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IN SEARCH of the NEVER‑NEVER Looking for Australia in Northern Territory Writing Mickey Dewar

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IN SEARCH of the NEVER‑NEVER Looking for Australia in Northern Territory Writing Mickey Dewar IN SEARCH OF THE NEVER-NEVER Looking for Australia in Northern Territory Writing Mickey Dewar For Geoff, Maureen, Adrienne and Carol CONTENTS Acknowledgments 51 Introduction 53 1 Writing the landscape 59 2 The people 69 3 Looking for gold 97 4 Race relations 113 5 The atomic Territory 139 6 Sex and the Dreamtime 167 7 Welcome to wilderness 193 8 Poor bugger all of us 211 Select Territory bibliography 235 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A great many people assisted me in this project and I feel myself privileged that I had so much personal and professional support. In particular I am grateful to the Northern Territory University and the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory. Both institutions support and see as a priority, research and publications into Northern Territory history. My thanks also to the Australia Foundation for Culture and the Humanities. The Foundation’s support of research and publications, such as this one, is greatly appreciated. I would like to thank the following people for assistance with this research topic, in particular David Carment and Alan Powell, but also Lyn Riddett, Christine Doran, Mark Davies, Carmel Gaffney, Donald Campbell, Julie Wells, Val Hawkes, Suzanne Parry, Kerin Coulehan, Juan Federer, Bill Perrett, Jim Jose, Tim Rowse, Barbara James, Suzanne Spunner, John Avery, Trish Hoyne, Colleen Pyne, Yvonne Forrest, Elaine Glover, Annette Ford, Janet Chaloupka, Robbie Braithwaite, Sheila Forrest, Jenny Armour, Michael Loos, Terry Knight, staff of NTUniprint, Jacky Healy, Daena Murray, Ann Webb, and everyone else kind enough to let me bore them to death on this subject (but there would be too many to list!). Without the loving support of my family—Sam, Susannah and especially David—this project could never even have begun. 51 INTRODUCTION I began this study of Northern Territory writing and its relationship to Australian identity primarily because I enjoyed reading Northern Territory writing. What could be more pleasant than to sit down for three years with Ion Idriess or Jeannie Gunn and read exciting adventure stories of the Territory’s past? After ploughing through some thousand or so novels and reference books, I began to feel as if I never cared if I read another Northern Territory novel in my life. As David Headon was to note, it is easy to underestimate the extent of Territory writing.1 But as I read, I discovered that people had come to the Territory because they believed it to be the place of legends and mythical Australian events. In a large measure, this construction has been generated by the wealth of writing on this subject. Northern Territory writing explores a variety of themes based around settler attitudes to landscape, culture, Aborigines, gender, distance and frontier. After reading all I could about the Territory, I came to believe that the focus on the region in the writing was an attempt to locate and define the non-Aboriginal occupation of Australia from all aspects: physically, spatially, morally and temporally. Northern Territory writing offers an interpretation of the settlement of Australia which seeks to legitimise European settlement. Representations of the Northern Territory can be seen to have developed and modified in response to changing events in Australian society generally. The Northern Territory as metaphor in Australian writing is the microcosm where the European occupation of the continent is reconciled. As David Day noted, ‘European Australians 1 D. Headon, North of the Ten Commandments: A Collection of Northern Territory Literature (Sydney: Hodder & Stoughton, 1991), ‘Introduction’. 53 IN SeARCh Of The NeveR-NeveR have tried in the space of 200 years to evolve a country out of a continent and establish a claim to its proprietorship that can rival that of the original inhabitants’.2 The majority of Australian writing which deals with the Northern Territory falls into the category of ‘popular’ writing rather than ‘literature’. This meant that the ideas and dissemination of images about the Territory had a broad audience. David Headon considered Northern Territory writing as ‘the most exciting expression of regional literature in the country for an assortment of cultural, geographical, environmental and social reasons’.3 His argument for considering the Territory as regionally distinct went as follows: firstly, there was a sense of ‘identity’ both in the Territory and outside it, that Territorians existed as distinct from the rest of Australia; secondly, that the Northern Territory, with its defined state borders, was a measurable region in the political sense; thirdly, that in the writing there was a ‘distinctive flavour to the region of the Northern Territory … an embattled sense of Territory humour’.4 Suzanne Falkiner concurred, finding ‘the adventure tales and bush yams’ ‘authentic European regional writing’.5 Other commentators agreed that the Territory should be regarded as distinct from the rest of Australia. Jon Stratton argued convincingly that ‘the Northern Territory is the least “real” area of Australia … the weakest moment in the articulation of the dominant discourse of “Australia”’’6 Trevor James wrote: For the Australian imagination the Northern Territory remained what Jeannie Gunn gave a name to—the ‘Never- Never’. Even today there is no proper name, it is merely the ‘Territory’, a frontier separated from the ‘real’ Australian of popular imagination by a psychological Brisbane-line.7 2 D. Day, ‘Alien in a Hostile Land: A Re-Appraisal of Australian History’, Journal of Australian Studies, 1, 23 (November 1988), p. 4. 