. 22 May, 1962 OF fHE BIBLE

The letter mocked at Yahweh, ****** th« Uvin* and Hezekiah determined to 'Of a truth, Yahweh, the of gace the Issue In the hands of

ffOils into the fire: for they were no He Went up to the Temple, gods, but the work of men's hands, and spread it OUt, Offering UP a wood and stone: therefore they have prayer for help. Pull of fervor,

whose presence in Israel was ω8 hand> ihSLi M ihe kingdoms of indicated by the light that the earth may know that Thou art Yahweh Elohim, Thou only." Shone in the darkness Of the In hls Most Holy Place, between the prayer Hezekiah Cherubim and above the Mercy showed that only the God of Seat, should manifest His Israel can protect, therefore Sennacherib's boast of what he power and aid his people.* h d d e to at On Ο Yahweh God of Israel, which ?in °? » * ? worship- dwellest between the cherubim, Thou P £ Other gods had no point art the God, even Thou alone, of all when he faced this mighty the kingdoms of the earth. Thou hast Protector. Yahweh is supreme made heaven and earth. over alj "Yahweh, bow down Thine ear, and hear: open, Yahweh, Thine eyes, and made see: and hear the words of Sen- "Heaven and earth." nacherib, which hath sent him to re- Sennacherib was therefore but

HEZEKIAH'S LIFE AS A TYPE The life and times of Hezekiah are important. The Jews look upon them as typical of Messiah's times, and the prophecy of Isaiah shows that this is so. We will appreciate this better if we carefully ponder the circumstances of his life, and see in them the outline of events to come. The main incidents of his life, and their bearing on those of the Lord Jesus are as follows: 1. The sweeping reforms introduced into Divine worship at the inception of his rule — answering to the work of the Lord Jesus at his first advent. 2. The invasion of Sennacherib and the threatening challenge of his officers — answering to the opposition received by the Lord 1900 years ago (see Acts 4: 26-27). 3. The terrible infliction of leprosy — answering to the teaching of Paul: "Christ was made sin for us who knew no sin" (2 Cor. 5: 21). 4. His remarkable recovery — answering to the resurrection and glorification of the Son. 5. The destruction of Sennacherib — answering to the coming overthrow of Gogue. 6. The completion of his work of restoring Divine worship and the peaceful and prosperous conditions of his reign — answering to the setting-up of the millennium under Christ.

•Tt is good to carefully consider such prayers as this, in order that we may see how men of God approached the Father in such fashion. There was deep reverence expressed. There was no waste of idle words. There was no sense of familiarity in approach. Hezekiah obviously had very carefully prepared his mind to seek his God before he presumed to open his lips in prayer. 23 STORY OF THE BIBLE May, a creature of His creation. voice, and lifted up thine eyes on high? He is All-seeing, and there- Against even the Holy One of Israel! fore knew all that Sennacherib By thy messengers thou hast re- said and did. proached Yahweh, and hast said: He is All-powerful and there- "With the multitude of my chariots I am come up to the height fore able to cope with the Assyr- of the mountains, ian in spite of the latter's "to the sides of Lebanon2 strength manifested by his suc- "and will cut down the tall cedar cessful conquests. trees thereof, "and the choice fir trees thereof: The King pleaded the help of "and enter into the lodgings of his that One Who alone could save. borderss Hezekiah had not long to "and into the forest of his fruitful field. await an answer to his prayer. "I have digged and drunk strange Isaiah was sent to him with a waters4 message saying that God was "and with the sole of my feet have pleased with him, and gave him I dried up all the rivers of be- an answer of peace that en- sieged* places." Hast thou (Sennacherib) not heard abled him to defy the proud and long ago how I have done it, mighty Assyrian. So beautiful Is Of ancient times that I have formed this answer, so significant are it? the words, that we set it out Now have I brought it to pass, That thou shouldest be to lay waste here in full. fenced cities into ruinous heaps*. Therefore their inhabitants were of Yahweh's Letter to small power, Sennacherib They were dismayed and confounded; As Sennacherib had sent a They were as the grass of the field, As the green herb, as the grass on the letter to Hezekiah which he in house tops7, turn placed before Yahweh in As corn blasted before it be grown up. the Temple, so, in return, Yah- But I know thy abode, weh sent a letter to Sennacherib Thy going out, and thy coming in, Thy rage against Me8 through His servant Isaiah. Because thy rage against me and thy The virginl the daughter of Zion hath tumult (Heb. = arrogancy) is come despised thee, and laughed thee to up into Mine ears, scorn; the daughter of Jerusalem Therefore I will put My hook in thy hath shaken her head at thee. nose?, Whom hast thou reproached and My bridle in thy lips, blasphemed? And I will turn thee back by the way Against whom hast thoo exalted thy by which thou earnest. 1 It was for these who had not polluted themselves with idols and false worship that Yahweh would move against the Assyrian. 2 Lebanon signifies "white." Its glory was emblematic of, Israel, "the tall cedars" speaking of the principal men of the nation. 3 I.e., the extreme limits of his borders. 4 Occupied lands and made himself at home in them. 5 His soldiers were so numerous that the king claimed they drank up all available drinking water, bringing the inhabitants under severe privation. 6 Yahweh thus shows that the Assyrian had been His tool to execute His purpose. All that he had accomplished had been in fulfilment of the Divine purpose so that he was actually only the servant of the God of Israel. 7 Such grass with little root soon withered in the heat of the sun. The nation· Sennacherib conquered had but small power. 8 The controversy was a matter of the god of Assyria versus Yahweh of Israel. 9 Notice the similarity of language in relation to God's dealings with Gogue of Efcekiel 38, of whom Sennacherib was a type — Ezekiel 38: 24 May, 1962 STORY OF THE ΒΙΒίέ

Isaiah also brought a message nant of Judah that had shel- of peace for Hezekiah. tered in Jerusalem would spread "This shall be a sign unto you/' he forth abroad, for "the zeal of declared. "You shall eat this year such Yahweh shall do this." Yahweh things as grow of themselves, and in would conquer the Assyrian, so the second year that which springeth of the same; and in the third year that he would "not come into sow ye, and reap, and plant vineyards, the city, nor shoot an arrow and eat the fruits thereof." there, nor come before it with The prophet showed that God a shield, nor cast a bank against would protect and defend His it." people. This message was very com- "The remnant that is escaped of the house of Judah shall yet again take forting to the people of Jeru- root downward, and bear fruit up- salem, though they soon found ward/1 he declared. that their troubles were far He told the king that the rem- from being all over.

HEZEKIAH —· A SUMMARY General estimate of his character — 2 Chron. 31: 20-21; 2 Kings 18: 5. He opened the House of Yahweh after it had been closed (2 Chron. 29: 3), cleansed it after it had Been desecrated. Restored its services according to the instructions of David (2 Kings 18: 3). Organised the songs of the Temple (Isa. 38: 20). Conducted a widespread revival of all Israel (2 Chron. 30: 26). Engaged in literary work for the benefit of the people (Prov. 25: 1). His grief at the prospect of death was because he would be cut off from this work (2 Kings 20: 8). The drama of his life is expressed in "his songs" (Isa. 38: 20), the "Shir Ram- ma'aloth" or Song of the Degrees — Psalms 120-134. These seem to have been selected by Hezekiah to express the events of his life from the shame caused by the blasphemous tongue of Rabshakeh (Ps. 120) until the glory of his kingdom is established after his victory (Ps. 134). Though these are Psalms of David, tjiey were apparently used by Hezekiah for his own purpose (see notes in Companion Bible). Heze- kiah's piety covered Judah and saved it from Sennacherib; his sickness and recovery gave the people hope in that an heir was provided for the throne. Like the Lord Jesus, "when he had offered up prayers and supplications with strong crying and tears unto Him that was able to save him from death, he was heard in that he feared" (Heb. 5: 7). Through his experiences he led the people to God and succeeded in a prosperous reign.

HEZEKIAH FALLS SICK further attacks, and that faith An uneasy lull settled on the was required of them. city of Jerusalem, as the people As though all this trouble was awaited the next move of Sen- not sufficient, a rumour was nacherib. They were surrounded now whispered around the city by evidences of the destruction that cast the people into the wrought by the Assyrians deepest gloom. throughout the land. They Their leader, king Hezekiah knew despite the message of was sick! assurance received from Isaiah, It was not an ordinary illness, that they would be subjected to but the dreaded scourge of lep- 25 STORY OF THE BIBLI May, 1961 rosy that afflicted him.# pronounced it: Normally he would have been "Thus, saith Yahweh, Set thine put outside the city, but that house in order; for thou shalt die, and not live!" was not possible with the enemy This was a terrible message encamped about it. for Hezekiah. Not only would The king, himself, was des- his work for Yahweh be cur- perately unhappy. tailed, but, worse than that, he Leprosy was not only a dread had no son to continue the line disease, but because of the of David, and provide the con- teaching of the Law of Moses in tinuity of the seed that would regard to it, it had a terrible result in the promised Son of stigma attached to it. David.* It was treated like sin, and This was tragic indeed. the person contracting the No man could help him in his disease was accounted unclean. distress. So long as he had the disease, On his bed of sickness, he he was not permitted to go into turned his face even from the Temple to worship Yahweh Isaiah, and looking to the wall, (Lev. 13: 46). he poured out his heart in Leprosy is a living death that prayer to his God: slowly claims the whole body. "I beseech thee, Ο Yahweh," he The leprous person was not prayed, "Remember now how I hare without hope, however. Some- walked before thee in truth and with a perfect heart, and have done that times people were cured of it, which is good in thy sight!" and by offering a suitable sac- He wept bitterly before his rifice, were brought into the God. congregation again, and were 15 Years Granted to Hezekiah permitted to worship God. Having delivered his message, Perhaps that might be the Isaiah had sorrowfully turned fate of the king. from the house of mourning. Hezekiah hoped so anyway! But he had not gone far, when But no! One day Isaiah the he received a further message prophet presented himself to from Yahweh. God had seen the king. the tears of Hezekiah and'heard He had a terrible message his prayer. He was prepared to from Yahweh. grant the request of the king Sad-faced and sorrowful, he for the sake of David the man

•Two features we should note. As Hezekiah reigned 29 years', and an extension of 15 years was granted him after his sickness, it is obvious that his malady occurred the same year in which Sennacherib attacked the city (see 2 Kings 18: 13). Further, Yahweh's statement: "I will add unto thy days fifteen years. And I will deliver thee and this city out of the hand of the king of Assyria: and I will defend this city" (Isa. 38: 5-6), shows that Sennacherib had not been overthrown when Hezekiah was smitten with his illness. It must have occurred between the visit of Rabshakeh and the final attack by Sennacherib. The sickness appears to have been leprosy, for the same word is used to describe it as is used for leprosy under the law

Archaeologists discovered this obelisk depicting the exploits of Shalmaneser III. It mentions the name of Ahab, King of Israel. there, nor come before it with shield, nor cast a bank against it. By the way that he came, by the same shall he return, and shall not come into the city." Sennacherib knew nothing of this. Outside the city, little re- alising the drama that would unfold in the next few hours, the soldiers made preparations for the night. Soon the people of Jerusalem were looking from the walls of the city towards a forest of tents in the distance. But next morning there was something strange about the camp of the Assyrians. There was not the usual ap- Inscribed prism of Sennacherib records pearance of activity about it. in stone his campaign against Hezekiah. 28 May, 1962 STORY OF THE BIBLE other nations, and by a means History provides some con- that is not disclosed had firmation of this terrible evi- wreaked His vengeance. dence of divine intervention. The flower of Sennacherib's Herodatus, the Greek historian, army had been destroyed. Sen- speaks of it, though not in con- nacherib himself returned firmation of the Bible story. home, and several years later Rawlinson, the historian, was murdered by his own sons declares: as he was worshipping in the "Whatever the agency employed in Temple of Nisroch his god. this remarkable destruction — whether Another son, Esarhaddon by it was caused by a simoon, or a pestilence, or by a direct visitation of the name, one of the greatest Almighty, as different writers hare rulers of Assyria, came to the explained it, the event is certain. Its throne. truth is written in the undeniable But for some time, Judah had facts of later history, which show us a sudden cessation of Assyrian attack peace. The destruction outside in this quarter, the kingdom of Judea Jerusalem had so decimated saved from absorption, and the the Assyrian forces that they countries on the banks of the Nile left absolutely unobstructed by Assyria for did not return to complete the 9 work of conquest. the third part of a century/

How the Poet Viewed— THE DESTRUCTION OF SENNACHERIB The Assyrian came down like a wolf on the fold, And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold; And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee. Like the leaves of the forest when summer is green That host with their banners at sunset were seen; Like the leaves of the forest when autumn hath blown That host on the morrow lay withered and strown! For the Angel of Death spread his wings on the blast, And breathed on the face of the foe as he passed; And the eyee of the sleepers waxed deadly and chill, And their hearts but once heaved, and for ever grew still! And there lay the steed with his nostril all wide, But through it there rolled not the breath of his pride; And the foam of his gasping lay white on the turf, And cold as the spray of the rock-beating surf. And there lay the rider, distorted and pale, With the dew on his brow and the rust on his mail; And the tents were all silent, the banners alone, The lances unlifted, the trumpet unblown. And the widows of Ashur are loud in their wail, And the idols are broke in the temple of Baal; And the might of the Gentile unsmote by the sword, Hath melted like snow in the glance of the Lord! —Byron STORY OF THE BIBLE May, 19*2

SENNACHERIB'S GLORY AND DEATH • The historian, Rawlinson, writes: "Sennacherib was the eldest son of Sargon, and succeeded his father · in the summer of B.C. 705. Born in the purple, and bred up as crown · prince, his primary characteristic was an overweening pride and arrog- ance which shows itself in all his inscriptions. He calls himself 'the great king, the powerful king, the king of the Assyrians, of the nations, of the four regions, the diligent ruler, the favourite of the great Gods, the observer of sworn faith, the guardian of law, the establisher of monuments, the noble hero, the strong warrior, the first of kings, the punisher of unbelievers, the destroyer of wicked men.' "He was mighty both in war and in peace. His warlike glories are attested by Herodatus, by other historians, and by his own annals. His peaceful triumphs are witnessed to by the great palace which he erected at Nineveh, and the magnificent series of sculptured slabs with which he adorned it, by his canals and aqueducts, his gate-towers and embank- ments, his Bavian sculpture and his stele at the Nahr-el-kelb. He was a worthy successor of his father Sargon, and of the second Tiglath- pileser, active in his military enterprises, indefatigable, persevering, full of resource. No more energetic soldier ever found himself at the head of a huge army eager for battle; no more vigorous administrator ever commanded the resources of a vast empire." He was the Gogue of the ancient world! i The Babylonish inscriptions record the death of Sennacherib thus: "On the 20th of the month Tebet, his son killed Sennacherib, king of Assyria, during a rebellion. For 23 years Sennacherib had exercised kingship over Assyria. The rebellion continued from the 20th Tebet to the 2nd month of Adar. On the 18th month of Adar, Esarhaddon, his son, sat on the throne in Assyria."

HEZEKIAH'S PRIDE IS This was revealed in type to HUMBLED Hezekiah. Hezekiah's character had yet Ambassadors from Babylon to go through a further element About this u there rel d of purging before his reign took in Babylon a monarch who had on the final Messianic charac- revolted from the Assyrian? and ter which It typified. seized power for himself. In this he typifies the multi- He is known in the Bible as tudinous Christ,· the followers Merodach-Baladin (2 Kings 20: of the Lord, who will be raised 12; Isa. 39: 1), but his Babylon- from the dead to be brought ish name was· Marduk-apal- before the Judgment Seat of iddina. Merodach was the god Christ. There they will learn of war, and Baladin signifies their failures and successes; all "Bel (another god of Babylon) pride and arrogancy and self- is his lord." He fancied himself seeking will be destroyed out of as a warrior under the protec- their hearts, and they will re- tion of the gods, and showed cognise the love of God in that great hostility towards Nineveh they are granted a place in His and the Assyrians. In order to Kingdom despite their weak- consolidate his power, he nesses, sought allies to help him in his 30 May, 1962 STORY OF THE BIBLE anti-Assyrian campaign. it to the ambassadors as though He only reigned for a couple he were responsible for it all. of years. He was then over- He who had suffered the thrown by Sennacherib on his taunts of others because of his return from Jerusalem, who weakness found it an exciting placed his son Esarhaddpn on experience to be praised as the throne. powerful. But those two years of power It went to his head. for Merodach-Baladin proved The king who had proved so sad ones for Hezekiah! faithful under difficulty, weak- In far away Babylon, news ened in times of ease. came through of the successful Trouble had driven him to his resistance of Hezekiah, of his knees in prayer, had forced him remarkable recovery from lep- to seek his God. rosy, and of the sign God gave Prosperity caused him to for- him (2 Chron. 32: 31). Mero- get! dach-Baladin listened to the How true that is of most report with pleasure. He saw in people. Hezekiah's experience this an opportunity to gain an shows that the characters of important ally against the the Bible were very human, Assyrians. He sent ambassadors everyday people. to Hezekiah with a present, to The Bible teaches how often congratulate him on his re- tragedy is bound up in the covery and victory. simple statement: "They for- And Hezekiah was duped by got" (Judges 3: 7; 1 Sam. 12: 9; these fawning visitors. It was Ps. 78: 11; 106: 13, 21; Hos. 2: such a contrast to receive a 13). visit from some who praised him And this illustrates the sig- instead of criticising or threat- nificance of the words: "God ening him, that the king was chastens those whom He loves." drawn out of his normal way of He does so in order that the life. Trouble had forced him to best may be brought out of them seek God, but the flattering for their ultimate good. \trords of the Babylonish ambas- In this instance, Yahweh had sadors caused him to forget left Hezekiah, to test him, that God. Lifted up in pride, he the inner recesses of the king's showed the ambassadors the heart might be revealed. wealth and armaments he had Some people, reading this stored up in Jerusalem.* He account of Hezekiah's life, feel momentarily forgot that this that it is a pity he was given was all from God, and displayed an extension of fifteen years'

•Critics of the Bible have asked, where did Hezekiah get all this wealth from seeing he had stripped the Temple and Palace to pay tribute to Sennacherib (2 Kings 18: 16). We put this question to Mr. Phillips. He replied that the answer is a simple one — from the spoil of the army destroyed outside the walls of Jerusalem. It would have in its possession the accumulated spoil of many nations over whom victories would have been gained, and this was shown by Hezekiah to his visitors as a token of the extent of the victory his personal power, η STORY OF THE BIBLE May, 1962 life, for until that time, he had thing in mine house; there is not been guilty of such folly. nothing among my treasures But the element of pride had that I have not shown them," always been in Hezekiah's heart, was the frank confession of the and this incident only brought king who now realised the into the open what had always wrong he had done. existed but had not been given "Hear the word of Yahweh," opportunity to develop. It was in continued the stern-faced pro- the mercy of God that Hezekiah phet. "Behold, the days come, should be thus tested, for it is that all that is in your house better to drive pride out of a shall be carried into Babylon, man by such things as the king so that nothing shall be left. now experienced than that it And of thy sons which you shall should remain in his heart to beget, shall they take away to be the subject of condemnation the palace of the king of Baby- at the Judgment Seat of Christ. lon." The words of Isaiah brought Isaiah Rebukes the King home to Hezekiah the folly of The proud and haughty his action, but they also re- Babylonian ambassadors left vealed the mercy of Yahweh in Jerusalem feeling that they that He would not directly pun- could rely upon a powerful ally ish the repentant king. in Hezekiah. But they had no Hezekiah recognised that the sooner gone, than Isaiah the reproof he had received was prophet demanded an audience good for him. He realised that with the king. God had not punished him to Hezekiah had to figuratively the extent that he deserved, and stand before the Judgment that he would be left un- Seat, to make confession of his molested to continue the work sin, to receive forgiveness, to of consolidating and extending experience the Divine mercy in the true worship throughout that he would not be cut off Judah during his life-time. from the Kingdom. He thanked God that "pe,ace Sternly the prophet faced and truth" would thus continue Hezekiah. to prevail even though the "Who are these men, and ultimate Divine judgment was from what country do they sure. come?" he abruptly asked. Moreover, he humbled him- "They are come from a far self before Yahweh together country, even from Babylon," with the inhabitants of Jeru- replied Hezekiah. salem (2 Chron. 32: 26), so that "What have they seen in your through his wise conduct good house?" enquired the prophet. came out of his sin. He used it "I have shown them every- to help lead the people to God.

32 VOL. 6 JUNE. 1962 No. 3 The ^eath o} 3iezskiah

Our last issue showed how the disastrous defeat which Sennacherib suffered outside of Jerusalem lifted the Assyrian oppression from off Judah. Hezekiah was left in peace to extend the power of his kingdom, and complete the work he had commenced in establishing the true worship.

Final Glory and Death of had set his hands to do. The Hezekiah Psalms were put in order (cp. The withered stem of Jesse Isa. 38: 20), and arranged for had flourished once again as a use in the public service of the typical fulfilment of Isaiah 11.· Temple. He copied out many of Yahweh guided the work of the Proverbs (Pr. 25: 1) so that the king, so that he had great the people might have better success on every side. Jerusalem access to these sayings of became the centre of worship, Solomon, and be guided by the and world-wide pilgrimage as wisdom thereof in their daily in the days of Solomon, and the lives. king himself received the ad- Wealth poured into Jerusalem miration of the surrounding (2 Chron. 32: 27). The nation nations because of the wisdom was respected far and wide. and prosperity of his rule (2 After the terrible and mysteri- Chron. 32: 22-23). ous destruction of the Assyrian To the people of those days, army none dared invade the it was a picture of the Millen- land. nium in miniature. He had married Hephzibah, He completed the work he and to her was born a little boy

* Notice how this prophecy of Messiah's kingdom follows on that which portrays the destruction of Sennacherib (Isa. 10: 24-34). Isaiah could see the great dramatic events of his day as typical of* the greater drama that shall inaugurate the reign of Christ on earth. Notice how even the wife of Hezekiah comes into the prophetic picture (cp. 2 Kings 21: 1 with Isa. 62: 4). 33 STORY OP THE BIBLE June, 1962

whom Hezekiah called Manas- held, he had a son to continue seh. This name means "for- his reign, on all sides there were getting/' and doubtless Heze- evidences of his wise adminis- kiah named him such because tration. God had caused him to forget But the death of Hezekiah all his troubles. was a matter of great grief to But we shall see that Man- the people. They had learned asseh in turn "forgot" what was to love their king. A solemn due to God. ceremony of mourning was con- Gradually the years passed ducted, and the people of Jeru- away. At last, the fifteen years salem especially "did him of grace came to an end, and honour at his death" (2 Chron. Hezekiah knew that the time 32: 33). He was buried in the for him to die had come. He "ascent of the sepulchres" (see was not dismayed this time, for Revised Version), a place of his work was completed. The great honour among the kings nation was happy and pros- of Judah and Israel, perous, the temple thronged Manasseh ascended the with worshippers, the worship throne at the tender age of 12 of Yahweh was everywhere up- years.

A Note from Mr. Phillips for Older Readers

HEZEKIAH AS A TYPE OF CHRIST In Kings, Chronicles and Isaiah (Chps. 36-39), the Bible records the life of Hezekiah no less than three times, thus indicating the great importance of the events narrated. In Isaiah this is particularly significant, for the prophet suddenly breaks off his prophesying and turns historian. Why should he do this? Because the events he outlines in Chapters 36-39 form the historical basis or type of the prophecies that follow. They dramatise the final great controversy by which Yahweh will vindicate His power in the earth at Christ's coming, and usher in the Kingdom that He will establish. This is shown particularly in the Psalm composed by Hezekiah aft^r his sickness, which reveals many remarkable similarities to the great prophecy of Christ as the suffering servant of Yahweh recorded in Isaiah 53. Hezekiah's Psalm (Isa. 38: 9-20) Superscription v. 9 The writing of Hezekiah king of Judah, when he had been sick, and was recovered of his sickness. Notes This sickness was leprosy, indicated by the use of the word "boil" in v. 21. It is the word used in conjunction with leprosy in Lev. 13: 19-21. Leprosy is used as a symbol for sin. Of Christ it is said, "we did esteem him stricken, smitten, afflicted" (Isa. 53: 4). They treated him as unclean, as a leper. Hezekiah's sickness was cured when a poultice of figs was placed on the boil (v. 20). Israel is likened to figs (Jer. 24) and both the sickness and cure of Hezekiah (and of Christ) were for the benefit of Israel. June, 1962 STORY OP THE BIBLE

Life Cut Short w. 10-11 I said in the cutting off of my days, I shall go to the gate* of the grave; I am deprived of the residue of my years. I said, I shall not see Yahweh, Yahweh, in the land of the living; I shall behold man no more with the inhabitants of the world. Notes "Cutting off" is rendered "noontide" in the R.V. The Hebrew signifies "quiet." The idea is that in the midst of life, at the time when his usefulness is at a peak, Hezekiah was consigned to the grave. Link this thought with "the travail" of Isa. 53: 11 as applicable to Christ, and compare with Isa. 53: 9; Acts 2: 31. For "deprived of the residue of my days" see Isa. 53: 12 — "poured out his soul unto death." Compare the phrase "land of the living" with Isa. 53: 8. What Is said of Hezekiah can be applied to Christ. The phrase "of the world" is a translation of the Hebrew word "hedel" which signifies "rejection" or "silence." It is from the same root as the word rendered "rejected" in Isa. 53: 3. This sentence of death was as rejection to Hezekiah. Without a posterity he was without hope. Posterity Denied — vv. 12-14 Mine age is departed, and is removed from me as a shepherd's tent: I have cut off like a weaver my life; He will cut me off with pining sickness; From day even to night wilt Thou make an end of me. I reckoned till morning, That as a lion, so will He break all my bones; From day even to night wilt Thou make an end of me. Like a crane or a swallow, so did I chatter: I did mourn as a dove; Mine eyes fail with looking upward; Ο Yahweh, I am oppressed; undertake for me. Notes The Hebrew word "dor" rendered "age" in v. 12 is translated "posterity" in Num. 9: 10, and "generation" in Isa. 53: 8. It should be rendered "posterity" in both Isa. 38: 12 and Isa. 53: 8. Thus the expression belongs both to Hezekiah and to Christ. In the subsequent expressions, Hezekiah lamented that Yahweh would cut off his life suddenly and completely like a weaver takes his web from the loom by cutting the warp. He looked to the morning for relief, but relief did not come. His sickness threatened to destroy him as a lion crushes the bones of its prey. It seemed as though death would come from "day unto night," or within the compass of a day. So he mourned like a dove. But suddenly relief came in the reassuring message of Isaiah. Assurance of Renewed Life — w. 15-17 What shall I say? He hath both spoken unto me, and Himself hath done It; I shall go softly all my years In the bitterness of my soul. Ο Yahweh, by these things men live, And in all these things is the life of my spirit; So wilt thou recover me, and make me to live. Behold, for peace I had great bitterness; But thou hast in love to my soul delivered it from the pit of corruption: For thou hast cast all my sins behind Thy back. STORY OF THE BIBLE June, 1962

Notes The statement of v. 15 is made in view of his request stated in v. 10: "I said . . ." He finds it difficult to adequately express his appreciation of the mercy extended him in the extension of life granted him. It is "by these things" (v. 16), by such experiences as reveal man's depend- ance on Yahweh and which humbles the flesh, that leads men to life. Posterity Granted — vv. 18-19 For the grave cannot praise Thee, Death cannot celebrate Thee: They that go down into the pit cannot hope for Thy truth. The living, the living, he shall praise thee, as I do this day. The father to the children shall make known Thy truth. Notes When this Psalm was first uttered, Hezekiah did not have any children to whom he could make known Yahweh's truth, but with the* extension of life granted him there came also a posterity. A Life Prospect of Praise — v. 20 Yahweh was ready to save me: Therefore we will sing my songs to the stringed instruments All the days of our life in the house of Yahweh. Notes Delivered from sickness, figuratively raised from the grave, Hezekiah expresses his determination to come constantly into the presence of Yahweh with his songs of praise. How appropriate this is of the Lord, who rose from the grave, to appear in the presence of his Father in the heavens.

