DOCSLIB.ORG

PRA Eulecanium Excrescens

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PRA Eulecanium Excrescens CSL Pest Risk Analysis for Eulecanium excrescens CSL copyright, 2005 CSL Pest Risk Analysis for Eulecanium excrescens STAGE 1: PRA INITIATION 1. What is the name of the pest? Eulecanium excrescens (Ferris) Hemiptera Coccoidea excrescent scale/ wisteria scale Synonym: Lecanium excrescens Ferris 2. What is the reason for the PRA? A member of the public sent a sample of this pest to CSL in April 2002. The pest was on a tall and well established Wisteria sp., approximately 15 m high, in a domestic garden in SE London. The specimen was identified at CSL and confirmed by the British Museum of Natural History. This is the first record of this pest in Europe. The Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate (PHSI) requested more information. A PRA was therefore conducted (June 2002). PHSI visited the site on 17th April 2002. Note: CSL first became aware of the presence of the scale in 2001, when samples that had originally been sent to the Royal Horticultural Society were passed to CSL. However, the life stages present in these samples could not be accurately identified to species. 3. What is the PRA area? This PRA considers Europe and the Mediterranean as the PRA area, i.e. the EPPO region west of the Ural Mountains. Issues of particular concern to the UK are assessed in more detail. STAGE 2: PEST RISK ASSESSMENT 4. Is the pest established in the PRA Area? There is nothing in the literature to suggest this pest is established in the PRA area. However, see 5. 5. Is there any other reason to suspect that the pest is already established in the PRA Area? Yes. Following the original finding, there have been reports of E. excrescens in ten other private gardens in Greater London. It may be more widely distributed. 6. What is the pest’s EPPO Status? (A1/A2 pest or Alert list ?) Not listed. 7. What is the pest’s EC Plant Health Directive status? Not listed. The UK informed the EU Standing Committee on Plant Health (SCPH) that E. excrescens had been found in London at the SCPH meeting of 30-31 May, 2002. 8. What are its host plants? Polyphagous - feeds on most deciduous temperate orchard trees, e.g. Malus (apple), Prunus (peach/cherry) and Pyrus (pear) (Essig, 1958). In the UK, E. excrescens has not been found in an orchard, only on ornamentals in private gardens where finds have been on Wisteria (Fabaceae), Prunus (cherry) and South African trumpet vine (Podranea ricasoliana: Bignoniaceae) (Malumphy in prep). 1 of 7 CSL Pest Risk Analysis for Eulecanium excrescens CSL copyright, 2005 9. What hosts are of economic and/or environmental importance in the PRA area? 9.1 Economic Although primarily found on Wisteria in the UK, hosts in the USA of economic importance in the UK include, apple (Malus), almond (Prunus dulcis), apricot (P. armenaica), cherry (Prunus spp.), elm (Ulmus spp.), peach (P. persica), pear (Pyrus communis), sycamore (Acer pseudoplantus) and Wisteria. 9.2 Environmental Although the orchard trees mentioned in 9.1 are hosts of economic importance they are also important in uncultivated environments. 10. If the pest needs a vector, is the vector present in the PRA area? No vector is required. This is a free living organism. 11. What is the pest’s present geographical distribution? North America: USA (western and north-eastern USA [California, Connecticut, New York, Oregon and Pennsylvania] Essig, 1958; Gill, 1988) Central America: Absent - no records South America: Absent - no records Caribbean: Absent - no records Europe: Present - this is the first European finding. Africa: Absent - no records Middle East: Absent - no records Asia: Present in the Orient - no specific data from countries other than China (Deng, 1985). Oceania: Absent - no records 12. Could the pest enter the PRA area? Yes. E. excrescens has been found on Wisteria in a number of private gardens in south- central and south-west London (Westminster to Teddington). It is unknown how the pest was introduced. 13. Could the pest establish outdoors in the PRA area? Yes. When first seen in South Kensington in 2001, the population was very large (thousands of scales) indicative of a population that had been present for a minimum of three years. E. excrescens may be more widespread within London than is currently known. Further information on the status of E. excrescens in the UK could be obtained by carrying out a systematic survey of Wisteria and Prunus in the London area. Given that the scale is a large species (10-12 mm in length or diameter), populations should be relatively easy to detect. The presence of E. excrescens in north-eastern USA (Connecticut, New York and Pennsylvania) and Oregon (the Pacific Northwest), and California, regions which have similar climates to much of the PRA area, suggests that E. excrescens could establish throughout much of Europe. 