3 Headon, North of the Ten Commandments, p. xix. 4 D. Headon, ‘The Most Beautiful Lies, the Ugliest Truths … the compiling of North of the Ten Commandments’, public lecture, Northern Territory University, 3 April 1991. 5 S. Falkiner, The Writers’ Landscape: Settlement, vol. 2. (East Roseville, New South Wales: Simon & Schuster, 1992), p. 214. 6 J. Stratton, ‘Reconstructing the Territory’, Cultural Studies 3, 1 (1989), p. 38. 7 T. James, ‘From Exploration to Celebration: Writers and the Landscape in Australia’s Northern Territory’, presented at a seminar on Australian literature, University of Stirling, 9–11 September 1983, p. 1. 54 MICkey Dewar In the writing, the Territory is seen as both a geographic and political entity distinct from the rest of Australia and as a place with its own cultural and mythic values. Russel Ward in The Australian Legendcommented that the archetypal Australian was an egalitarian bushman from the outback8 and as Thomas Keneally once said, ‘the region which in the imaginations of most Australians is outback par excellence is the Northern Territory’.9 ‘Outback’ like ‘Never-Never’ has its existence in the imaginary rather than the corporeal world. The outback is the frontier of white Australian imagination and the Northern Territory (where car number plates read ‘Outback Australia’ in ochre-coloured lettering) is the geographical region where this image is regularly given literary form. For Frederick Jackson Turner, the frontier was the ‘process’ by which the behaviour of the frontier became codified and transformed as a celebration of American national cultural identity.10 The Northern Territory represents a frontier to Australians, in the sense that it is seen as quintessential of a national experience. Robyn Davidson described her response to the film Crocodile Dundee:11 ‘There was Australia as it would like to be seen, as it would like to see itself … under all that toughness and bravado the heart of a pussy cat and a spirit full of wilderness’.12 Commentators have also looked at the frontier tag for the Territory. Peter Loveday found the notion of frontier in north Australia unworkable13 but other academics from a variety of disciplines have found the label appropriate. Alan Powell suggested that the Territory is promoted by Territorians as a frontier as a way of defining themselves as distinct in 8 R. Ward, The Australian Legend (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1977 (1958)), pp. 1–2. 9 T. Keneally, Outback (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1984), p. 8. 10 F.J. Turner, The Frontier in American History(New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1962), p. 22. 11 As the discussion in Meanjin has demonstrated, Crocodile Dundee does not necessarily represent ‘aggressive nationalism’, as Davidson, ‘Locating Crocodile Dundee’, Meanjin, 46, 1 (1987), pp. 122–28; R. Abbey & J. Crawford, ‘Crocodile Dundee or Davy Crockett?’, Meanjin, 46, 2 (1987), pp. l45–52. In a neat inversion of national/regional mythology, a recently subdivided estate outside Darwin has been called ‘Dundee Beach’ clearly intending to evoke the Crocodile rather than Caledonian influence. 12 R. Davidson, ‘The Mythological Crucible’, T. Keneally, P. Adam-Smith, R. Davidson,Australia Beyond the Dreamtime (Richmond, Victoria: William Heinemann Australia, 1987), p. 240. 13 P. Loveday, ‘Political History of the North’, I. Moffat & A. Webb, eds, North Australian Research: Some Past Themes and New Directions (Darwin: North Australia Research Unit, The Australian National University 1991), pp. 148–49. 55 IN SeARCh Of The NeveR-NeveR the Australian context.14 Lyn Riddett regarded the Territory as a frontier as evidenced in the primitive, simple lifestyle experienced by the white settlers,15 Russel Ward in the sense of freedom of the ‘wide open spaces’.16 Diane Bell regarded the Territory as frontier because of the perpetuation and tolerance of certain violent behaviour.17 Writing about the Northern Territory is characterised by the repeated use of images that are recognisable to the reader. It is possible to trace the history of the origin and the use of these images and, in some cases, the change in meaning of these images over time. Suzanne Falkiner has noted a dichotomy inherent throughout Australian writing: Was Terra Australis a mythical land of invention and inversion, a paradise on earth, or a harsh terrain of death and exile? … the last two projections of the landscape, though violently opposed, would recur frequently in Australian literature.
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