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Helden Müssen Sterben Von Sinn Und Fragwürdigkeit Des Heroischen Todes

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Helden Müssen Sterben Von Sinn Und Fragwürdigkeit Des Heroischen Todes 10 10 HELDEN – HEROISIERUNGEN – HEROISMEN Cornelia Brink, Nicole Falkenhayner, Ralf von den Hoff (Hrsg.) Helden müssen sterben Von Sinn und Fragwürdigkeit des heroischen Todes BAND 10 Cornelia Brink, Nicole Falkenhayner, Ralf von den Hoff (Hrsg.) den Hoff von Ralf Falkenhayner, Nicole Brink, Cornelia Helden müssen sterben ISBN 978-3-95650-406-8 https://doi.org/10.5771/9783956504075, am 12.05.2020, 14:39:38 Open Access - https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb https://doi.org/10.5771/9783956504075, am 12.05.2020, 14:39:38 Open Access - https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb Helden müssen sterben Herausgegeben von Cornelia Brink – Nicole Falkenhayner – Ralf von den Hoff https://doi.org/10.5771/9783956504075, am 12.05.2020, 14:39:38 Open Access - https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb HELDEN – HEROISIERUNGEN – HEROISMEN Herausgegeben von Ronald G. Asch, Barbara Korte, Ralf von den Hoff im Auftrag des DFG-Sonderforschungsbereichs 948 an der Universität Freiburg Band 10 ERGON VERLAG https://doi.org/10.5771/9783956504075, am 12.05.2020, 14:39:38 Open Access - https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb Helden müssen sterben Von Sinn und Fragwürdigkeit des heroischen Todes Herausgegeben von Cornelia Brink – Nicole Falkenhayner – Ralf von den Hoff ERGON VERLAG https://doi.org/10.5771/9783956504075, am 12.05.2020, 14:39:38 Open Access - https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb Gefördert durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Umschlagabbildung: Peter Paul Rubens, Der sterbende Seneca, Öl auf Holz, um 1612/13, München, Alte Pinakothek, Inv. 305. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. © Ergon – ein Verlag in der Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2019 Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb des Urheberrechtsgesetzes bedarf der Zustimmung des Verlages. Das gilt insbe- sondere für Vervielfältigungen jeder Art, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und für Einspeicherungen in elektronische Systeme. Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier. Umschlaggestaltung: Jan von Hugo Satz: Thomas Breier www.ergon-verlag.de ISBN 978-3-95650-406-8 (Print) ISBN 978-3-95650-407-5 (ePDF) ISSN 2365-886X https://doi.org/10.5771/9783956504075, am 12.05.2020, 14:39:38 Open Access - https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort ..................................................................................................................... 7 Cornelia Brink, Nicole Falkenhayner, Ralf von den Hoff Einleitung ................................................................................................................. 9 I. Der Tod des Helden und der heroische Tod Peter Eich / Anna Schreurs-Morét / Sitta von Reden Philosophensterben – Heldensterben? Der heroische Tod des Sokrates und Seneca ......................................................... 15 Stefan Tilg Zur Rolle des Todes in der Heroisierung antiker Dichter ..................................... 67 Achim Aurnhammer „Make Death Proud to Take Us“: Der Tod der Kleopatra in Literatur und Kunst der Frühen Neuzeit .................... 81 II. Grenzüberschreitungen Jürgen Dendorfer Der Tod des Ritters im hohen Mittelalter ........................................................... 105 Barbara Korte ‚Scott of the Antarctic‘: Tod, Sterben und heroische Reputation ............................................................. 127 Nicole Falkenhayner Kurt Cobains Tod: Zur Konstruktion eines paradoxen Generationenhelden ................................... 143 III. Die Toten heroisieren Ralf von den Hoff Heldenleichen im Bild Die Bergung von Gefallenen und der Heroismus der Athener .......................... 159 Nicolas Detering / Johannes Franzen Heldentod und Heldentrauer Verhaltensregeln im Ersten Weltkrieg zwischen Authentizitätsanspruch und Rollendichtung ...................................................... 179 https://doi.org/10.5771/9783956504075, am 12.05.2020, 14:39:38 Open Access - https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb 6 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Dietmar Neutatz Der erfundene Heldentod Die Legende von den 28 Panfilov-Männern ...................................................... 189 Cornelia Brink Sein letztes Bild Von der Unsichtbarkeit des Sterbens im NS-Heldenkult um Soldaten ............. 209 Johanna Pink / Olmo Gölz Die Drohung der ungewissen Zukunft Der Tod Nassers und Khomeinis als Epochenbruch .......................................... 231 Ulrich Bröckling „Bloß keine Leichensäcke!“ Eine Hantologie psychologischer Kriegsführung................................................ 