2 of 7 CSL Pest Risk Analysis for Eulecanium excrescens CSL copyright, 2005 It is possible that, in the UK, this species may be unable to establish outside the London urban heat island, other urban areas and the south-west, where winters are mild. In Southern Europe, where winters are warmer, survival during the winter will also be possible. 14. Could the pest establish in protected environments in the PRA area? E. excrescens is a pest of plants which are mainly grown outdoors. 15. How quickly could the pest spread within the PRA area? Natural dispersal is likely to be slow. However, first instars may disperse on air currents, e.g. caused by traffic in London. If transported via trade, it could spread undetected fairly quickly. 16. What is the pest’s potential to cause economic and/or environmental impacts in the PRA area? At present, in the PRA area, the organism only affects plants in private domestic gardens. It could slowly spread to the ornamental horticultural industry. Spread to fruit production within horticulture is likely to be even slower given the high value of such production, facilitating the use of more effective control methods. In China, E. excrescens is regarded as a pest of Malus, Prunus and Pyrus (Deng, 1985). In California, E. excrescens is rare and not regarded as a pest of economic importance (Gill, 1988). There are no data from other US states. However, through feeding, E. excrescens does remove large quantities of sap, weakening the plant causing some leaf loss and slow dieback. Large amounts of honeydew are produced. Hosts are disfigured. Wisterias are very high value plants, often a main feature of gardens and buildings where they climb and cover south facing walls. Although detracting from the aesthetic appearance of the host, E. excrescens is unlikely to kill mature plants. Young, small plants would be more susceptible and could be killed. A parasitoid species has been detected attacking E. excrescens at one infested plant in London (Malumphy, in prep.). Thus natural enemies may be able to limit further damage. Economic impacts can be assessed by estimating the cost of replacing contaminated individual host plants on a like for like basis. Wisteria plants in 13.5 litre tubs can be purchased for under £20. Larger plants, climbing buildings would be worth substantially more but could not be replaced on a like for like basis. The potential economic impact of this pest is likely to remain relatively small with negligible environmental or social impacts. A parasitoid species has been detected attacking E. excrescens at one infested plant in London (Malumphy, in prep.). Thus natural enemies may be able to limit further damage. 17. What is the pest’s potential as a vector of plant pathogens? Not recorded as a vector. STAGE 3: PEST RISK MANAGEMENT 18. What are the prospects for exclusion from the PRA area? Nil. E. excrescens is already present in at least eleven different locations in London. It has been in the UK for at least three years and may be more widespread. A survey would be required to determine its distribution in the UK. 3 of 7 CSL Pest Risk Analysis for Eulecanium excrescens CSL copyright, 2005 19. If the pest enters or has entered the PRA area, what are the prospects of eradication? Poor. It appears that this pest is established, at least in the London area in several private gardens. 20. What management options are available if eradication is not possible? Accurately determining the distribution of this organism and assessing its potential impact to UK (EU and EPPO) orchard crops is the key to deciding upon management action and whether eradication should be attempted. Findings to date have only been in domestic private gardens. Consequently the options available for control or eradication are limited. Fatty acids could be used and plants could be pruned and debris burnt. Plant destruction is an option. A summary of the potential regulatory impact of the pest risk management options described above (18. to 20.) is given in Table 1. Those bearing the costs and receiving the benefits are identified. The analysis of the management options assumes: • That E. excrescens is not already present on plants at horticultural premises and is not present within the horticultural trade • That E. excrescens has been present in the UK for a number of years • That management to inhibit spread of E. excrescens would put obligations on private individuals whereas the PHSI could strongly advise treatments for gardeners without necessarily serving an official Notice. SUMMARY OF THE PEST RISK ANALYSIS Eulecanium excrescens is a polyphagous pest of economically important orchard trees in China. It has spread to the USA although it is not regarded as an economic pest in the US. The organism has been found at numerous sites in London and is likely to have been present in the UK since at least 2000.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Podranea Ricasoliana.Pdf