Note these comparisons of Hezekiah in sickness with Christ: Leprosy set him as a man apart (cp. Isa. 53: 3). He was sick unto death (Isa. 38: 1, 9 cp. with Isa. 53: 12). He was brought to the grave (hell) (Isa. 38: 10, 18 cp. with Isa. 53: 9). He was cut off (Isa. 38: 10 cp. Isa. 53: 8). From the land of the living (Isa. 38: 11 cp. Isa. 53: 8). No posterity (Isa. 38: 12-14 cp. Isa. 53: 8). Brought from death (Isa. 3f8: 16 cp. Acts 2: 31). Oppressed, bitterness (Isa. 38: 14-15 cp. Isa. 53: 7, 11). No peace (Isa. 38: 17 cp. Isa. 53: 5). All sins put away (Isa. 38: 17 cp. Isa. 53: 12). A posterity granted (Isa. 38: 19 cp. Isa. 53: 10). • • Questions on the above can be forwarded to Mr. H. Phillips, Box 226, G.P.O., Adelaide, South Australia. June, 1962 STORY OF THE BIBLE

THE KING WHO FORGOT (2 KINGS 21; 2 CHRON. 33)

Isaiah had warned Hezekiah that though "peace and truth" would continue throughout his reign, ultimately Judah would be taken into captivity by the very nation (Babylon) to whose ambassadors the king had revealed his wealth and munitions (Isa. 39: 5-8). God thus indicated that the righteousness of Hezekiah's reign would give place to one of great wickedness — for otherwise Yahweh would not punish His people. This came to pass in the reign of Manasseh the son of Hezekiah. He has the distinction of reigning longer than any other man upon the throne of David (he continued on the throne for 55 years), and the terrible record of being Judah's most wicked king. In the Bible narrative he is compared with Ahab (2 Kings 21: 13), for he was to Judah what Ahab was to Israel. He pursued a vigorous policy of idolatry, doing all within his power to root up the form of worship established by his father. Yet there must have been something of worth in his character, for after he had been dragged in chains to Babylon by the Assyrians, he repented, pleaded the forgiveness of God, and was restored to the throne. In the last years of his life, he made determined efforts to undo the wickedness of his former years. Time, however, was against him. He was not able to completely repair the evil of his early years; it remained, to become the cause of Judah's ultimate rejection and captivity (Jer. 15: 4). Why did Maansseh receive such consideration at the hands of the God Whom he had so completely repudiated. We have suggested that there must have been some worth in his character that God was able to detect; but in addition to that, he probably received special consideration because of the love that Yahweh had for his father, Heze- kiah. In that he is like Israel after the flesh, who are "beloved for the father's sake" (Rom. 11: 28). In the repentance and restoration of Manasseh, therefore, we not only witness an outstanding example of Yahweh's unfailing mercy, but a token of His intention with the nation of Israel. Whereas the reign of Hezekiah represents the coming glory of Christ's kingdom, thai of Manasseh tells the story of the wickedness of Israel after the flesh, and the ultimate conversion and restoration of the nation. Manasseh's name means "forgetting." He probably was so named because the birth of the little boy kept alive the line of David through Hezekiah, and was one of the gifts that Yahweh gave him during the 15 years extension of life granted him, by which he was caused to "forget" his troubles. But it also became appropriate to this wicked king who "forgot" the goodness of Yahweh to his father and the nation. How like Israel after the flesh was this king in his forgetfulness! How often do we "forget" and so sin against God! The story of his life reminds us how deep and abounding is the love of God. Even though we might sometimes forget, He is ever ready to receive us, if we are truly repentant and turn to Him, confessing our sins and beseeching His forgiveness. Let us listen-in to the conversation between Mr. Phillips and his family as they discuss the life of this king from Ζ Kings 21, which chapter they have just read...... STORY OF THE BIBLE June, 1962

MANASSEH REJECTS HIS sination of Sennacherib, Eser- FATHER'S INFLUENCE haddon came to the throne (2 Kings 19: 37). He invaded "I did not like that chapter a Judah and forced terms on the bit!" exclaimed Joan after the nation which the king accepted. family had completed reading On a stone inscription found 2 Kings 21. "It was so exciting by archaeologists in the ruins of reading about Hezekiah restor- Nineveh, it is recorded that ing the true worship, and how Manasseh paid tribute to Esar- Yahweh rescued Jerusalem by haddon the son of Sennacherib. destroying the Assyrian army, Perhaps that fact provides us that it is disappointing to read with a key to his life. As he was how wickedly his son behaved! only twelve years of age when I cannot understand the people he came to the throne, it is ob- turning from God so quickly." vious that he would be too "You forget that fifteen years young to decide affairs relat- had passed since that time," re- ing to the foreign policy of the marked her father. "The mem- nation. That would be in the ory of the people was becoming hands of advisors who, in the dim. Consider! How much do face of Assyrian threats, had you remember of what hap- not the faith to continue the pened 15 years ago!" policy of Hezekiah. They re- "But I was only a baby then!" verted to the attitude of ap- protested Joan indignantly. peasement that Ahaz had fol- "Manasseh had not even been lowed, and as this was bound up born when Sennacherib's army in the national worship, so the was destroyed outside the walls people were found following of Jerusalem," said Mr. Phil- "after the abominations of the lips. heathen whom Yahweh cast "But though Manasseh may out before the children of not have remembered, surely Israel." The bold, defiant atti- others would!" urged Joan. tude of Hezekiah was set aside; "Human nature is very fickle Judah lost Its independence and and forgetful," commented Mr. became a vassal State under Phillips. "Fifteen years is a long Assyria. Manasseh thus grew to time in a human life; memory maturity in an atmosphere of becomes dim and with the pres- divided loyalty to the things of sure of life, we forget the good- God. The worship of foreign ness of God. Especially is this so gods was first permitted and when other problems arise to then encouraged, until the king crowd it from our minds." became openly hostile to the "What particular problems worship of Yahweh." did Judah have to cause the people to forget?" asked Ann. "Was it the worship of Assyr- "We are not told in the Bible," ian gods only that he encour- said Mr. Phillips, "but from the aged?" asked Ann. history of the times we learn "No, the king became the that Assyria was again exerting eager devotee of the gods of all her influence. On the assas- nations, until at last their de- 38 June, 1962 STORY OF THE BIBUff grading rites were seen on all (2 Kings 21: 7; 23: 13-14), sides. It became an obsession whilst close by were the houses with him. He plunged into all of those who lent themselves to the mysteries of sorcery and the shocking rites of this abom- magic (2 Kings 21: 6); he caused inable worship (2 Kings 23: 6- the terrible furnace of Tophet* 7). The Altar of Yahweh and the to be rebuilt on an enlarged Ark were alike desecrated (2 scale (Jer. 7: 31; 19: 5-6), and Chron. 33: 16; 35: 3), whilst the sacrificed his own child thereon sacred vessels 'were given over (2 Kings 21: 6); he restored and to the use of Baal (2 Kings 23: enthusiastically followed the 4). In fact, Manasseh dedicated worship of the heavenly bodies, himself, with fanatical fury, to begun by Ahaz (Jer. 8: 2). The completely destroying the wor- people imitated the evil ex- ship of Yahweh throughout the ample of the king. Soon, in gar- land. In a few years, most of dens, and on the flat roofs of what Hezekiah had restored, houses, were set up brick altars had been broken down." from which arose clouds of incense (Isa. 65: 3; Jer. 19: 13; ISAIAH PROTESTS — Zeph. 1: 5); in the streets of the AND IS MURDERED cities were built small furnaces "Surely there were some left for which children gathered from Hezekiah's time to oppoie wood, and in which their par- the wicked king," said Ann ai tnts baked cakes as an offering her father paused. to the goddess Astarte (Jer. 7: "Yes, we have read this even- 17-18); the high places were ing from 2 Kings 21: 10-15 of restored (2 Kings 21: 3); the the courageous message of cer- practise of human sacrifice be- tain of the prophets who pub- came general (Jer. 32: 35); the licly protested against this firstborn of the family which wickedness, and warned of the Yahweh claimed as His own terrible judgments that would were offered on the altars of fall on the nation in con- Molech (Ezek. 23: 37). sequence. None would escape "Even the Temple was not the Divine punishment, they exempt from the blasphemous declared. Whereas in the days of pollutions of the deluded king. Hezekiah, Jerusalem had been Two altars were set up in its defended by God, it would be courts and dedicated to the given over to destruction by heavenly bodies (2 Kings 21: 5; Him in the future judgment." 23: 12); an image to the vile "Do you think that Isaiah goddess Astarte was erected in would have influenced these the sacred precincts themselves prophets to oppose the king in

•The word means "drums," the valley of Tophet being the Valley of the Drums, so called because the noise of drums drowned out the shrieks of children offered as a burnt-offering to the image of Molech. This is said to be a metal image with arms outstretched upon which the children were offered. The inside was hollow and comprised a furnace which was heated up until the image was red hot. The valley is better known as the Valley of Hinnom, or Gehenna. It is situated just outside Jerusalem. 39 STORY OP THE BIBLE June, 1962 that way?" asked Graham, who would be followed by the people, was thoughtfully considering the nation would become vassal the chapter from Kings the to a power 'afar off/ and the family had read. people 'would abase themselves "Yes, I am sure he did," re- unto hell' (Isa. 57: 3-9). plied his father. "The indica- "Harsh, stern words fell from tions are that Isaiah was still his lips as he tried to warn the living at the beginning of Man- people of the future. ass eh's reign. Even before then, "He was encouraged in this by he could detect trends in the Yahweh: 'Cry aloud, spare not, nation which he deplored, and lift up thy voice like a trumpet against which he raised his and shew My people their trans- voice. This is apparent if we gressions, and the house of read the Book of Isaiah care- Jacob their sins/ he was told fully. In the early flush of (Isa. 58: 1). Hezekiah's reform, he pro- "He carried this message to claimed words of encourage- the nation: ment, but as time went on his "Behold," he declared, Yahweh's language became increasingly hand is not shortened, that it cannot sare; neither His ear heavy, that it severe. He began to accuse the cannot hear: but your iniquities have people of hypocrisy (Isa. 48: separated between you and your God, 1-2), warned them not to make and your sins have hid His face from the mistake of believing that yon, that He will not hear" Isa. 59: Yahweh did not know their 1-2). hearts, reminded them that "He attracted to the Divine Jerusalem had been saved for cause a company of faithful Yahweh's own sake, not because Israelites who were like-minded. of the righteousness of the To them he gave a message of nation (vv. 9-11). He saw about hope. him signs of approaching "If thou delight thyself in Yahweh," he told them, "He will cause you to apostasy (Isa. 56: 9-11). He ride upon the high places of the earth knew that trouble faced the (as rulers), and will feed you with the nation even as Yahweh had heritage of Jacob your father" (Isa. warned Hezekiah, and there- 58: 14). fore grimly told the people that "He gave them a glorious the death of the righteous was vision of the future. He spake not a thing to lament under the of a time when all nations will circumstances, for they were seek the God of Israel instead 'being taken away from the evil of Israel seeking the gods of the to come* (Isa. 57: 1-2). With nations (Isa. 56: 4-8); of a time prophetic insight, he spake of when all the tribes will be re- the conditions Manasseh would stored to the land, and in the establish in the land: idolatry reign of Messiah (Christ) the would be encouraged, child- bright, penetrating light of sacriflee would become com- truth shall beam forth from mon, Yahweh would be ignored Zion to lighten all mankind and foreign aid sought, the (Isa. 60); of the year of Divine wicked example of the king vengeance when flesh shall be 40 June, 1962 STORY OF THE BIBLE humbled before the mighty completely destroyed as were manifestation of Divine power, Sodom and Gomorrah (v. 9). and Jerusalem and its people The 'small remnant/ in the days will become a rejoicing and a of Manasseh, were those faith- praise throughout the earth ful prophets who lifted up their (Isa. 65: 17-18). He told that voices against the king, as we company of faithful ones that read in the chapter this even- they will yet see this fulfilled if ing." they continued to worship Yah- "Before you go any further, weh in sincerity and humility Dad," interrupted Peter, who (Isa. 66: 1-2), that the time will had shown progressive signs of come when in Jerusalem there impatience as his father con- will be seen the complete vin- tinued, "I would like to ask a dication of the true worship question." (Isa. 66: 22-24). "Very well! What is it?" "Isaiah's final message to the "You have been quoting from nation was given when Man- Isaiah Chapter 1, haven't you?" asseh was seated upon the "That is true." throne, and the epoch of idol- "Well, how can you say that atry had commenced. He saw that was Isaiah's final message, the whole nation as completely if it is his first chapter?" given over to wickedness: "Because the first chapter "From the sole of the foot even unto was undoubtedly written last, the head thereof is no soundness in it; but wounds, and bruises, and putrify- and comprises a foreword, or an ing sores . . ." (Ch. 1: 6). epitome, to the whole ministry "He saw Judah in vassalage of the prophet." to Assyria: "How can you say this is 'un- "Your country is desolate, your cities doubtedly' the case?" asked are burned with fire: your land, Peter, who delights to get what strangers devour it in your presence, he calls "proof" for any such and it is desolate, as overthrown by statement. strangers . . ." (v. 7). "We are told that in the first "He saw a nation completely verse," answered his father. changed from the days of "That verse tells us that Isaiah Hezekiah: prophesied until the end of "How is the faithful city become an harlot! It was full of judgment; right- Hezekiah's reign. With the rest eousness lodged in it; but now mur- of the first chapter it therefore derers . . ." (v. 21). comprises his last message, and "He saw that there was no must have been delivered in the hope for the nation apart from early portion of Manasseh's the purging judgments of Yah- reign. How else could he have weh, that it would be destroyed said he would prophecy until the time of its redemption throughout the reign of Heze- comes (vv. 25-27). He could see kiah?" that apart from the mercy of "Satisfied, Peter?" asked Ann, Yahweh leaving a small rem- who is always pleased when her nant to faithfully testify to his father scores off her brothers. truth, Zion would have been "Jewish tradition says that 41 STORY OF THE BIBLE June, 1962 Isaiah was murdered because of ing no argument whereby he his outspoken words against the could silence his accusers, he king," continued Mr. Phillips, decided to do it by means of overlooking the little exchange violence and death. He proof compliments among the ceeded to fill Jerusalem with children. "They say that the innocent blood, murdering king, ignoring the grand service those who believed they should the prophet had rendered the obey God rather than man. nation, had him put to death in Isaiah was but one of many who the most terrible manner — by became martyrs to the faith. being sawn asunder. So died Manasseh sought out any who this great prophet, patriot, and raised but the slightest criti- hero. cism against his rule and policy, "Is there any proof of that in and gave them over to death. the Bible?" asked Peter, who "It was a massacre of right- had ignored Ann's comment, eous men which was long re- and was busily writing notes. membered (cp. 2 Kings 24: 3-4). 'There is no direct confirma- "With anger Yahweh looked tion in the Bible," answered down from heaven upon this Mr. Phillips, "although in Heb- unwarranted persecution of His rews 11: 37, Paul makes refer- saints. ence to some being 'sawn "But what displeased Him asunder,' and he could well have most was not so much the had Isaiah the prophet in mind. action of Manasseh, but the But as that wonderful chapter attitude of the people in stu- on faith so clearly shows, such pidly following the wicked king, men did not die in vain. They and in looking on with calm in- had before them the glorious difference to the persecution of hope of a resurrection to life His prophets. eternal. Isaiah had given ex- "This was one of the causes pression to this, for he had why Judah was taken into cap- declared: 'My dead body shall tivity (2 Kings 24: 3), though arise' (Isa. 26: 19). Therefore, Manasseh himself was ulti- though Manasseh might slay mately forgiven, after he ' had him, he knew that God will raise been severely punished. him from the dead to enter "The life of Manasseh teaches upon his inheritance. us two things: 1—That nobody can touch Yahweh's true saints MANASSEH UNLEASHES A with impunity; and, 2—His love REIGN OF TERROR is great, and He will not reject "Manasseh listened to the any who turn to Him with true words of rebuke uttered by repentance, pleading His for- Isaiah and the other prophets giveness." with extreme displeasure. As "You are going too fast for king he believed himself above me, Dad," complained Peter such criticism, forgetting that again. "Where do we read that he was but regent for a greater Manasseh was forgiven? It Is Monarch in the heavens. Hav- not contained in the chapter 42 June, 1962 STORY OF THE BIBLE we read this evening!" the greatest indignity. Ashur- "No, a further account of his bani-pal decided to make an life is given in 2 Chronicles 33. example of him. Cruelly, in There we read of the captivity, accordance with brutal Assyr- repentance and restoration of ian custom, hooks were crudely Manasseh, details not given In driven through the lips of the the account in Kings. king, and he was ignominiousiy dragged back over six hundred TAKEN INTO CAPTIVITY miles to Babylon, where he was "In Nineveh, the capital of flung in a cell to await the Assyria, Esarhaddon died, and Assyrian king's pleasure." Ashur-bani-pal reigned in his "I notice that 2 Chronicles stead. 33: 11 says that the 'king of "It was an opportunity for Assyria took Manasseh among which some of the nations in the thorns'." said Graham, who subjection to the brutal As- had turned to this passage when syrian power were seeking. En- his father made mention of it. couraged by Egypt, a number of "What does that mean?" Syrian nations confederated to "According to the 'Companion throw off the yoke of Assyria. Bible,' the word 'thorns' should Among them could have been be rendered 'hooks,' and relates Judah. The ruthless and effi- to what I have just told you cient Assyrian army went im- about the Assyrian king drag- mediately into attack. They ging Manasseh to Babylon as a swarmed down through the captive with hooks driven northern countries, punishing through his lips." the rebels, spreading a trail of "Why should he take him to ruin and devastation as they Babylon when Nineveh was the moyed south. Over the border capital of Assyria?" asked of Judah they marched. Man- Peter. asseh found himself without "Possibly to teach the Baby- defence. He had turned from lonians a lesson. They, too, had Yahweh, he had rebelled recently revolted against the against Assyria; he found him- Assyrians and had been pun- self deserted by God and man. ished. Perhaps Manasseh had A battle took place*; Judah was been taken there to teach them defeated and Manasseh taken the lesson that it does not pay captive. to rebel against Assyria. He "What now of the gods of would provide a particularly other nations whom the king powerful argument to that end, had preferred before Yahweh? for the Babylonians had been Could they help him in his dis- ready to congratulate Hezekiah tress? on his successful resistance in "Manasseh found that they the days of Sennacherib; and to could not. He was treated with see the son of Hezekiah in bonds

•Mr. Phillips is here reconstructing the history of the times from the records of historians such as Josephus, and from archaeological research. Both confirm the Bible narrative and provide additional information. 43 STORY OF THE BIBLE June, 1962 would vindicate the reputation see that the man was truly re- of the Assyrians. pentent, and granted him his MANASSEH IN BABYLON request. "The doors of the prison "Manasseh, in Babylon, en- swung open, and Manasseh was acted the part which Judah as released and restored by the a nation was doomed to play a king of Assyria to his former few years later, when, it ,too, position of power in Jerusalem. was taken into captivity. In his Historians can tell us why this cell, he had ample time to re- was done. They say that the As- view the events of his life, and syrian king wanted to obtain an to see in his degraded state, the ally north of Egypt, and be- failure of all his hopes. Perhaps he recalled something of the lieved that this act of mercy to early training he must have re- a fallen foe would secure his ceived as a young boy in his friendship. That might be the father's home. Perhaps he con- natural explanation of what oc- sidered more deeply the words curred, but behind these man- of the prophets he had spurned made schemes was the hand of in more prosperous times. God guiding them in accordance to His will and purpose. "Whatever the cause, Manas- seh came to recognise the vile- MANASSEH TRIES TO MAKE ness and the stupidity of his RESTITUTION actions. Moreover, he had suf- "Back in Jerusalem, Manas- ficient knowledge of Yahweh seh vigorously set about repair- and His truth to know what he ing the damage he had done. must do. And, furthermore, he Jerusalem saw a changed king, now manifested sufficient and heard commands issue humility and courage to put it forth from his lips reversing all into execution. Humility had that he had done before. The been forced upon him by the idols he had set up were now long, degrading march to Baby- broken down; the pagan altars lon, when he had been fed mile that had been reared up were after mile, day after day, week now overthrown; the 'high after week, with the humiliat- high places that had been de- ing, painful hooks dragging at filed were now cleansed; and his lips, in the midst of his jeer- the people who had been in- ing unsympathetic captors. structed in false worship were "In this time of urgent need now "commanded" to worship he turned to Yahweh in prayer. Yahweh (2 Chron. 33: 16). He poured out his heart, plead- "But the true worship cannot ing with God to forgive, if pos- be established by law; it must sible, all that he had done be in the hearts of people to be amiss, to overlook even the really effective. Manasseh's murder of His prophets, to work of reformation was there- grant unto him the opportunity fore a failure. The false ideas to make restitution. implanted by pagan worship "And Yahweh heard the over many years could not be prayer in the prison-cell, could eradicated in a moment of time. 44 June, 1962 STORY OP THE BIBLE The people still sought after the other cities of Judah, whilst he degrading evil worship Manas- sought to fulfil the vow he made seh himself had established. in the prison in Babylon. "He never captured the full "And in that moment of frus- affection of the people. They trated reformation, he learned had seen too much contradic- the full measure of his wicked- tion in their king to really like ness. For in destroying the pro- him. His reign had been one of phets, he had slain those who ruthless force against all could now have helped him; he reason; the nation had suffered had robbed Judah of the very foreign invasion* through his teachers which might have folly; the people had been made his reformation really ef- forced first to worship foreign fective, so that his life ended in gods and then Yahweh. Thus, a spirit of frustration and de- though he reigned longer than feat. any other king, he was not given "Politically he also realised a king's burial at his death. He that difficult times lay ahead. was buried in a garden, called In Babylon, in Egypt, in other the Garden of Uzza, that he parts of the Assyrian empire, had acquired for himself. This men were preparing for war, may have been the place where and it was obvious that soon Uzzah touched the Ark and was the world would be plunged into slain. If so, it is rather appro- conflict. Judah lay between the priate that he who had done Empires of the North and the such wrong in life should, in South, and would inevitably be- death, be buried in a place come involved. Manasseh gave which celebrated the desecra- attention to strengthening the tion of the Ark of God in the defences of Jerusalem and the days of David.

The death of Manasseh was followed by the short reign of Amon. He continued on the throne for only two years and contributed nothing but evil to the record of Judah's history. His short reign ended in confusion and bloodshed.

A PRODUCT OF PAGANISM fluence of a heathenizing party Amon was a young man of within Judah, which had been twenty-two years of age when instrumental in causing previ- his father died, and he ascended ous kings to turn from the way the throne. Although he must of righteousness (2 Chron. 24: have witnessed the great 17-22). It had doubtless been change that came over his this party which had warped father after he had returned the mind of Manasseh in the from captivity in Babylon, early portion of his reign, and Amon soon fell under the in- caused him to so strenuously STORY OF THE BIBLE June, 1962

advocate paganism. by his son as soon as he came to This party would no doubt use the throne. Amon plunged into this wickedness with steady re- all the arts of flattery, misrep- solve, and "trespassed more and resentation and cajolery to ob- more" against God (2 Chron. tain control over Amon. The 33: 23). King would probably be told that the remarkable return of This led to conspiracy, mur- his father to the true wisdom der, civil war. Conditions in in the latter years of his reign the Kingdom worsened under Amon's rule. His ministers de- was due to dotage in his old age, termined on ruthless means to and every form of flattery would save the nation. They decided be used on him to cause him to to kill the king and place a revert to the earlier heathen- nominee of their own upon the ism. throne. Amon's name was indicative A conspiracy was formed, and of the early paganism of his when the time was ripe, the father. Amon was the name of king was murdered in his an Egyptian god — the sun god. palace. Probably Manasseh was trying This action sparked off to woo the nation of Egypt at trouble throughout Judah. the time his son was born, and Many in the land rose against therefore named him after one the murderers of Amon, and of the most prominent gods of they in turn were killed. Then, that nation of darkness. by popular acclaim, Josiah, the Paganism was popular at the infant son of Amon, was estab- time; the people had little taste lished in power. for the reforming zeal of Man- Thus the evil reign of two asseh, and eagerly embraced the years' duration ended in an orgy vile, immoral worship advocated of bloodshed.

The Frustrated Keformer

The reign of Josiah introduces us to a sad yet dramatic epoch of Israel's history. It is sad because it witnessed the last appeal of Yahweh to His people — an appeal which they rejected. It is dramatic because it tells of how an orphaned child was wisely brought up in the midst of wickedness to effect a great reform in the land. The story must be considered from three standpoints: (1)—That of the historical background of the times; (2)—The viewpoint taken by the prophets who ministered during the reign of the king; (3)—The intensely interesting details relating to Josiah himself. Historically, this period saw the beginning of the break-up of the great but brutal Assyrian Empire. Esarhaddon, the king of Assyria who lived in the early period of Manasseh, several times had invaded the land. He had transplanted captives from Babylon and established them frlPI June, 1962 STORY OP THE BIBLE

in Palestine (Ezra 4: 29). About 675 B.C., he invaded Egypt, and though forced to retreat by a sandstorm, he returned the next year and began a conquest that was completed three years later (671). Ashurbanipal, who succeeded him in 669, twice invaded Egypt. On the latter occasion Memphis was sacked and Thebes (the No-Amon of Nah. 3:8; Jer. 46: 25) captured. The conquest of Egypt represented the height of Assyrian power. After these successes it rapidly broke up. The Cimmerians from the north, and the Scythians, attacked the Empire. Whilst Ashurbanipal was repelling these attacks, Egypt rebelled under a local governor Psam- metichus, who between 658 and 651 drove the Assyrians out and gained their independence. In 65?, Ashurbanipal's brother, a vassal king of Babylon rebelled, and was not defeated until four years later. The last years of his life were disturbed by family strife and sickness. He died in 626 B.C. His successor, Ashur-etil-ilani, had to tight for his throne, and the following year, Nabopolassar was established as independent king of Babylon. The brutal Assyrian power had fallen. Both Jeremiah (Ch. 1: 1) and Zephaniah (Ch. 1: 1) prophesied during the reign of Josiah. They revealed the true character of the nation which was not manifested by the reform effected by the king. The reform was effected by law, and did not spring from the hearts of people. And the prophets spake of that, and warned the nation that such a hypocritical action could reap only one harvest: the stern punishment of Yahweh. Nahum also prophesied about this time. He spake of the impending overthrow of Assyria and Nineveh. He exulted in the troubles that were about to fall upon that brutal nation. In vision he saw the approach of the enemy, saw the walls of the city breached, heard the triumphant shout of the invaders, the chariots clashing in the streets, the soldiers rushing with torches to set fire to the buildings until what was once a beautiful and magnificent city became a ruined waste (Nah. Z: 1-8; 3: 1-3). And he saw in the fall of this brutal, Gentile city a type of the ultimate destruction of Gentilism throughout the earth (Nah. 1: 14-15). Through this troublous period, Josiah, the child king grew to maturity, and vainly strove to effect a reformation. On the surface his work seemed well founded and enduring, but the canker was there underneath, and the prophets revealed the nation for what it really was. Perhaps the greatest exhortation of the whole of the Bible is contained in the history of this time, as we will try and unfold as we consider the events surrounding the story of Josiah the frustrated reformer*·

JOSIAH FULFILS PROPHECY height of the ceremony, how- The story of Josiah really ever> a man from out of the commences some 340 years be- crowd of people interjected. He fore he was born. It takes us was a prophet from Judah, and back to the days of Jeroboam, he h&d been sent north with a who had led ten tribes away message from Yahweh. He from their allegiance to Reho- harshly shouted his message to boam, the grandson of David. Jeroboam as the king stood by Jeroboam not only set up a rival the altar to burn incense. rule, but also a rival religion. He "O altar, altar," declared the pro- rallpd all the DeoDle together to phet> "thus saitn Yahwehi Behold, a called an tne people Logeuier το ch|w shall be born unto the house of dedicate the altars he had set David, Josiah by name; and upon thee μρ for this purpose. At the shall he otter the priests of the high 47 STORY OP THE BIBLE June, 1962 places that burn incense upon thee, of this town signifies "stony and men's bones shall be burnt upon thee" (1 Kings 13: 2). ground," but apparently in this stony ground she grew to love The years had rolled by since and revere her God. ,. the dramatic intervention of We can, perhaps, ascribe to the prophet on that day when her careful training and pious the false altar had been dedi- zeal, the religious bent of Jos- cated, and now a young child of iah's character, for he mani- that name, sat upon the throne fested a love for God at a very of David as king. early age. Her influence on his As he came to maturity, his life may be the reason why she attention was directed to this is so carefully referred to in the prophecy (2 Kings 23: 17-18), Bible account. and he set about fulfilling it to Eight .years thus went by un- the very letter. eventfully. Josiah was care- GOOD INFLUENCE OF HIS fully educated by his mother MOTHER and ministers of the realm for It was fortunate for Josiah the time when he must take that his father died so young, over the kingdom independ- since he in this way escaped the ently of their oversight. This corrupting and degrading in- came about at the age of six- fluences which would otherwise teen. He took over his duties have been brought to bear upon completely, and began indepen- him as he passed from child- dently, at this young age, to hood to manhood. He was but seek to do the will of Yahweh. "eight years old when he began In consequence of that he to reign" (2 Kings 22: 1), and prospered. His reign illustrated had thus remained still almost the truth of the prophet Azar- wholly under the charge of his iah's words: mother, as was the custom "Yahweh is with you, while ye be with Him; and if ye seek Him, He will among Jews. She is mentioned be found of you; but if ye forsake with some particularity, as if Him, He will forsake you" (2 ,Chron. she was a person of some im- 15: 2). portance. Her name was Jedi- For four years Josiah consoli- dah, which is the feminine form dated his position in the land. of David, and means Beloved. He carefully surveyed the spiri- She was the daughter of Ada- tual conditions of the kingdom, lah, which means "Yahweh has and as he saw the extreme adorned." Thus her full name wickedness he meditated a signified The Beloved whom wholesale reform. Then, at the Yahweh has adorned. She age of twenty, he felt himself came from the city of Boscath, secure enough on the throne to a Judaean town not far from attempt that which must have Lachish, on the border of Phil- been some time in his mind to istia (Josh. 15: 39). The name do. VOL. i JULY. 1962 No. 4

The Frustrated Reformer (Continued from page 48)

Josiah ascended the throne of David in Jerusalem when he was only eight years old. For a further eight years he was carefully nurtured by his mother and educated in Divine precepts. At the age of 16, he took over hi» duties completely, and sought to do the will of Yahweh independently. Λ further four years passed away during which he consolidated his authority in the land. Then, at the age of 20 years, he was ready to commence a work he must have contemplated for some time: to rid the nation of idolatry. In this he exhibited a fiery zeal.

