What are University Presses for? “It is one of the noble duties of a university to advance knowledge, and to diffuse it not merely among those who can attend the daily lectures – but far and wide ” Daniel Coit Gilman, 1878 (founder of Johns Hopkins University, and Johns Hopkins University Press) The Ev olu tion of Univ ersity Press “Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in Publishing research, scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide” Martin Richardson, Managing Director Wording that appears on the copyright page of OUP Academic Books and Journals titles Oxford University Press Early History of Oxford University Press Sheldonian Theatre – our first home First book published in Oxford in 1478. University granted right to print books in 1636. First meeting of the Delegates of the University Press in 1668. University Press’s first home in Oxford was the Sheldonian Theatre in 1669. Walton Street –our current home Governance/Relationship with the University OUP is a department (the largest department) of the University of Oxford. OUP is governed by the Delegates – 21 senior academics, chaired by the Vice Chancellor. The ‘Board’ of the Press is called Finance Committee – comprising a number of Delegates, external members, and senior managers. OUP’s main objectives Global reach To publish the highest quality scholarly and First overseas offi ce was N ew Y ork i n 1896 . educational materials OUP now has offices in more than 40 countries To represent the Oxford name worldwide. To ensure the University receives an appropriate Publish in over 30 langgguages. financial return Over 80% of sales are made outside the UK. 4, 500 staff worldwide OUP Offices Summary of OUP’s Publishing 40% - Academic and Professional books, journals and online resources 40% - School and ELT books and supporting materials 20% - Higher Education textbooks and supporting materials OUP’s Academic & Professional Publishing Size of University Press Market Scholarly Monographs (over 1,300 pa) Approximately 110 University Presses in North America and the United Kingdom Learned Journals (235 titles) SlSales: Law/Medicine → Total North American University Presses Dictionaries (including Oxford English Dictionary) → (excl. OUP + CUP) $500m (estimate) Reference → Total UK University Presses Trade books → (excl. OUP +CUP) $10m (estimate) → CUP $300m → OUP $1000m → Total $1,810m University Press Market Segmentation Parent Institution Support 1. ‘Gian ts ’: 48/64 American University Presses reporting in OUP, CUP → 2004 received cash subsidies totallingg$ $22m 2. ‘Large ’ p layers: For small presses subsidy as percentage of net → California, Chicago, Harvard, Johns Hopkins, MIT, Princeton, Yale sales is very significant source of revenue, 3. ‘Medium’ players: almost 40% → Nor th Caro lina, Co lum bia, In diana, Illino is, Corne ll, For most larger presses , subsidy is less than 1% Duke, Texas, NYU, Oklahoma, Rutgers, Minnesota, Stanford, Kansas , Michigan , Georgetown 4. ‘Micro’ players’: → Everyone else Financial strength of OUP Tough times ahead for small University Presses (1) The University have never given OUP any money or subsidy of 70%+ of typical research library budget currently any kind. sppjgent on stm journal ‘big deals’ from commercial Bible profits in 1840’ s allowed OUP to transfer £33, 000 to University for the building of the University Galleries (now the publishers Ashmolean Museum). Library budgets coming under further pressure, Today 30% of our surplus is transferred to the rest of the particularly in the US, due to impact of global University, to be used for a variety of purposes including: recession → Capital projects. → Funds for Library development. Average print run for Monographs in 1970’s was → Claren don Fun d for in terna tiona l pos t-gradtduate s tdttudents 2000-2500 copies; now it is around 500 copies. → John Fell OUP Fund for visiting researchers . Tough times ahead for small University Presses (2) Changing nature of scholarly publishing Pressure from parent institutions for University Declining usage and sales of printed journals and books Presses to become financially self-supporting. Researchers and libraries moving rapidly to ‘online only’ University Presses need to change to respond to access rappyidly-changgging market req uirements Boundary between informal and formal publication Difficult for smaller University Presses to invest in becoming blurred new technology necessary to support digital Importance of discovery (Google generation) publishing Increasing competition from free resources eg Institutional Repositories Which publishers will survive these changes ? Online Survey A survey of 36,000 OUP authors and readers in the “ It is not the strongest of the species US to determine that survive, nor the most intelligent, ¾ Current research habits but the one most resppgonsive to change” → Trusted resources, methods of identifying key new research in the field “Information Seeking” or “User Studies” Charles Darwin → ¾ Use of new and emerging online resources → eBooks, podcasts, blogs Who responded? Top five research resources by field 2365 people responded to the survey Humanities Social Sciences Sciences Medicine They represented a wide range of ages and fields of study Age of Respondents Respondent Subject Field Print books Online Journals Online Journals Online Journals 10.20% 3.70% 6. 