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PCE 2020 3 16.Pdf POLITICS IN CENTRAL EUROPE The Journal of the Central European Political Science Association Volume 16 • Number 3 • December 2020 • ISSN 1801-3422 Introduction: (De)democratisation in Slovenia and Montenegro: Comparing the Quality of Democracy Olivera Komar and Meta Novak 16 Volume • Number 3 • December 2020 Cleavages and Government in Slovenia and Montenegro Alenka Krašovec and Nemanja Batrićević Development Processes for Changing the Party System in Slovenia and Montenegro Elena Nacevska and Nemanja Stankov The organisational development of interest groups in Montenegro and Slovenia: Do they contribute to more inclusive democracy? POLITICS IN CENTRAL EUROPE Meta Novak and Olivera Komar Relationship with the European Union: Slovenia and Montenegro Compared Gordana Djurovic and Damjan Lajh Social policy in Slovenia and Montenegro: Comparing development and challenges Maša Filipovič Hrast, Uglješa Janković and Tatjana Rakar Democratisation of Defence Policies and Systems in Slovenia and Montenegro: Developmental and Comparative Aspects Iztok Prezelj, Olivera Injac and Anja Kolak POLITICS in Central Europe The Journal of the Central European Political Science Association Volume 16 Number 3 December 2020 ISSN 1801-3422 ESSAYS Introduction: (De)democratisation in Slovenia and Montenegro: Comparing the Quality of Democracy Olivera Komar and Meta Novak Cleavages and Government in Slovenia and Montenegro Alenka Krašovec and Nemanja Batrićević Development Processes for Changing the Party System in Slovenia and Montenegro Elena Nacevska and Nemanja Stankov The organisational development of interest groups in Montenegro and Slovenia: Do they contribute to more inclusive democracy? Meta Novak and Olivera Komar Relationship with the European Union: Slovenia and Montenegro Compared Gordana Djurovic and Damjan Lajh Social policy in Slovenia and Montenegro: Comparing development and challenges Maša Filipovič Hrast, Uglješa Janković and Tatjana Rakar Democratisation of Defence Policies and Systems in Slovenia and Montenegro: Developmental and Comparative Aspects Iztok Prezelj, Olivera Injac and Anja Kolak Politics in Central Europe – The Journal of Central European Political Science Association is the official Journal of the Central European Political Science Association (CEPSA). Politics in Central Europe is a biannual (June and December), double­‑blind, peer­‑reviewed publication. Publisher: Metropolitan University Prague, o. p. s. Dubečská 900/10, 100 31 Praha 10-Strašnice (Czech Republic) Printed by: Togga, Ltd., publishing house Radlická 2343/48, 150 00 Praha (Czech Republic) Copyright © by Metropolitan University Prague, o. p. s. Co ‑editors: Ladislav Cabada & Šárka Waisová E­‑mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Executive Assistant to the editors: Hana N. Hlaváčková E -mail: [email protected] English language editing: Damien Galeone Home Page http://www.politicsincentraleurope.eu or http://www.degruyter.com Executive Committee of the CEPSA (2015–2018) Senior presidents: Jerzy J. Wiatr Attila Ágh Silvia Miháliková Karin Liebhart Ladislav Cabada President: Miro Haček Vice ‑President: Boglárka Koller Secretary General: Petr Just National Representatives: Andreas Pribersky (Austria) Dario Čepo (Croatia) Petr Just (Czech Republic) Krisztina Arato (Hungary) Liutauras Gudzinskas (Lithuania) Agnieszka Kasińska-Metryka (Poland) Jaroslav Ušiak (Slovakia) Simona Kukovič (Slovenia) International Advisory Board Jan Bureš (Metropolitan University Prague, Department of Humanities) Marek Leszek Górka (Koszalin University of Technology, Faculty of Humanities) Danica Fink-Hafner (University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Sciences) Seán Hanley (University College London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies) Christina Eva Griessler (Andrássy University Budapest, Department of Comparative Politics) Petr Kopecký (University of Leiden, Department of Political Science) Alenka Krašovec (University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Sciences) Christian Lequesne (SciencePo-CERI, Paris) Paul Luif (University of Vienna, Department of Political Science,) Cas Mudde (University of Georgia, Department of International Affairs) Beate Neuss (Technical University in Chemnitz, Institute for Political Science) Jacques Rupnik (National Foundation for Political Science, Paris) Boyka Stefanova (University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Political Science and Geography) Soňa Szomolányi (Comenius University in Bratislava, Department of Political Science) Rein Taagepera (University of California, School of Social Sciences) Jaroslav Ušiak (Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica, Department of Security Studies) Editorial Office Metropolitan University Prague, o. p. s, Univerzitní středisko Plzeň, Koterovská 85, 326 00 Plzeň (Czech Republic) Politics