THE FIRST REFORM The initial work was begun A reformation was, indeed, in Judah and Jerusalem, and timely. Paganism in all its was then extended to the terri- forms had again reared its head tory of the northern kingdom in the days of Amos after the (2 Chron. 34: 3-6). The king partial reform by Manasseh. In personally supervised it. Pagan the streets were seen the Chem- altars were thrown down, arim (Zeph. 1: 5), or black - images broken up, pillars cut frocked priests as the word im- down, idol-priests slain, and the plies, ministering to the altars holy places of false worship de- of Baal. On all sides incense secrated by the bones of the arose to foreign gods, and dead. people bowed down to their At the command of the king, images. The abominable and the people busied themselves in immoral rites of this evil wor- the work, with every appear- ship were freely practised. ance of keen enthusiasm. Josiah determined to rid the It must have seemed to many land of it all. people as though the nation was He decreed a complete aboli- on the crest of a wave of genu- tion of all these things. ine reform, as though the wor- STORY OP THE BIBLE July, 1962 ship of Yahweh was about to be The young priest was taken established in spirit as well as in aback by this message. complete truth. "Ah, Lord Yahweh/' he replied, "Be- But then suddenly, un- hold, I cannot speak well! And, besides, expectedly, the stern, harsh I am but a child, nobody will heed voice of criticism was heard me!" sadly denouncing the nation for But Yahweh commanded him hypocrisy. to go forth in courage, and not This disturbing message came hesitate to speak all that he was from a young man who was de- commanded. Whatever he pro- stined to come more and more claimed concerning the nations into the full glare of public at- would be fulfilled. tention, until the nation was God told him: "Gird up your loins, and arise, and taken into captivity by the speak unto the people all that I. com- Babylonians in the days of mand you; be not dismayed at their Zedekiah. faces, lest I confound thee before His name was Jeremiah. them." He was told that God would THE CALL OF JEREMIAH protect him in this work, so that Just north of the Mount of no harm would come to him in Olives, there was a city mainly spite of the messages he would inhabited by priests called Ana- deliver. He was told that he thoth. would be sent against the kings, Among its inhabitants was a the princes, the priests and the young priest by name of Jere- people (Ch. 1: 18). He was miah. He was of the family of warned that they would bitterly Hilkiah. As the high priest in oppose him and even reject his the days of Josiah was also message, but that he must cour- called Hilkiah (2 Kgs. 22: 4-14), ageously continue to proclaim it may have been that he was it. son of the high priest.» "They shall fight against thee; but Yahweh had a most import- they shall not prevail against thee; ant work for this young priest for I am with thee," Yahweh told him. to perform. And in the thirt- His. First Message eenth year of Josiah's reign, a And so, whilst the king and year after he had commenced the people were busy smashing his reform (cp. 2 Chrn. 34: 3 the pagan idols with every ap- with Jer. 1: 2), the word of Yah- pearance of sincerity, Jeremiah weh came to the young priest commenced his first message. with the following message: He saw in vision the rod of an "Before you were born I knew you, almond tree, and as he pon- and I set you apart and ordained you a prophet unto the nations," (Jer. dered the meaning of it, he 1: 5). heard the voice of Yahweh:

*This is disputed on the basis that Anathoth was a priestly city given to the family of Ithamar, whereas Jeremiah was of the line of Eleazar. But if this objection was completely valid surely Jeremiah would have indicated this in his introduction (Jer. I: I) for Hilkiah was very prominent in the reign of Josiah. 50 July, 1962 STORY OP THE BIBLE

"Thou hast well seen, for I will Were they not destroying the hasten My word to perform It." idol worship from out of the The Hebrew word for "al- land? mond" is "shaked" which signi- It is true that they were fies "The Watcher." It was so under Josiah, but the prophet called because of its early blos- proceeded to show that their som, it being the first of the actions did not reflect the true trees to waken from the sleep attitude of their hearts; in fact, of winter. they were acting hypocritically. The word "hasten," used in All that they were doing was not the declaration of God to the done out of love of Yahweh, but prophet, is a similar word — because the King commanded "shoked" — so that there was a it, and used force to see that his play on the words that Yahweh law was obeyed. used to the prophet. Josiah must have heard Jere- The message meant that time miah's words with sorrow and was short, what God intended amazement. He could see how to do would be done quickly. important was the work to The prophet then saw a great which he had given his hands, iron pot towards the north. A and he determined to redouble strong fire was causing that his efforts to make his reform which was in it to boil and truly effective. bubble, so that every moment, is threatened to pour over the Through the guidance of sides. Yahweh, Jeremiah was able to detect what the King could not He was told the meaning of perceive, namely that the this. nation "had not turned unto God was going to cause the God with her whole heart, but Kingdoms of the north to pour feignedly" (Jer. 3: 10). The re- down over the borders of form did not reflect the true Judah and besiege Jerusalem. attitude of the people.* Many This was a terrible message to were still looking to Egypt for the people of the land. It told help (Jer. 2: 36). Some secretly them that they wete living in preferred the pagan policy of evil days when the punishment Manasseh and Amon, quite a of God would overcome them. number were indifferent as to It reminded them that the time what form of worship was fol- was short, and that it was ur- lowed. gent for them to seek their God. In harsh, stern language the But were not the people al- young prophet listed the sins of ready engaged in a reform? the people. At the top of the

*The first 12 chapters of Jeremiah were contemporary with the reign of Josiari. They can be divided up as follows: Introduction, Ch. 1: 1-3. Instruc- tion: Vv. 4-10. 1st Prophecy: Vv. 11-12. 2nd Prophecy: Vv. 13-19. 3rd Prophecy: Ch. 2: 3-5. 4th Prophecy: Ch. 3: 6, 4: 2. 5th Prophecy: Ch. 4: 3, Ch. 6. 6th Prophecy: Chps. 7-10. 7th Prophecy: Chps. 11-12. We will refer to some of the interesting personal incidents there narrated in our "Story pi the SiWe." η STORY OF THE BIBLE July, 1962 list was the sin of HYPOCRISY. Thus Jerusalem became the In forthright language he ac- scene of greatest activity. The cused the people of insincerity Temple, so long neglected, and towards God. He told them even desecrated, was cleaned that their very religious exer- out ready for the work of re- cises were hateful to God be- storation. It was all conducted cause they were not done in under the supervision of Hil- love for Him, but only because kiah, who co-operated with the king's commandment de- Shaphan, the king's scribe, to manded that they observe that end. them. On one occasion, when Sha- Judah was observing a reli- phan approached Hilkiah with gion of force, of fear, and not instructions from the king, he of love. found the high priest with a The people served God belong Scroll in his hands. cause it pleased the king, and Shaphan looked enquiringly in the face of his fierce resolve at the Scroll. to root out the slightest rem- "I have found the Book of the nant of paganism, they feared Law in the House of Yahweh," to do otherwise! declared the priest. The Book of the Law com- THE KING READS AN prised the five books of Moses, AMAZING BOOK and was kept in the side of the Meanwhile, the king did all Ark in the Most Holy Place in his power to make the people (Deut. 31: 24-16). Every seven religious. He demanded that years, during the Feast of Tab- they contribute money for the ernacles, when all Israel were restoration of the Temple, and gathered together, the priests sent Levites into all parts of his had to read this book in the realm, and even beyond the hearing of the people. In addi- border into the land of Sam- tion to that, whenever a king aria, for this purpose. Money ascended the throne, the Law was freely given, for the people commanded that he write for feared to oppose one so full of himself a copy of this book, and fiery zeal as Josiah. It was read it daily that he might rule placed into the hands of Hil- according to the will of God kiah, the high priest, probably (Deut. 17: 18). Jeremiah's father, who divided But in the reign of Josiah, for it up among those who were at least over half a century appointed to perform the since the days of Manasseh, necessary labor. that had not been done. Foremen had been selected The Temple had been closed who were so interested in the up and mutilated; the Book of work of restoring the Temple the Law had laid forgotten that it was adjudged unneces- under the accumulating dust; sary to audit the accounts, "for the people had never heard of the men dealt faithfully" (2 it; Josiah had never written out Kings 22: 7), his copy; he had never read it! 52 July, 1962 STORY OF THE BIBLEJ

Judah Threatened with Cursed shalt thou be when thou cont- Destruction est in, and cursed shalt thou be when thou goest out. Yahweh shall send Full of curiosity,. Shaphan upon thee cursing, vexation, rebuke, took the book from the High pestilence, consumption, sword, invasion, war, drought, famine DES- Priest, and began to read it for TRUCTION! ..." himself (2 Kings 22: 8). He read of the laws that Yahweh had Horror-stricken the king lis- set before the people, the tened to the voice of Shaphan solemn warnings that He had as it droned on. "Thou shalt grope at noonday, as the issued to them should they dis- blind gropeth in darkness, and thou obey them; the curses that were shalt not prosper in thy ways: and thou thundered against them if they shalt be only oppressed and spoiled should commit certain sins. evermore, and NO MAN SHALL SAVE And Shaphan knew that THEE ..." those very sins were part of Hour after hour the reading normal life in the Judah of his continued: day. "Blessings if they do good, cursings if they do evil . . . plagues, sicknesses, He realised the importance of the land desolate . . . like Sodom and the book that had been placed Gomorrah . . . the heat of great anger in his hands, and with the per- . . . What is the meaning? Because they have forsaken the covenant of mission of Hilkiah, he hurried Yahweh God of their fathers . . . the back to Josiah that he might anger of Yahweh kindled against this show it to him. land, to bring upon it all the curses Much of it the Godly king that are written in this book . . . before you Life and death . . . Set your would know. He knew the re- hearts unto all the words which I tes- cord of creation, the call of Ab- tify among you this day . . . it is not a raham, the beginnings of the vain thing for you, it is your life ..." nation, the wonderful deliver- And to these curses the ance from Egypt, many aspects nation had proclaimed the of the law. . . ." word: "AMEN" — "So be it!" But then Shaphan com- It had pronounced its own menced on the book of Deuter- judgment should it fall into the onomy; the last warning mes- error of committing the sins sage of Moses given just before enumerated. his death. It warned the people And the horrified king knew that if they worshipped idols, if that Judah was even then com- they turned from Yahweh, mitting the very sins outlined. great and severe punishments He had heard Jeremiah an- would fall upon them. The book nounce that the time of punish- recorded the covenant to which ment was at hand. the nation had bound itself, the Horrified, the king listened to terrible curses which would fall the reading of the Law for the upon it if it proved guilty of first time. certain sins. As curse after curse was pro- "Cursed shalt thou be in the city, nounced, his concern mounted. cursed shalt thou be in the field . . . At last he could stand It no Cursed shall be the fruit of thy body, the fruit of thy land, the increase of more. With a cry of grief, he thy kine, the flocks of thy sheep. tore asunder his royal robe as 53 STORY OF THE BIBLE July, 1662

a sign of mourning, symbolic- the deputation was sent to this ally indicating that he had no woman for assistance. cover for his feelings. This action of the deputation He knew that the nation was really endorsed the message of already beginning to suffer Jeremiah. So low had the some of the things threatened; nation sunk, in spite of all the for the first time he began to activity and excitement of ap- fully understand the signific- parent reform, that Yahweh ance of the signs of the times would converse through no of his day. other in Jerusalem than Hul- "The great wrath of Yahweh is dah the prophetess! kindled against us because our fathers have not hearkened unto the words of Her name signifies, "fleeting," this book!" he declared to Shaphan as though as to underline the (2 Kings 22: 13). fact that time was short and He appointed a deputation of the matter urgent. the leaders of the nation, and To her the deputation went with Hilkiah and Shaphan, he and explained its mission. instructed them to enquire of Through her came back the Yahweh whether the punish- answer of Yahweh. ments pronounced would in- "Behold, I will bring evil upon this deed be administered. place, and all the inhabitants thereof, But to whom could they go? even all the curses written in the Book found by the King. Because they have There was the young man forsaken Me and worshipped idols, Jeremiah, who had proclaimed My wrath shall be poured upon this one or two prophecies in the place and shall not be quenched. But as for the king who sent you, because name of Yahweh, but he was his heart is tender and he has humbled not yet fully established as a himself before Me, behold, he shall prophet in the eyes of the be gathered to his fathers in peace, nation, and, moreover, he did neither shall his eyes see the evil I not dwell in Jerusalem. will bring upon this place!" The high priest could not A very subdued deputation help, for as yet the Temple was left the home of Huldah to con- not in a fit state for proper ap- vey this message to the king. proach to Yahweh. A Ray of Hope There was a woman of high Grim as this message was, spiritual standing living in there was a ray of hope. God, Jerusalem close to the Temple. indeed, threatened to punish Her name was Huldah, and she the nation, but the very fact was a prophetess. It was not that the king's humility and normal for the nation to seek zeal had delayed the pouring the aid of a woman in interced- out of this judgment, showed ing with God, but the king must that any individuals who like- have realised in that time of wise sought Yahweh in truth need how few there were in would similarly find mercy. Judah to whom he could really turn for help. The leaders of If sufficient such individuals the nation had proved un- could be multiplied might not worthy of their trust, so finally the nation be saved? 54 July, 1&62 STORY OF THE BIBLE

SHAPHAN'S FAMILY: A RECORD OF USEFULNESS Hidden throughout the Bible are the biographies of men and women who have served Yahweh well in their day and generation. One such in the times of Josiah, was Shaphan the Scribe. He and his family are noted for good in the Bible accounts. Eight of Shaphan's relations are mentioned: his grandfather, Meshullam; his father, Azaliah; four sons: Ahikam (2 Kings 22: 3, 12), Gemariah (Jer. 36: 10), Elasah (Jer. 29: 3), Jaazaniah (Ezek. 8: 11); two grandsons: Michaiah (Jer. 36: 11, 13), Gedaliah (Jer. 39: 42). Shaphan: was in the confidence of Josiah. He was intermediary between the king and the high priest in the work of restoring the Temple (2 Kings 22: 3). To him Hilkiah delivered the Book of the Law (v. 8), and after reading it, He took it to the king, recognising the importance of its contents. He was trusted by the King, and sent to Huldah concerning the intentions of Yahweh. The King obviously relied upon him. He could have been an influence for good behind the throne during the infancy of Josiah. Ahikam: was of prominence in the realm, and sent with his father to Huldah. He continued to be of prominence through to the reign of Jehoiakim, and when Jeremiah was in danger, it was his care that saved him (Jer. 26: 24). Earlier Jehoiakim had sought to slay Jeremiah, but the elders of the nation prevented this crime (Jer. 26: 17), and it could have been the influence of Ahikam that saved him on this occasion also Ahikam's family was of prominence in the kingdom for Gedaliah his son was made governor by Nebuchadnezzar (2 Kings 25: 22). Gemariah: was a prince of the realm in the days of Jehoiakim (Jer. 36: 12) and occupied a room attached to the Temple (v. 10). His son Micaiah was likewise prominent, and seemingly in the confidence of Jeremiah (Jer. 36). Gemariah with two others protested against Zede- kiah burning the scroll of Jeremiah (Jer. 36: 25). Elasah: Jeremiah entrusted this member of Shaphan's family with a letter to the exiles in Babylon which was not calculated to increase the popularity of the bearer — for it called upon the captives to establish themselves in Babylon for they would remain there some time (Jer. 29: 3). Micaiah: Son of Gemariah. To him Baruch read the Scroll of Jere- miah and he reported its contents to the elders (Jer. 36: 11-13). Gedaliah: A son of Ahikam honored by Nebuchadnezzar and made governor of Jerusalem after the captivity (2 Kings 25: 22). He received Jeremiah out of prison .and cared for him (Jer. 39: 14). He set up his residence at Mizpeh, and called upon the people to serve the Chaldeans as Jeremiah had. He was a man of integrity and of trusting nature, and was duped by Ishmael. He refused to believe that Ishmael was intriguing against him and rejected the offer of Johanan to assassinate his enemy, and was himself treacherously murdered by Ishmael (Jer. 40: 15; 41: 2). Jaaziniah: Most families have a black sheep among their members, and this was the black sheep of the family of Shaphan. He was a man of prominence who used his position for evil, for in the days of Zede- kiah he was prominent in leading the people back to idolatry (Ezek. 8: 11). Underneath the drama of these times that brought the nation to its end there were individuals, like those of Shaphan's family, who courageously manifested faith and obedience despite the difficulties with which they were surrounded. Their names are written in the Book of Life, and they will receive their reward with Jeremiah and other worthies at the coming of the Lord Jesus. STORY OP THE BIBLE July, 1962 As the King thought upon then by war and invasion, then this, his enthusiasm for reform by defeat and violence, then by became even greater. captivity and scattering. They Carefully he examined the heard how the nation had en- newly discovered Book, and de- tered into covenant with Yah- termined he would carry out weh, had proclaimed "AMEN" the instructions to the very let- ("So be it") to the blessings and ter. cursings listed (Deut. 27). What was the cause of fail- They knew that they were ure? The Book declared: "Be- guilty of the things condemned. cause they have forsaken the The king called upon them to covenant of Yahweh" (Deut. 29: re-affirm that covenant and to 25). keep the Law; he warned them The king decided the first of the dire results which they thing to be done must be to could expect if they did not do bring the people back to a con- so. sciousness of the Covenant. With all due solemnity, the He called for a general gath- people agreed to do so (2 Kings ering of the representatives of 23: 1-3). They realised that if the nation: princes, priests, they did not, they would not Levites, commoners were as- only have God to deal with, but sembled together in the court of the king also. the Temple. And, unfortunately, the The king stood upon the great people feared the king more brazen platform that had been than they did God. erected by Solomon* so that all That is just where the reform could see him. When all was of Josiah failed. ready, the great scroll was un- He tried to force the people folded, and with all eyes centred to love God by law; but love upon him, the king solemnly cannot be created by law. Love read the words of the covenant. of God comes as we count our Now the people heard for the blessings, as we appreciate first time the blessings and what God has done for us, .when cursings that Moses had pro- we learn of His love towards nounced: blessings for obedi- man in providing a way of es- ence, cursings for disobedience cape from the very evils that (Deut. 27: 28). They heard how man himself has brought about. they would be involved in a The people did not seek to growing crescendo of trouble if learn about the love of God and they turned from the covenant. therefore never developed a First they would be affected in love for Him. the city, then in the country, There was one man, at least, then by drought and famine, who recognised this. Jeremiah then by plague and pestilence, made reference to this newly-

*See 2 Kings 23: 3. The Hebrew "al Haammud" can be rendered "upon the stairs," i.e., upon the brazen platform of Solomon (2 Chr. 6: 13). The R.V. renders: "Upon the platform." A similar provision will be made for the King of the Future Age in the Temple then to be built (see Ezek. 46: 2) 56 July, 1962 STORY OF THE discovered law: (Matt. 16: 11; Mark 8: 15) and "Why do you say, We are wise, and wickedness in the heart (1 Cor. the law of Yahweh is with us? Lo, certainly in vain made He it" (Jer. 5: 6-8). It also reminded Jews 8: 8). of the haste with which their The prophet meant that it forefathers left Egypt with the was made in vain for all the real dough in their troughs (Exod. use that Judah made of it. As 12: 39), and taught the lesson for himself, he declared: "Thy that the wickedness of Egypt words were found, and I did eat should likewise be left behind them; and Thy word was unto in service to God. me the joy and rejoicing of Only a little leaven is neces- mine heart; for I am called by sary to leaven a lot of dough, thy name, Ο Yahweh God of for it continues to grow and hosts" (Jer. 15: 16). spread; and where small sins Jeremiah stood for a class in are permitted to remain un- the nation which was, unfortu- checked their influence will nately, in the minority. grow and corrupt until an en- THE SECOND PURGE tire Ecclesia or a nation be- (2 Kings 23) comes affected. The king now looked upon So unleavened bread was himself as the saviour of the eaten during the Passover to nation. He was determined to press home this vital lesson. rid the land of idolatry. With Josiah had determined that tremendous energy and fury of the nation would again keep the zeal, the King swept through Passover as commanded, and the land, determined to ruth- such a Passover as had never lessly destroy every semblance before been celebrated. He of opposition to the Law he had would make sure that no leaven just read. of wickedness would remain by He did to the nation what himself going throughout the every Jew does to his home just land to completely crush it. before the celebration of the He started on Jerusalem. Passover. At the entrance to the Before this feast, Jews dili- Temple there had been placed gently search their houses to horses and chariots dedicated make certain that there is no to the sun: these were now de- leaven in the home. During the stroyed by command of the Feast itself they eat only un- King (v. 11). leavened bread. In the Temple there were Leaven (a form of yeast) was vessels that had been used in forbidden during the Passover, worship to Baal. They were because it is used in the Bible publicly taken out and burnt as as a symbol for corrupt doctrine the law required* (v. 4).

"The careful student will notice that Josiah was guided by the Law so recently discovered. This is shown in the reform recorded in 2 Kings 23. Cp. v. 4 with Deut. 7: 25. V. 5 with Deut. 12: 2. V. 7 with Deut. 23: 17-18. V. 8 with Deut. 12: 5. V. 9 with Deut. 18: 8. V. 10 with Deut. 18: 10. V. 11 with Deut. 17: 3, etc. 57 STORif OP THE BlBLfi July, 1962 In the deep valley of Tophet, turned his attention to Samaria the great metal image of Mol- in the north. ech with outstretched arms still Pagan priests trembled as stood. Before the reign of they heard of the intentions of Josiah this image used to glow the king. They did well to do red with the fires inside it, and so. With cold ruthlessness, he the beat of the drums used to systematically stamped out fill the valley to drown the their worship without mercy, screams of children offered in for they were beyond it (v. 20). sacrifice in this horrible wor- He slaughtered the idolatrous ship. Every remnant of the idol priestsf, burnt their bones on was now smashed up, and the their own altars, defiled their place of worship defiled by places of worship, smashed order of Josiah (v. 10). down their altars, idols, pillars, In parts of Judah high places and statues, ground to powder had been dedicated to an irre- the images that had been wor- gular form of the true worship. shipped, and cast the dust on These were now defiled, and the the graves of the people to show priests who had served in such his contempt for these things. worship were not permitted to He avenged the reign of ter- attend at the Altar in Jerusa- ror that Manasseh had instig- lem, though they partook ated against the true prophets of the benefit of the tithes (vv. of God when he filled Jerusalem 8-9). with innocent blood, a persecu- On the Mount of Olives there tion which these very priests still remained the places of wor- had assisted (2 Kings 21: 16). ship that Solomon, over 400 He fulfilled the prophecy that years before, had permitted to had been proclaimed over 360 be built for the pagan worship years before, when Jeroboam of his foreign wives, turning had set up the false altar in the Mount of Olives into the Bethel. A prophet had been Mount of Corruption. These sent up with the message that were now removed forever (v. Yahweh would raise up a king, 13). Josiah by name, who would Throughout Judea, from burn the bones of idolatrous Geba in the north to Beersheba priests upon the very altar then in the deep south, the king set up (1 Kings 13: 1-3). Josiah sent his men to search out and now fulfilled it to the very let- destroy all forms of idolatry (v. ter. 8). As he did so, he saw a lonely Having cleansed Judah, he sepulchre by which was a

(Notice margin. The word "chemarim" is from "camar" — "to be black," thus "black-frocked priests" in contrast to the white-gowned Levites. Adam Clarke comments: "Why should we imitate in our sacerdotal dress those priests of Baal is strange to think and hard to tell." The answer is that the priests of the Apostasy today are the anti-type of those priests of Baal whom Josiah destroyed. 58 July, 1962 STORY OF THE BIBLE monument/ Full of curiosity, ism of the Temple worship than he enquired as to its purpose. in the Truth itself, as Jeremiah He was told that it was the last later told them. resting place of the prophet JOSIAH CELEBRATES THE who had predicted his advent PASSOVER (2 Chron. 35) by name, and had said that he would perform the very things It was now close to the begin- he had done at that time. ning of the Jewish religious How impressive it must have year. On the 14th day of the been for the king to be told first month, the Passover was that he had been named by appointed to be held. Yahweh over 360 years before, For many years, however, this to do the very work he was so had been neglected. thoroughly performing. With the Book of the Law in It must have shown the king his hands, Josiah determined the importance of his labours. that it must be restored. He commanded that this He decided it must be kept sepulchre should not be according to the strict letter of touched, though others belong- the law. ing to false prophets were dese- Carefully he studied the in- crated. structions in Exodus and Deu- At last the crusade of the teronomy. He then turned to king was over. the writings of David and Solo- A clean sweep had been made mon (vv. 4-6), where are set of all idolatry. Not even smok- down the arrangements for the work of the Priests and Levites ing ruins remained, for all had at such a time, and he in- been completely obliterated. structed them what they must Thus Josiah avenged the do. · reign of terror that Manasseh Public announcement was had unleashed against the true made that the Passover was to prophets of Yahweh (2 Kings be re-instituted, and the people 21: 16). The people saw in the invited to attend. king and his followers, a party With the evidences of Jos- equally fierce and ruthless in its iah's fiery zeal still fresh in determination to restore the memory, the people dared not worship of Yahweh. Whereas refuse. the idolatrous princes of the In due time a great number, realm had probably favoured representing at least 30,000 Manasseh and supported his family groups, assembled in policy of paganism, the priestly Jerusalem. The king had pro- class had aided Josiah and as- vided the animals necessary, sisted him in his reform. and his generosity had been But, unfortunately, they were imitated by the priests and more interested in the formal- princes of the realm.

*The word "title" (2 Kings 23: 17) is rendered "erection" by Rotherham, and probably denotes a monument, perhaps set up by the prophet of Samaria to commemorate the work of the prophet of Judah (see 1 Kings 13: 31). 69 STORY OF THE BIBLE July, 1962 The animals were herded to- the latter to assist by flaying gether on the 10th day of Abib, the animal, and giving the as required by the Law, and necessary portions back to the carefully inspected by the offerer who returned to his priests to ensure that they were place in the assembly awaiting without blemish. This was dismissal. Others of the Lev- commanded by Law to teach a ites played instruments of very important lesson. The music, or chanted the Passover Passover Lamb pointed forward psalms. After each service, the to Jesus Christ, the "Lamb of heads of the family groups re- God offered for the sin of the turned home with his animal, world" who was himself with- where it would be roasted and out blemish of character. eaten that evening as com- On the 14th day of the manded.* Month, on the very day of the Relay after relay of men pre- year on which Jesus died, thus sented themselves at the fulfilling the type, the lambs Temple to slay the Passover were slain. Lamb on behalf of the family All was done according to the group over which they presided. Law. The Priests and Levites But at last the long proces- took their places in the court sion came to an end, the final of the Temple. The normal animal had been slain, the con- daily sacrifices were offered. cluding Psalm had been sung, The heads of family groups, on the first part of the service was this occasion 30,000 in number, over. assembled at the Temple in re- In thousands of homes the lays. As each group was ush- lambs were roasted, the family ered into the Temple court, groups assembled around the they saw a sight that had not table, and the story of Divine been seen for over 50 years. The mercy and deliverance was told. Priests and Levites were as- Children heard for the first sembled in their proper places; time the story of the Exodus, of the former ready to preside over the great deliverance that had the slaying of the lamb (which been effected through Moses. each Israelite did on his own The lamb was eaten with bitter account) and to receive the herbs, with unleavened bread. blood and dash it on the altar, The youngest one. present asked

*Josephus says that the Passover was kept in companies of no less than ten (Wars 6: 9) and that it was not lawful to eat it singly. At the time appointed (from approximately 3 to 6 p.m.) representatives of each group brought their animal to the Temple, the gates of which were closed when the allowed number were inside, and were not opened again until the next relay. The priests stood between the slaughter place and the altar to officiate over the slaying, and to assist one another. The people acted as priests and slew then- own offering. The Levites stood at their places (cp. 1 Chron. 25) singing Psalms 113-118 repeatedly. The seemingly endless slaughter of animals, the stream of blood poured out, the singing of significant psalms, would impress those assembled with the awful consequences of sin, and that without the shedding of blood there was no remission. July, 1962 STORY OF THE BIBLE the question traditionally asked to Yahweh so completely' as he at such a time: did, and yet in 2 Kings 18: 5 "Wherein is this night different from these same words are said of all other nights?" Hezekiah. Which is right?" The head of the group com- "Both are right," answered menced the instruction: Mr. Phillips, with a smile. "On all other nights, we may eat "That's impossible!" said either leavened bread or unleavened, Ann, who had turned up the but on this night only unleavened; on all other nights we may eat other kind two references, and no matter of herb, but on ths night only bitter how much she likes to argue herbs. ..." with her brother, was forced to "What mean the testimonies, and agree with him in this. statutes, and the judgments which Yahweh our God hath commanded "It is true!" declared Mr. you?" Phillips. "We are Pharoah's bondmen in "How can it possibly be true?" Egypt; and Yahweh brought us out of asked Peter. Egypt with a mighty hand; He shewed signs and wonders, great and sore, "I have told you repeatedly upon Egypt, upon Pharoah. ..." that when you find what seems So the explanation went on, to be a contradiction in the in 30,000 homes that night. Bible to very carefully read the The Passover had been cele- context," said Mr. Phillips. brated strictly according to the "Notice that 2 Kings 23: 25 says Law. that Josiah was greater than It was the culminating point any other king in a particular of Josiah's reform; he could way, namely, 'according to all look back satisfied at that the law of Moses.' He observed which he had attempted. the Law more strictly than did He had done what he could Hezekiah, but in accordance for the nation. with 2 Kings 18: 5, Hezekiah He had destroyed the exter- was the greater king." nal evidences of idolatry; had "I suppose the same explan- brought the people back to the ation applies to 2 Chronicles 35: Law; had laid the foundation 18, where we read that the Pass- of righteousness for the people. over Josiah kept was greater It was not his fault that they than that kept at any previous did not fully respond to his time," remarked Graham. lead. "Yes. When you read, 'there was no Passover like to that,' WHERE JOSIAH FAILED it does not mean that more The Phillips' family had read people celebrated it in the time together the story of Josiah, of Josiah, or that it was kept and were now discussing it to- with more enthusiasm, or did gether. more good, but rather that "I have a difficulty to recon- there was none kept so meti- cile," declared Peter to his culously according to the Law father. "In 2 Kings 23: 25 we as that conducted by Josiah. read that there was 'no king be- Notice the comments of vv. 1, 4, fore or after Josiah who turned 5, 6,10,12,13,15,16 of the chap- STORY OF THE BIBLE July, 1962 ter you have quoted. See how Hezekiah's day, the people re- carefully the record states that cognized that they had broken everything that was done was the Law, and saw the need of according to the commandment. seeking forgiveness; but in In fact, I feel that it was in this Josiah's day, the law was so direction that his reform meticulously set before them failed." that the people felt themselves "What do you mean by «hat?" covered by it, and became self- "Josiah had discovered the righteous. They forgot that the Book of the Law and tried to Law could not save them, and, put into practise all he read in fact, cursed them." therein with the greatest en- "Don't you think Josiah was thusiasm. In that, he was a great king?" helped by the priests and pro- "Most assuredly I do! We are phets of Judah. Their interest, told that he was a great king. however, was mainly political, His work actually foreshadows and rested in the formalism of that of the Lord Jesus. As he the Law. Like the Jews of ruthlessly destroyed idolatry, Christ's day, they looked at the slaughtered the black-frocked letter of the law and discerned priests, restored the Temple not its spirit. Jeremiah warned worship, provided the Passover them of this. He told them not Lambs for the people, so also to trust in lying words, saying, will the Lord Jesus at his com- 'The Temple of Yahweh, the ing. It was not his fault that Temple of Yahweh, the Temple the people refused to respond of Yahweh are these,' using the to the teaching of the law." Temple as a mere talisman "That explains why Jeremiah (Jer. 7:4). They believed that denounced the people during so long as the people attended the time of Josiah," suggested the Temple all was well, and Graham. God would not destroy the "That is so. One of the most building he had caused to be important verses in the Old erected. Thus they relied on Testament is Jeremiah 1: 2. It externals in religion, on strict tells us that this great prophet attendance to formalism with- began to prophesy in the 13th out discerning the spiritual les- year of Josiah. This was when sons behind these necessary the great reform had com- things (Matt. 23: 23). There was menced. The first twelve chap- no spirit or love of Yahweh in ters of Jeremiah record pro- their worship. On the other phecies given in the times of hand, Hezekiah saw beyond the Josiah, at a time when people mere letter of the Law. In his were flocking into the Temple, day they 'did eat the Passover when they were celebrating the otherwise than it was written' law as it had never been kept (2 Chron. 30: 18), but through for centuries, when idolatry the intercession of the King had been destroyed, the pagan they were forgiven any such in- temples and idols broken up, fraction Qt the Law. Thus, in the false prophets and priests July, 1962 STORY OP THE BIBLE slain. From an external view- lus in the absence of the spirit point, the nation looked spirit- of the Truth, or is induced by ually prosperous and united, the commandments of men. By but Yahweh reads the heart, its very attitude Judah showed and there the picture was not that it feared Josiah not God so good. He could see that the and this was abhorrent to Him. people did not want this re- All that is implied in the simple, form : they preferred to go their mechanical statement that own ways; He could see that Jeremiah prophesied in the 13th they were hypocritical in atti- year of Josiah!" tude, and that the sweeping reforms of the king were not JEREMIAH AT THE TEMPLE really to their liking. Jeremiah "I don't like the Book of Jere- expressed the viewpoint of God, miah much," remarked Ann. "It He was, sweeping in his bitter is such doleful reading; chapter condemnation. He told them after chapter of complaints!" that they were a nation of adul- "You don't like reading his terers, that they had been com- message, and Jeremiah hated pletely unfaithful to their God, proclaiming it," answered Mr. Whom figuratively they had Phillips. "But this is a book married in the Covenant made that really grows on one the at Sinai (Jer. 3: 1-5). He more it is studied. Most people warned them that the very book prefer Isaiah, because of the of the Law they had discovered glorious language in which his cursed them, and that upon prophecies are delivered. But them would assuredly come the whereas Isaiah predicted the terrible punishments there re- sufferings of Christ in such corded. He threatened and chapters as his 53rd, Jeremiah pleaded with them to turn manifested them in the things wholeheartedly to Yahweh, to he endured and the message he serve Him in such a way that proclaimed. It is always easier the judgments pronounced to think or speak of sufferings therein might be averted." than to endure them! Jeremiah "But why do you say that Jer. was a wonderful and remark- 1: 2 is such an important able type of Christ!" verse?" interrupted Peter. "Jeremiah had warned the "Because it tells us that the people that Yahweh requires indictments of Jeremiah was more than mere formalism in given when the greatest re- worship, that if they really ligious revival in the history of wanted to serve Him in truth the nation was taking place. We they must seek Him completely are thereby shown very clearly with all their hearts. It was that it is not in externals that true that they had given tithes Yahweh takes pleasure, but in to restore the Temple, it was the heart. We are taught that true that they were reverting true religion cannot be forced to the form of worship laid by law, is useless to God when down in the Law, it was true it relies upon man-made stimu- that they were offering the pre- STORY OF THE BIBLE July, 1962 scribed sacrifices, and attend- change. ing the necessary feasts. They " 'You trust in lying words, that did all this because the king cannot profit,' he said. 'You steal, demanded it, not because of murder, do all manner of evil, and their love of God. Therefore then come and stand before Yahweh in this house and say, 'We are delivered there was little true spirit in to do all these things. IS THIS their religion. HOUSE, WHICH I HAVE CALLED BY "But the exhortations of MY NAME, BECOME A DEN OF ROBBERS IN YOUR EYES? Behold, Jeremiah made no impact upon I have seen it, saith Yahweh' (Jer. 7: the people/' 11)." "At the command of Yahweh "I am beginning to see what he began to use more dramatic you mean when you say Jere- methods. miah was a type of Christ," said "On one occasion, some time Graham interrupting his after the celebration of the father. "Those were the very Passover, when the people were words that the Lord used when flocking into the Temple for he entered the Temple, and some service, they saw the pro- overturned the tables of the phet standing in the court gate. money-changers and the seats He faced the people, with his of them that sold doves, and back to the Temple, as though said: 'This house shall be called he were guarding it from their of all nations a House of Prayer, polluting presence. Then, when but ye have made it a den of sufficient had gathered around thieves' (Mark 11: 17). I can him, he addressed them: imagine how the people would " 'Hear this, all you that enter these gates to worship Yahweh,' cried the look on Jeremiah with anger youthful prophet and priest, 'Thus as they did also on the Lord." saith Yahweh of hosts, the God of Israel, Amend your ways and your "The Lord was quoting both doings, and I will cause you to dwell Isaiah and Jeremiah on that in this place!' " occasion," replied his father. "The people could hardly be- "Isaiah predicted the time lieve their ears. What did he when the Temple sh^ll be mean? Were they not worship- called a House of Prayer for all ping Yahweh? Had they not nations (Isa. 56), but Jeremiah changed their ways? actually enacted the very in- "The prophet declared they cident itself. It was this action had not. As they thronged of Christ that caused the priests around him in the Temple, he to conspire to destroy him, and showed that their actions were in like manner, Jeremiah's ex- dictated by the commands of hortation in the Temple caused men and did not reflect a love the people to hate him. It was of God. He told them they put the beginning of a long dis- too much confidence in the course that occupies Chapters 7 Temple as though God would to 10 of his book, and in which never destroy it, and he warned he showed that the very Book of them that Yahweh would des- the Law they had discovered troy both the Temple and the warned them of dire punish- Nation if the people did not ments to come," 64 VOL. 6 AUGUST. 1962 No 5