    Family: Bignoniaceae Taxon: Podranea ricasoliana Synonym: Pandorea ricasoliana (Tanfani) Baill. Common Name: pink trumpet vine Podranea brycei (N. E. Br.) Sprague Port St. Johns creeper Tecoma brycei N. E. Br. Zimbabwe creeper Tecoma mackenii W. Watson bubblegum-vine Tecoma ricasoliana Tanfani pandorea Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: HPWRA OrgData Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: HPWRA OrgData WRA Score 7 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces
    [Show full text]
  • Bignoniaceae 1.3.3.3.6.A
    111 1.3.3.3.6. Bignoniaceae 1.3.3.3.6.a. Características ¾ Porte: árboles, arbustos y lianas, ramas a menudo lenticeladas. ¾ Hojas: generalmente opuestas, decusadas, a menudo compuestas, con un folíolo en las hojas de las trepadoras, transformado en un zarcillo. ¾ Flores: perfectas, muy vistosas, apenas zigomorfas hasta sub-bilabiadas generalmente en inflorescencias cimosas. ¾ Perianto: cáliz 5-mero, tubuloso, acampanado, espatiforme, truncado o acodado a veces bilabiado, corola 5-lobulada, acampanada-embudada algo doblada, con la misma estructura básica. ¾ Androceo: 4 (2) estambres didínamos, insertos en el tubo corolino, estaminodio 1 (rara vez 3), más cortos que los estambres (en Jacaranda más desarrollado y barbado), con los filamentos recurvos (los estambres ausentes pueden estar reemplazados por estaminodios); anteras con 2 tecas característicamente divergentes. ¾ Gineceo: ovario súpero, 2 carpelos soldados, 2 (1-3) locular con numerosos óvulos axilares, generalmente con largo estilo y estigma bilobado, a menudo papiloso, se puede presentar un disco nectarífero. ¾ Fruto: cápsula septicida o loculicida, rara vez baya. ¾ Semilla: sin endosperma, aplanadas, aladas, con ala lateral o circular, hialina o laciniada. Jacaranda mimosifolia Handroanthus heptaphyllus Flor con pétalos y sépalos soldados Corola Corte longitudinal de la flor con estambres y estaminodio Corte longitudinal de la flor Semilla alada Cáliz con ovario Fruto Semilla alada Detalle del estaminodio Cáliz y gineceo Dibujos: Daniel Cian 3.3.6.b. Biología Floral: Tecoma stans posee polinización entomófila u ornitófila (Lahitte et al., 2001). Diversidad Vegetal- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura (UNNE) CORE EUDICOTILEDÓNEAS- Asterídeas-Euasterídeas I: Lamiales: Bignoniaceae 112 1.3.3.3.6.c.
    [Show full text]
  • Phoenix Active Management Area Low-Water-Use/Drought-Tolerant Plant List
    Arizona Department of Water Resources Phoenix Active Management Area Low-Water-Use/Drought-Tolerant Plant List Official Regulatory List for the Phoenix Active Management Area Fourth Management Plan Arizona Department of Water Resources 1110 West Washington St. Ste. 310 Phoenix, AZ 85007 www.azwater.gov 602-771-8585 Phoenix Active Management Area Low-Water-Use/Drought-Tolerant Plant List Acknowledgements The Phoenix AMA list was prepared in 2004 by the Arizona Department of Water Resources (ADWR) in cooperation with the Landscape Technical Advisory Committee of the Arizona Municipal Water Users Association, comprised of experts from the Desert Botanical Garden, the Arizona Department of Transporation and various municipal, nursery and landscape specialists. ADWR extends its gratitude to the following members of the Plant List Advisory Committee for their generous contribution of time and expertise: Rita Jo Anthony, Wild Seed Judy Mielke, Logan Simpson Design John Augustine, Desert Tree Farm Terry Mikel, U of A Cooperative Extension Robyn Baker, City of Scottsdale Jo Miller, City of Glendale Louisa Ballard, ASU Arboritum Ron Moody, Dixileta Gardens Mike Barry, City of Chandler Ed Mulrean, Arid Zone Trees Richard Bond, City of Tempe Kent Newland, City of Phoenix Donna Difrancesco, City of Mesa Steve Priebe, City of Phornix Joe Ewan, Arizona State University Janet Rademacher, Mountain States Nursery Judy Gausman, AZ Landscape Contractors Assn. Rick Templeton, City of Phoenix Glenn Fahringer, Earth Care Cathy Rymer, Town of Gilbert Cheryl Goar, Arizona Nurssery Assn. Jeff Sargent, City of Peoria Mary Irish, Garden writer Mark Schalliol, ADOT Matt Johnson, U of A Desert Legum Christy Ten Eyck, Ten Eyck Landscape Architects Jeff Lee, City of Mesa Gordon Wahl, ADWR Kirti Mathura, Desert Botanical Garden Karen Young, Town of Gilbert Cover Photo: Blooming Teddy bear cholla (Cylindropuntia bigelovii) at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monutment.