in Central Europe is an independent scientific journal. The authors are solely responsible for the content of their contributions. Politics in Central Europe is an Open Access Journal and may be freely citeed, downloaded, photocopied, and scanned for scholarly purposes only. ISSN 1801‑3422 MK ČR E 18556 POLITICS IN CENTRAL EUROPE is listed in the internationally recognised database Scopus and Erih. POLITICS IN CENTRAL EUROPE is indexed in the internationally recognised databases: Baidu Scholar, CEJSH (The Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities), Celdes, CNKI Scholar (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), CNPIEC, DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals), EBSCO (relevant databases), EBSCO Discovery Service, Google Scholar, J‑Gate, JournalTOCs, KESLI‑NDSL (Korean National Discovery for Science Leaders), Microsoft Academic, Naviga(Softweco), Primo Central (ExLibris), Publons, ReadCube, Summon (Serials Solutions/ProQuest), TDNet, Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory/ulrichsweb, WanFangData, WorldCat (OCLC). The articles published in this scientific review are also published in Sciendo, http://www.sciendo.com ISSN 1801-3422 ČÍSLO REGISTRACE MK ČR E 18556 CONTENTS ESSAYS Olivera Komar and Meta Novak Introduction: (De)democratisation in Slovenia and Montenegro: Comparing the Quality of Democracy 569 Alenka Krašovec and Nemanja Batrićević Cleavages and Government in Slovenia and Montenegro 593 Elena Nacevska and Nemanja Stankov Development Processes for Changing the Party System in Slovenia and Montenegro 623 Meta Novak and Olivera Komar The organisational development of interest groups in Montenegro and Slovenia: Do they contribute to more inclusive democracy? 647 Gordana Djurovic and Damjan Lajh Relationship with the European Union: Slovenia and Montenegro Compared 667 Maša Filipovič Hrast, Uglješa Janković and Tatjana Rakar Social policy in Slovenia and Montenegro: Comparing development and challenges 689 Iztok Prezelj, Olivera Injac and Anja Kolak Democratisation of Defence Policies and Systems in Slovenia and Montenegro: Developmental and Comparative Aspects 713 GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS vii ESSAYS Introduction: (De)democratisation in Slovenia and Montenegro: Comparing the Quality of Democracy OLIVERA KOMAR AND META NOVAK 1 Politics in Central Europe (ISSN: 1801-3422) Vol. 16, No. 3 DOI: 10.2478/pce-2020-0026 Abstract: This paper creates a framework for the comparison of two similar and yet different democratisation cases – Slovenia and Montenegro. The two countries have obvious similarities: their geography and small population, as well as their common socialist Yugoslav heritage and common aspirations to join international organisations, most importantly the European Union. However, while Slovenia went through the de‑ mocratisation process rather smoothly, Montenegro took the longer road, struggling for more than a decade to regain its independence and complete its transition. We take into account different internal and external factors in these two cases such as the year of independence and of joining NATO, the political and electoral system, ethnic homogeneity, the viability of civil society, EU integration status, economic development and the presence of war in each territory in order to identify and describe those factors that contributed to the success of democratisation in different areas: the party system, the interest groups system, the defence system, Europeanisation and social policy. We find that the democratisation process in these countries produced different results in terms of quality. Various objective measures of the quality of democracy score Slovenia higher compared to Montenegro, while public opinion data shows, in general, greater satisfaction with the political system and greater trust in political institutions in Mon‑ tenegro than in Slovenia. Keywords: democratisation, democratic backsliding, post ‑socialism, quality of democracy 1 The authors acknowledge financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency through research funding No. P5-0136 and BI­‑ME/18-20-030 and from Ministry of Science, Government of Montenegro no. 01-396/2 dated 20-07-2018. POLITICS IN CENTRAL EUROPE 16 (2020) 3 569 Introduction After the disintegration of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, its successor states initiated democratization process. However, democratization occurred at a different pace in each country, depending on both the internal and the external context (Beetham 2004). Slovenia went through the process of democratisation rather successfully (Rizman, 2006) due to a number of factors. First of all, it took advantage of its significantly better economic position compared to the other Yugoslav repub‑ lics. The advantage of Slovenia especially in its economic situation was already
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