The Frustrated Reformer

Though Josiah instituted wide-sweeping reforms they did not really touch the hearts of the people. The people did what the king demanded because they feared him, and not out of love for Yahweh. Because of that, Josiah's reforms were not really effective, and Jeremiah was set the task of warning the people that if they did not change in heart before God they would be destroyed from cff the land. We interrupted Mr. Phillips last month as he was discussing some of the incidents recorded in the Book of Jeremiah. Opposition to Jeremiah of Egypt. Obey My voice and do My commands that I may give "There is even a more inter- you a land to live in/ Yahweh esting incident recorded in his declared. 11th chapter," continued Mr. "And as Jeremiah heard Phillips. "It has as its back- these words, he confirmed ground the Covenant with them, saying: 'So be it' or which Josiah had bound the 'Amen* (Jer. 11: 5). nation to serve Yahweh. You "This was the response that remember the incident, don't Israel was commanded to give you?" when they heard the words of "Yes, it is recorded in 2 the Covenant. It meant that Chronicles 35: 31-33," replied they were bound to them and Peter. would truly receive the bless- "Well, some time after that, ings or the cursings there out- the Voice of Yahweh came to lined according to whether they the prophet, reminding him of obeyed or disobeyed. the implications of that covenant. ^ 'Cursed be the man that "Jeremiah was told to take obeyeth not the words of the this message to the people. Like covenant which I commanded the Lord Jesus, nearly 700 years your fathers in the day that I later, he commenced a tour of brought them out of the land the cities of Judea (vv. 6-8)f STORY OF THE BIBLE August, 1962. warning the people that the took him back to his home- very covenant they had entered town of Nazareth. And there, * into could destroy them unless Jeremiah, like Christ, pro- they obeyed it in the letter and claimed his message. And like in the spirit. Christ, he found these people "It was not a pleasant tour more angry with him than any that he made. The people came others. 'We do not want to hear to hate him for his straight- you!' they stormed at him. 'Do forward talk. They did not not prophesy in the name of want to hear of curses; they Yahweh, or we will kill you!' wanted only blessings. They (cp. Jer. 11: 21 with Luke 4: 24). were well satisfied with their "Even the ijiembers of his ways, and manifested the own family joined in the hue greatest impatience at his criti- and cry against him. And when cism. they found that anger and per- "The prophet told them that secution did not move him, they they were completely disloyal tried flattery and fair words — t to Yahweh: 'According to the but all in vain (Jer. 12: 6). How number of their cities have like the Lord Jesus, concerning been your gods,' he declared whom it was said, that 'even his (Jer. 11: 13). And though the brethren believed him not* * idols had been destroyed, the (Jhn. 7: 5)! hearts of the people remained "Sad and despondent, the unchanged. So completely prophet turned to Yahweh. apostate had they become that 'Why do the* wicked prosper?' Yahweh refused to hear any he asked (Ch. 12: 1). He desired prayers on their behalf unless to know the purpose of all his they changed their ways (v. 14). sufferings. He could see that "He reminded them that though Yahweh was 'near in though Israel is likened to a the mouths of the people, He f 'good olive tree/ Yahweh would was far from their inward feel- break off its branches and burn ings' (v. 2). He could see that them (v. 16), language that the even then the beginnings of Apostle Paul borrows in Romans punishments predicted in the t 11: 19. Law were being felt. Severe "He spake of the growing drought was troubling the land hatred of the people for him- (v. 4), and he wondered if it self, and likened himself to 'a were to continue. favorite lamb led to the slaugh- "He was told that worse ter' (v. 9)* a term used of the things were in store for the Lord Jesus (Acts 8: 32). nation. Jerusalem would be "His journey led him back to overthrown by the Gentiles, his own city of Anathoth, just though ultimately the 'time of as the journey ings of Christ the Gentiles* would come to an

•See Rotherham's translation. •The Gentiles are styled "Mine evil neighbours" in Jer. 12: 14 because is represented in Scripture as dwelling in the midst of Israel. August, 1962. STORY OF THE BIBLE end, and Israel would be re- Hezekiah, and he prophesied, as a stored. young man, in the closing years of "In short, this message of Josiah's reign.* Jeremiah, in his 12th chapter, His book only contains three is strikingly similar to that short chapters, but they are full of warning prophecy which Christ meaning and power. delivered on the Mount of Olives (Matthew 24), in which He endorsed the words of Jere- he also predicted famine, civil miah. war, invasion, destruction for Some had rejected the message Judah, and the downtreading of that prophet, claiming that of Jerusalem 'until the times of "Yahweh will do neither good nor the Gentiles be fulfilled/ evil!" (Zeph. 1 : 12). "Thus Jeremiah anticipated "You people who are 'settled on the work of the Lord Jesus. As your lees' and say such things, far as we know, this was his shall be carefully searched out and final prophecy in the lifetime of punished," was the prophet's sar- Josiah. Shortly after this, poli- castic reproof to those who spake tical events developed to a in that way. crisis in which the life of the He warned the materialistic- Godly king was brought to an minded merchants of Jerusalem end." that their trust in wealth would ZEPHANIAH'S avail them nothing in the day of DRAMATIC WARNING crises that was rapidly approaching. They would be cut off in spite Whilst Jeremiah was busy touring of their riches (Zeph. 1:11). the cities of Judah, scorned and He saw the tragic farce of the derided of men because he set their people's unconcern; he heard the sins plainly before them, the voice sickening thud and rumble of ap- of another prophet was heard, proaching judgment and war. warning the people of impending Loudly he called his theme-cry in judgments. the streets: It was the voice of the prophet "Hold thy peace at the presence Zephaniah. of the Lord Yahweh: for the day of His name means "Yahweh Has Yahweh is at hand: for Yahweh hath Hidden," and his words show that prepared a sacrifice, He hath bid His guests" (Zeph. 1:7). Yahweh, indeed, had turned His Judah was to be carved up like face from His people. a sacrifice; the Gentiles were in- He was a relation of King vited as guests to a feast to come Josiah, being a descendant of and feed off the nation!

*"Hizkiah" (Zeph. 1:1) is the same in Hebrew as Hezekiah. The long genealogical line, so unlike the prophets, points to this being Hezekiah the king, and Zephaniah being in the line of David as was Josiah. The date of his prophecy is implied in the statement of Ch. 1:8 in which all classes of society are condemned including the "king's sons"—the king alone being excluded. This suggests that Zephaniah must have commenced to prophecy fairly late in the reign of Josiah by which time the king's eons had grown to maturity, to earn this rebuke. 67 STORY OF THE BIBLE August, 1962.

It was a horrible urgent message On the day of Yahweh's wrath. — if only the people would heed The fire of His fury will consume the whole land; it. For a full end, yea a fearful end, In dramatic, compelling lan- Will Yahweh make of all that dwell guage he drew a picture of the in the land." impending disaster: (Zeph. 1:14-18). The great day of Yahweh is near! And what an all-embracing day Near! SPEEDING APACE!! of trouble he predicted. A day of wrath, of woe, of anguish. Commencing with Judah, he A day of stress and distress, of systematically showed how the na- darkness and gloom, A day of cloud and thunder-cloud, tions on west, east, south and north A day of trumpet-blast and battle- would in turn be involved* cry, Guilty Judah would become the Against fortified towns and high towers, very centre of the cauldron of Bringing distress upon men, trouble into which all nations Causing them to grope like the would be plunged. Tt would be blind, desperately. Because against Yahweh they, re- ringed with an iron band of judg- belled, ment and woe that would bring it Their blood shall be scattered like to utter destruction. dust, But his message was not unreliev- Their flesh like dung, No silver, no gold will avail to pro- ed darkness. Like all the other protect, phets, he also had a vision of fut-

JEREMIAH'S TEMPLE PROPHECY — Chps. 7-10 "They had found a copy of the Book of the Law" (2 Kings 22: 8). This book became the text-book of Josiah's reform, but Jeremiah showed how the curses of the Book would come upon that generation. In doing so he stood as a type of Christ. Thus he stood as a bridge linking Moses and the Lord. Note the following references to the Law in his Temple discourse, and how his words anticipate those of the Lord Jesus. He, like the Lord, condemned the people out of the Law.

MOSES JEREMIAH CHRIST MOSES JEREMIAH CHRIST Ch. 7: 4 Mat. 24: 2 Ch. 8: 8 Mat. IS: 6 Deut. 24: 14 Ch. 7: 6 Deirt. 28: 30 Ch. 8: 10 Deut. 6: 14-15 Ch. 7: 6 Lev. 14: 44-45 Ch. 8: 12 Deut. 4: 40 Ch. 7: 7 Ch. 8: 13 Mat. 2h 19 Deut. 6: 14 Ch. 7: 9 Mat. 23: 21-23 D»ot. 29: 18 Ch. 8: 14 Ch. 7: II Mat. 21: 13 Ch. 8: 21 Mat. 8: 17 Deut. 12: II Ch. 7: 12 Luke 21: 24 Ch. 9: I , Luke 19: 41 Deut. 9: 14 Ch. 7: 16 Jhn. 17: 9 Ch. 9: 2 Mth. 16: 4 Deut. 6: 3 Ch. 7: 21-23 Heb. 10: 8-9 Ch. 9: 4 Mth. 10: 36 Ch. 7: 26 Mat. 23: 30-31 Deut. 28: 23-24Ch. 9: 10 Deut. 17: 1 Ch. 7: 28 Mat. 23: 13 Deut. 3i: 2? Ch. 9: 13 Deut. 17: 3 Ch. 7: 32 Mat. 23: 33 Deut. 28: 64 Ch. 9: 16 Ch. 7: 34 Luke 23: 28 Ch. 9: 23 I Cor. ί: 3Ι Deut. 4: 19 Ch. 8: 2 Deut. 30: 6 Ch. 9: 26 Rom. 2: 25 Deut. 28: 34 Ch. 8: 2 Exod. 15: II Ch. 10: 6-7 Rev. 15: 3 Deut. 28:' 6 6 Ch'. β': 3 Deut. 32: 9 Ch. 10: 16

-Notice the systematic treatment of nations in Zephaniah's prophecy. First Judah as the centre of the Divine purpose (Ch. 1:2 - 2:3), then Philistia to the West (Ch. 2:4-7), Moab and Ammon to the East (v.v.,8-11), Ethiopia (and Egypt) to the South (v.12), and finally Assyria to the North (vv.13-15), 68 August, 1962. STORY OF THE BIBLE ure glory. His final words com- the long mountain barrier formed prise a prediction of healing and by the Himalayan, Caucasan and of hope (Zeph. 3: 9-20). He saw other ranges, which completely cut the people returning to the land, off that which lay beyond from the worshipping Yahweh in truth, civilised world of the times. manifesting shame at their former The Scythians suddenly and un- iniquities, seeking the Divine favor. expectedly appeared: fierce, un- He saw Zion transformed, the civilised, uncouth, to fall upon the enemy expelled, Messiah the King soft, sophisticated cities of the applauded as the victorious war- south. rior, Israel regathered and glori- One division swept along the fied, receiving praise and fame in coastal plains of Palestine towards all lands where previously they Egypt, penetrating Philistia to the had been put to shame. southern border of Palestine. It What a wonderful message of was met and induced to stop by hope it is! How it must have en- Psammetichus of Egypt after sack- couraged those faithful few who in ing the Temple of Astarte at Asca- the midst of the terrible wicked- lon. The Egyptian leader bribed ness of Jeremiah's day, still sought the rough, crude-looking invaders to obey the Truth. to retire. It was a royal message for the Bought off by Egypt, they re- royal prophet to deliver for the turned north, ravaging the country, benefit of those who still delighted burning, plundering, bringing ter- in "the sure mercies of David". ror to the inhabitants. They left (Isa. 55: 4). but one permanent trace of their A WORLD IN TURMOIL passage as they retired along the plain of Esdraelon. The city of Some time after the 18th year Bethshan, on its eastern extremity, of Josiah's reign when he had from them received the name it af- celebrated the Passover for the first terwards bore of Scythopolos. time (see p. 59), an event occurred Within ten years they had retir- of the greatest importanct. ed behind their mountain barrier, It comprised a warning to the having disappeared like an evil self-satisfied kingdom of Judah; it apparition. also completely altered the balance The terror that had so swiftly of power among the nations, set- struck and retired, was like a ting in motion the train of circum- warning to Judah of what it could stances that finally led to the des- expect when its time came. truction of Jerusalem. Asia was invaded by the But for the moment the nation Scythians. escaped. The Scythians passed it The Bible barely mentions this by. For some reason, Jerusalem, marauding, warlike nation, but it apparently, was not attacked. played quite an important part in Historians wonder why this was the history of the times. The so. The Bible supplies the answer. Scythians appeared suddenly from God had promised Josiah, through the mysterious north, from behind Huldah the prophetess, that he STORY OF THE BIBLE August, 1962.

would have peace during his life- kings pledged each other to a mu- time. tual agreement. Amid the ruins The fierce, brutal Scythians — of Ninevah they divided up the murdering, plundering, destroying, Assyrian Empire. but passing Judah by — was a Media annexed the north and warning and a token to many north-east. watchers in the land. Babylon lay claim to the south ASSYRIA COLLAPSES and south-west. By this momentous decision Although the Scythians attacked Syria, Palestine Egypt came under Assyria, and weakened the nation, the sphere of Babylon rule. they actually delayed the fall of the Empire. EGYPT MOVES AGAINST Two other Powers were awaiting BABYLON the opportunity to attack, but In Egypt a ruler had come to feared to do so whilst the fierce, power called Pharoah Neco II. savage fighters from the north were He heard of the fall of Ninevah, ravaging the land. and the pact of mutual agreement They were the developing entered into by Media and Baby- powers of Media and Babylon. lon. To the north-east of Assyria, in But he had no intention of the Province of Media, a king by quietly being adopted into the name of Cyaxeres had come to family of nations that Babylon de- power. He proved an efficient sired to establish. military leader, and made prepar- He believed that it was to his ations to throw off the yoke of advantage to help the fallen Assy- Assyria. rians. Meanwhile, in the south-east, It was true that for many years Nabopolasser founded the Baby- Egypt and Assyria had been bitter lonian Empire, and also awaited enemies, that their armies had an opportune moment to seize the clashed time and again, that Pales- spoils of the decaying empire of tine had been constantly disturbed Assyria. by the arguments between the The retirement of the Scythians powers of the north and south. behind their mountain barrier pro- But Neco preferred to have a vided the opportunity both were weakened Assyria sufficiently seeking. strong enough to withstand Baby- They bore down on the Assyri- lon, rather than having a power- ans on two fronts. Nineveh was ful Babylon emerge to threaten caught in a joint-attack that Egypt. crushed it as in a vice. One by one He decided to march to the help the protecting fortresses fell, until, of Assyria. in the year 614 B.C. the remaining It was a momentous decision stronghold had been taken. that he made, destined to prove Cyaxeres had reached there disastrous to the little kingdom of first, and Nabopolasser met him Judah, and the family of Josiah in the ruins of the city. Both in particular, as Mr. Phillips ex- 70 August, 1962. STORY OF THE BIBLE

plained to his family when discus- perienced, causing Jeremiah to sing 2 Chronicles 35. ask, "How long shall the land mourn?' (Jer. 12:4). The Battle of Megiddo "It was also a year of interna- "We discussed the Passover cele- tional tension. From the north brated by Josiah last evening," (see were heard reports of the fall of p. 61) said Mr. Phillips to his fam- Assyria and the success of two ily, "and now I want to outline new Powers: Media and Babylon. to you the final incidents in Jo- "And then, closer home, was sia's life. heard the tramp of Egyptian "With his death came the sun- soldiers, as the army of Pharoah set on Judah's glory; for now the Neco moved north to help the kingdom was hastening to its Assyrians." doom. "I do not find that in the "Thirteen years had flown by Bible," interrupted Graham. "2 since the great Passover had been Kings 23 : 29 reads that he went kept with such enthusiasm, and up 'to fight against Assyria.' How can you say he went up to help "How do we know that?" inter- the Assyrians." rupted Peter. "That verse is better rendered "Oh, work it out for yourself!" 'he went to' as it is in the RSV," exclaimed Ann impatiently. "2 answered Mr. Phillips. "Neco went Chronicles 34: 1 says that he to fight in support of the Assyri- reigned 31 years, and in 2 Chron- ans against the rising powers of icles 35 : 19 we are told that the Babylon and Media. Archaeolo- Passover was celebrated in his 18th gists have found inscriptions con- year. Eighteen from thirty-one firming the Bible record in this. leaves thirteen!" They are today preserved in t h e "Alright Ann! Keep your hair British Museum, and state that on!" answered Peter cheerfully. 'the King of Assyria procured a "Nevertheless, it is good to work large Egyptian army and marched these things out for yourself," re- against Haran to conquer it! The marked Mr. Phillips. Assyrian monarch hoped to make "When you tell me, it saves me Haran his headquarters from the trouble," said Peter with a whence he could reconquer his grin at the indignant Ann. own territory from the Medes and "We know very little of the Babylonians with the help of the events of those thirteen years, Egyptians. apart from what we learn in t h e "But it was a forlorne hope. record of Jeremiah," said Mr. "He obtained the Egyptian help Phillips, who, being a family man, but could do nothing with it. has learned to ignore the little Haran was beseiged for two arguments that sometimes arise. months, but it did not fall, and "Apparently, Josiah enjoyed a when Neco saw how weak the measure of prosperity until about Assyrian forces were, he retired to the closing year of his reign, when Carchemish on the Euphrates apparently severe drought was ex- which he made his border, and de- 71 STORY OF THE B1BLL August, 1962. hcd Nabopolassar the king of the Barak had discomfitted Sisera, and Babylonians, to dislodge him. Gideon with his 300 men had de- "Thus, for a time, Syria, Pales- feated the Midianites the day the tine and the adjacent countries battle took place. came under the control of the "Megiddo signifies The Place of Egyptians. Troups', and soon the normal "But, before this, a most tragic peaceful valley resounded with the event occurred as we read in 2 clash of troops, the battle-cries of Chronicles 35. men in mortal combat, the groans "Josiah attempted to stop the of men wounded unto death. mightly Egyptian army. Perhaps "Josiah was in the forefront of he was encouraged with the the battle, commanding the chari- thought of Sennacherib's over- ots. The Egyptian bowmen direc- throw; doubtless he wanted to ted a cloud of arrows at the ad- keep his country free from foreign vancing Israelites. One among domination, and realised that if their number shot his arrow blind- Egypt were successful in the north, ly, at a venture, in the direction of Judah would fall under its influ- the disguised king. Swiftly the ence. shaft flew to its target, striking the "Whatever were his real motives king a mortal blow. Josiah slump- he decided to oppose Egypt. ed in his chariot. Courageously he pitted his small " 'Take me away, I am badly army against the mighty forces wounded,' he gasped. from the South. "Swiftly the servant wheeled the "He failed, however, to seek chariot out of the battle line. Ten- Divine guidance in this crucial and derly he lifted his beloved king out fateful decision, and this led to his of the small war-chariot into a undoing. larger one in order to carry him to "Neco treated the small Judian Jerusalem. forces with contempt." "But the king was beyond any " 'What have you to do with me, help. Josiah had fought his last Ο king of Judah?' he asked. Ί have battle, had introduced his last re- not come out against you but against form. His record had been closed my own enemy. God has commanded me to make haste. Therefore, stop in death until the resurrection. interfering with God, Who is on my "He died at peace with God. He side, lest He destroy you!' died just in time to escape the "Unconsciously, Neco was ut- trouble that was looming on the tering the counsel of God in thus political horizon and which almost speaking. immediately began to affect Judah. "But Josiah did not heed the "Thus God had fulfilled His voice of wisdom. promise made through Huldah. "Disguising himself, he set his The threatened punishment on chariots in battle array and made Judah was delayed until the death ready to oppose the astonished of good king Josiah. and now angry Egyptian. "Meanwhile, the tiny army of "It was in the historic vicinity of Judah was swept out of the way. Megiddo, not far from where Without waiting to consolidate his 72 August, 1962. STORY OF THE BIBLE victory (for his prescence was the accounts in both 2 Chronicles urgently required in the north) 35 and 2 Kings 24, and they say Pharoah Neco pressed on to the nothing about the people gather- assistance of the fallen Assyrian ing in families to mourn as though Empire." they had lost a son, as you have said. Are you just exercising your The Morning for Josiah imagination?" "Slowly, mournfully, the body "By no means! I have told you of the king was conveyed back to before, that when you study a sec- the city. tion of the Bible, you need to take "Fearfully the people had await- a concordance and look up every ed news of the battle. As the bro- reference to it and link them token remnants of the army were gether, to get the full picture. You seen the apprehension mounted. will find the mourning of Josiah The mournful appearance of the referred to in Zechariah 12: 11. returned soldiers, the subdued look Link the references in Kings and of the leaders, the absence of the Chronicles with that in Zechariah, king in his chariot, and finally the and you will find the description is news that the king had been slain, exactly as I have said. Moreover, revealed to them how disastrous you will find that this mourning is was the defeat. said to be similar to a mourning "The whole nation gave itself that will overcome the Jews in the over to mourning. days when the Lord Jesus shall "It was as though every family appear in the earth. They will had lost a beloved son. then mourn as they did in the days "The streets were deserted, of Josiah. They mourned because families sheltered in their homes their king was dead; but when mourning the terrible loss the Christ returns they will mourn be- nation had suffered, throughout cause they will realise that they the land a cry arose because a be- put to death their king 1900 years loved king had been tragically ago!" taken from his people. "T know that it says that Jere- "But no one mourned so earn- miah lamented for Josiah (2 estly as Jeremiah. Chron. 35: 25), but is there any "He knew, as no one else, how record of what he said?" asked much the nation had lost. Ann. "He realised that the death of "No. This was possibly a fun- the king removed that which re- eral lamentation which has not strained the outpouring of Divine been preserved. However, Jere- anger and judgment on the wicked miah did make mention of the nation." death of Josiah. In Lamentations "Before you go any further," 4: 20 he declared: The breath of our nostrils, remarked Peter as his father The Anointed of Yahweh, paused, I am going to challenge Was taken in their pits. you on what you have just said. Of him we said, You told me I must work out Under his shadow we shall live, things for myself, but I have read Among the heathen. 73 STORY OF THE BIBLE August, 1962.

"Again, in Jeremiah 22: 10 he into a valley for judgment." wrote concerning Josiah: "Yes, but what I want to know Weep ye not for the dead, is whether that valley is the valley Neither bemoan him. of Megiddo!" said Ann impa- "He spake thus because he knew tiently. that greater troubles were shortly to fall." "That cannot be," remarked Graham, "because Zechariah 14: "Is Megiddo and Armageddon 2 says that God will gather t h e the same?" asked Graham. nations to Jerusalem for battle, and will there pour out upon them "No, the word 'Armageddon' is His great judgments." a different word entirely. It is said that Armageddon signifies the "Graham is quite right" said Mountain of Megiddo, but it was his father. "Outside of Jerusalem in the valley of Megiddo that there is a valley, called the Val- Josiah lost his life, and the Bible ley of Jchoshaphat, or the Valley is silent concerning a mountain of of Yahweh\s judgment. This will that name. 'Armagedon' should be be the focal point of conflict spelt with only one 'd' as in the among the nations when God ga- R.V., and its meaning sought for thers them together for battle. We in the Hebrew tongue. In 'Eureka' learn that in Joel 3. Notice verse vol. 3, pp. 603-604, Dr. Thomas 2 says that "all nations" will be says it is compounded of three drawn to the valley οϊ Jehosha- Hebrew words: 'Arma' which he phat, and that there Yahweh will links with 'arema' meaning 'a heap judge them. In v.12, he declares: of sheaves'; 'ge' or 'gai' meaning "For there will I sit to judge all 'a valley,' and 'don' or 'dun' signi- the nations round about. He lik- fying 'judgment.' " ens this place to the 'valley of threshing' (v. 14 mg.), and states "What does all that mean?" that the nations will be gath- asked Ann. ered thereinto like heaps of "Accepting these meanings, Ar- sheaves into the threshing floor. mageddon signifies, ' A heap of Micah predicts the same event, sheaves in a valley for judgment." but in language even more in line "I still cannot see what you are with the word Armageddon. He driving at," said Ann with a frown declares that God will gather the on her face. nations 'as the sheaves into the "Give Dad time and he'll get floor' for judging (Micah 4:12). there finally," murmured Peter. The word 'Armageddon,' there- "Armageddon relates to the fore, has its roots in Old Testa- judgment of the nations, and the ment prophecy, but is to be iden- word signifies that God will ga- tified with Jerusalem more than ther all the nations as sheaves the valley of Megiddo."

74 August, 1962. STORY OF THE BIBLE

KING OF THE RETRIBUTION

With the death of Josiah, the judgments of Yahweh fell fast and heavy on the guilty nation, until it was taken into captivity by the Babylonians. The centre of interest turns from the kings to the prophets of the period—men such as Jeremiah and Habakkuk.

THE PEOPLE'S CHOICE This second name proved iron- Three sons were left to mourn ical, for Yahweh was not prepar- the death of Josiah. They were ed to uphold him. As Zephaniah Eliakim, a young man of 25 years had earlier predicted, there were of age (2 Kings 23:36), Shallum severe punishments reserved for who was 23 years of age (2 Kings Josiah's sons (Zeph. 1:8). Je- 23:31; 1 Chron. 3:15; Jer. 22: hoahaz was destined to be the 11), and a young boy of ten first of these sons to reap this re- years of age named Mattaniah sult of their own folly. He was (2 Kings 24:17-18), who is bet- to be king of the Retribution, and ter known as Zedekiah. thus live up to his proper name of Shallum. He commenced to The people elected Shallum reign at a time when the long- king by popular vote. threatened, long-delayed punish- Why they did not make the ment of Yahweh began to fall eldest son king is not properly upon his disobedient, God-defy- known, but it is probable that ing people. Eliakim was taken captive by Pharoah Neco at the Battle of The record states that "he did Megiddo, leaving Shallum as the evil in the sight of Yahweh." obvious choice. He did not manifest the qual- Neco was in too much of a ities of Josiah. He probably pleas- hurry to assist the Assyrians in ed the people by relaxing the ex- the north, to delay to put the af- treme religious demands that his fairs of Judah in order. There- father had made. But he did not fore, Jerusalem had a three please God by so doing. months' respite, whilst the Egyp- He was, perhaps, the best of the tian army moved north to finally sons of Josiah. The people saw take up its position in Carch- him as Ezekiel describes him: "a emish. young lion" well trained to "catch This three months' respite was the prey" (Ezek. 19:3). They the full length of Shallum's reign. hoped that he might restore t h e The people had such high hopes fallen fortunes of Judah (Ezek. of him, however, that they chan- 19:5). ged his name to Jehoahaz. His three months' reign saw Shallum means "retribution/' troubles increase. In the days of whereas Jehoahaz signifies "Yah- Josiah the beginnings of a severe weh upholds." drought had been felt, and this 75 STORY OF THE BIBLE August, 1962 continued throughout this period. At the end of three months, Day after day the sun beat down Pharoah Neco demanded that Je- out of a cloudless sky, and t h e hoahaz present himself before ground became hard and parched. him at Riblah in the land o\' Ha- Ploughing was useless. Cattle be- math (2 Kings 23 : 31). came famished for want of grass. It was in this region that David Wild animals deserted their enjoyed one of his greatest vic- young, streams of water dried up, tories by which his great faith the springs failed. was vindicated (2 Sam. 8). Now The whole country became the descendant of David had to stricken with drought. Jerusalem come to this very spot, and humb- became a city of gloom. The gates ly crouch before the proud and οϊ the city, where people common- haughty Egyptian. ly met for business and conversa- Imperiously, Neco told Jehoa- tion became places of mourning haz that he was not allowed to as knots of grave-faced people reign in Jerusalem. He was taken discussed the political and cli- prisoner and sent in chains to matic crisis facing them (Jer. 14: Egypt. 1-6). Neco then appointed Jehoahaz's elder brother Eliakim as king in Jeremiah sought to intercede Jerusalem, changing his name to for the people, but was told that Jehoiachim. they were not worthy of it. Many in Jerusalem lamented "Though Moses and Samuel stood before Me, yet My mind could not be this disgrace that so quickly fol- towards this people: cast them out lowed on the disaster of Josiah's of My sight, and let them go forth." death. They hoped that Neco Yahweh told him.* might experience some reverse t -Ic was told that this was but that would restore their banished the beginning of distress; that king to them again. But Jeremiah Jerusalem as the Mother City was told them that such hopes would to experience terrible privation never be realised. He called upon and bereavement from among them to dry their tears for Josiah, her sons (Jer. 15:6-9); that the and reconcile themselves to' the famine the land suffered was but fact that Jehoahaz (or Shallum) a token of the spiritual famine had gone away for good. manifested by the people (Jer. "Weep ye not Jor the dead, neither 17:8; Amos. 8: 11-12). bemoan him; But weep sore jor him that goeth away; For he shall return False prophets were saying no more, Nor see his native country. that the drought would soon For thus saith Yahweh, Touching break (Jer. 14 : 13), but Yah- Shallum the son of Josiah king of Judah, Which reigneth instead of weh \s reply was that "sword and Josiah his father, Which went forth famine shall consume those very out of this place; He shall not return prophets" (v. 15). thither any more; But he shall die in

::Why are Moses and Samuel specifically referred to ? Because they were known by the people of Jeremiah's day as the mighty intercessors of heroic times whose mediatorship had proved effectual (cp. Exod. 17:11; 32:11; Num. 14:13; 1 Sam. 7:9; 12:16; Ps. 99:6; Isa. 63:10-11. 76 August, 1962. STORY OF THE BIBLE the place whither they have led him acted Ihe retribution that Yahweh captive, And shall see this land no would exact of th nation over more.'· Uer. 22: 10-12). In thus being taken away to die in the land of dispersion, Shallum, The time was not far distant the King of the Retribution, en- when Judah would be no more.