247 IV. Heldentod? Neue Konfigurationen im 21. Jahrhundert Joachim Grage Postheroischer Heldentod? Heroisierungen im Umfeld des Utøya-Attentats ................................................ 261 Magnus Striet „Wir leben sterbend“ (Lukas Bärfuß) Über eine Spielart des Heroischen im Zeichen des Sisyphos ............................. 275 Verzeichnis der Autorinnen und Autoren ........................................................... 285 https://doi.org/10.5771/9783956504075, am 12.05.2020, 14:39:38 Open Access - https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb Vorwort Der vorliegende zehnte Band der Schriftenreihe „Helden – Heroisierungen – Hero- ismen“ des DFG-Sonderforschungsbereichs 948 an der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg vereinigt die überarbeiteten Beiträge einer Ringvorlesung, die im Winter- semester 2017/18 von Mitgliedern des SFB 948 durchgeführt wurde. Das Heraus- geberteam dankt allen Beitragenden sehr herzlich für ihr Engagement und ihre Mitarbeit. Unser Dank gilt zudem dem Ergon-Verlag, der uns unter dem Dach der Nomos-Verlagsgruppe nun durch Holger Schumacher weiterhin unterstützt, hilfs- bereit betreut und die Publikation – unter der Förderung der Deutschen For- schungsgemeinschaft (DFG) – erst möglich gemacht hat. Thomas Breier danken wir für den sorgfältigen Schriftsatz. In der Zentrale des SFB 948 haben Stephanie Merten und Philipp Multhaupt die Einrichtung der Manuskripte und die Fertig- stellung der Druckvorlage gewohnt zuverlässig erledigt. Sebastian Meurer, der wis- senschaftliche Koordinator des SFB 948, hat dazu wie immer umsichtig beigetra- gen und die Arbeiten koordiniert. Auch dafür unser herzlichster Dank. Freiburg, im Oktober 2018 Cornelia Brink, Nicole Falkenhayner und Ralf von den Hoff https://doi.org/10.5771/9783956504075, am 12.05.2020, 14:39:38 Open Access - https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb https://doi.org/10.5771/9783956504075, am 12.05.2020, 14:39:38 Open Access - https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb Helden müssen sterben Von Sinn und Fragwürdigkeit des heroischen Todes Einleitung Alle Menschen sind sterblich. Helden sind Menschen. Also müssen auch Helden sterben. Im Unterschied zu ‚gewöhnlichen‘ Menschen kommt ihnen jedoch pos- tume Bewunderung zu: Auch nach seinem Tod ist der Held ein Held – aber ist deswegen auch sein Tod heroisch, wird sein Sterben als vorbildhaft angesehen oder im Gegenteil als unnachahmlich, sogar fragwürdig? Für viele Kulturen und Epochen scheint zu gelten: Helden müssen sterben, ja sie müssen sogar bereit dazu sein. Doch welche Rolle das Sterben von Helden für ihren Status als Held spielt, steht jeweils zur Debatte – die semantische und affektive Aufladung, Ästhe- tisierung und Erzählung vom heroischen Tod sind kulturell spezifisch und histo- risch situiert. Der Freiburger SFB 948 „Helden – Heroisierungen – Heroismen“ geht seit 2012 der Frage nach, warum und in welcher Weise Gemeinschaften immer wieder Hel- den, seltener Heldinnen, zum Fokus ihrer Selbstverständigung machen. Die Bei- träge im vorliegenden Sammelband richten den Fokus auf den Heldentod als eine wichtige Figuration des Heroischen. Es geht dabei um den ‚Tod von Helden‘, das heißt, das Sterben von Figuren, die schon zu Lebzeiten heroischen Status erlangt hatten, und ebenso um den ‚heldenhaften Tod‘, in dem das Sterben selbst als Fak- tor der Heroisierung anzusehen ist und den Toten unter Umständen erst im Nachhinein zum Helden werden lässt. Ganz grundsätzlich gehen die Beiträge der Frage nach, wie Sterben, Tod und heroisches Handeln in Bezug zueinander gesetzt werden und welche Beziehung Darstellungen heroischen Sterbens zwischen Helden und ihren Publika herstel- len. Welche Rolle spielen Sterben und Tod für Heroisierungsprozesse und Hero- ismen, für die Zuschreibung heroischer Qualitäten und für deren Aneignung im Handeln? Einige Beiträge legen nah, dass der Tod nicht immer das Ziel von Hel- dentaten ist, vielmehr nur in Kauf genommen wird, wenn er unvermeidbar ist. Tod und Heldentum sind keinesfalls immer und überall miteinander verknüpft. Ein heroischer Tod muss auch nicht, wie es eine militärische oder kriegerische Rhetorik nahelegen würde, zwingend im Kontext einer Kampfeshandlung ange- siedelt sein. Nicht immer geht es um einen Gegner im Außen, an dem sich der Held durch seine Todesbereitschaft beweist; der Heldentod kann sich ebenso – im Selbstopfer und als Suizid – gegen den Helden selber richten. Die Beiträge zeigen so ferner, welche unterschiedliche Rolle Gewalt im Kontext von heroisier- tem Tod und Sterben spielt. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783956504075, am 12.05.2020, 14:39:38 Open Access - https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb 10 HELDEN MÜSSEN STERBEN Als konzeptuelle Figuration des Heroischen und der Heroisierung kann der Hel- dentod unterschiedlich aufgeladen oder bedeutsam werden. Einige Möglichkei- ten: In der früheren griechischen Antike ist der Tod Voraussetzung
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