70% 22.80% 7.20% "Under 29" Humanities Online Journals Print books Print books Print books "30-34" 10.70% 33.70% Social Sciences "35-39" 9.30% Sciences "40-44" 3.80% Engineering "45-49" 2. 60% MhMathemat ics "50-54" PiPrin tJt Journa ls PiPrin tJt Journa ls PiPrin tJt Journa ls PiPrin tJt Journa ls 15.90% Medicine 9.70% "55-59" Law "Over 60" 18.10% Business 11.00% 14.00% 20.80% Meetings & Meetings & Online databases Online databases conference conference Meetings & Meetings & Online databases Online databases conference conference Top five ways to find books Locating Journal articles Humanities Social Sciences Sciences Medicine Humanities Social Sciences Sciences Medicine Citations in other Citations in other Citations in other Citations in other Open Access Citati on i n anoth er Cita tion in anoth er Citati on in ano ther Repository (PubMed books and journals books and journals books and journals books and journals publication publication publication Central, arXiv) Book reviews in Recommended by Recommended by Biblioggpraphies Skimming print copy of Skimming print copy of Visiting journal online Citation in another academic journals colleague colleague journal regularly journal regularly regularly publication Book reviews in Book reviews in Recommended by Visiting journal online Visiting journal online Recommendation by Skimming print copy Bibliographies academic journals academic journals colleague regularly regularly colleague of journal regularly Online article databases Receiving electronic Displays at Receiving electronic alert Recommendation by (Web of Science, alert (eg. E-mail table Recommended by Book reviews in (eg. E-mail table of Bibliographies academic colleague Lexus/Nexus, Ovid, of contents alerts, colleague academic journals contents alerts, RSS) conference Project Muse) RSS) Online article Amazon.com (or Amazon.com (or Speakers at Receiving electronic databases (Web of Skimming print copy of Visiting journal online Library other commercial other commercial academic alert (eg. E-mail table of Science, Lexus/Nexus, journal regularly regularly online bookseller) online bookseller) conference contents alerts, RSS) Ovid, Project Muse) eBooks use by field Other online communication 50.0% 80.0% 45.0% 40. 0% 70.0% 35.0% 60.0% 30.0% 50.0% Purchased Podcasts 25.0% Research 40.0% Listservs Teaching Blogs 20.0% 30.0% 15.0% 20.0% 10.0% 10.0% 50%5.0% 0.0% 0.0% Humanites Social Sciences Medicine Delegates Humanites Social Sciences Medicine Delegates Sciences Sciences Differences by age Does age matter? “Do you ever rea d blogs ?” Interest in eBooks did not show a simple age trend. 80.00% 70.00% 40.00% 60.00% ooks BB 30.00% 50.00% 20.00% 10.00% 40.00% e chased rr 0.00% Pu 30.00% "Under "30-34" "35-39" "40-44" "45-49" "50-54" "55-59" "Over 29" 60" 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% "Under 29" "30-34" "35-39" "40-44" "45-49" "50-54" "55-59" "Over 60" How is OUP Responding? Product Range Journals OSO ¾ Current issues OED ¾ Back issue archive OLDO ¾ Supplementar y data ORO ¾ Blogs and wikis For the complete range of Oxford Online products please visit: www.oxfordonline.com How is OUP Responding? No. of Optional Open Access articles published Choice of Access Models 2007 Total 2008 Total 2009 Q1 Books Journals MdiiMedicine 318 421 118 Subscriptions √√ Life Sciences 396 454 127 Consortia deals √√ Law 2 3 0 Document Delivery - √ Humanities 5 5 4 Purchase √√ Social Sciences 4 5 0 Developing countries √√ Mathematics 1 7 3 Open Access - √ Total 724 895 252 Optional Open Access uptake The growth of institutional access 2007 Total 2008 Total 2009 Q1 Maximizing dissemination and accessibility MdiiMedicine 48%4.8% 49%4.9% 45%4.5% Institutional sites 7000 Aggregators Life Sciences 11.2% 11.0% 10.4% 6000 Law 2.9% 4.3% 0.0% 5000 Developing country subscriptions Humanities 19%1.9% 17%1.7% 47%4.7% 4000 Cti/MltiitConsortia/Multisite subscriptions 3000 Social Sciences 2.3% 2.4% 0.0% Regular institutional 2000 subscriptions Mathematics 1.1% 6.0% 11.5% 1000 Total 68%6.8% 66%6.6% 63%6.3% 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Universities and their Presses (1) Universities and their Presses (2) Why s hou ld un ivers ities suppor t the ir presses ? University presses face a difficult future unless they have → Presses can be powerful ‘brand beacons’ in local an ex plicit mandate from their parent institu tion abou t communities; their reason for existence. → Presses can be flag-bearers for their parent institutions – eg Chicago Manual of Style; Oxford Presses are integral parts of universities – they have to English Dictionary fight their corner for allocation of resources along with → Press connections should reach into the heart of the every other department.