An Outline of the Prophecy of Jeremiah

A great surprise is in store for anybody who systematically sets out to study the Book of the Prophet Jeremiah. At first glance, the book seems to be little more than a monotonous repetition of complaints, lamentations, indictments, gloomy forebodings, and harsh, critical judgments on the prophet's contemporaries. So much is this so, that his name (which really signifies, Whom Yahweh Upholds) has given birth, in the English language, to the word jeremiad, which signifies a lamentation: a tale of grief: a doleful story. Even among Bible students there is a natural tendency to turn from that which at first sight seems such a gloomy book to one that is more exciting, such as the glorious predictions of Isaiah or the thrilling apocayptic forecasting of Ezekiel. But we need to remind ourselves, that if it is monotonous to read chapter after chapter of indictment such as we find in Jeremiah, it must have been far more monotonous to deliver a continuity of such messages. But sandwiched in among these indictments there are exciting incidents recorded, and wonderful foreshadowing» of the work of Christ. Thus the book grows on one the more and closer it is studied. We see the prophet-priest as a wonderful type of the suffering Messiah, as an outstanding exponent of the newly discovered law, as a careful historian setting before us the details of one of the most significant epochs of Jewish history, as a prophet presenting a glorious message of hope in an age of evil and despair, as a courageous, faithful, patient, persistent witness to truth not only proclaiming the Divine will but revealing it in his life. Jeremiah as a Character Study Jeremiah was a timid, retiring man (Ch. 1:6), so deeply sympathetic and with such an intensity of feeling, that he lived, felt and suffered the message he delivered (cp Ch. 9:1-4; 15:10,18; 20:14-18). He entered into the feelings of both Yahweh and the people. His sympathy with the people was like that of the Apostle Paul, who could wish that he, himself, were accursed that they might be saved. Jeremiah pleaded with God, almost suggesting that the threatened chastisement was too severe (Ch.4:10,19, 20; 10:23-25; 14:7-13). But there came a change, as he found the people refused to respond to his message. He found them stubborn, he suffered their derisive mockery, he heard them proclaiming lies in the name of Yahweh, he discovered their thankless » STORY OF THE BIBLE August, 1962.

plots against his Hie, he endured their degrading persecution and cruel treachery. All this made him realise that Yahweh \s punishment was not only warranted, but necessary. If it did not come, the whole nation would be destroyed, both righteous and wicked. Therefore, Jeremiah was caused to cry out that Yah wen punish them—not in a spirit of revenge, but because he could see that justice demanded it, and kindness required it. (Ch. 11:19-20; 18:18-23; 20:10-12; 42:20-22). His love for Yahweh and his fellowmen resulted in the manifestation of the most patient perseverance in the face of the most ungrateful repudiation of his message that it was the lot of a prophet to receive. He bravely persisted despite the humiliation heaped on him by an unheeding people. Here was love, "suffering long, bearing all things, hoping all things, enduring all things." He was completely faithful. Though his sensitive nature shrank from the task set him, he continued it to the bitter end, feeling the pain of his message, yet determined to do the bidding of Yahweh though none should take heed (Ch. 1:19; 7:27K

Jeremiah as a Type Among the prophets, he was pre-eminently the "man of sorrows and acquainted with grief." What Isaiah predicted concerning the Lord Jesus as the suffering servant of Yahweh, Jeremiah manifested. His life was a dramatic foreshadowing of Christ's life. Time and again, incidents of Chrst's life are seen in that of the prophet. The messages he delivered are similar to those of the Lord, the reaction of the people to his teaching was similar to the reaction afforded the teaching of Christ, and time and again, in incidents in his life there is found a remarkable similarity to incidents in the life of the Messiah. He commenced to minister about 40 years before the destruction of Jerusalem—as did the Lord. He was foreknown to Yahweh before birth (Ch. 1:5), as was the Lord (John 17:3). He was unaer divine protection (Ch. 1:8), as was also Christ (John 16:32; 19:11). Of him, Yahweh said: "I have put My words in thy mouth," and of himself, Christ said: "The Father gave me a commandment, what I should say, and what I should speak" (John 12:49; 7:16). He bore the reproach of men (Ch. 15:18), as did the Lord (Ps. 69:20). He visited the Temple and procliamed it a den of thieves (Ch. 7:11), as did Christ (Mark 11:17). He confirmed the covenant, travelled Judea preaching in the cities, described himself as a lamb to the slaughter, was hated by his country- men, was despised by the people of his own city, was rejected by his own brethren (cp. Ch. 11:21; 12:6 with Luke 4:24; Jhn 7:5). He was condemned by the chief priests and scourged (Ch. 20). He was put in a pit and left for dead (the symbol of death), and drawn out of it again (resurrection). He was carried into Egypt where he proclaimed the Message of God. Thus this sorrowing, suffering prophet dramatises the greatest of all prophets who is described as "a man of sorrows and acquainted with grief." August, 1962. STORY OF THE BIBLE

Jeremiah as Historian He lived at a time when all things in Judah were rushing down to the final and mournful catastrophe of national destruction. Political excitement was at a peak, the worst passions swayed the various parties, and the most fatal and foolish counsels prevailed. It was Jeremiah's lot to see his own people, whom he loved with the greatest affection, plunge over the precipice in complete and utter national ruin. His writings are interspersed with references to the times. He is like a reporter, telling the story of Judah's disgrace from the standpoint of God, so that we clearly see why the catastrophe had to come. He makes no less than twenty-three references to Jehoiakim, whilst Josiah, Shallum, Coniah, Zedekiah also come up for comment. Though he lived through all these reigns, he was the dominant figure of them all. In fact, he protrudes himself more completely on the historical background of the times than any other prophet. There he ever is, warning the king, pleading with the people, dramatically setting before them in symbolic action and parable the dangers that threatened them, so that to understand his book properly it is necessary to have some understanding of the crucial, tragic, important years that led to Jerusalem's fall. He tried, by every possible means, to stem the tide of folly that was sweeping the nation to disaster —but in vain. With indomitable courage, he publicly voiced his protests, in the public places of the city, in the precincts of the Temple, at the very gates of the Palace, and defied death itself in order that he might set before the people "a more excellent way" — the way of Divine love and righteousness.

Jeremiah as a Prophet The Book of the Law had been recently discovered in the days of Josiah. Huldah the prophetess had proclaimed the decree that the judgments threatened therein would be carried out. Jeremiah's prophecy is a wonderful interpretation of that very Book. He makes scores of references to Deuteronomy. He expounds the Law, shows what it means, reveals the outworking of its judgments, proclaims the significance of the blessing and cursing it sets before the people. He revealed that "not one jot or tittle of the Law" would fail. He shows how that the drought, famine, invasion, war, captivity, destruction, scattering, and rebukes threatened by Deuteronomy 28 would be experienced by that very generation. Christ, of course, did the same to his generation. Jeremiah has his version of the Olivet Prophecy, his version of Matthew 23 and its indictment on leaders and people. And yet, with the threat of punishment, there is promise of restoration. In fact, the message of his book could well be summarised in the statement: "I will punish —I will restore." The stupidity and criminal folly of the nation would bring failure, but ultimately the love of God will triumph in the restored nation. This prophet who indicated Judah so completely, is the prophet who proclaims the promise of the New Covenant whereby both Israel and Judah will be saved (Jer. 31:31). STORY OF THE BIBLE August, 1962.

Jeremiah as a Book There is no true chronological order in his book. Chapters 35 and 36 are before Chapter 21 in point of time. Some chapters (chps. 21 to 39) are particular and dated; others are not. But even in these places, there seems order and system. For example, Chapter 21 (which is after chapts. 22 to 27 in point of time) speaks of the terrible disaster which shall overcome the nation in the days of Zedekiah, whereas the suc- ceeding chapters show the events that lead up to that time. All the chapters from 1 to 39 are before the fall of Jerusalem. Here is a brief outline: INTRODUCTION — Ch. 1 PROPHECIES, GENERAL AND UNDATED — Chps. 2 to 20. PROPHECIES, PARTI- CULAR AND DATED —Chps. 21 to 39. PROPHECIES AFTER THE FALL OF JERUSALEM — Chps. 40 to 44. PROPHECIES UPON GEN- TILE NATIONS — Chps. 45to 51. CONCLUSION — Ch. 52. The key to the book is found in Chapter 30 : 15-18: "Because thy sins are become immense I have done these things unto thee . . . Yet all they that devour thee shall be devoured . . . For I will restore health unto thee, and I will heal thee of thy wounds, saith Yahweh." Many of the personal incidents experienced by the prophet, and which make up a great part of his book, will find their place in our Story of the Bible. VOL. 6 SEPTEMBER. 1962 No. 6

The Frivolous Egotist

It is said that Nero fiddled whilst Rome burned. If that be the case, then in Jehoiakim we have the Nero of Judah. At a time when war-clouds were banking up on the political horizon, when Judah itself was faced with severe internal crises including a long protracted drought and heavy taxation to meet tribute exacted by Egypt, this conceited young coxcomb, this frivolous, foolish king, oppressed the people even more greatly in order to maintain the pomp and extravagance of his court. At a time when Judah was faced with utter destruction, he occupied his time in glamorising the palace. At a time when God's prophets solemnly warned that the only sane, sound policy was a firm and bold return to the ways of Josiah (Jeremiah 22), he permitted many of * the heathen practises of Manasseh to be restored. He earned the most scathing rebukes of Jeremiah, but they meant nothing to this frivolous egotist. So lightly did he esteem the Word of Yahweh, that when Jeremiah's words were read to him, after having been written in a scroll, he contemptuously, and with light-hearted indifference, burnt the roll containing the sacred Word of God. We read but the bare outline of his history in the records of 2 Kings and 2 Chronicles, and it is in the pages of Jeremiah's prophecy that the full iniquity of the king is made apparent and completer details of his reign are revealed. The very incidents that revealed the stupidity of the king also brought the prophet to the fore, and revealed him in his most courageous moments.

VASSAL OF EGYPT ish State and the destruction of We are now rapidly approach- Jerusalem. ing a great catastrophe, which Forty years after Jeremiah's has been twice over enacted in voice was first heard, forty years the history of the Jewish people. after Christ's voice was heard, the ft is the overthrow of the Jew- city was Siven over to the enemy, STORY OF THE BIBLE September, 1962.

in circumstances that were very pomp as he thought befitted his much similar. position. The palace was not The voice of warning and re- grand enough for his liking, and buke sounded forth, as courage- he demanded that it be rebuilt ous men sought to turn the na- (Jeremiah 22: 13-15). He did tion from its folly, but with head- not care how the money was ob- strong will it plunged on into tained, so long as he got it. Thus disaster. the nation was plunged into dee- As we read of the events of per trouble. Jehoiakim's times, it is obvious JEREMIAH IN THE TEMPLE that we are looking upon the dying agonies of an expiring nation. Early in the reign of Jehoiakim (Jer. 26:1), as the people were Jehoiakim was established in flocking to the Temple from all power by decree of Pharoah parts of Judah, Jeremiah publicly Neco, so that Jerusalem witnessed took up his stand in the court the disgrace of seeing one reign to speak to the people. on the throne of David who was They were words of warning set there to do the will of his and rebuke that he publicly pro- Fgyptian overlord. claimed: And faithfully he performed his "Thus saith Yahweh: If you will duty. not hearken to Me, to walk in My But faithfulness to Egypt meant law, which I have set before you, disloyalty to Yahweh. then I will make this house like Shiloh, and will make this city a And in manifesting this charac- curse to all the nations of the teristic, Jehoiakim plunged Judah earth .... (vv. 4-5). deeper into the mire of trouble. The people knew what this Originally his name was Elia- meant. The Tabernacle was es- kim (El Establishes), but Neco tablished at Shiloh in the days of changed it to Jehoiakim (Yahweh Eli the priest and the youthful Establishes). Probably the Egypt- Samuel, but because of the wick- ian ruler made him swear fealty by Yahweh, and pre-fixed the Di- edness of the sons of Eli, it had vine name to his name to remind been given over to destruction. him always of his oath. The presence of the Tabernacle had not saved Shiloh. Neco likewise demanded heavy And now Jeremiah threatened tribute which Jehoiakim raised by that the same curse would fall a poll-tax (2 Kings 23 : 35). As upon the Temple that they rever- Judah was experiencing severe ed so much. drought at the time (Jer. 14 : 1), The priests and prophets in the this heavy taxation imposed grea- Court of the Temple were attrac- ter strain upon the resources of ted by the words of Jeremiah, the people. and joined the people gathered As though all this was not suf- around him. ficient, the king further impov- They could hardly believe that erished the country by heavy tax- he would dare to speak such ation on his own account. He things in such a place. Angrily wanted to live in luxury and they turned on him, 82 September, 1962. STORY OF THE BIBLE

"You will surely die for this!" they Hezekiah saying that Zion shall be declared. "How dare you say that ploughed like a field, and Jerusalem Yahweh will destroy this house and become heaps," they said. "But did city!" (v. 8). Hezekiah put him to death ? Did he not call for prayer, and seek the help They roused the people against of God ? And did not God help Jeremiah, and roughly hustled Hezekiah ? But if we kill Jeremiah, him outside the gate of the we might bring great evil against Temple. Here some of the prin- ourselves!" ces were gathered together, and Others agreed with Ahikam, the priests and prophets accused and for a time Jeremiah escaped Jeremiah before them. the enmity of the priests. But "This man is worthy of death," many harboured hatred against they declared, "for he has prophesied him. against this city." SHOCKING MURDER But Jeremiah was ready to de- OF URIJAH fend himself. "Yahweh has sent me to prophesy Though the intercession of his against this Temple and against this friends has saved Jeremiah from city all the words you have heard," the anger of his enemies for a he replied. Therefore change your time, his life was in real danger. ways and your doings, obey the voice of Yahweh, and escape the punish- Jehoiakim, the king, was an evil ment that will otherwise come upon man who was not prepared to you. As for me, I am in your hands, tolerate any criticism of his and you can do with me as you like. But you know that if you put me to actions. He had already shown death, you will bring innocent blood the lengths to which he was pre- upon yourselves, your city, and the pared to go by arranging for the inhabitants of it." murder of another prophet who The priests, prophets, princes, had dared to remind him of and people looked at the courag- judgments which Yahweh had eous, uncompromising prophet. threatened against the nation. They knew he spake the truth. The prophet's name was Urijah He had nothing to gain by so (Yahweh is Light). He had re- boldly setting before them these peated some of the sayings of things. And there were some in Jeremiah, warning the people of their midst who believed what he impending judgment against said.* Judah and Jerusalem. Among them was a man named Jehoiakim, in company with Ahikam who was the son of Shap- the princes and leading men of han who had been of so much help his realm heard him proclaiming to Josiah. He, with others, stood this message, and it stung the up in the defence of Jeremiah. king to anger. They pointed to the example of He determined that Urijah Hezekiah who had been induced must die. to seek Yahweh's mercy through The prophet heard of the in- the words of Micah the prophet. tention of the king, and fled into "Micah prophesied in the days of Egypt. •Notice how closely this incident foreshadows that recorded in John 7:14-53 when Nicodemus (like Ahikam) stood up in defence of the Lord, 83 STORY OF THE BIBLE September, 1962.

He could hardly have sought grave at the return of Christ to refuge in a worse place. receive that "better thing" that is Jehoiakim was subject to Egypt held in reserve for all those who and therefore had access to serve God in life unto death Pharoah Neco. He sent (Rev. 2:10). Urijah's triumph is Elnathan*, a prince of Judah, to yet to come. seek out Urijah and bring him The murder of Urijah (Jer. 26) back for punishment. The must have impressed Jeremiah prophet was dragged in disgrace with the great danger into which back to Jerusalem, and brought a faithful testimony of the Word before the cruel, impious king. could bring him. In this there Jehoiakim did not waste any time is another great similarity be- on Urijah. He commanded him tween the life of the prophet and to be slain with the sword, and that of the Lord Jesus. In the his dead body to be thrown into case of Christ, the murder of a common grave. John the Baptist, under similar Thus Urijah died for doing his conditions, caused the Lord to duty; he was vilely cast into a seek that strength that comes onlv common, communal grave as a from communion with his token that both he and his mes- heavenly Father in prayer sage were worthless and con- (Matt. 14:12-13). Jeremiah, like- temptible. wise, had recourse to similar But "precious in the eyes of means to strengthen him for the Yahweh is the death of His task set before him. saints.11 A terrible retribution JEREMIAH CALLED UPON was awating the evil king. He TO DENOUNCE JUDAH'S did not realise this. He imagined WICKEDNESS that he was completely rid of his enemy. Little did he know that Meanwhile, Jeremiah felt de- such blasphemous actions were to pressed at the spiritual conditions play a part in his own destruction surrounding him. He discovered (Jer. 19:4). The eyes of Yahweh that the proclamation of God's were upon all that happened, and message brought little response He was not indifferent to such from the people. He became bit- crimes. He is just in all His ways, terly hated and opposed, and was and Urijah's record of faith is even threatened with violence. preserved in the Book of Life. He He found himself "a man of is one of those heroes mentioned strife and contention to the whole in Hebrews 11:37 whose faith earth" (Jer. 15:10)'. And though triumphed over death even Yahweh promised that it would though they were "slain with the be well in the end with him and sword.'1 He will rise from the the remnant that followed him Elnathan (El-God-hath given) was father-in-law to Jehoiakim being the father of Nehushta the queen (2 Kings 24:8; Jer. 36:12,25), and therefore a prince of high standing. He was used by the king on several missions of importance. He does not appear to have been depraved as some of Jehoiadah's other ministers, however, and on one occasion tried to stop the king burning the scroll of Jeremiah. Perhaps his position as father-in-law to the king gave him previleges greater than the other ministers had, 84 September, 1962. STORY OF THE BIBLE

(v. 11), the constant opposition a diamond; it is engraven upon the he received, the hatred that was table of their heart, and upon the horns of their altars" (Jer. 17:1). heaped upon him day after day, oppressed and depressed him. Whatever may have been the On the one hand, as he medi- outward appearance of the tated upon the Word of God, he people, whatever may have been derived the greatest pleasure; on pleaded on their behalf, in heart the other hand, when he pro- (which only Yahweh could see) claimed it to the people, he they were desperately wicked. found only sorrow. The lonely Jeremiah Becomes a Man prophet, poured out his heart Apart (Jer. 16, 17) unto God, seeking some relief The prophet was now called from his distress: upon to enact the words that he "Thy words were found, and I did was proclaiming unto the people. eat them*; and Thy word was unto me the joy and rejoicing of mine He was forbidden to marry, told heart: for I am called by Thy name, to refrain from entering the Ο Yahweh . . ." And then: "Why is house of mourning, commanded my pain perpetual, my wound incur- to abstain from any festivity able, wilt Thou be altogether unto me as a deceitful brook, as waters (Jer. 16). that fail?" (Jer. 15:16-18). Like the Lord Jesus, he be- In his misery, in his depres- came a man separate and aloof sion, in his indignation with his from those about him. His sep- godless contemporaries, the pro- arateness became a parable for phet became a little impatient the times, the significance of with God, for he was human, which would be discerned by and subject to the failings that those who thought upon it. are part of us all. He was gently Why was he forbidden to reminded by a merciful and un- marry? Under normal conditions, derstanding God, that if he de- children were esteemed a bless- sired to "stand before" Yahweh ing (Deut. 28:4), but that had as a servant, he must not adopt ceased to be the case in the per- the attitude of the people with iod that faced Judah in the,days whom he mixed, but to carefully of Jeremiah, for they would be perform all that he was com- involved in the general trouble manded (Jer. 15:19-20). that was about to engulf the "Let them return unto thee," he whole nation. Therefore Jere- was told, "but return not thou unto miah was told to remain single. them!" Why not mourn? Under nor- Later, explaining how deep- mal conditions, death would be seated was the iniquity of Judah, mourned by a people who re- Yahweh told the prophet: cognised its reality, but so ter- "The sin of Judah is written with rible were the conditions about a pen of iron, and with the point of to be experienced by guilty *These are words of the greatest significance when considered in the light of the times. Josiah had found the book of the Law which had been lost for so long, and this book Jeremiah had figuratively "eaten". Whilst others in the nation had merely read it, he had absorbed it into his very being, so that his thoughts and outlook were coloured by its teaching. 85 STORY OF THE BIBLE September, 1962.

Judah, that death would be pre- Yahweh, took this burden upon ferred to life. Therefore Jere- himself faithfully. He no longer miah was told not to enter the complained at the Divine will, house of mourning. and the suffering he was called Why abstain from feasting? upon to endure. He saw that he Under normal conditions, times must refuse even natural and of blessedness would be cele- innocent pleasures for the sake brated by feasting and joy, but of God's cause; that he must so heavy with calamity would be faithfully proclaim the calamity the future of Judah that any such and ruin that faced the nation, celebrations were out of place. even though it made him un- Therefore Jeremiah was told not popular; that he must unceas- to join in such functions. ingly denounce sin, and sacrifice He became a marked man, a his own will to that of his God, man apart. A period of solitary for the sake of the cause. He watchfulness and strict separation stood as a fortress of Truth in commenced for him. Day by day an age of shame, and for Truth he enacted a parable which pro- he was prepared to give all, even vided a warning of the greatest life itself. significance to a people who attached the highest importance to Jeremiah Rebukes the King marriage, the permanence of the (Jer. 17:19-27) family, the reality of death, the Shortly after this, an incident recognition that true joy springs occurred which brought the pro- from attachment to the things of phet again face to face with the God. As the people saw the king. He was told to go down to lonely prophet, and learned that the main gate of the city where God had commanded him not to the people gathered to conduct marry, not to mourn, not to join business, or to gossip together, in their celebrations of joy, the and where the king used to enter thoughtful among them must the city, and there to publicly have been induced to ask the proclaim a solemn warning. question, WHY? Jeremiah's ac- He did so. The people ,must tion proclaimed more loudly have been startled, when, as the than mere words could do the king with his ministers were en- Divine warning that offspring tering the city, the voice of Jere- was no pledge of permanence, miah was heard from the crowd, that widespread death was await- bidding him and · the people to ing the condemned nation, that return to ways of righteousness. the people were soon to be cut "Hear ye the word of Yahweh, ye off from the Source of true joy. kings of Judah, and all Judah, and all the inhabitants of Jerusalem, that And because people hate to enter in by these gates . . ." he de- see anybody acting differently to clared. themselves, and especially in a He called upon them to ob- way that adversely reflects upon serve the sabbath in its true them, they came to hate the pro spirit, It was the token of the phet more than ever. covenant that God had made Jeremiah, as a true servant of with Israel through Moses, the 86 September, 1962. STORY OF THE BIBLE token of the covenant proclaimed consider the work being done in the Book of the Law which therein. Josiah, the father of the then He did so. He thoughtfully reigning king, had found and watched the potter at work. He tried to impress upon the saw how he took up a piece of nation. To obey the sabbath cor- clay, and skilfully moulded it rectly, was to seek to obey the upon the wheel of the machine whole law of God. in front of him until it took But it was even more signific- the shape of a beautiful vase. ant than that. The sabbath also But as Jeremiah watched, he commemorated the time when saw that one vessel was spoiled. Yahweh broke the bonds of Something went wrong; the clay Egypt, and freed His people did not react to the skill of the (Deut. 5:12-15). It was particu- potter. The purpose of the pot- larly apt for Jeremiah to bring ter was not defeated, however, this to the notice of the nation for setting aside the spoiled ves- at that time, for not only was Je- sel, he took up another piece of hoiakim a vassal to Egypt, not clay, and soon had another ves- only was Judah in bondage again sel to replace the one marred. to that nation, but the people It was easily and quickly done. were greatly influenced by As Jeremiah watched, the Egypt's godless ways (2 Kings Voice of Yahweh came to him, 23:35). explaining the meaning of the Jeremiah warned the king and parable. the people that to return to the The great Potter is Yahweh. spirit of the Sabbath law would Out of the clay of human-kind, bring salvation to Judah; but to He is moulding men and nations continue to disobey would bring to His purpose. But sometimes the city and people to utter they do not react to His com- ruin. mands as He desires. Like the We are not told how the vessel that Jeremiah saw in the haughty king reacted to this pub- hands of the potter, they become lic declaration of the prophet. marred. When that happens, God We are told that God protected sets them on one side, and uses him (Jer. 15:20). Though Je- others more pliable to His in- hoiakim was doubtless embar- tentions. In that, He is like the rassed by his action, he perhaps potter whom Jeremiah watched, felt it better to ignore the words and who produced many vessels of the prophet for the time be- that witnessed to his skill. ing. Jeremiah warned the people Jeremiah Rebukes the People that God could act towards them (Jer. 18) as the potter did towards the marred vessel. They had proved At the command of Yahweh, disobedient and stubborn to the Jeremiah enacted another par- moulding influence of God's able before the people. word and law, and if they did not He was told to go down to the mend their ways and become house of the potter, and carefully pliable to Him, they would be 87 STORY OF THE BIBLE September, 1962.

set aside as vessels unto dishonor answer that call, we will set our- (Jer. 18:11). He warned them selves as clay under the mould- that there was no hope for them ing hand of the Divine Potter. if they resisted God in the way His Word, His influence on our they did. But they mocked at lives can help shape us for His him. They took his very words kingdom if we make ourselves in their mouths, and declared: pliable to His will (see 2 Cor. "You say there is no hope! Very 4:7). On the other hand, if we well, we will walk after our own de- act as did Judah and resist His sires and thoughts. If there is no influence, we will become a ves- hope we will not be any the worse by so doing" (Jer. 18:12). sel unfit for glory and one fit "Act like that and God will desert only for "dishonor" (2 Tim. you," replied the prophet. "He will 2:20). scatter you before the enemy, and will not assist you in the day of Judah's fate should remind us calamity." that true happiness and joy re- The people did not like such sults from allowing ourselves to straightforward talk. They de- be moulded according to the veloped an intense hatred for Divine pattern. him. They accused him of being Jeremiah Rebukes the Priests a false prophet, declaring that (Jer. 19) , such things as he threatened The next paprable that Jere- would never happen to them. miah enacted turned the priests They began to conspire among against him. themselves against him (v.18). He was told to choose some They acted towards him as later elders of the priests and people their descendants acted towards as witnesses, and take them to a the Lord Jesus (cp. John 9:24). place in Jerusalem called, The "Let us smite him with the tongue, Gate of the Potsherds (Jer. 19:2, and let us not give heed to any of his words," they said. RV). This city gate gave access To whom could the prophet to the Valley of the Son of Hin- turn at such a time? There was nom which runs on the west and south sides of Jerusalem. but One who could help. Hated and detested by man, he lifted The Valley of Hinnom had a up his voice in prayer to Him horrible reputation. It was set Who reads the heart. aside as a place sacred to the "Give heed unto me, Ο Yahweh! worship of Molech, the cruel, Hearken to the voice of them that vile pagan god which Yahweh contend with me!" seemed to hate more than any It can truly be said of Jere- other. It is said that this god miah, as it is said of the Lord: was macje of metal, which was 'They hated him without a heated to red heat by internal cause (John 15:25). fires. On the outstretched arms of As we read this portion of the this red-hot god were placed Story of the Bible, let us bear in children given in human sacrifice. mind that God is today "calling As this was done, the loud beat- out of the Gentiles a people for ing of drums sounded throughout His name" (Acts 15:14). If we the valley to drown the shrieks 88 September, 1962. STORY OF THE BIBLE of the poor children. Thus the and had defiled the so-called valley was also called Tophet, "holy" place (2 Kings 23:10). which comes from a Hebrew Since that time, it had become a word signifying "drums". dumping ground for rubbish, in- Good king Josiah had de- eluding the broken sherds from stroyed this vile, wicked worship, vessels rejected from the pot-

JEREM1AH AT THE GATE OF THE POTSHERDS

In the words and parable of the prophet, proclaimed and enacted against the priests and elders of the people whom he gathered together as witnesses, there is set forth a remarkable type of the betrayal of Jesus Christ. Notice firstly, the words that were spoken by Jeremiah recorded in Matthew 27:9-10, though not included in his written prophecies, and with these in mind, follow through the remarkable words and incidents recorded in Jeremiah 19, in the light of history's greatest crime: the betrayal of Christ by Judas. Jeremiah said: "Ye have filled this place with the blood of in- nocents" (v.4). Christ declared: "Fill ye up the measure of your fathers" (Mat. 23:30-32). Judas lamented: "I have betrayed the innocent blood" (Mat. 27:4). The Priests answered: "What is that to us ?" Jeremiah said: "This place (Valley of Hinnom or Gehenna) shall be called the Valley of Slaughter." Christ declared: "How shall ye escape the condemnation of Gehenna" (Mat. 23:33). Matthew comments : "That field (the very place where Jeremiah took his witnesses — see v.7 with Jer. 19:2 RV mg) was called, The Field of blood." Jeremiah said: "I (Yahweh) will make void the counsel of Judah and Jerusalem in this place, and I will cause them to fall by the sword . . ." (Jer. 19:7). Christ declared: "Behold your house is left unto you desolate . . .'* (Mat. 23:38-39). Compare Jeremiah 19:11 with Matt. 24:15; Luke 21:24. Note how that following this prophecy, Jeremiah taught in the Temple (v.14), incited the anger of the priests (Ch. 20:1), was scourged, imprisoned, restored (vv.2-3), and see a like repetition in the life of the Lord. This incident took place at the Pottery Gate Jer. 19:2, RV mg). It was the potter's field that the priests purchased with the betrayal money (Mat. 27:7), and it was there that Judas committed suicide and met his end in a manner reminiscent of the vessel broken by Jeremiah (Acts 1:18): The death of Judas appears as a foreshadowing of the suicide of the whole nation in their rejection and betrayal of the Lord. A careful consideration of Jeremiah's wonderful book will reveal many similar fore shadowing ft of the Lord's life as "a man of sorrows and acquainted with grief."