    [Show full text]
  • Podranea Brycei
    Podranea brycei (N.E.Br.) Sprague Nome • nom • name: Bignone rose du Zimbabwe, Queen of Sheba, Zimbabwe Creeper Famiglia • famille • family: Bignoniaceae Sinonimo • synonyme • synonymous: Pandorea brycei (N.E.Br.) Rehder, Tecoma brycei N.E.Br. Area d’origine • région d'origine• area of origin: Zimbabwe © INRA Villa Thuret © INRA Villa Thuret Etimologia: Podranea è un anagramma di 'Pandorea', genere Etymologie : Podranea est un anagramme de ‘Pandorea’, un genre Etymology: Podranea is an anagram of Pandorea, a very similar australiano molto vicino a cui apparteneva originariamente. australien très proche auquel il appartenait initialement. Australian genus to which it originally belonged. Descrizione e periodo di fioritura: pianta legnosa, rampicante con Description et période de floraison : Plante grimpante ligneuse, Description and flowering period: A vigorous, woody climbing rami lunghi e flessibili. Può superare giungere fino a 10 m di vigoureuse, aux branches longues et flexibles. Elle peut dépasser 6 plant with long, pliable branches. It can exceed heights of altezza se ben supportata. Le foglie sono grandi, costituite da 4 a m de hauteur et atteindre jusqu’à 10 m si elle trouve un support qui 6 metres and even 10 metres if it finds a growing medium that 7 coppie di foglioline ovali opposte, di colore verde brillante. Le convient. suits. foglie persistono durante l'inverno in clima subtropicale, mentre Les feuilles sont grandes, composées de 4 à 7 paires de folioles The leaves are large, composed and opposite, with 4–7 pairs of nei nostri climi la persistenza è variabile. I fiori sono grandi, a ovoïdes, d’un beau vert brillant, en position opposée.
    [Show full text]
  • A Preliminary Checklist of the Alien Flora of Algeria (North Africa): Taxonomy, Traits and Invasiveness Potential Rachid Meddoura, Ouahiba Sahara and Guillaume Friedb
    BOTANY LETTERS https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2020.1802775 A preliminary checklist of the alien flora of Algeria (North Africa): taxonomy, traits and invasiveness potential Rachid Meddoura, Ouahiba Sahara and Guillaume Friedb aFaculty of Biological Sciences and Agronomic Sciences, Department of Agronomical Sciences, Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi Ouzou, Tizi Ouzou, Algeria; bUnité Entomologie et Plantes Invasives, Anses – Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex, France ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Biological invasions are permanent threat to biodiversity hotspots such as the Mediterranean Received 13 April 2020 Basin. However, research effort on alien species has been uneven so far and most countries of Accepted 23 July 2020 North Africa such as Algeria has not yet been the subject of a comprehensive inventory of KEYWORDS introduced, naturalized and invasive species. Thus, the present study was undertaken in order Algeria; alien flora; to improve our knowledge and to propose a first checklist of alien plants present in Algeria, introduced flora; invasive including invasive and potentially invasive plants. This work aims to make an inventory of all species; Mediterranean available data on the alien florapresent in Algeria, and to carry out preliminary quantitative and region; naturalized plants; qualitative analyses (number of taxa, taxonomic composition, life forms, geographical origins, plant traits; species list types of habitats colonized, degree of naturalization). The present review provides a global list of 211 vascular species of alien plants, belonging to 151 genera and 51 families. Most of them originated from North America (31.3%) and the Mediterranean Basin (19.4%). Nearly half (43%) of alien species are therophytes and most of them occur in highly disturbed biotopes (62%), such as arable fields (44.5%) or ruderal habitats, including rubble (17.5%).
