What are University Presses for?
“It is one of the noble duties of a university to advance knowledge, and to diffuse it not merely among those who can attend the daily lectures – but far and wide ” Daniel Coit Gilman, 1878 (founder of Johns Hopkins University, and Johns Hopkins University Press)
The Ev olu tion of Univ ersity Press “Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in Publishing research, scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide” Martin Richardson, Managing Director Wording that appears on the copyright page of OUP Academic Books and Journals titles Oxford University Press
Early History of Oxford University Press Sheldonian Theatre – our first home
First book published in Oxford in 1478. University granted right to print books in 1636. First meeting of the Delegates of the University Press in 1668. University Press’s first home in Oxford was the Sheldonian Theatre in 1669. Walton Street –our current home Governance/Relationship with the University
OUP is a department (the largest department) of the University of Oxford. OUP is governed by the Delegates – 21 senior academics, chaired by the Vice Chancellor. The ‘Board’ of the Press is called Finance Committee – comprising a number of Delegates, external members, and senior managers.
OUP’s main objectives Global reach
To publish the highest quality scholarly and First overseas offi ce was N ew Y ork i n 1896 . educational materials OUP now has offices in more than 40 countries To represent the Oxford name worldwide. To ensure the University receives an appropriate Publish in over 30 langgguages. financial return Over 80% of sales are made outside the UK. 4, 500 staff worldwide OUP Offices Summary of OUP’s Publishing
40% - Academic and Professional books, journals and online resources 40% - School and ELT books and supporting materials 20% - Higher Education textbooks and supporting materials
OUP’s Academic & Professional Publishing Size of University Press Market
Scholarly Monographs (over 1,300 pa) Approximately 110 University Presses in North America and the United Kingdom Learned Journals (235 titles) SlSales: Law/Medicine → Total North American University Presses Dictionaries (including Oxford English Dictionary) → (excl. OUP + CUP) $500m (estimate) Reference → Total UK University Presses Trade books → (excl. OUP +CUP) $10m (estimate) → CUP $300m → OUP $1000m → Total $1,810m University Press Market Segmentation Parent Institution Support 1. ‘Gian ts’ : 48/64 American University Presses reporting in OUP, CUP → 2004 received cash subsidies totallingg$ $22m 2. ‘Large ’ p layers: For small presses subsidy as percentage of net → California, Chicago, Harvard, Johns Hopkins, MIT, Princeton, Yale sales is very significant source of revenue, 3. ‘Medium’ players: almost 40% → Nor th Caro lina, Co lum bia, In diana, Illino is, Corne ll, For most larger presses , subsidy is less than 1% Duke, Texas, NYU, Oklahoma, Rutgers, Minnesota, Stanford, Kansas , Michigan , Georgetown 4. ‘Micro’ players’: → Everyone else
Financial strength of OUP Tough times ahead for small University Presses (1)
The University have never given OUP any money or subsidy of 70%+ of typical research library budget currently any kind. sppjgent on stm journal ‘big deals’ from commercial Bible profits in 1840’ s allowed OUP to transfer £33, 000 to University for the building of the University Galleries (now the publishers Ashmolean Museum). Library budgets coming under further pressure, Today 30% of our surplus is transferred to the rest of the particularly in the US, due to impact of global University, to be used for a variety of purposes including: recession → Capital projects. → Funds for Library development. Average print run for Monographs in 1970’s was → Claren don Fun d for in terna tiona l pos t-gradtduate st tdtudents 2000-2500 copies; now it is around 500 copies. → John Fell OUP Fund for visiting researchers . Tough times ahead for small University Presses (2) Changing nature of scholarly publishing
Pressure from parent institutions for University Declining usage and sales of printed journals and books Presses to become financially self-supporting. Researchers and libraries moving rapidly to ‘online only’ University Presses need to change to respond to access rappyidly-changgging market re quirements Boundary between informal and formal publication Difficult for smaller University Presses to invest in becoming blurred new technology necessary to support digital Importance of discovery (Google generation) publishing Increasing competition from free resources eg Institutional Repositories
Which publishers will survive these changes ? Online Survey
A survey of 36,000 OUP authors and readers in the “ It is not the strongest of the species US to determine that survive, nor the most intelligent, ¾ Current research habits but the one most resppgonsive to change” → Trusted resources, methods of identifying key new research in the field “Information Seeking” or “User Studies” Charles Darwin → ¾ Use of new and emerging online resources → eBooks, podcasts, blogs Who responded? Top five research resources by field
2365 people responded to the survey Humanities Social Sciences Sciences Medicine They represented a wide range of ages and fields of study
Age of Respondents Respondent Subject Field Print books Online Journals Online Journals Online Journals