I...... STORY OF THE BIBLE September, 1962. ters1 workshops. Hence the signi- into whose hands the people ficance of the name of the Gate: would be surely delivered. The Gate of the Potsherds. Then came the most dramatic Purchasing an earthernware action of all. He took the bottle bottle, Jeremiah led the men he up, and crashing it on the had selected to this valley until ground, broke it into pieces. he came to the very site of this There was no hope of repairing terrible worship. Though the that bottle. Then turning to the idols had long since been de- priests and elders, the prophet stroyed, he knew the people were sternly declared: as idolatrous in hearts as they "Even so will I (Yahweh) break had been before the days of Jos- this people and this city, as one iah. In heart they still worship- breaketh a potter's vessel, that cannot be made whole again; and they ped such blasphemous idols as shall bury them in Tophet, till there Molech, and in such murders as be no place to bury" (v.ll). that of Urijah, had filled Jerusa- In short, he predicted such lem with "the blood of innoc- complete and utter ruin for the ents" (Jer. 19:4). Sternly the pro- people as only Yahweh could phet turned to the priests and heal (cp. Jer. 31:28). elders he had brought with him and told them what God pro- Apart from the redemptive posed to do because of this. work of God, Judah would be completely ruined for ever. "Behold, the days come, saith Yahweh, that this place shall no more Having shown the priests and el- be called Tophet, nor the Valley of ders by word and action what the Son of Hinnom, but the Valley Yahweh intended them to know, of Slaughter!" Jeremiah returned to Jerusalem These were words of the grim- and entering the Temple, com- mest foreboding. The word "Hin- menced to warn the people in nom" signifies that which is over- similar terms. looked. Jeremiah's words seem to But he had not gone very far imply that the sin of Judah with his discourse before he was would not be overlooked, rudely interrupted. nor would there be One of the chief priests, a drums enough to drown the man by name of Pashur, whose shrieks of pain and dismay that position demanded that he main- would be uttered by the dis- tain order in the Temple, angrily obedient and God-defying people called upon Jeremiah to cease, when the nation would be given and commanded that he be over to slaughter. scourged and flung into prison Jeremiah poured out the con- (Jer. 20:2). tents of the bottle \ declaring, as This was done. Sore with the he did so, that God would empty cruel beating he had received, out the counsel of Judah and Jeremiah lay in the uncomfort- Jerusalem so that it would prove able prison all night. Next day he useless in the face o\' the enemy was again brought before Pashur. This is implied by the words of Jeremiah -— Ch. 19:7. "Make void" signifies to "empty out" and is so rendered in the Revised Version margin. 90 September, i96l STORY OF THE BIBLE

Pashur doubtless expected to see side its gates, to pronounce pub- the prophet submissive and apo- licly the Divine judgment against logetic, crushed and despondent the wicked king, Jehoiakim and after suffering the pain and in- his family. dignity of his experience, and This involved the prophet in ready to plead for mercy. If considerable risk. He had already that were so, Pashur was disap- been scourged and imprisoned; pointed. As the haughty chief he knew what had happened to priest stood before Jeremiah in Urijah and others, and realised all his resplendant robes of of- that it could be his fate as well. fice, he found the bruised and suffering servant of Yahweh But he was the servant of courageously defiant, and heard Yahweh, and determined to do words which decried him as an His will. enemy of Yahweh and of the He presented himself outside State: the Palace gates, and in the "Yahweh has not called your name hearing of the people, pro- Pashur (the multiplier of liberty), but claimed the message of Yahweh. Magor-missabib (Terror all around)," declared Jeremiah. "For thus saith Publicly he warned that unless Yahweh, Behold, I will make you a the king changed his ways the terror to yourself, and to all your whole nation would be involved friends, and they shall fall by the in disaster. He contrasted the vile sword of their enemies, and your eyes shall behold it! You and all your wickedness - of Jehoiakim with house shall go into captivity; and you the goodness of Josiah his father. will die in Babylon!" He decried him for wasting the Whatever Pashur must have public money in building an el- thought of such a defiant speech aborate palace at the expense of as this, he evidently did nothing the people. He accused him of about it. Perhaps the boldness of oppressing his own workmen, the prophet frightened him; per- and of robbing them of their haps he could see that Yahweh wages. was with him, and therefore it He predicted the death of Je- would be best for him if he let hoiakim. He would be given the him go. In any case, the indig- burial of an ass, "drawn and cast nant prophet was allowed to go forth beyond the gates of Jerusa- free again. lem." Nobody would lament his Jeremiah Rebukes the Whole end, but rather rejoice that a ty- Nation (Jer. 22) rant had been justly punished. Jeremiah declared that the Once again set at liberty, godless example of Jehoiakim Jeremiah was called upon to do would bring the whole family to something even more courageous, ruin. His son, Coniah, would an action well calculated to bring prove worthy of his father, and him quickly back into prison would walk in the same path of again! evil. He, too, would be involved He was told to go down to in calamity: the very palace itself, and out- Thus saith Yahweh, Write ye this 91 STORY OF THE BIBLE September, 1962. man childless, a man that shall not King (a righteous Branch of prosper, sitting upon the throne of David) shall reign and prosper, ** (£ zStt? We can imagine what a sensa- j"fce in the earth" (Jer- 23:5" tion such an inflammatory speech ''* as this must have caused, espec- Thoughtful people, gathered ially as it was publicly pro- around the gate of the king's claimed outside the very gates of palace and listening to Jeremiah's the King's palace. words, must have wondered at But with every word of de- the glory of such a prophecy, nunciation and criticism, Jere- Judah and Israel joined as one! miah also had a message of A righteous king on the throne hope. of David dispensing judgment Thus in this discourse, whilst he and justice! The nation exper- condemned the leaders of the iencing peace, prosperity and nation, and spake of the calam- happiness! The Passover changed ity which would sweep away the so that it will celebrate not ungodly kings from the throne of merely deliverance from Egypt, David, he also predicted the time but deliverance from the north when "Judah shall be saved, and country and from all countries Israel shall dwell safely," and "a where Israelites were scattered!* *The word "childless" in Hebrew signifies "bare," or "destitute." The Septuagint renders the word "an ejected or expelled man," "an outcast." Coniah had 7 sons (2 Chron. 3:17), and through him is traced Messiah (Matt. 1:11-12), but none of his sons sat upon the throne of David. Nebuchadnezzar deposed Coniah and appointed Mattaniah, his uncle, as king, changing his name to Zedekiah (2 Kings 24). But will not Christ sit on the "throne of David in Judah," and is not he of the seed of Coniah in the light of Matt. 1:11 ? Christ will sit on the throne of David, but it will not then be limited to Judah, but embrace the whole of Israel as Jeremiah himself was careful to point out in the very same prophecy (Jer. 23:5-6). His words undoubtedly mean that none of the sons of Coniah would sit upon the throne of David as it was then constituted, "ruling any more in Judah." His words were thus fulfilled to the very letter. IThe Book of Jeremiah is not a continuous narrative, but is made up of a series of independent incidents and prophecies which are not set out in chronological order. Some of these end in the middle of a chapter, and it is helpful to note where this occurs in order that the power of his words may be better appreciated. For example, the prophecy of Chapter 22 continues on to Chapter 23:8 where it is brought to a thrilling conclusion in the vision of the righteous Branch who is destined to ascend the very throne disgraced by Jehoiakim and Coniah. tNotice the language of Jer. 23:8-9. The words that "shall no more be said" are words repeated when the Passover is celebrated. In the future age they will be superceded by words which shall commemorate the deliverance from all the lands of dispersion. The writer well remembers a Jewess in northern Galilee (on the occasion of a visit to Israel) telling him that in the centre where she belonged they had modernised the celebration of the Passover, that they celebrated it not as commemorative of the deliverance from Egypt, but from the whole world! She said this in ignorance of what Jeremiah predicted. Not that the custom of hej· Kibbutz is the fulfilment of the prophecy, but it is indicative of how much fulfilment can be naturally brought about. η September, 1962. STORY OF THE BIBLE

This was the message of hope waging a war of words on the that the people heard on the people of Judah, the international momentous day when Jeremiah crisis among the nations reached took up his stand outside the a climax. palace gate of the haughty and The Babylonians had consoli- indifferent king of Judah. dated their power, and believed On the one hand he showed the time was ripe to lay claim to that Coniah's sons would not sit the lands of Syria and Palestine. on the throne of David, and at But Egypt stood in the path- the same time, spake of the fut- way of Babylonish ambition. ure glory of this throne when all We have traced (see p. 69) tribes shall be again gathered to- how that Paroah Neco had gether in one under Christ. He inarched north to the help of As- spake of a great regathering of syria, brushing aside the tragic the people of Israel from all attempt of King Josiah to stop parts of the earth, of a great de- him at the Battle of Megiddo. liverance that will supersede the Though Neco had been unable to deliverance under Moses, and of restore Assyrian power as he de- the restoration of the Kingdom sired, he had successfully resisted in its glory (Jer. 23:7-8). the efforts of the Babylonians to The people thus heard not extend their influence south of words of sedition but of true the river Euphrates. Instead, patriotism, they heard not only Neco had seized all the lands of of the folly of their leaders, but Syria and Palestine for himself, had presented to them a vision and was busy gathering in rich o\' great glory under the greatest tribute from each one. of all leaders, the promised seed The aged king Nabopolassar of David. This vision could help of Babylon was unable to dis- them in times of difficulty which lodge the Egyptians from Car- were then about to fall upon chemish on the Euphrates which them, and enable them to see be- was the spearhead of their power. yond them. Thus the Euphrates consti- The partial return of Jews to tuted the northern border of their homeland today, 2,500 Egypt at that time, and all the years after Jeremiah's dramatic kings south of it paid obeisance speech outside the palace of the to the haughty Egyptian Pharoah. king, not only reveals how true Four years passed by. They are his words, but constitutes a were not spent idly by the Baby- token fulfilment indicating that lonians. Every preparation was the time is at hand for the true made for the clash with Egypt restoration of Israel under the that they knew must come. At lord Jesus, their king. the head of the army was a bril- Thus Jeremiah's words live to- liant military leader of which day. much was destined to be known: CARCHEMISH: ONE OF THE Nebuchadnezzar, the crown WORLD'S DECISIVE prince of Babylon. In the third BATTLES year of Jehoiakim, Nebuchadnez- Whilst Jeremiah was valiantly zar at the head of the army, left 93 STORY OF THE BIBLE September, 1962.

Babylon for Carchemish (Dan. As Neco left Egypt, he was determined that the battle would The mighty Babylonian army be decisive, and decisive it was. was on the march. The battle of Carchemish (as it In Egypt, Neco heard the news came to be called) is recognised without much concern. He, too, as a battle that altered the had been preparing, and believed course of history. Egypt was des- that he was more than a match tined to suffer a blow from which for the Babylonians. He had de- it would not recover until Christ feated them in the past and returns. For centuries, before the would do so'again! Perhaps on battle of Carchemish, Egypt had this occasion, however, he could played a most important part in make the battle decisive, and history. It had contested world push beyond the Euphrates. power with Assyria from the Great preparations were made in north, it had dominated Pales- Egypt, which Jeremiah graphic- tine, it had been feared by ally described with great poetic nations near and far. vigor: That fear was about to end, in What is this, rising like the Nile, a most unexpected defeat. with tossing floods ? eTis Egypt shouting, Ί will engulf Neco knew nothing of this as the world, confidently and proudly he led I rise to sweep off its inhabi- his large army from the land of tants!' the Nile northwards towards the Prance on, horses! rage away, chariots! charge on, warriors! Euphrates. The Ethiopians and the Libyans He marched through Palestine that handle the shield; and Syria and his progress was The Lydians, that handle and bend the bow. (Jer. 46:8-9). like a triumphal procession. Throughout the land the kings As Neco reviewed his troops all acknowledged him as their he thought only of success. Little overlord, and made their obeis- did he realise that in the impend- ance to him. ing battle the purpose of the God of despised Judah would be vin- Neco must have swelled with dicated, and that Egypt would pride as he marched northward, fall. but it was a pride that preceded one of the most disastrous falls But this is the day of Yahweh of hosts. in all history. A day of vengeance on His foes; A day of vengeance for the At Carchemish he found the sword; Babylonians massed against him. It shall be filled and made drunk Neco knew not that the brilliant with their Blood; young strategist at their head had For Yahweh of hosts hath a been described by Jeremiah as sacrifice, In the north country by the river "Yahweh's servant" to accom- Euphrates (υ.10). plish His purpose, and that he

*The word "came" in Dan. 1:1 is the Hebrew "bo" signifying "to go." Nebuchadnezzar was sent, or went, in the third year of Jehoiakim, but topic Jerusalem in the fourth year as recorded in Jeremiah 25:1. 94 September, 1962. STORY OF THE BIBLE had predicted his unqualified suc- chadnezzafs army poured down cess. through the land, chasing the It was early in the fourth year fleeing Egyptians, until he came of Jehoiakim's reign that the bat- to the very valley of the Nile. tle took place (Jer. 46:1). The Then news was received that Egyptians were overwhemingly forced Nebuchadnezzar to call a defeated. They fled ignomini- halt. Back in Babylon his father ousjy from the field of battle, had died. His presence was urg- panic-stricken as death struck at ently required in the capital in their ranks. In disorderly dis- order that he might secure the grace they sought to escape the supreme power for himself. He Babylonians, but were rounded had no time to invade Egypt. He up in another attack that almost demanded that the nations of completely annihilated the num- Palestine and Syria acknowledge erous army gathered together. him as their Lord. Among them The kings of Syria and of Pales- Jehoiakim was anxious to com- tine who had previously acknow- ply. What else could he do? He ledged the might of Neco, now had not the courage of Josiah, or viewed with consternation the the faith of Hezekiah, to pit his scattered remnants of his army, miserable forces against the fleeing in disorderly array might of Gentile power. through the land. Jehoiakim quickly changed In Judah, the people heard sides, accepting Nebuchadnezzar the jeers of Jeremiah, mocking as overlord, and offering him at the defeat of this nation that his allegiance (2 Kings 24:1). had exerted such an evil influ- Certain demands were made on ence over Israel. He saw in this him. Judah had to supply to disgraceful retreat the predicted Babylon a number of hostages, punishment of the God of Israel: and in addition, Nebuchadnezzar demanded that some of the sac- You may get balsam from Gilead, My lady Egypt ! red vessels of the Temple should But all your salves are vain, likewise be sent back home to For there is no healing. grace the temple of his god. The whole world has heard of thy shame, Jehoiakim readily agreed to Thy cry has filled the land; these demands. The desecration For one soldier stumbles over another, of the Temple meant little to And both drop to the ground" him, nor was he greatly con- (Jer. 46:11-12). cerned over the fate of hostages, Judah had been warned of the so long as he did not suffer. folly of putting confidence in Among those sent to Babylon Egypt, and in the fleeing rem- at this time were four young nants of the fear-stricken army, princes called Daniel, Hananiah, there was evidence of the value Mishael and Azaraih (Daniel 1), of such advice. What was to be together with a strange group of the future policy of Judah? The people who had taken refuge in presence of Babylonish troops Jerusalem at this time called the soon solved that problem! Nebu- Rechabitest 95 STORY OF THE BIBLE September, 1962. JEREMIAH PRAISES THE Jehonadab, in particular, RECHABITES (JER. 35) ruled them with a rod of iron. He insisted upon them following As the army of Nebuchadnez- certain precepts designed to re- zar swept southwards, many mind them constantly of their people who normally lived out- high calling. He lived in a time side of the cities, took refuge of great apostasy which he real- behind the stout walls of those ised must end in Israel being that were fortified. driven from the land. He recognised that there was "no continu- Among them was a group of ing city" in the Kingdom as it people called Rechabites, after was then constituted, and to re- one of their number whose name mind his followers of this, he in- was Rechab. sisted that they live as pilgrims They were not true Israelites in the land, abstaining from the according to the flesh, but were settled pursuit of agriculture, and descendants of Jethro, the Ken- like the priests in the holy place, ite father-in-law of Moses. The or Israelites under the Nazarite Kenites had joined forces with vow, refusing to partake of wine Israel when they had left Egypt (Lev. 10:9). for Sinai (see Story of the Bible, These Gentiles were thus more vol. 2, p. 18). Since then they truly Israelitish than the people had remained a separate group in of Judah. They were a standing the midst of the nation (Jud. reproach to the more worldly- 4:11). Jael, who destroyed Sisera, minded Jews. They looked to was the wife of Heber, a de- the time when the Kingdom scendant of Jethro (Jud. 5:23- would be established in perpetu- 27). Jehonadab, the son of Re- ity. They refused wine because chab, who showed such zeal for they considered themselves to be Yahweh in the days of Jehu, was like the priests, a people dedi- likewise of their number (2 cated to the will of God. Kings 10:15). The Bible tells The invasion of the Babylon- how this group of Gentiles who ians had forced them to seek re- had embraced the hope of Israel, fuge in Jerusalem, and their pre- became identified with the royal sence in the city was used by tribe of Judah (2 Chron. 2:55), Yahweh to enforce a lesson on and remained faithful to their the people, as well as to encour- calling. age the Rechabites themselves. VOL. 6 OCTOBER. 1962 No. 7

WONDERFUL EXAMPLE OF THE RECHABITES To impress upon Judah the full extent of its wicknedncss, Jeremiah was commanded by God to visit the company of Rechabites that had taken refuge in Jerusalem and bring them before the ciders of Judah, and offer them wine to drink. The Rechabites were Gentiles who had embraced the Hope of Israel, and followed the commandment of one of their leaders to abstain from wine. (See last issue).

Accordingly, Jeremiah ap- neither ye, nor your sons for ever; proached Jaazaniah, the leader neither shall you build house, nor sow seed, nor plant vineyard, nor of the Rechabites, and induced have any; but all your days you will him to bring his followers to the dwell in tents; that you may live Temple, to the chamber of the many days in the land where ye be sons of Hanan who were of the strangers. We have obeyed the voice prophetical order. This chamber of Jonadab . . ." (Jer. 35:6-7). was close by where the Sanhed- The attitude of obedience rim met, and the rooms where shown by the Rechabites was in dwelt the "Keeper of the Thres- great contrast to the state of dis- hold" of the Temple, whose duty obedience manifested by the was to guard it against pollu- people of Judah. Jeremiah im- tion (Jer. 35:4). pressed this upon the leaders gathered together to witness his The Rechabites were therefore action, by pointing out how that brought into the presence of the in five directions these Gentiles leaders of the land: the prophets, had proved themselves more princes and priests. righteous than the Israelites: When all was ready, Jeremiah 1. They had hearkened to an took pots full of wine and set it earthly father of limited wisdom; the before the Rechabites. men of Judah had rejected the coun- "Drink this wine," he invited sel of an heavenly Father of infinite them. wisdom. 2. Jonadab was dead, and thus ig- But they refused. norant of the obedience or otherwise "We will not drink wine/1 they of hie descendants — they could not answered, "because Jonadab the son pain him by their disobedience; but of Rechab our father commanded us, Yahweh lived, and could see the saying. Ye shall drink no wine, wickedness of His sons. 97 STORY OF THE BIBLE October, 1962 3. The Rechabites had no one per- It will be in that day that the sonally sent from their leader to remind them of their responsibilities; promise of Jonadab to his fol- but Yahweh had constantly sent lowers will be fulfilled, and they messengers to His people. will "live many days in the land 4. Jonadab could neither reward nor where they were strangers" (Jer. punish his followers; but Yahweh 35:7). could do both. Meanwhile, some of their 5. Jonadab had brought severe number were apparently included restrictions on his followers which demanded severe sacrifices, yet they among the hostages sent to Baby- were obeyed: Yahweh did not do lon at this time. The Greek Old this to His people, but they dis- Testament (the Septuagint) has obeyed the laws He did give them. an inscription to the 71st Psalm So Jeremiah warned the lead- which states that this Psalm was ers of Judah: "sung by the sons of Jonadab, "Receive instruction from these among the first that were taken things. They obey their father; you captive." do not obey your Father. Therefore, God will punish Judah, the nation But though taken captive with will be scattered and destroyed." Daniel and· others, it was, as Turning to the Rechabites, the Jeremiah later showed, "for their prophet declared: good" (Jer. 24:6). They had an "Because you have obeyed the opportunity to testify to their commandment of Jonadab your faith in the land of their captiv- father . . . Therefore thus saith Yah- ity, and this shall stand them in weh of hosts, the God of Israel: Jonadab the son of Rechab shall not good stead in the Age to Come. want a man to stand before me for JEHOIAKIM BURNS THE ever." BIBLE This has proved true in two senses: in a natural way and a Jeremiah commanded to write his spiritual way. History has Prophecies in a Book. proved that the Rechabites have The shocking wickedness of remained separate down through Jehoiakim came to a climax in a the ages, and tribes of Recha- dramatic incident recorded in Jere- bites are in existence today. miah 36, by which the foolish king But the true fulfilment awaits tried to show his contempt for the future. To "stand before me" Yahweh. (Jer. 35:19) implies attendance It took place in the 4th year of upon royalty. When the Prince, his reign, after the city had been the Lord Jesus, is in the earth captured by Nebuchadnezzar, and again, Jonadab and his followers some of its people taken into cap- will be brought from the grave tivity (v.l). and clothed upon with immortal- This partial fulfilment of Jere- ity. They will be among the at- miah's warnings should have tendants of the Lord Jesus. And caused any thoughtful Israelite to though, in the past, they lived in take heed to his ways. It was fol- the land as strangers and Gen- lowed by an act of great mercy on tiles, it will be said of them that the part of Yahweh by which the they have been truly "born in lesson was brought home more dir- Zion" (Ps, 87;5-6), ectly to the people, He instructed October, 1962 STORY OF THE BTBLF

Jeremiah to record his prophecies But Jeremiah had words of en- in a book, or a scroll, and read couragement for him. It was true them before a gathering of the that terrible punishments would people as a last, final appeal. fall upon the guilty nation, and "It may be that the house of Judah that it would be completely broken will hear all the evil which I purpose up if it continued in the paths of to do unto them; that they may re- folly. But whatever the fate of the turn every man from his evil way; that I may forgive their iniquity and nation, or of "all flesh" against sin," declared Yahweh. which warnings were proclaimed, These words must have been en- men like Baruch would be saved. couraging to the prophet, for they To the faithful scribe, Jeremiah showed that there was some hope uttered the promise of God: for the nation he loved so dearly. "Thy life will I give unto thee for a prey in all places wither thou goest" That hope was to be destroyed (Jer. 45:5). ** by the stupid action of the king. Yahweh is not unjust to destroy Meanwhile, Jeremiah called for the righteous with the wicked! the help of his friend Baruch. Having written the book, the Baruch was a scribe, and thus troubled Baruch next learned that skilled in writing. The two friends he also had to publicly read it to settled down to the work before the people. them. Jeremiah repeated all the "I am shut up,jT declared Jeremiah. prophecies he had uttered,* and "1 cannot go into the House of Yah- Baruch carefully wrote them in a weh. Therefore you go and read what book. you have written from my mouth in the ears of the people, upon the fast- But as the work proceeded, ing day when they gather from all Baruch became depressed. For the the cities of Judah" (Jer. 36:6). first time, perhaps, the full enorm- This "fasting day" had been ap- ity of Judah's sin came home to pointed for the next year (v.9). It him as he saw before him, in the probably commemorated the over- words of the book he had written, throw of the city of Nebuchadnez- all that the people had done, and zar that had taken place the year what God threatened against them. before. He put down his pen with a troubled face, and sighed for the Baruch Publicly Reads the Book iniquity of the people. He realised Knowing full well that his action that the words he had written pro- would bring down upon his head claimed the destruction of the the wrath of the people, but full nation. of courage and faith, Baruch did

*How was the prophet able to recall all the prophecies he had uttered over the 22 years of his ministry? The answer is found in John 14:26. The Holy Spirit brought them all again to his remembrance. **The 45th Jeremiah follows in sequence the 36th chapter (see v.l), but it is placed where it is because the following chapters record the additional words given the prophet at that time. See Jer. 36:32. ^We are not exactly sure what Jeremiah meant by this. He was not imprisoned at the time as is shown by the instructions of the princes that he should hide himself. There must have been another cause—sickness, legal defilement, or some other reason—that prevented him going into the Temple at that time, 99 STORY OF THE BIBLE October, 1962

as he was told. He took up his the seriousness of the charges that stand in the chamber of Gemariah Jeremiah had laid against the na- the son of Shaphan (see p.55), tion, he reported the matter to the which overlooked the court of the assembly of the princes. Temple, and probably from a win- They desired to hear what Jere- dow or balcony, he read the pro- miah had to say, and demanded phecies of Jeremiah to the people that Baruch come and read the gathered below. book to them. They had come together to sol- He did so, Quietly the princes emnly lament the evil that had listened to the long list of sins fallen upon the city and nation, charged against the nation, of the and in the words read to them by dire punishment threatened against Baruch, they heard the real cause it signs of which were already in of all their misery. They heard evidence around them, and gradu- again the bitter lament of Jere- ally they realised the importance miah, and the accusations he and seriousness of the words read thundered against them, they were to them. again reminded that even greater They became afraid. punishments were threatened "Let us tell the king of these words" against them. they declared among themselves. Among those who heard this Turning to Baruch, they en- reading was Michaiah, the son of quired how he had come to record Gemariah. Filled with concern at the prophecies.

A QUESTION FOR MR. PHILLIPS In searching through the Bible to find difficulties with which to challenge his father, Peter found that the name of Jehoiakim was omitted from the genealogy of the Lord Jesus given in Matthew, chapter 1. He asked his father why this should be so, and here is Mr. Phillips' reply: "Matthew does not undertake to give a complete list of all the rulers who reigned. For example, four rulers are excluded between Joram> and Uzziah in v.8, and the reason for this we discussed at the time (see "Story of the Bible" vol. 5). We saw that they were not really of the line of David, but were treated as of the house of Ahab. "Notice that Matthew divides the genealogy into three sections of fourteen rulers each (v.17). The first makes reference to those who came before the kingdom was set up, the second to those who* ruled during the kingdom, the third to those who came when the kingdom was in dispersion. In the second group, Athaliah, Ahaziah, Joash and Amaziah were excluded, for they are treated as being linked with the house of Ahab as I said before (2 Kings 8:27). Jehoiakim is also excluded from this second group because the independence of the kingdom came to an end with the defeat of Josiah at Megiddo before his time. He never received mention in the third group because he never went into exile. He therefore could not be included in the three divisions into which Matthew set the genealogy of Christ, and is therefore rightly excluded. He never received personal mention because his great apostasy, and that 'which was found in him' showed that he was not truly of the seed of David in heart (2 Chron. 36:8)."

100 October, 1962 STORY OF THE BIBLE

"Jeremiah spake them unto me, and In his selfish conceit he thought I wrote them in this scroll," he re- up a dramatic action to show his plied. "Go, hide, both you and Jere- miah whilst we take this scroll to the princes they should not heed such king," the princes commanded. words. If they were frightened, he They well knew what type of was not! Taking up the scribe's man Jehoiakim was, and realised knife on the table before him, he that the lives of the prophet and hacked at the scroll in the hands his scribe would be in dire danger of Jehudi, and threw the pieces in once the king knew the contents the fir·. of the scroll. "Do not heed these words/' he declared. "The king of Babylon shall not Jehoiakim Contemptuously come and destroy this land!" (v.29). Burns the Scroll A few of the princes looked on It was winter time in Jerusalem, in dismay and tried to save the towards the latter end of Novem- burning scroll. To their credit, ber or early December, and the Elnathan (the king's father-in-law), king was seated in the Winter Delaiah, and Gemariah dared the House of the luxurious palace he king's displeasure by protesting at had built for himself. his insulting action towards the In front of him there was a fire great King of the Heavens. burning, and before him, on a But most of the princes were un- table, were the implements for concerned. In fact, they were com- writing, including the knife of the forted by the bold action of the scribe, used in those days for cut- king. They found little pleasure in ting paper. the words of Jeremiah that Baruch Solemnly the princes made their had read to them. The king's im- way into the presence of the king, pious action, his bold, contemptu- and explained their mission. ous words, emboldened them, and Jehudi, a prominent member made them feel a little ashamed of among them, commenced to read their previous fear. the scroll of Jeremiah. He read the Thus the ungodly example of sacred words of Yahweh, pro- the king caused ungodliness to claimed by the prophet since the grow in his princes. days of Josiah. He read of the sins They no longer cared about the of the people, of the threatened fate of Jeremiah and Baruch. The judgments upon a guilty nation, of king issued a command that they pleas for reform that were re- should be executed for daring to jected, of warnings of terrible pun- proclaim such things, and some ishments that were ignored, of of the very princes who previously tearful exhortations by which the had warned them to hide, now hur- prophet had sought to cause the ried away to find them and drag people to return to ways of sanity them before the king. and righteousness. But they could not be found. These words had made even Yahweh still had a work for them the hardened princes fearful. to do, and hid them from their But they meant nothing to the enemies. luxurious-loving, God-defying, self- The nation, through its king, centred king. had thus contemptuously rejected 101 STORY OF THE BIBLE October, 1962 the mercy of Yahweh and Hie "There is no wisdom nor under- offer of forgiveness, and now but standing nor counsel against Yahweh" (Prov. 21:30). one thing remained: the execution of the threatened punishment. "He, that being often reproved hardeneth his neck, shall suddenly be Jehoiakim had not only rejected destroyed, and that without remedy" the words of Jeremiah, but also the (Prov. 29:1). wise sayings of his predecessor, The stupid, egotistical king, an- Solomon. He could have found xious to impress his fawning prin- faithfully recorded in the Book of ces, contemptuous of the love of Proverbs the fate of such a stupid God or the true welfare of his attitude as he had adopted. people, burnt the Bible, and thus "When your fear Cometh as desola- showed that he "despised know- tion, and your destruction as a whirl- ledge." We likewise "despise know- wind; when distress and anguish cometh upon you; then shall you call ledge" when we leave the Bible un- upon Me, but I will not answer; you read; when we forsake the mercy shall seek Me early, but shall not of Yahweh by failing to do those find Me; for that you hated know- things He requires of us. Christ ledge, and did not choose the fear of Yahweh: you would none of My laid down three things as the fun- counsel; you despised all My re- damentals of acceptable service proof" (Prov. 1:27-30). leading to life eternal: (1)—Belief "Thou shalt mourn at the last, of the Gospel; (2)—Baptism into when thy flesh and thy body are the Name; (3)—Continued obedi- consumed, and say, How have I hated instruction, and my heart despised ence of his precepts (Mark 16:16; reproof (Prov. 5:11-12). Mat. 28:20). -Whoso despiseth the Word shall be destroyed: but he that feareth the Let us heed these words, and commandment shall be rewarded" solemnly revere God's Holy Book, (Prov. 13:13). carefully treasuring its message in "There are many devices in a man's our hearts, and striving to obey heart; nevertheless the counsel of Yahweh, that shall stand" (Prov. 19: His precepts from day to day. We 21). shall find the way to please Him

REMARKABLE LINK BETWEEN JEREMIAH AND DANIEL In the very year (perhaps the very time) when Jehoiakim burnt the Bible in contempt of Yahweh, Nebuchadnezzar acknowledged the supremacy of the God of Israel. This is shown by a comparison of the dates given. The first year of Nebuchadnezzar was the 4th of Jehoiakim (Jer. 25: 1). Therefore the 5th of Jehoiakim (when he burnt the Bible—see Jer. 36:9) was the 2nd of Nebuchadnezzar when the Gentile king had his dream of the great metalic image, and learned of the purpose of God throughout the ages leading to the establishment of Christ's Kingdom on earth (Dan. 2:1, 44). This led the king to exclaim: "Of a truth it is, that your God is a God of gods, and a Lord of kings, and a Revealer of secrets(v.47). It is very significant and dramatic that at the very time when a king on David's throne was rejecting the counsel of Yahweh, a king on a Gentile throne was accepting it and testifying to its truth. There are several such interesting and significant links in the combined work of the three prophets: Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Daniel. j 102 October, 1962 STORY OF THE BIBLE if we seek Him through His Son, MISERABLE DEATH OF the Lord Jesus (Phil. 4:13). JEHOIAKIM He Rebels Against The Scroll Re-written Nebuchadnezzar Jehoiakim had burnt the book, For three years Jehoiakim con- but the words still remained. He tinued to pay the tribute demand- had not destroyed God when he ed by Nebuchadnezzar (2 Kings put the book from him. All that he 24:1), and then events occurred had done was to add to the work which led him to refuse to con- of the prophet and his scribe. An- tinue the heavy payments. other scroll was obtained, and in Nebuchadnezzar led an army their hiding place, Jeremiah and down to Egypt with the intention his faithful friend replaced the of invading the country. In des- burnt portion of the Bible. peration the Egyptians rallied We can take up those very words around their king, and fought off ourselves today, when we open the the Babylonians, so completely Bible at the Book of Jeremiah. defeating them that Nebuchad- Isn't it significant, that the pro- nezzar had to retire back home in phet's words still LIVE, though order to recover and re-equip his the foolish king has been DEAD forces. * these many years, and the very Jehoiakim joyfully heard the book he burned records the full news. It seemed to him as though measure of his own folly and fate! the Babylonian power was on the wane. As he learned how the Additional words were added to crestfallen and defeated Chaldean the new scroll. Among them was troops had to retreat back to the following terrible threat: Babylon, he promptly refused to "Thus saith Yahweh of Jehoiakim pay the tribute any more. king of Judah: He shall have none to sit upon the throne of David*; and This action became the means his dead body shall be cast out in the of his own undoing, and led to day to the heat, and in the night to the fulfilment of Jeremiah's pro- the frost And I will punish him and phecies against him. his seed and his servants (the princes who sought Jeremiah's life) for their iniquity, and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem Again Besieged Jerusalem and Judah I will bring all At first, Nebuchadnezzar was the evil that I have pronounced content to punish Jehoiakim by against them" (Jer. 36:30-31). sending against him small bands These words were fulfilled to of soldiers recruited from the other the very letter shortly after this. nations round about Judah, and

•The word "sit" is from the Hebrew "yashab" signifying "to dwell," "to remain at length." Jeconiah his son came to the throne, but was removed in three months in fulfilment of Jeremiah's words. We do not read of this in the Bible, but only in contemporary history. The Bible merely says that he rebelled after three years servitude (2 Kings 24:1), but contemporary history gives us details which indicate the causes which led him to rebel. 103 StORY OF THE BlBLfc October, 1962 strengthened by some of hie own fulfilled (Jer. 22:18). But at the troops from Chaldea. But Judah's last moment Nebuchadnezzar revolt, being followed by other changed his mind. He ordered nations, demanded more decisive him to be executed, and given the action on the part of Nebuchad- "burial of an ass." His dead body nezzar if he were to retain his was cast outside the city of Jeru- control of Palestine. salem to remain day and night for From Josephus' history of the some time in full view of the times, we learn that Ithobal, the people. Nebuchadnezzar intended king of Tyre, also rebelled about it as warning to the people of the this time, and Nebuchadnezzar in- fate of those who dare act treach- erousy towards Babylon. But the more thoughtful in Judah, re- membering the words of Jeremiah, and the Godless action of the King, were warned that this is the fate of those who reject the counsel of Yahweh. Later his remains were gathered and buried out of sight. Terrible miseries were thus vaded Syria at the head of a large experienced by the people because army. Tyre and Jerusalem were of their foolish attitude towards both besieged at the same time, the things of God. Their idolatry, but whilst Tyre resisted with great their contempt of Yahweh's pro- obstinacy, Jerusalem was soon phets, the murders committed overthrown. against such righteous men as The haughty, Godless Jehoia- Urijah were receiving their just kim now found himself at the desserts in the evils the nation now mercy of the Babylonians. He was experienced. placed in fetters, and dragged before Nebuchadnezzar himself. As a further lesson, Nebuchad- As he humbly bowed before his nezzar took some 3,023 Jews (or conqueror, Nebuchadnezzar was perhaps families of Jews) as cap- disposed to spare his life and take tives to Babylon (Jer. 52:28). him to Babylon (2 Chron. 36:6). Gradually the nation was breaking For a moment, it seemed as if up, as the weeping Jeremiah could Jeremiah's prophecy would not be see.