    [Show full text]
  • Universidad De Sevilla Facultad De Farmacia Grado En Farmacia Las
    Universidad de Sevilla Facultad de Farmacia Grado en Farmacia Las familias Acanthaceae y Bignoniaceae en la flora ornamental de Sevilla Ignacio Trujillo Rodríguez Ilustración de la portada: Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. ex Rottl.) Roxb., en la Avenida de la Palmera. Universidad de Sevilla Facultad de Farmacia Trabajo de Fin de Grado Grado en Farmacia Las familias Acanthaceae y Bignoniaceae en la flora ornamental de Sevilla IGNACIO TRUJILLO RODRÍGUEZ Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología Tutor: Dr. Felipe García Martín Junio de 2019 Trabajo experimental RESUMEN Acantáceas y Bignoniáceas son dos familias de Euastéridas incluidas en el orden Lamiales. La primera, está constituida por unas 4000 especies de hierbas perennes y, en menor medida, de plantas trepadoras y arbustos. Aunque cuenta con algunas especies que se distribuyen de forma silvestre por áreas templadas, la mayor parte de los géneros y especies son tropicales. Bignoniáceas cuenta con cerca de 800 especies de árboles, arbustos y plantas trepadoras perennes, se distribuyen por todos los trópicos del mundo y por áreas templadas americanas. En este trabajo experimental se ha llevado a cabo una revisión de las Acantáceas y Bignoniáceas presentes en la flora ornamental de la ciudad de Sevilla. En las Acantáceas, se han documentado seis especies (tres herbáceas perennes, dos arbustivas y una trepadora perenne) clasificadas en 5 géneros e incluidas en 2 subfamilias. De Bignoniáceas, se relacionan 11 especies (cuatro arbóreas, una arbustiva y seis trepadoras perennes) pertenecientes a 4 tribus. Para cada especie se han recolectado y prensado ejemplares en distintos lugares de la ciudad; los pliegos resultantes se han incluido en el Herbario del Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología de la Universidad de Sevilla (SEV).
    [Show full text]
  • Lianas No Neotropico
    Lianas no Neotrópico parte 7 Dr. Pedro Acevedo R. Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC 2018 Asterids: Ericales o Ericaceae oMarcgraviaceae • Euasterids 1 Boraginales (Boraginaceae) Icacinales (Icacinaceae) Gentianales o Apocynaceae o Loganiaceae o Rubiaceae Lamiales o Acanthaceae o Gesneriaceae o Bignoniaceae o Lamiaceae o Plantaginaceae o Verbenaceae Solanales oConvolvulaceae o Solanaceae • Euasterids 2 o Asteraceae Lamiales Acanthaceae 2.600 spp, 250 gêneros ervas, arbustos, lianas distribuição pantropical 98 spp de trepadeiras no Neotrópico Mendoncia 75 spp Justicia 490 spp/13 escandentes Ruellia 230 spp/4 escandentes Introduzidas: (invasoras) Asystasia 1 sp Thunbergia 4 spp Asystasia gangetica http://botany.si.edu/lianas/docs/ACANTHACEAE.pdf • flores bissexuais • sépalas 4-5, conatas, desiguais • corola tubular, 5-lobadas • estames 4, iguais ou não • ovário súpero, bilocular • frutos diversos, geralmente cápsulas, com gancho placentário Acanthaceae Thunbergia alata Thunbergia - gênero com 4 spp nao nativas ao Neotrópico. Thunbergia fragrans Mendoncia cordata - liana volúvel, com frutos carnosos. Ruellia inflata Justicia brasiliensis Anisacanthus ramosissimus Thunbergia grandiflora - caules com floema interxilemático (formando faixas que se assemelham a raios largos) Mendoncia - caules com xilema disperso Justicia Cistolitos Thunbergia grandiflora - espécie invasora no Neotrópico Lamiales Gesneriaceae 150 gêneros; 3000 spp pantropical 56 gêneros e 1800 spp neotropicais Trepadeiras 14 gêneros e 112 spp
    [Show full text]
  • African Tulip Tree) in the Cook Islands