10.20% 3.70% 6.70% 22.80% 7.20% "Under 29" Humanities Online Journals Print books Print books Print books "30-34" 10.70% 33.70% Social Sciences "35-39" 9.30% Sciences "40-44" 3.80% Engineering "45-49" 2.60% MhMathematics i "50-54" PiPrin tJt Journal s PiPrin tJt Journal s PiPrin tJt Journal s PiPrin tJt Journal s 15.90% Medicine 9.70% "55-59" Law "Over 60" 18.10% Business 11.00% 14.00% 20.80% Meetings & Meetings & Online databases Online databases conference conference
Meetings & Meetings & Online databases Online databases conference conference
Top five ways to find books Locating Journal articles
Humanities Social Sciences Sciences Medicine Humanities Social Sciences Sciences Medicine
Citations in other Citations in other Citations in other Citations in other Open Access Citati on i n anoth er Citati on i n anoth er Citati on i n anoth er Repository (PubMed books and journals books and journals books and journals books and journals publication publication publication Central, arXiv) Book reviews in Recommended by Recommended by Biblioggpraphies Skimming print copy of Skimming print copy of Visiting journal online Citation in another academic journals colleague colleague journal regularly journal regularly regularly publication
Book reviews in Book reviews in Recommended by Visiting journal online Visiting journal online Recommendation by Skimming print copy Bibliographies academic journals academic journals colleague regularly regularly colleague of journal regularly Online article databases Receiving electronic Displays at Receiving electronic alert Recommendation by (Web of Science, alert (eg. E-mail table Recommended by Book reviews in (eg. E-mail table of Bibliographies academic colleague Lexus/Nexus, Ovid, of contents alerts, colleague academic journals contents alerts, RSS) conference Project Muse) RSS) Online article Amazon.com (or Amazon.com (or Speakers at Receiving electronic databases (Web of Skimming print copy of Visiting journal online Library other commercial other commercial academic alert (eg. E-mail table of Science, Lexus/Nexus, journal regularly regularly online bookseller) online bookseller) conference contents alerts, RSS) Ovid, Project Muse) eBooks use by field Other online communication
50.0% 80.0% 45.0%
40. 0% 70 0%. 0% 60.0% 35.0% 30.0% 50.0% Purchased Podcasts 40.0% 25.0% Research Listservs Teaching Blogs 20.0% 30.0% 15.0% 20.0% 10.0% 10.0% 50%5.0% 0.0% 0.0% Humanites Social Sciences Medicine Delegates Humanites Social Sciences Medicine Delegates Sciences Sciences
Differences by age Does age matter? “Do you ever rea d blogs ?” Interest in eBooks did not show a simple age trend.
80.00%
70.00% 40.00%
60.00% ooks
BB 30.00%
50.00% 20.00% 10.00%
40.00% e chased rr 0.00% Pu 30.00% "Under "30-34" "35-39" "40-44" "45-49" "50-54" "55-59" "Over
20.00% 29" 60"
10.00%
0.00% "Under 29" "30-34" "35-39" "40-44" "45-49" "50-54" "55-59" "Over 60" How is OUP Responding?
Product Range Journals OSO ¾ Current issues OED ¾ Back issue archive OLDO ¾ Supplementar y data ORO ¾ Blogs and wikis
For the complete range of Oxford Online products please visit: www.oxfordonline.com
How is OUP Responding? No. of Optional Open Access articles published
Choice of Access Models 2007 Total 2008 Total 2009 Q1
Books Journals MdiiMedicine 318 421 118 Subscriptions √√ Life Sciences 396 454 127 Consortia deals √√ Law 2 3 0 Document Delivery - √ Humanities 5 5 4 Purchase √√ Social Sciences 4 5 0 Developing countries √√ Mathematics 1 7 3 Open Access - √ Total 724 895 252 Optional Open Access uptake The growth of institutional access
2007 Total 2008 Total 2009 Q1 Maximizing dissemination and accessibility
MdiiMedicine 48%4.8% 49%4.9% 45%4.5% Institutional sites 7000 Aggregators Life Sciences 11.2% 11.0% 10.4% 6000
Law 2.9% 4.3% 0.0% 5000 Developing country subscriptions Humanities 19%1.9% 17%1.7% 47%4.7% 4000 Cti/MltiitConsortia/Multisite subscriptions 3000 Social Sciences 2.3% 2.4% 0.0% Regular institutional 2000 subscriptions Mathematics 1.1% 6.0% 11.5% 1000
Total 68%6.8% 66%6.6% 63%6.3% 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Universities and their Presses (1) Universities and their Presses (2)
Why sh ou ld un ivers ities suppor t the ir presses ? University presses face a difficult future unless they have → Presses can be powerful ‘brand beacons’ in local an e xplicit mandate from their parent institu tion abou t communities; their reason for existence. → Presses can be flag-bearers for their parent institutions – eg Chicago Manual of Style; Oxford Presses are integral parts of universities – they have to English Dictionary fight their corner for allocation of resources along with → Press connections should reach into the heart of the every other department. scholarlyyy community – academics as authors, editors, referees, and readers of press titles; → Formal publication is a central part of the research funding, tenure and promotion processes; → In most disciplines formal publication is the core mechanism for evaluating and disseminating research and scholarship . The way forward for small University Presses & The way forward for small University Presses & Academic Society Publishers (1) Academic Society Publishers (2)
Focus on ppgublishing the scholarshi p that academics are Take advantage of new Technology: trained to write which is the basis of university level → online publishing teaching and research → new business models Focus on areas of specialization: → digital printing → Yale on art and art history Focus on value added activities → MIT on cogniti ve sciences/ling uistics/philosoph y