104 October, 1962 STORY OF THE BIBLE

—A Despised and Broken Idol

Coniah was 18 years of age when his father was miserably executed by Nebuchadnezzar. He was permitted to ascend the throne, but only reigned for a little over three months in Jerusalem. He was then taken to Babylon where he lived for many years, to be finally treated with great kindness by the son of Nebuchadnezzar. His mother appears to have been a very dominant woman. She was the daughter of the powerful noble, Elnathan whom Jehoi- akim employed on various missions. Jeremiah makes reference to the queen-mother on several occasions (Jer. 13:18; 29:2 etc). Mr. Phillips discussed the story of Jehoiachin with his family after they had read Jeremiah 13, and we reproduce the discussion below.

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JEREMIAH TAKES A LONG Jehoiachin which means, 4Yahweh JOURNEY (Jer. 13) will establish.' "The people hoped that this "This is a very dramatic story," would prove true, but shortly after remarked Mr. Phillips enthusiast- Nebuchadnezzar had left, Jere- ically after finishing the chapter. miah showed that it would be "From the statement of v.18, it otherwise by dramatically announ- seems obvious that it took place cing that he, like the Jewish cap- in the reign of Jehoiachin, and in tives, was going to take a long, order to understand it better, we lonely journey also. It was a need to have the background of journey he did not want to take, the times. For several years Judah but which God commanded him had been troubled with small to do. But before he left, Yahweh armies invading her territory and had commanded him to wear a bringing misery on the people. The linen girdle and to keep on wear- king (Jehoiakim) had proved a ing it even if it became soiled. He traitor both to God and to man. was not to wash it on any account. In spite of the warning of Jere- God desired to teach the people miah, he had gone his headstrong an important lesson through this way, until disaster caught up with means." him. Nebuchadnezzar had invaded "What was the lesson?" asked the land, had besieged Jerusalem, Ann who was taking notes. had slain the king, had taken a large number of people into cap- "Linen is used in the Bible as tivity. a symbol of righteousness, and a girdle i s a symbol of truth," "But he allowed Coniah, the 18 explained Mr. Phillips (see Rev. year old son of Jehoiakim to re- 19:8; Eph. 6:14). "Thus the linen main in control together with the girdle spake οϊ righteousness based queen mother. on truth. It was an ornament used "Coniah, whose name means by the priests of Israel (Exod. 28: 'Establish,' changed his name to 39; Lev. 16:14), and therefore be- STORY OF THE BIBLE October, 1962 came a fit emblem for the nation message of His plan. If they had as a whole, for it was likened to obeyed Him, they would have been 'a kingdom of priests' (Exod. 19: like the gleaming white girdle — 5-6; Deut. 7:6-8). Yahweh had an ornament of grace. But notice given the nation laws to keep, and that Jeremiah adds the words: if they were kept then it would be 'they would not hear.' And be- as an ornament of righteousness cause they would not hear, they reflecting the glory of Yahweh to became like the dirty, soiled girdle the whole world (Deut. 4:6; 28:9)." he was wearing; a disgrace to the "Are you sure that is the right wearer! Thus, before Jeremiah explanation?" asked Peter who took his long journey, he walked tends to become a little critical. around Jerusalem with the filthy "Yes, for in verse 11, Jeremiah girdle on his loins, explaining to explained its meaning. He de- all who were interested the mean- clared: ing of his action. "As the girdle cleaveth to the loins "He then took the journey com- of a man, so have I caused to cleave manded by Yahweh. He had been unto me the whole house of Israel and told to take the girdle to the River of Judah, saith Yahweh; that they might be unto Me for a people, and Euphrates, and hide it in a hole for a name, and for a praise, and for of the rock. It involved a long, a glory.* tiring journey of about 350 miles, "In other words," suggested and it symbolised the journey into Graham, "God called Israel out of captivity which some of the Jews Egypt that they might reflect to had already taken, and others were His glory." destined to take. Later he was "That is true," replied Mr. Phil- told to recover the girdle. Again, lips, "and it is a most important Jeremiah made the tiring journey. lesson to learn. Some think that He found the girdle alright, but it God called Israel out of Egypt to was now completely marred, and save them. Whilst that is true, it good for nothing. is only half the story. They had "Yahweh is going to mar your pride first of all to be made worth like this girdle is marred," declared the prophet as he displayed the filthy, saving· That was the purpose of rotten garment to the people. the law with all its instructions in righteousness. If Israel had obeyed "He warned the people that those precepts they would have their folly would result in terrible reflected to the glory of their trouble coming upon the nation. Creator, and been worth saving. It was acting as though it were Israel thus becomes an object les- silly with drink, and he told them son for us. For if God refused to that they would be left to stagger save His people unless they reflect- around until they were completely ed His glory, He will likewise broken as a nation. He pleaded refuse to save us. Yahweh chose with them: "Be not proud,1' he exhorted the the people, guided them, educated people. "Give glory to Yahweh before them, revealed His will to them, He causes darkness, and before your in order that they might reflect feet stumble upon the dark* moun- His glory, and that they might be tains, and whilst you look for light, He turn it into the shadow of death, equipped to pass on to others the and make it gross darkness." 106 October, 1962 STORY OF THE BIBLE

"He told the young king and his 24:14). All the military leaders, queen mother not to make the most of the princes, many of the mistake of placing confidence in priests, great numbers of skilled help from Egypt: workmen were included. They "Humble yourselves, for you will left, as we read, only "the poorest be deposed," he declared. "Egypt will sort of people in the land." not help you. Judah shall go into captivity at the hands of the northern "Nebuchadnezzar also violated power" (Jer. 13:18)* the Temple and the Palace, taking NEBUCHADNEZZAR therefrom all the vessels of gold ATTACKS JEHOIACHIN to grace his temple in Babylon. "Was Judah seeking the aid of "But he did not completely des- Egypt?" asked Graham as his troy the nation. He gave it one father paused. last chance. Though Jehoiachin "The words of Jeremiah 13:18 was taken captive to Babylon, suggest that it was," replied his Nebuchadnezzar set over Judah father. "That is possibly the cause another king whom he called of the next move in the drama of Zedekiah." the times, for a little over three "Did Jeremiah go into capti- months after the king came to the vity?" asked Joan. throne, the tramp of Babylonish "No, he remained in the city. soldiers were again heard, and Nevertheless some very prominent people saw the foreign army men of the Bible went into cap- marching towards the capital." tivity at this time. Among them "Where do we read that?" in- were Ezekiel the prophet, and terrupted Peter. Mordecai the uncle of Esther." "We must now turn from Jere- "Where do we learn that?" miah 13 to 2 Kings 24 or 2 Chron- asked Peter. icles 36 in order'to trace the events "In Ezekiel 1:2 and Esther 2:6." of the times. There (2 Kings 24: 10-12) we learn that Jehoiachin "Was Jehoiachin slain?", asked quickly gave way to Nebuchad- Ann as she busily took notes. nezzar. The king of Judah went "No, he was taken to Babylon out to the king of Babylon, he and with his mother, and there flung his mother.' Whether they liked into prison. Some 37 years later, it or not, they were compelled to however, the son of Nebuchad- 'humble themselves,' as Jeremiah nezzar took pity on him, and had predicted. honored him in Babylon (2 Kings "On this occasion, Nebuchad- 25:17-30). Meanwhile he had nezzar treated Judah with much married, and among his grandchil- more severity than he had done dren was a son destined to come three months before. A whole- to great prominence in leading the sale deportation of some 10,000 of people back from captivity. His the very elite of the nation were name was Zerubbabel (1 Chron. taken s.back to Babylon (2 Kings 3:17-19; Haggai 1:2)." *Mr. Phillips has paraphrased Jeremiah 13:18. It implies what he has said, though it does not directly state it. 107 STORY OF THE BIBLE October, 1962

The Poorest Sort of People was told that both the nation and Remain its king were destined for greater "Did Jeremiah have any other evils to come." adventures during the reign of "Is that what is meant by the Jehoiachin?" asked Ann. statement of 2 Kings 24:14 that "No, but he had a vision which 'none remained, save the poorest helps us to understand some of the sort of people of the land?" asked circumstances of his day a little Graham. better." "Yes, they were poor in every "What was that?" sense; not only in material riches, "It is recorded in his 24th chap- but in spiritual matters also. Yet ter. He saw a vision of two they thought that they were favor- baskets of figs. One basket con- ed by God in being left to dwell tained good figs, but the other in the land. They vainly imagined basket contained figs that were that those taken into captivity had good for nothing. He was told been justly dealt with by God that the basket of good figs rep- because of their sins. This feeling resented those Jews that had been was even shared by some of those taken into captivity, for they had who had been taken into captivity, been taken away for their own and the early part of Ezekiel's good. On the other hand, the bas- work was to destroy this belief ket of bad figs represented the among the people in exile. Jews who remained in the land. "This vision, seen by Jeremiah, God had allowed them to stay showed that the nation was doom- there because they were deserving ed, and that shortly even greater of more punishment. Jeremiah punishments would fall upon it."

Breaker of Covenants

The tragedy of the Kingdom of God in the past came to its climax in the reign of this weak, vacillating King. Zcdekiah had no policy, and there fore lacked the indispensable qualifications for true leadership. He was easily persuaded to rebel against the Chaldeans (2 Kings 25), and yet under Jeremiah's advice sun-ended the city to them (Jer. 21:9-10). His troubled reign ended in tragedy. 'Zcdekiah attempted to escape from the disaster Jeremiah predicted, but was overtaken and brought before Nebuchadnezzar, who slew the captive king's children before his eyes, then blinded the king himself and sent him in chains to Babylon. Zedekiah's reign was a period of great activity for Jeremiah. He knew that time was limited, and therefore strove all the more to win a few over to righteousness, and save them for the Kingdom of the future Thus the history of this period looms large in his writings. There are almost fifty references to Zcdekiah in the Book of Jeremiah, and'they reveal mun\ dramatic incidents

Zcdekiah was the third of Josiah's sons to become king. His original name was Mattaniah {Gift of Yahweh), hut Nebuchadnezzar re-named him Zedekiah (Righteousness of Yahweh). He probably though that by so renaming him that the king would remain true to the oath of allegiance that he had sworn to Babylon. There is a drama about the name of Zedekiah. It is compounded of two words: Zedek and Yah, and signifies YAHWEH IS RIGHTEOUS. He was the last king to sit upon the throne of David, and it seems that Jeremiah made a play on his name as he described the glory of the NEXT king to sit upon this throne, giving him (Christ) a similar name: "Behold the days come, saith Yahweh, that I will raise unto David a righteous Branch, and a King shall reign and prosper, and shall execute judgment and justice in the earth. In his days Judah shall be saved, and Israel shall dwell safely; and this is his name whereby he shall be called, YAHWEH OUR RIGHTEOUSNESS" (Jer. 23:5-6). The Zedekiah of the future will provide a great contrast to the Zede- kiah of the past. Meanwhile, the events of the Zedekiah of the past are important, for they provide a background to the wonderful words of the prophets, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.

The Nation Zedekiah Ruled him to his poverty-stricken little Zedekiah reigned over an im- nation. poverished and debased kingdom. Jeremiah Writes to the Exiles "The poorest sort of people" were (Jer. 29) his subjects (2 Kings 24:14). The Temple and the Palace had been Shortly after he ascended the robbed of its treasures; little of throne, Zedekiah had cause to send true glory remained. to Babylon two nobles on affairs And the king himself was but a of State (Jer. 29:2-3). It provided vassal to the haughty Nebuchad- Jeremiah with the opportunity of nezzar who delighted to be known writing a letter of exhortation to as a "King of kings" (Dan. 2:37). the Jews in exile. The pitifully weak state of Zede- He wrote under the direction of kiah's political power was known God, and called upon the two to all. Before he left Jerusalem the nobles to place it before the exiles Babylonian monarch had de- in dispersion. In it he told them to manded that Zedekiah come seek the peace of the city to which humbly before him in front of all they had been taken, because God the people, and take a public oath was behind their captivity, and of allegiance to Babylon (Ezek. 17: they would remain there a long 13). This was designed to impress time. "Build homes, plant gardens, marry all with the fact that Judah was and bring up your children," he ad- a base kingdom, and must submit vised them, for there was to be no to its overlord, (v.14). early return (v.5). Having thus humiliated Zede- This was contrary to the advice kiah and extracted this promise that the people had received from from him, Nebuchadnezzar left false prophets at home and abroad, 109 STORY OF THE BTBLE October, 1062

for they were busy telling them wisdom He knew that they must that they would soon be restored learn through painful discipline to to their land. forsake their evil ways. He was Jeremiah denounced such false prepared to overlook their wicked- teachers: ness, their base ingratitude, their "Lei not your prophets and your foolish thoughtlessness, if they diviners, that be in the midst of you would but turn to Him with, their deceive you, neither hearken to your heart, and not merely with words dreams which ye cause to be dreamed," upon the lips. he wrote. They were letting their wishes Let us remember that this is the run away with them, and dreaming character of God, and learn to ap- dreams of restoration, repeating it proach Him with every confidence. one to the other as though Yahweh In his letter, Jeremiah warned was behind these dreams. Jeremiah that greater troubles were about told them that seventy years would to fall on Jerusalem, and that pass away before there would be a Zedekiah, together with the rem- return, but at the end of that time, nant of the people, would go into Yahweh would visit them and re- captivity. They would become like store them to their land again. In the vile figs he had seen in his his letter, he included some words vision. (Jer. 29:17; Jer. 24). directly from Yahweh, which are among the most beautiful words Second Letter to Babylon found in the Bible: "For I know the thoughts that 1 Many of the Jews in exile must think toward you, saith Yahweh. have been comforted by the letter Thoughts of peace, and not of evil to of Jeremiah, but he also had MAKE YOUR LATTER END AN enemies amongst them. To them OBJECT OF HOPE.* Then shall ye call upon me, and ye shall go and the message of the letter was de- pray unto me, and I will hearken unto pressing. They did not want to you. And ye shall seek Me, and find believe that they must remain in Me, when ye shall search for Me with Babylon for so long. They replied all your heart. And I will be found of you, saith Yahweh; and I will turn to Jeremiah, saying that they had away your captivity . . . ." (vv. 11-13). prophets in Babylon who h^d pre- What beautiful, tender words are dicted that there would be an early these! They breathe the very spirit return; that Babylon was about to of Divine love. Notwithstanding fall. Among these prophets were all the insults Yahweh had suf- two notable ones named Ahab and fered from the people, His heart Zedekiah. was toward them; He was anxious Jeremiah vigorously replied to to help them. He felt their suffer- this letter. He warned the people ings (Isa. 63:9), and hated the against the wicked teaching and thought of them being oppressed. false comfort that these so-called Like a Father to His children, He prophets were providing. He de- would have delighted to bring clared that they would be delivered about their restoration, but in His into the hands of Nebuchadnezzar

\See margin. These words can thus he rendered. UO October, 1962 STORY OF THE BIBLE who would burn them to death.* He received this vision whilst he On this occasion, Shemaiah the was asleep, and he records: Dreamer (Jer. 29:24~-margin), one "Upon this I awaked, and beheld; of those against whom Jeremiah and my sleep was sweet unto me" had warned, replied. He wrote to (Jer. 31:26). Zephaniah the priest in Jerusalem The false dreamers of Babylon complaining at the letters of Jere- were speaking of a mere return miah, declaring that he must be to former conditions; Jeremiah mad to write in such a way (v. saw a glorious vision of a true res- 26)**. He called upon Zephaniah toration when the glory and to throw Jeremiah into prison and power of David and Solomon's restrain him with fetters. times will be eclipsed under Mes- siah. Jeremiah Warns Shemaiah No wonder his sleep was sweet Jeremiah wrote again to Baby- unto him in spite of all his lon, this time warning the people troubles. not to heed Shemaiah. JEREMIAH WEARS A YOKE "He is causing you to trust in a lie," (Jer. 27, 28). he wrote. Zedekiah Influenced by False As for Shemaiah who was pre- Prophets dicting an early return, he would not only himself die in exile, but Four years went by. The shock none of his posterity would see of the invasion and captivity les- the promised good that Yahweh sened in the minds of the people. had reserved for many of the They began to congratulate them- exiles, for "he hath taught rebel- selves that they had not been af- lion against Yahweh" (v.32). fected, and to cast about for a rea- This ended Jeremiah's corres- son of this favor. False prophets pondence with the exiles in Baby- seized upon the general attitude by lon as far as we are aware. But spreading the idea that those left it was the prelude of a wonderful in the land, those "poorest sort of prophecy of ultimate restoration of people" were really the favored of Israel back in the land at the God, whilst those who had been second coming of Christ, which is taken away in exile had been contained in Jeremiah 30, 31. This justly punished for their misdeeds prophecy gives a vision of hope out (Ezek. 11:15). of trouble, of rejoicing out of sor- The deadly dope of this false row, of strength manifested out of teaching had the effect of blinding weakness. It shows how the nation the people left in the land to their will be re-established in its great- own false attitude to Yahweh. ness, how the Temple will be built Zedekiah was influenced by such in its glory, how Jerusalem will be flattering teaching. His pride was restored as the seat of power. also fed when ambassadors came *Cp J*r. 29:22 with Daniel 3 where the faithful Jews "quenched the violence of fire" by their faith (Heb. 11:34). Apparently Ahab and Zedekiah were likewise thrown into a fiery furnace, but did not escape. ••Thus again foreshadowing the experience of Christ—see John 7:20, 10:20, 39, 1Π STORY OF THF B1BLF October. 1962

to his capital from the surround- ance of Jeremiah and his uncom- ing nations. Stimulated by Egypt- promising message, it was also em- ian intrigue, the smaller nations barrassing, perhaps, to Zedekiah, were plotting to oppose Babylon. but before he could do anything Flattered by such attention, the about it, he was boldly confronted weak king was disposed to forget by the prophet himself, still wear- the oath he had so easily entered ing the wooden yoke. Harshly and into with Nebuchadnezzar, and abruptly Jeremiah addressed t h e join this new anti-Chaldean coali- king: tion. "Why will you die, you and your But he was arrested in so doing, people, by the sword, the famine, the pestilence! That will be your fate if by a remarkable action performed you do not serve Babylon. Don't by Jeremiah the prophet. iiearken to the prophets that speak otherwise, for (hey prophesy a lie Jeremiah's Yoke unto you!" Jeremiah had oftened angered In the face of this fierce attack, the people by his words, and puz- the weak racillating king reversed zled them by his actions. On sev- his policy. Jeremiah continued his eral occasions he had acted the agitation. Jerusalem re-echoed prophecies he had proclaimed. He with the voice of the prophet warn- did so on this occasion. As the ing the people against the false king was contemplating joining the prophets that were leading them league against Babylon, Jeremiah astray. One phrase occurred time was walking the streets of Jerusa- and again; it became the theme of lem wearing wooden yokes around his discourses in the public places his neck. Tn explanation of what of the city, in the courts of t h e this meant, he sent a yoke to each Temple. of the ambassadors who had come "They prophesy a lie unto you!" to Jerusalem with the following was his fierce, challenging theme. message: •''Tell your masters, that I, Yahweh, Some of the false prophets were who made the earth and all that is in predicting that the vessels of the it by My great power, and outstretched Temple that Nebuchadnezzar had arm, and have given it unto whom it seemed meet unto Me, have given taken to Babylon would shortly all these lands into the hand of Nebu- be restored. Jeremiah treated such chadnezzar the king of Babylon, My prophecies with sarcastic contempt. slave . . . And it shall come to pass, that the nation that will not serve him, "If they be true prophets," he re- that will not put its neck under the joined, "let them intercede with Yah- yoke I have sent it I will severely pun- weh that the vessels which remain ish with sword, famine and pestilence. mig'.t η Λ be taken, for Yahweh de- Therefore, hearken not to the false clares that all will be removed and prophets that speak otherwise, for the Temple itself destroyed." they prophesy a lie unto you" (Jer. The only thing that could stop 27:9-11). this prophecy being fulfilled was a The ambassadors were doubtless change of heart and action on the surprised at the eccentric appear- part of the people.

112 VOL. 6. NOVEMBER, 1962. NO. 8

edekiak —Breaker of Covenants In introducing the reign of this king (see p. 108 of our last issue), we left out one or two words in a sentence which altered its meaning. We wrote: "He was easily persuaded to rebel against the Chaldeans (2 Kings 25), and yet under Jeremiah's advice surrendered the city to them". This is not quite correct. We should have written: ". . . . under Jeremiah's advice he WAS almost persuaded to surrender (he city ίο them." Unfortunately for Zedekiah. he did not follow the prophet's advice. He would have liked to have done so, but "fear of the Jews" prevented him (see Jer. 38:18-19). We concluded last month by showing how Jeremiah wore a yoke of wood around his neck to emphasise his message that Judah would come under the yoke of Babylon, and the message of the false prophets would prove untrue.

Hananiah Breaks Jeremiah's not true. It was a complete contra- Yoke (Jer. 28) diction of Jeremiah's warning, and Jeremiah's forthright action had the people now looked curiously angered the false prophets, and at the prophet with the wooden one of them now stood forward as yoke hanging around his neck, their champion. wondering how he would re-act to His name was Hananiah. the challenge of Hananiah. He accosted Jeremiah in the Vigorously Jeremiah made h i s Temple, and in front of the as- reply: sembled people and priests, he "Amen to those words," he sarcas- tically rejoined. "Let Yahweh act as boldly refuted the message of the you say! Nevertheless, hear this. prophet. Prophets before me and before you "Thus speaketh Yah wen," declared have prophesied of great evils that Hananiah, "1 have broken the yoke of Yahweh will bring upon this nation! Babylon. Within two full years I will But the prophet which prophesieth of bring back into this place, all the ves- peace, when the word of the prophet sels of the Temple that Nebuchad- shall come to pass, then shall it be nezzar took away into Babylon. And known, that Yahweh hath truly sent I will also bring back Jehoiachin with him." all the captives of Judah.*1 The people knew that prophets This was a message such as the such as Joel, Amos» Hosea, Micah people delighted to hear, but it was and others had predicted evil 11% STORY OF THE BIBLE Novcmber, 1962. against Jerusalem, and therefore fied, but within two months! their words supported those of And two months later Hananiah Jeremiah. But as Jeremiah had was dead; a terrible warning to often told them, these evils could the people. It was the seventh be averted if the people responded month, the month in which the to the will of Yahweh. Therefore, Day of Atonement was celebrated his words were conditional upon wherein the sins of the people were the re-action of the people. On the forgiven. But there was no forgive- other hand, Hananiah's prophecy ness for such a blatant lie against was unconditional, and Jeremiah the truth as Hananiah had com- drew his attention to the words of mitted. It was blasphemy against Deuteronomy 18:22 asking if he the Holy Spirit word (Mark 3:29), was prepared to submit to the test and for it he died. there laid down. Hananiah knew what that JEREMIAH CAUSES A meant. The Law prescribed death REMARKABLE BOOK TO BE for a false prophet (Deut. 17:12), THROWN INTO THE RIVER and a false prophet was defined as EUPHRATES (Jer. 51 : 59-64) one whose words did not come to The Book is Written pass at the time laid down. In the fourth year of his reign, But Hananiah was too incensed Zedekiah travelled to Babylon to with Jeremiah to reason properly. personally present his tribute to Snatching the yoke from off the Nebuchadnezzar. neck of Jeremiah, he broke it, and Why he was forced to do this, turning to the people he declared: we are not told. Perhaps Nebu- "Yahweh has said that He will break chadnezzar had heard that ambas- the yoke of Nebuchadnezzar from the neck of all nations within iwo years!" sadors of surrounding nations had Jeremiah refused to answer such visited Jerusalem to conspire with the king of Judah to break the a foolish and impious prophecy. yoke of Babylon (Jer. 27:3), and Time would tell where the truth to forestall any such move, com- lay. He quietly withdrew from the manded his vassal to come to Temple leaving the people to pon- Babylon and again renew his vows der over all that had taken place. of allegiance But later there came a private Whatever the cause, the king message for Hananiah. He was made the journey (Jer. 51:59), and told that instead of yokes of wood took with him ,a prince of the there would be yokes of iron for realm named Seraiah*. This pro- the people. He was told that be- vided Jeremiah with an oppor- cause he had made the people trust tunity of sending a message of en- in a lie, and had taught apostasy couragement to the Jews in exile, to them that he would die, not that they might remain true to the within two years as he had speci- ways of God For Seraiah was *He is described as a "quiet prince" (Jer. 51:29). The Hebrew word rendered quiet is "menucha" signifying "peace". Perhaps he carried the tribute by which Zedekiah hoped to purchase his peace with Nebuchadnezzar. One translation renders the phrase: "Seraiah carried a present" thus conveying the idiom of the original into the translation. 114 November, 1962. STORY OF THE BIBLE

well-known to the prophet. He was It was in such circumstances, brother to Baruch, the close friend that Seraiah called the Jews to- of Jeremiah (cp. Jer. 51:59 with gether as Jeremiah had com- 32:12), and was willing to convey manded him, and read them the the message of Yahweh to the scroll that the prophet had pre- people in exile. pared. In due time, Jeremiah delivered Tt proclaimed that Babylon to Seraiah a small scroll, and gave would be completely destroyed so him careful instructions as to what that it would never again be in- he was to do with it when he ar- habited. It spake of the fear that rived at the city of Babylon. It would fall upon the king of Baby- contained the prophecy that we lon when the time of judgment can today read in Jeremiah chap- came so that his hands would wax ters 50 and 51. In it, Yahweh re- feeble (Jer. 50:43). It outlined the vealed that despite its mighty vengeance of Yahweh against a power, Babylon would ultimately people who had violated His be overthrown never again to rise. Temple (Jer. 50:28). It decreed the When that happened, those Jews ultimate restoration of Zion (Jer. who remained true to their trust, 50:19-20). would return and restore their Among those who hearkened to nation. the reading of the scroll were This implied that there was Daniel and his friends. They must more enduring strength in captive, have listened with intense interest broken Israel than in mighty, and pleasure to the predicted over- powerful Babylon. throw of the enemy of their people. One vivid passage reads as fol- We know that Daniel was greatly lows: influenced by the writings of Jere- "Thus saith Yahweh of hosts: The miah (Dan. 9:2). As he listened children of Israel and the children of to Seraiah read this scroll he would Judah were oppressed together; and all that took them captives held them have heard much to confirm the fast; they refused to let them go. Their prophecies he had already received Redeemer is strong; Yahweh of hosts from God. is His name; He shall thoroughly plead After he had completed the their cause, that He may give rest to the land and disquiet the inhabitants reading, Seraiah, as Jeremiah had of Babylon" (Jer. 50:33-34). instructed him, led the assembled The Book is Read Jews in a short public prayer: "O Yahweh, Thou hast spoken Babylon, the mightiest city of against this place, to cut if off, that antiquity, was then at the height none shall remain in it, neither man of its pomp and glory. In the nor beast, but that it shall be desolate for ever!" massive walls of thin great city, in its glorious architecture, in its The Book is Thrown Away hanging gardens and lavish dis- By both the prophecy and the play, the captive Jews saw about prayer, the capjtive Jews were them the material evidence of taught neither to envy the pomp fleshly^ might. Tt all looked so of Babylon nor to fear its power, permanent and powerful, and but to look with contempt on all emphasised their poverty and help- its false glory and illusive plea- lessness, sure, seeing beyond these things 15 STORY OF THE BIBLE November, 1962. to the ultimate purpose of God: so long ago—that there is nothing the destruction of Babylon and enduring in the way of life about the redemption of Israel. us, and that ultimately the way They were taught that there is of God will triumph in ill the nothing permanent in fleshly glory, earth (Num. 14:21). it all shall finally come to an end. How powerfully impressed a The same exhortation is power- man like Daniel must have been as ful today, when on every side there he listened to such words being are seen the tokens of modern read. At the very time when Sera- Babylon's power (Rev. 17). We are iah was reciting words that spelt taught, by the words and action of the doom of Babylon, Zedekiah, Jeremiah, to see beyond these the last king to sit on David's things to the establishment of the throne was humbling himself be- kingdom of God on earth (Dan. fore its proud king! 2:44). His name means: "Yahweh is Still following the instructions righteous." The prophecy which of Jeremiah, Seraiah next tied a Jeremiah set before the captives stone to the scroll, and as the has never yet been fully fulfilled, Jewish exiles watched, he cast it but it will be when King Jesus into the River Euphrates. As it returns to destroy modern Baby- sank beneath its waters, he turned lon. In that day, the king of Israel to the people, and declared: will not humble himself before the "Thus shall Babylon sink, and shall Gentiles, but rather they will pros- not rise from the evil that I will bring trate themselves before him. One upon her . . ." (Jer. 51:64). of his titles will be similar to Zede- The Book Revived kiah, for he will be called: Yahweh our Righteousness (Jer. 23:5-7). About 700 years after the dra- Thus there is a link between the matic incident thus described had name of the last king to sit on taken place, a lonely man who had David's throne and the next one to been banished to the rocky island do so (Ezek. 21:25-27). of Patmos in the Mediterranean because he had fearlessly pro- NEBUCHADNEZZAR claimed the truths of God, saw a ATTACKS. similar vision. He saw not ancient Zedekiah Breaks His Word. Babylon, but a modern Babylon— "I have been trying to trace the the world about us, particularly in events that led to the destruction its religious power—and he was of Jerusalem in the days of Jere- shown how it, too, will be brought miah, but I find it very difficult to to an end like the ancient city. do so," remarked Graham one He described what he saw: evening after the family had com- "A mighty angel took up a stone pleted some reading from the Book like a great millstone, and cast it into of Jeremiah. the sea, saying, 'Thus with violence shall that great city Babylon be thrown "There is a general outline in down, and shall be found no more at 2 Kings 25, and 2 Chronicles 36 all"' (Rev. 18:21). which is very easy to follow," re- How important it is for us to plied his father, "but a great deal learn the lesson that Jeremiah tried of care is necessary if you desire to impress upon the captive Jews to fill in all the details supplied by 116 November, 1962. STORY OF THE BIBLE Jeremiah, for the chapters in his as typical of the loose way in book do not follow in chronologi- which this weak king treated his cal order." word (Ezek. 17:15-25). "Yes, I have noticed that," said "Nebuchadnezzar did not lose Graham. "For example, chapter 21 any time. He immediately set his is really after chapter 37 in point troops in motion. He had an army of time. What puzzles me at this stationed on the coast of Syria, moment, however, is why Nebu- occupied in the siege of Tyre. But chadnezzar should suddenly attack this could not be spared from its Jerusalem in the 9th year of Zede- appointed task. Nevertheless he kiah (Jer. 52.4). After all, Nebu- did not minimise the importance of chadnezzar had placed him on the Zedekiah's revolt. He decided to throne ! Had Zedekiah revolted come in person himself, and sit against him after going to Babylon down before Jerusalem (2 Kings and paying the tribute money as 25:1). Judah was not his only, nor recorded in Jeremiah 51:59?." his principal enemy. Moab, Am· "Yes, he had. It was in the 4th mon, Edom and Philistia were all year of his reign that he had gone in a state of revolt against him, to Babylon with the tribute money, possibly spurred on by Egypt. At and swore that he would remain first Nebuchadnezzar was in a true to Nebuchadnezzar. But Zede- quandary as to which he should kiah did not keep his word. He lied first attack, and by severe punish- both to God and man. He was a ment, provide an example for the weak man, and many in Judah others. He pondered whether he were pressing him to seek assist- should attack Ammon or Jerusa- ance from Egypt, and throw off lem. For a time, the fate of the the yoke of Babylon. The time Jews rested in the balance. At last seemed ripe for such an adventure. the marching Babylonish troops A young and enterprising prince came tg the crossroads where a by name of Pharoah Hophra (see decision had to be made. Here Jer. 44:30), who is known to his- they paused whilst Nebuchadnez- torians as Pharoah Apries, had zar made up his mind. Ezekiel the just ascended the throne of Egypt. prophet describes how he made use The Jews thought he might help of divination. This pointed in the them in a struggle for independ- direction of Jerusalem. The fateful ence. Zedekiah sent ambassadors decision having been made, Nebu- to his court, offering his allegiance, chadnezzar commenced his march and asking that troops might be south against the City of God." sent to his assistance should Baby- lon attack (see Ezek. 17:15.) A "Where do we read that in secret treaty was probably signed, Ezekiel?" asked Peter. and about the 9th year of his reign, "In Ezekiel 21:21. In the same Zedekiah took the plunge. Despite chapter, the prophet addresses the the warnings of Jeremiah, he broke king and shows how he would be his fealty with Babylon and openly deposed from the throne, 'until he raised the standard of revolt (2 comes whose right it is; and I Kings 24:20; 2 Chron. 36:13), an (Yahweh) will give it him' (v. 27). act which is described by Ezekiel You, of course, know who that the prophet as a heinous crime and is!" 117 STORY OF THE BIBLE November, 1962.