    Application to introduce Paradibolia coerulea for biological control of Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree) in the Cook Islands Prepared by Dr Iain Paterson¹, Guy Sutton¹, Phillippa Muskett¹ and Dr Quentin Paynter² ¹Researcher Rhodes University Dept. of Zoology & Entomology Life Sciences Building Barratt Complex, African St Grahamstown [email protected] ²Research Leader Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd. 231 Morrin Road St Johns Auckland New Zealand [email protected] On behalf of the Cook Islands Ministry of Agriculture: Ara Tapu, Arorangi District, Cook Islands DATE: March 2019 Contents 1. Summary........................................................................................................................... 1 2. Background and aims of the proposal .............................................................................. 6 2.1 Information on Paradibolia coerulea ..................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Taxonomy of P. coerulea ......................................................................... 9 2.1.2 Native Range of P. coerulea ..................................................................... 9 2.2 Information on Spathodea campanulata ............................................................... 10 2.2.1 Taxonomy of S. campanulata ................................................................. 10 2.2.2 Native Range of S. campanulata ............................................................ 10 2.3 Host-range testing ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Roadside Survey and Expert Interviews for Selected Plant Species on Lanai, Hawaii
    ROADSIDE SURVEY AND EXPERT INTERVIEWS FOR SELECTED PLANT SPECIES ON LANAI, HAWAII Funded by: The Hawaii Invasive Species Council and the Maui Invasive Species Committee Prepared by: Forest Starr 1, Kim Starr 1, and Lloyd L. Loope 2 1Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, Dept. of Botany, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 2U. S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, P.O. Box 369, Makawao, Maui, HI 96768 2007 INTRODUCTION Invasive plant species pose a threat to Hawaii's economy, ecology, and way of life. Early detection and rapid response is one method used to minimize the damage caused by invasive species. It is hoped that by finding and removing weeds before they become widespread and out of control, that overall control costs will be reduced, removal efforts will be more feasible, and damage to resources will be minimized. The Maui Invasive Species Committee (MISC) works to prevent, detect, and remove plant species early as part of their overall strategy to combat invasive weeds. MISC is based on the island of Maui, but also conducts work throughout Maui County which includes the islands of Molokai, Lanai, and Kahoolawe. To assist in their early detection efforts on Lanai, we conducted a roadside survey and expert interviews for selected target plant species. Roadside surveys and expert interviews have proven to be a useful way to detect incipient invasive plants in Hawaii (Starr et al. 2003a). Previous surveys of this nature were conducted on Maui in the years 2000-2001 (Starr et al. 2006a) and on Molokai in 2005 (Starr et al. 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology of Lianas, First Edition
    Chapter 19 LIANA ANATOMY: A BROAD PERSPECTIVE ON STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM Veronica Angyalossy, Marcelo R. Pace, and André C. Lima Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brazil Ecology of Lianas, First Edition. Edited by Stefan A. Schnitzer, Frans Bongers, Robyn J. Burnham, and Francis E. Putz. ©2015JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.Published2015byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd. Companion Website: www.wiley.com/go/schnitzer/lianas 253 254 Liana anatomy, physiology, and biomechanics OVERVIEW new data that show how the vascular anatomy of lianas has evolved and diversifed, and how lianas The vascular system of lianas exhibits a number of respond to environmental cues. A neotropical bias will shared features that result from convergent evolution be evident inasmuch as this is our research expertise, and are independent of their taxonomic affnities. In though aspects of paleotropical lianas are also covered this chapter we explore the vascular system of lianas based on the literature (Obaton 1960; Rajput & Rao in major lineages addressing different aspects of their 1999, 2003; Rajput et al. 2009; Patil et al. 2011). An anatomy, development, seasonal growth, and evolu- Appendix of glossary terms is also given. tion. Since lianas are twining plants that climb in the The lianescent habit evolved many times during search of light, various special features favor this habit the evolutionary history of plants (Gentry 1991; and guarantee an effcient fuid conduction through- Burnham 2009; Spicer & Groover 2010; Isnard & out their long stems. Both xylem and phloem of lianas Feild, Chapter 17 in this volume), being present in are conspicuous for their wide conducting cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Lawn Replacement Ideas See Page 1
    LNewsletteret’s of the San DiegoT Horticulturalalk Society Plants!October 2014, Number 241 Lawn Replacement Ideas SEE PAGE 1 SUB SCRIBE TO GARDEN DESIGN PAGE 3 L OVE for SALE PAGE 6 P LANTING AccoMPLISHED PAGE 7 WATE RWISE BoTANICALS FALA L G RDEN PARTY PAGE 8 BoA T NICAL ILLUSTRATIONS AT SDBG PAG E 11 On the Cover: Fabulous lawnless front yard Lose the Lawn, Get an Outdoor Family Room This impressive lawn replacement project, by October panelist Marilyn Guidroz, shows how removing a lawn can result in an outdoor room for leisurely living. See page 1 for meeting details. ▼SDHS SPONSOR GREEN THUMB SUPER GARDEN CENTERS 1019 W. San Marcos Blvd. • 760-744-3822 (Off the 78 Frwy. near Via Vera Cruz) • CALIFORNIA NURSERY PROFESSIONALS ON STAFF • HOME OF THE NURSERY EXPERTS • GROWER DIRECT www.supergarden.com Now on Facebook WITH THIS VALUABLE Coupon $10 00 OFF Any Purchase of $6000 or More! • Must present printed coupon to cashier at time of purchase • Not valid with any sale items or with other coupons or offers • Offer does not include Sod, Gift Certifi cates, or Department 56 • Not valid with previous purchases • Limit 1 coupon per household • Coupon expires 10/31/2014 at 6 p.m. sdhs Mingle�&�Shop We've�got�your�Holiday�Shopping�Covered! The San Diego Horticultural Society’s 2nd Annual ������ members free HOLIDAY *friends free too! *with registration at �MARKETPLACE www.sdhort.org mingle shop learn November 10, 5-8 pm, Surfside Race Place, Del Mar Fairgrounds Mingle and Shop the SDHS Holiday Marketplace with exhibits by SDHS sponsors, business members, horticultural vendors, botanic gardens, and other non-prots.
    [Show full text]
  • Lianas Neotropicales, Parte 7
    Lianas en el Neotrópico parte 7 Dr. Pedro Acevedo R. Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC 2018 Asterids: Ericales o Ericaceae oMarcgraviaceae • Euasterids 1 Boraginales (Boraginaceae) Icacinales (Icacinaceae) Gentianales o Apocynaceae o Loganiaceae o Rubiaceae Lamiales o Acanthaceae o Gesneriaceae o Bignoniaceae o Lamiaceae o Plantaginaceae o Verbenaceae Solanales oConvolvulaceae o Solanaceae • Euasterids 2 o Asteraceae Lamiales Acanthaceae 2.600 spp, 250 géneros hierbas, arbustos y lianas distribución pantropical 98 spp de trepaderas en el Neotrópico Mendoncia 75 spp Justicia 490 spp/13 escandentes Ruellia 230 spp/4 escandentes Introduzidas: (invasoras) Asystasia 1 sp Thunbergia 4 spp Asystasia gangetica http://botany.si.edu/lianas/docs/ACANTHACEAE.pdf • flores bisexuales • sépalos 4-5, connatos, desiguales • corola tubular, 5- lobuladas • estambres 4, iguales o no • ovário súpero, bilocular • frutos diversos, usualm. cápsulas, con gancho placentário Acanthaceae Thunbergia alata Thunbergia - género con 4 spp exóticas en el Neotrópico. Tallos usualmente hinchados en los nudos; corteza lisa Thunbergia fragrans; especie exotica invasora Mendoncia cordata - liana voluble, con frutos carnosos y grandes braceolas. Arbusto Escandente, tallos con nudos hinchados Ruellia inflata Justicia brasiliensis Arbusto escandente Anisacanthus ramosissimus Arbusto o hierba escandente Thunbergia grandiflora - tallos con floema interxilemático (formando bandas que asemejan rayos anchos) Mendoncia spp - tallos con xilema disperso
    [Show full text]