"It is the one promised to stantly refused to heed the message David in 2 Samuel 7:12-16," re- of Jeremiah, expected Yahweh to marked Joan. work a miracle for him, now that "That is correct, but who is his stupidity had resulted in the that ?" Chaldeans attacking him! "The Lord Jesus Christ." "But he received no sympathy "True. At his birth, his mother from Jeremiah. The time for that was told that he was the one des- was gone. He clearly told Zedekiah tined to fill this honored role: what the outcome of the war would "He shall be great, and shall be would be. The weapons of war called the Son of the Highest: and the which the Jews had prepared for Lord Cod shall give unio Him the the battle would be rendered use- throne of his father David: and he shall reign over the house of Jacob less; the city would fall and the for ever; and of his kingdom there king would be taken captive by shall be no end' (Luke 1:32-33)." the Babylonians; famine, pesti- Zedekiah Appeals to Jeremiah lence and the sword would play havoc with the defenders. The "Did the Egyptians assist Zede- prophet warned, that the only kiah ?" asked Graham anxious to thing to do, was to flee the doomed obtain a clear outline of the events city when the enemy approached." leading to the tragic destruction of 'That is very similar to the ad- Jerusalem. vice of the Lord Jesus to his dis- "Not at first," replied Mr. Phil- ciples when the Romans attacked lips. 'The Jews waited in vain for the city (see Matt. 24:15-71)," r> a sign of them, and as news of the marked Graham. approaching Babylonians reached "Yes. Jeremiah's words and Jerusalem, the king panicked. At advice to the king are very similar that moment of crisis there was but to those of the Lord when speak- one man who could help him: Jere- ing to his disciples on the Mount miah ! Perhaps he recalled the of Olives. As Christ warned his action of Hezekiah. When the followers to flee Jerusalem on the Assyrians attacked the city he had approach of the Romans, Jeremiah sent for Isaiah the prophet and by did likewise on the approach of their joint prayers had saved the the Babylonians. As Christ warned city. In any case, Zedekiah sent a that resistance would prove vain, deputation of princes and priests so did Jeremiah on this occ:: : :i to Jeremiah with the following (Jer. 21:8-9). And as the Romans message: temporarily withdrew after besieg- "Enquire, I pray thee, of Yahweh ing the city, allowing Christians to for us; for Nebuchadnezzar, king of escape to Pella, so did the Baby- Babylon makes war against us; perhaps Yahweh will deal with us ac- lonians, as we will see as we check cording to ail his wondrous works, through the events of the times thai he may leave us!" (Jer. 21:2). (Jer. 37:5). This permitted those 'That was rather hypocritical who listened to his advice to after the way the people had escape. And those who listened to turned to idolatry," remarked the advice of Christ in his day and Peter. who were familiar with the history "Yes," agreed his father. "This of Jeremiah's day, would be able weak, foolish king, who had con- to see a foreshadowing of these 118 November, 1962. STORY OF THE BIBLE events, and would be impressed people agreed to all that was sug- with the importance of following gested. The covenant was endorsed Christ's advice. by a most solemn sacrifice. A calf was offered in confirmation of How Zedekiah Acted on the covenant. As was normal on Jeremiah's Advice. such occasions, it was divided into "In addition to this warning, two parts, and the leaders of the Jeremiah gave the king some good nation, as its representatives, advice. He urged him to put trust passed between the pieces as a in Yahweh, and do His will by token that the covenant was ac- executing judgment, and delivering cepted (Jer. 34:18)." the oppressor (Jer. 21:12). By such "What does that mean ?" asked means Zedekiah might avoid the Ann. greatest evils. But, warned the "The two parts of the sacrifice prophet, unless the king acted represented the two parties who quickly, destruction would come had agreed to the covenant," ex- fast and heavy upon the guilty plained Mr. Phillips. "The passing nation." through of the two pieces by the "Did Zedekiah act upon this people, indicated that they were advice ?" joined in agreement with God to "Yes, he did. As the army of fulfil the terms of the covenant. Nebuchadnezzar moved south, and It was a most solemn rite, and nothing was heard of the support- indicated that if they failed to ful- ing Egyptian forces that had been fil their obligation, the fate of the promised, the weak, vacillating animal would be their's. That was king panicked. He decided to act the way that contracts or covenants on Jeremiah's advice. were agreed to in ancient days. In Hastily he called together a Hebrews 9:16, the Apostle shows general meeting of the people, and that Christ's offering was regarded bound them to a covenant to keep in a similar manner. He represen- the Law of Moses. Jeremiah had ted himself to his Apostles as the told him to 'Execute judgment, and covenant victim, and those who relieve the oppressed,' and the partake of the bread and wine king instructed that this should be which is representative of that, 'eat done. He commanded that all who and drink condemnation to them- had slaves, should let them go free selves' unless they strive earnestly as the Law commanded should be to fulfil the terms of the covenant done in the year of liberty (Jer. (see 1 Cor. 11:26-29). Yahweh en- 34:14). He warned the people of tered into a covenant with Abra- the seriousness of the crisis that ham by a similar sacrifice as is faced them, and reminded them recorded in Genesis 15."* that as their Egyptian allies had "Did this avert the danger to the failed, God alone could help them. city ?" But God would, only help if the "As a matter of fact, it did, tem- people turned to Him and demon- porarily. In due course, Nebuchad- strated their genuineness by such nezzar encamped outside its walls, an action as he suggested. The and lay siege to the city. Within *Write to Mr. H. Phillips, Box 226, G.P.O., Adelaide, South Australia, if you would like further details of this matter. 119 STORY OF THE BIBLE November, 1962. the walls the ceremony had taken reach the refuge of his city of place, and the nation proclaimed Anathoth (Jer. 37:12). its readiness to obey the terms of "He was discovered by some of Yahwch's coveant, and give free- the princes of the Kingdom. Falsely dom to the slaves. Then news was they accused him of deserting to heard that at last the Egytians the Chaldeans. They scourged him, were on the march. Suddenly and then put him in prison in the Nebuchadnezzar withdrew his house of Jonathan the scribe." forces and rapidly moved south to meet the new threat. The people Jeremiah in Prison of Jerusalem went wild with joy. "It seemed strange to turn the it seemed to them as though the house of a scribe into a prison, false prophets, who had predicted don't you think_?" asked Graham. the failure of the Babylonish at- "It does seem strange to us," tack, were right after all, and that answered his father, "but it was Jeremiah, who had denounced any the custom of the day for those in trust in Egypt, was wrong! Many authority in a town to set aside a of the nobles began to regret that section of their house as a prison, they had been so hasty in pro- and even appoint one of their ser- claiming that they would release vants to act as jailor. Sometimes all the servants that they had in a deep pit was dug in the middle their power, and went back on court around which a large house their agreement. Jeremiah was would be built; in the sides were shocked at this blatant violation of scooped out niches in which to so solemn a contract. He raised his sleep, and down into these dun- voice in protest. He dearly loved geons the prisoner was placed. It the city of Jerusalem, and his was like being buried alive to be heart ached for the misguided placed into one of those horrible people. He warned them that the places, and, in fact, the same word results of so acting in regard to is used for grave as is used for the covenant would be disastrous. such dungeons." The nation would suffer the fate "Wouldn't the rain beat into of the sacrificial calf if it did not such a pit ?" asked Peter. remain true to its word. There "Yes, they became very damp would be no help from God if the and soggy in the winter, very hot people turned from their cove- and unbearable in the sum in jr. nant and sought the help of Sometimes they became filled with Egypt. soft mire, and prisoners would "But his protests were in vain. sink into the mud: People did not want to hear his "Into such a prison Jeremiah warnings of doom. They became was now flung. But something impatient with him. Finally he soon happened which sent Zede- went to the king with a last warn- kiah the king hurrying to him for ing that his folly would result in advice. The Babylonians returned national destruction (Jer. 37:7). to besiege the city. The Egyptians "And then he put into practice had been easily turned back, and the very advice he had given the now the Chaldeans were bent on people. vengeance. Secretly Zedekiah came "He tried to flee the city, and to the dungeon and called for Jere- 120 November, 1962. STORY OF THE BIBLE miah: matic incident in the life of the '"Is there any word from Yahweh?' prophet. An event occurred of the he asked. greatest significance to Jeremiah, '"There is,' replied Jeremiah, 'You and which is going to stand him in will be delivered into the hand of the good stead at the time of Christ's king of Babylon/ coming. "Having waited for a moment to let that message sink in, the pro- "He was shut up in the court of phet continued: the prison in the king's house. It " What have 1 offended against was the tenth year of Zedekiah, you, or against your servants, or the year before the city fell. The against this people, that you have Babylonians were now besieging put me in prison? Where are now the city, and the future looked very your prophets which prophesied unto you, saying, The king of Babylon shall grim indeed. One day, a man not come against you, nor against named Hanameel, a cousin of this land? Therefore hear now, I pray Jeremiah, visited the prophet and you, Ο my lord the king: "Let my offered to sell him his field in supplication be accepted before you; that you cause me not to return to Anathoth. the house of Jonathan the scribe, lest '"The right of redemption is yours, I die there!' and the redemption is yours, buy it "Zedekiah realised that if he for yourself!" wanted the help of Jeremiah, he "But what was the use of the must be prepared to assist the pro- field to Jeremiah ? It was then in phet. He therefore commanded the hands of the Babylonians, and that he be transferred to the court would under normal conditions of the prison in his own house, and have to be returned to Hanameel that he should be given a ration at the year of Jubilee (Lev. 25:25; of bread in common with all the Num. 35:2)* 'Jeremiah could not people. For now the siege was be- occupy the land until he was freed coming felt. It was realised that it from prison, and the Babylonians would be of long duration. Food ejected from the land. And he was carefully rationed, and every knew that that would not occur for preparation made to withstand the many years to come (Jer. 29:10). Babylonians." "The price was cheap enough ! All Hanameel asked was seventeen Jeremiah Invests Some Money shekels of silver (Jer. 32:9)—about Wisely £2-10-0 ! But under the circum- "The incidents we have been stances, even that cheap price was discussing are recorded in Jere- more than it was worth. miah 37," said Mr. Phillips as he "But Yahweh had told Jeremiah continued the story of the prophet. that Hanameel was about to make "From there we must turn back this offer, and he was to accept it. to Jeremiah 32 for the next dra- So he called for the title deeds *lhe Law of Moses directed that land once given for a possession should never be completely sold. If the possessor became poor and had to raise money, the land had to be given back to him freely in the year of Jubilee. If he died in the meantime, it went to the next of kin. That is what will happen in the case of Jeremiah and Hanameel in the coining great Year of Jubilee when all Israel shall return, as Yrfhweh proceeded to tell the prophet (Jer. 32:36-44). 121 STORY OF THE BIBLE November, 1962. of the property, and a contract of divinely given inheritance for a the purchase (v.ll) and having mere pittance." completed the transaction before "But didn't you say that the land witnesses, he delivered the docu- would have to go back to Hana- ments into the hands of his friend meel in the year of Jubilee ?" in- Baruch the scribe, and explained sisted Peter. unto the witnesses the reason why "Under normal conditions it he made the purchase: would," replied his father. "But "kYahweh has commanded me to in this case, Hanameel was not lake these evidences, the title-deeds there to claim it, therefore it re- and contract, and place them in an earthen vessel, that they may continue verts to Jeremiah who possesses many days. For thus saith Yahweh of the titte deeds." hosts, ihe God of Israel: Houses and "Will he yet receive it ?" asked fields and vineyards shall be pos- Ann. sessed again in this land.' "I believe he will, at Christ's re- "He then delivered it into the turn. The city of Anathoth is north hands of Baruch with instructions of Jerusalem. It will be portion of to place this evidence where it the land given over to immortal would be preserved for many days. priests when Christ rules on earth Then Jeremiah prayed unto God (see Ezekiel 48:10-11). We are told that He would give him further that Christ will divide the land by enlightenment as to why He had lot* for inheritance (Ezek. 45:1). commanded him to make the pur- We know that Bethel has been pro- chase. mised to Jacob (Gen. 28:13), and "He was told that though the Schechem to Joseph (Gen. 48:22), nation would be punished, yet it and now it seems as though Ana- would not be entirely destroyed; thoth will be given to Jeremiah." that the time would come when it would be restored to the land, and "I notice that Baruch was told an 'everlasting covenant' (v. 40) to so place the title-deeds that they would be made with it. At that may 'continue many days' (v.14)," time the people would return to remarked Graham. "Do you think enter into the inheritances that that they will be recovered at they possessed in the land. Thus if Christ's return ?" any are able to produce evidence "1 do," replied his father. "I that a certain piece of land belongs think it will be a moment of tri- to him he will be able to possess umph for Jeremiah when he pro- it (v.44)." duces the title-deeds, before the "Docs that mean that Jeremiah Lord Jesus and the company of the will possess that piece of land he redeemed in that day. Those title- bought so long ago ?" asked Gra- deeds will be an evidence of his ham. great faith. In fact, his faith, will "Yes, it means that for a little constitute the real signature there- over £2 he purchased an everlast- on. In that regard, we can link ing inheritance. On the other hand, up the 32nd of Jeremiah in a won- Hanamccl was so concerned with derful way with Hebrews 11: that the presence of the Babylonians great chapter on faith. For in that he was prepared to sell his Hebrews we read: 'Faith is the *By "lot" does not mean by chance, but by Divine direction. 122 November, 1962. STORY OF THE BIBLfc

substance of things hoped for. speaking such words as those to Scholars tell us that the Greek the people, would they?" asked word rendered 'substance' is Peter. "hypostasis/ and that this was a "No, they were not. From chap- legal term indicating the right to ter 33 we must turn over to chap- property. Thus the phrase can be ter 38 to read the sequel. A rendered: 'Faith is the title deeds powerful faction among the priests of things hoped lor.' Faith is like and princes of the people heard a title deed indicating our right to the words of Jeremiah and were the inheritance promised us. In bitterly offended by them. They Jeremiah's case, he has real title heard him warning the people that deeds to produce that are indica- it would be better for them to 'go tive of his great faith in a time of forth to the Chaldeans,' than to difficulty and persecution " remain in the city. They angrily demanded of the king that Jere- Jeremiah Again Cast Into the miah should be slain: Dungeon "Let this man be put to death,' "Whilst these incidents were they declared, 'for he weakeneth the taking place, the Babylonians were hands of the men of war that remain besieging the city, and the state in the city, as well as the hands of the people. He does not seek the good of the Jews was worsening every of this people, but their hurt.' day. As the battering-rams thun- "The weak king did not want to dered against the walls of the city, have the responsibility of putting the Jews used the rubble to erect a prophet of Yahweh to death; at another wall of defence (Jer.33:4). the same time he did not have the But this determined resistance only strength of character to oppose the resulted in the greater slaugher. princes. Weakly he (like Pilate be- "They come to fight with the Chal- fore the angry Jews in Christ's deans, but it is to fill them with the dead bodies of men, whom I have day) washed his hands of the mat- slain in mine anger and in my fury. ter, declaring: Because of all the wickedness I have 4 UI can do nothing against you!' hid my face from this city." "Thus encouraged, the princes "So declared Yahweh to the took Jeremiah and cast him into people through Jeremiah (Jei·. the dungeon of Malchiah the son 33:5). He pointed to the far distant of the king. This was a most evil future, when Israel would be puri- place. The bottom was soft in fied from its evil, and submit to mire, and as the prophet was flung the King whom God would pro- therein, he sank deeply in the vide them. Meanwhile, he told mire . . . them that to fight on was hope- "And there they left him with- less." out food or protection." "Was Jeremiah still in the prison "In my Bible it does not say that court of the king's house when he Malchiah was the son of Zede- proclaimed this ?" asked Graham. kiah," said Peter. "Yes, the people evidently had "it does if you look in the mar- access to him, and came to enquire gin," replied his father. "The word of him concerning the war." 'Hammelech' signifies 'the king.' "The leaders of the Jews would He was therefore a son of Zede- not be very pleased with him kiah, and though only in his teens, 123 STORY OF THE BIBLE November, 1962. he was evidently dominated by the powerful and intolerant faction in evil influence of the faction op- the stricken city in the support of posed to Jeremiah." an unpopular cause. "The king was touched by the A Gentile Helps Jeremiah appeal. He gave command that "But at this time when those Jeremiah was to be taken out of who should have known better the dungeon. In case the princes were busy persecuting the prophet attempted to prevent the rescue by of Yahweh, a Gentile came to his force, he told Ebed-melech to take rescue. He was Ebed-melech the thirty men with him, and draw the Ethiopian. Ebed-melech signifies prophet out of the mire. the servant of the king, and this "So Ebed-melech took some was evidently the position he occu- worn-out garments and pieces of pied. He saw with sorrow the wood. He went to the deep dun- heartless attitude of the king's geon where the poor prophet was young son towards the aged pro- sunk deep in the mire, and calling phet, and interceded with Zede- upon Jeremiah to place the clouts kiah. of wood and the garments under The king was sitting in the gate his arm, they drew him out of the of the city as Judge. Ebed-melech dungeon." went to him, and pleaded the cause "Once out of the miry dungeon, of Jeremiah: Jeremiah was again retained in the "These men have done evil in all court of the king's house. This that they have done to Jeremiah the was not pleasing to the princes who prophet, whom they have cast into the dungeon; and he is like to die for feared his influence with the king, hunger in the place where he is: for and their anger was turned on there is no more bread in the city!" Ebed-melech. But he was given a "The city was rapidly approach- personal message of encourage- ing its lowest extremity Death, ment. He was told not to fear, for famine, pestilence were awaiting it. he would be delivered from the In such circumstances, the case of men that sought his life, and Ebed-melech himself would have though the city would assuredly been grave enough, and most fall, he would save his life." people would be more concerned "Where do we read that?" asked with looking after their own good Peter. than that of an unpopular prophet "In Jeremiah 39:15-18." of doom. But not so this man. "He was like Rahab in Jericho," Though his skin was black, his suggested Ann. heart was white; though he was a "That is a very good illustra- Gentile by birth, he was a true tion," replied her father. Israelite in belief and action; "I am afraid that I am still though (as Jeremiah himself had confused," said Graham. "We earlier said —(see Jer. 13:23) 'the seem to dodge about from chapter Ethiopian cannot change his skin', to chapter in Jeremiah without he can change his character. At any sequential order. Can you set a time of great personal difficulty, the chapters out for me?" and of risk of his own life, this "Yes, I will write you out a humane and noble-minded man guide to those chapters later on," raised his voice against a most replied his father. 124 November, 1962. STORY OF THE BIBLE

Zedekiah Sinks In The Mire not give way. With weakened "Still the siege continued. For hands the soldiers defended the eighteen long, terrible months it walls, with mad hatred in their continued. It continued until all hearts they murdered anybody the food was eaten, until people who tried to escape, with stupid were famished, and walked around obstinacy they battled on in the the city like living skeletons, until hopeless struggle all feelings of humanity towards 'The king sought a further one another were driven out by the audience with the prophet. Secretly urgent desire for food. Conditions he spake with him where nobody became so bad, that people were could see them conversing together prepared to murder one another (Jer. 38:14). He sought council for food, but they were not pre- from Yahweh. He received it, but pared to give way to the Baby- would not act upon it. Jeremiah lonians. They remained inflexible demanded that the king should in their determination to continue surrender the city to the Babylon- the hopeless fight, manifesting a ians. Zedekiah was willing to do :ourage worthy of a better cause. so, but he feared the Jews (v. 19). Dreadful sights were daily seen in Despite the awful evidence of the stricken city. It became com- famine and pestilence about him, mon to see men and women wasted despite the fact that in the streets with famine collapsing in the there could be seen those dying streets, to die, or to see corpses 'stricken through for want of the black with pestilence dead in the fruits of the field' (Lam. 4:9), with streets. But still the Jews would faces blacker than coal, with skin

THE CHAPTERS OF JEREMIAH IN HISTORICAL SEQUENCE

Mr. Phillips promised his family he would outline the historical chapters of Jeremiah in sequence as they relate to the reign of TLedekiah. Here is what he prepared: Zedekiah's oath of allegiance to Nebuchadnezzar at his accension —-Ezek. 17:11. Letter of Jeremiah to exiles, and embassy of two nobles from Jerusalem to Babylon (Jer. 29). 4th year—Jeremiah advises him to reject the ambassadors suggesting that he revolt (Jer. 27). Jeremiah opposes the false prophets for the same reason (Jer. 28). Zedekiah goes to Babylon with tribute the same year. (Jer. 51:59). Deputation to Jeremiah in 9th year Zedekiah (Jer. 21). Further prophecy as Nebuchadnezzar sweeps south (Jer. 34). Jerusalem besieged, Egypt advances, siege raised (Jer. 37). The Broken Covenant (Jer. 34:8-22). Jeremiah attempts to flee—the prophet imprisoned—the siege renewed (Jer. 37:6-21). Jeremiah taken by Zedekiah from the dungeon to the court of the prison (Jer. 37:21; 32:1-2). He purchases the field of Hanameel (Jer. 32). From Jeremiah 38 to 44 the narrative follows historical sequence. STORY OF THE BIBLK November, 1962.

cleaving to their bones, with fam- "The King was too weak to ished bodies 'become like a stick' follow the advice of Jeremiah. He (Lam. 4:8), he had not the courage still feared the princes, and told to oppose the powerful faction of Jeremiah not to reveal to them princes who would not give way. any of his conversation. He commanded him that if they did ap- "Jeremiah warned him that his proach him, he was merely to sav folly would bring greater retribu- that he presented his supplications tion on himself and his household. to the king that he might not be He told him that his friends who put back into the dungeon. had 'set him on' could not help "Thus, when the princes ap- him. Plainly he declared to the proached the prophet to enquire king: 'YOUR FEET ARE SUNK of his conversation with the king, IN THE MIRE!' (Jer. 38:22). threatening him with death if he "Thus both prophet and king did not disclose what he had said, had sunk in the mire: one literally he told them what the king had in the dungeon, the other figura- commanded him. This was the tively in the troubles that encom- truth, and nothing but the truth, passed him (Jer. 38:6, 22); one but it was not the whole truth. because he had faithfully pro- Jeremiah had not the liberty to claimed the Word of God, the tell them what the king had pro- other because he had followed the hibited him to say, and so the foolish wisdom of the flesh. matter was not known.

EZEKIEL —- MESSENGER OF HOPE. Whilst Jeremiah was ministering to the people in Jerusalem, Daniel and Ezekiel were proclaiming their message to the Israelites in exile. Daniel, like Jeremiah, is full of historical detail, and we hope to tell· the story of his adventures shortly. But few personal experiences of Ezekiel are revealed to us, so that in our story we propose merely to summarise his message. CONDITION OF THE JEWS IN CAPTIVITY Ezekiel was taken into captivity with the third deportation of Jews that were led away, this being the time of "king Jehoiachin's captivity" (Ch. 1:2). There were at least six deportations of Jews: 1.—4th year of Jeho- lakim (Dan. 1:1); 2.-—6 years later when 3023 were taken captive. (Jer. 52:28); 3.—the following year in the reign of Jehoiachin when 10,000 were taken (2 Kings 24:12-16); 4.—Ten years later, when a further 832 were taken (Jer. 52:29); 5.—The following year when there was a further deportation of the upper classes (2 Kings 25:11-12); 6—Four years later (23rd Nebuchadnezzar) when a further 745 persons were taken (Jer. 52:30). Some of these numbers might relate to families rather than individuals. The Jewish exiles were distributed into different settlements throughout Babylonia where they formed small communities with certain organ- ization and freedom of worship. One such colony was at Tel-Abib (Ezek. 3:15), and in it Ezekiel must have been a dominant personality. The elders of the community came to highly regard him for his message (Ezek. 8:1), and to delight to hearken to him expound the purpose of Yahweh (Ezek. 33:31). November, 1962. STORY OF THE BIBLK

At this time, in Jerusalem, Jeremiah was battling against the deadly dope of the false prophets (see Jer. 27:9; 28:1-11) who had spread the idea that those who remained were Heaven's favourites, that the city would be Divinely protected, and they would not be removed (Ezek. 11:15; 33:24). This idea even spread to those in exile. There, infatuated Jews were seized with the idea that their captivity would soon end (Ezek. 13:16, 19) in spite of the messages of Jeremiah to the contrary. Their teaching was supported by the false prophet of Jerusalem, Hananiah, who predicted that they would return in two years with the vessels of the Temple (Jer. 28). Jeremiah wrote to the exiles warning them to take no heed (Jer. 29). His letter was replied to by one of the exiles—Shemaiah—who suggested that the priest Zephaniah should imprison Jeremiah as a madman (Jer. 29:24-28). But the death of Hananiah, the ministry of Ezekiel, successive cap- tivities, soon destroyed all hopes of a speedy return.

EZEKIEL THE MAN He was a man of determination who refused to be deterred by opposition (Ezek. 3:8-9). He was commanded to proclaim the Word whether people hearkened or not, and this he did. (Ezek. 2:5-7). He was not a fluent man, and words did not come easily from him (Ch. 3:26), but when they did they were weighty and impressive. Later, after the fall of Jerusalem, when his prophecies had been vindicated in part, he found himself speaking much more fluently (Ch. 33:22). He seemed to have been held in respect by the Jews though they did not heed his word (Ch. 33:21). He gives the impression of being rather austere, standing aloof from what took place about it, condemning the attitude of the Jews both by word as by symbolic action. His name signifies: "God (El) will strengthen," and as he uses the title "Son of Man" nearly one hundred times we have the joint thought: God will strengthen the Son of Man. Thus our attention is drawn to the Lord Jesus who is described as the "Son of Man, whom Thou (Yah- weh) madest strong for Thyself." (Ps. 80:17). He thus types the Lord Jesus, so that in some of the prophecies relating to the glory of the Lord in the age to come, Ezekiel is shown as enacting the very things that Christ will then do. Ezekiel was a priest, and (again like Christ) commenced to prophesy at the age of thirty (Ezek. 1:1). He was married (Ezek. 24:16-17), and lived in his own house at Tel-Abib (Ezek. 8:1). He dramatised the message he delivered to the people, lying on his side for a period of 430 years whilst he enacted the siege of Jerusalem (Ezek. 4), shaving his head to indicate that the Nazarite nation had "defiled the head of its consecration11 (Ezek. 5; Num.

EZEKIEL'S THEME The re-occuring statement of his prophecy is: "They shall know that I am Yahweh". It occurs 29 times in recording punishment on Jerusalem, 24 times in recording punishment on Gentile nations, 17 times in recording the restoration and final blessing. The Book of Ezekiel can be summarised as follows: Chapters 1-3 describe his call and commission; chapters 4-24 outline Jerusalem's im-

127 STORY OF THE BIBLE November, 1962.

pending judgment; chapters 25-39 foretell judgments on the Gentiles in- termixed with the restoration of Israel; chapters 40-48 take us into the final glory when the Kingdom of God will be restored. Ezekiel is noted for two major themes: that of the Cherubim and the Temple of the Age to Come. In the symbolism of the Cherubim he saw the Yahweh's glory depart from Jerusalem (Ezek. 9:3; 10:4; 18; 11: 23) only to return in a new form in the future age (Ezek. 43:1-2). In his indictment on Jerusalem he predicted the defilement and destruction of the Temple, whilst his latter chapters describe its restoration as a House of Prayer for all nations in the Age to come. Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Daniel comprise the Apocalypse (Book of Revelation) of the Old Testament. There is hardly a theme in the Reve- lation that is not dealt with by these prophets. Jeremiah predicted the complete downfall of Babylon in language similar to that in which John records the overthrow of mystical Babylon. Ezekiel wrote of the Cherubim, as also does John in the book of Revelation. Ezekiel was given a little book to eat (Ezek. 3:1-4), as was also John in Patmos (Rev. 10). Ezekiel spake of Gouge and Magoguc, as also did John). Ezekiel had a vision of a material Temple, and the Revelation reveals John'svision of a spiritual Temple. And as Ezekiel concludes with the statement: "Yahweh is there" (Ezek. 48:35), John ends his with the prayer: "Even so come, Lord Jesus!" Ezekiel performed a valuable service in exile: his ministrations prepared a generation which was fit to return to the land after the 70 years' captivity predicted by Jeremiah had been completed. A study of his writings can help fit us for a place in the Kingdom that Christ will set up on earth when he returns to restore the throne of David as predicted by Ezekiel the prophet (Ezek. 21).